# # XML-RPC CLIENT LIBRARY # $Id$ # # an XML-RPC client interface for Python. # # the marshalling and response parser code can also be used to # implement XML-RPC servers. # # Notes: # this version is designed to work with Python 1.5.2 or newer. # unicode encoding support requires at least Python 1.6. # experimental HTTPS requires Python 2.0 built with SSL sockets. # expat parser support requires Python 2.0 with pyexpat support. # # History: # 1999-01-14 fl Created # 1999-01-15 fl Changed dateTime to use localtime # 1999-01-16 fl Added Binary/base64 element, default to RPC2 service # 1999-01-19 fl Fixed array data element (from Skip Montanaro) # 1999-01-21 fl Fixed dateTime constructor, etc. # 1999-02-02 fl Added fault handling, handle empty sequences, etc. # 1999-02-10 fl Fixed problem with empty responses (from Skip Montanaro) # 1999-06-20 fl Speed improvements, pluggable parsers/transports (0.9.8) # 2000-11-28 fl Changed boolean to check the truth value of its argument # 2001-02-24 fl Added encoding/Unicode/SafeTransport patches # 2001-02-26 fl Added compare support to wrappers (0.9.9/1.0b1) # 2001-03-28 fl Make sure response tuple is a singleton # 2001-03-29 fl Don't require empty params element (from Nicholas Riley) # 2001-06-10 fl Folded in _xmlrpclib accelerator support (1.0b2) # 2001-08-20 fl Base xmlrpclib.Error on built-in Exception (from Paul Prescod) # 2001-09-03 fl Allow Transport subclass to override getparser # 2001-09-10 fl Lazy import of urllib, cgi, xmllib (20x import speedup) # # Copyright (c) 1999-2001 by Secret Labs AB. # Copyright (c) 1999-2001 by Fredrik Lundh. # # info@pythonware.com # http://www.pythonware.com # # -------------------------------------------------------------------- # The XML-RPC client interface is # # Copyright (c) 1999-2001 by Secret Labs AB # Copyright (c) 1999-2001 by Fredrik Lundh # # By obtaining, using, and/or copying this software and/or its # associated documentation, you agree that you have read, understood, # and will comply with the following terms and conditions: # # Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and # its associated documentation for any purpose and without fee is # hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appears in # all copies, and that both that copyright notice and this permission # notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the name of # Secret Labs AB or the author not be used in advertising or publicity # pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written # prior permission. # # SECRET LABS AB AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD # TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANT- # ABILITY AND FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL SECRET LABS AB OR THE AUTHOR # BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY # DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, # WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS # ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE # OF THIS SOFTWARE. # -------------------------------------------------------------------- # # things to look into before 1.0 final: # TODO: unicode marshalling -DONE # TODO: ascii-compatible encoding support -DONE # TODO: safe transport -DONE (but mostly untested) # TODO: sgmlop memory leak -DONE # TODO: sgmlop xml parsing -DONE # TODO: support unicode method names -DONE # TODO: update selftest -DONE # TODO: add docstrings -DONE # TODO: clean up parser encoding (trust the parser) -DONE # TODO: expat support -DONE # TODO: _xmlrpclib accelerator support -DONE # TODO: use smarter/faster escape from effdom # TODO: support basic authentication (see robin's patch) # TODO: fix host tuple handling in the server constructor # TODO: let transport verify schemes # TODO: update documentation # TODO: authentication plugins # TODO: memo problem (see HP's mail) """ An XML-RPC client interface for Python. The marshalling and response parser code can also be used to implement XML-RPC servers. Exported exceptions: Error Base class for client errors ProtocolError Indicates an HTTP protocol error ResponseError Indicates a broken response package Fault Indicates an XML-RPC fault package Exported classes: ServerProxy Represents a logical connection to an XML-RPC server Boolean boolean wrapper to generate a "boolean" XML-RPC value DateTime dateTime wrapper for an ISO 8601 string or time tuple or localtime integer value to generate a "dateTime.iso8601" XML-RPC value Binary binary data wrapper SlowParser Slow but safe standard parser (based on xmllib) Marshaller Generate an XML-RPC params chunk from a Python data structure Unmarshaller Unmarshal an XML-RPC response from incoming XML event message Transport Handles an HTTP transaction to an XML-RPC server SafeTransport Handles an HTTPS transaction to an XML-RPC server Exported constants: True False Exported functions: boolean Convert any Python value to an XML-RPC boolean getparser Create instance of the fastest available parser & attach to an unmarshalling object dumps Convert an argument tuple or a Fault instance to an XML-RPC request (or response, if the methodresponse option is used). loads Convert an XML-RPC packet to unmarshalled data plus a method name (None if not present). """ import re, string, time, operator from types import * from cgi import escape as _escape try: unicode except NameError: unicode = None # unicode support not available def _decode(data, encoding, is8bit=re.compile("[\x80-\xff]").search): # decode non-ascii string (if possible) if unicode and encoding and is8bit(data): data = unicode(data, encoding) return data if unicode: def _stringify(string): # convert to 7-bit ascii if possible try: return str(string) except UnicodeError: return string else: def _stringify(string): return string __version__ = "1.0b3" # -------------------------------------------------------------------- # Exceptions class Error(Exception): """Base class for client errors.""" def __str__(self): return repr(self) class ProtocolError(Error): """Indicates an HTTP protocol error.""" def __init__(self, url, errcode, errmsg, headers): Error.__init__(self) self.url = url self.errcode = errcode self.errmsg = errmsg self.headers = headers def __repr__(self): return ( "" % (self.url, self.errcode, self.errmsg) ) class ResponseError(Error): """Indicates a broken response package.""" pass class Fault(Error): """Indicates an XML-RPC fault package.""" def __init__(self, faultCode, faultString, **extra): Error.__init__(self) self.faultCode = faultCode self.faultString = faultString def __repr__(self): return ( "" % (self.faultCode, repr(self.faultString)) ) # -------------------------------------------------------------------- # Special values class Boolean: """Boolean-value wrapper. Use True or False to generate a "boolean" XML-RPC value. """ def __init__(self, value = 0): self.value = operator.truth(value) def encode(self, out): out.write("%d\n" % self.value) def __cmp__(self, other): if isinstance(other, Boolean): other = other.value return cmp(self.value, other) def __repr__(self): if self.value: return "" % id(self) else: return "" % id(self) def __int__(self): return self.value def __nonzero__(self): return self.value True, False = Boolean(1), Boolean(0) def boolean(value, truefalse=(False, True)): """Convert any Python value to XML-RPC 'boolean'.""" return truefalse[operator.truth(value)] class DateTime: """DateTime wrapper for an ISO 8601 string or time tuple or localtime integer value to generate 'dateTime.iso8601' XML-RPC value. """ def __init__(self, value=0): if not isinstance(value, StringType): if not isinstance(value, TupleType): if value == 0: value = time.time() value = time.localtime(value) value = time.strftime("%Y%m%dT%H:%M:%S", value) self.value = value def __cmp__(self, other): if isinstance(other, DateTime): other = other.value return cmp(self.value, other) def __repr__(self): return "" % (self.value, id(self)) def decode(self, data): self.value = string.strip(data) def encode(self, out): out.write("") out.write(self.value) out.write("\n") def datetime(data): value = DateTime() value.decode(data) return value class Binary: """Wrapper for binary data.""" def __init__(self, data=None): self.data = data def __cmp__(self, other): if isinstance(other, Binary): other = other.data return cmp(self.data, other) def decode(self, data): import base64 self.data = base64.decodestring(data) def encode(self, out): import base64, StringIO out.write("\n") base64.encode(StringIO.StringIO(self.data), out) out.write("\n") def binary(data): value = Binary() value.decode(data) return value WRAPPERS = DateTime, Binary, Boolean # -------------------------------------------------------------------- # XML parsers try: # optional xmlrpclib accelerator. for more information on this # component, contact info@pythonware.com import _xmlrpclib FastParser = _xmlrpclib.Parser FastUnmarshaller = _xmlrpclib.Unmarshaller except (AttributeError, ImportError): FastParser = FastUnmarshaller = None # # the SGMLOP parser is about 15x faster than Python's builtin # XML parser. SGMLOP sources can be downloaded from: # # http://www.pythonware.com/products/xml/sgmlop.htm # try: import sgmlop if not hasattr(sgmlop, "XMLParser"): raise ImportError except ImportError: SgmlopParser = None # sgmlop accelerator not available else: class SgmlopParser: def __init__(self, target): # setup callbacks self.finish_starttag = target.start self.finish_endtag = target.end self.handle_data = target.data self.handle_xml = target.xml # activate parser self.parser = sgmlop.XMLParser() self.parser.register(self) self.feed = self.parser.feed self.entity = { "amp": "&", "gt": ">", "lt": "<", "apos": "'", "quot": '"' } def close(self): try: self.parser.close() finally: self.parser = self.feed = None # nuke circular reference def handle_proc(self, tag, attr): import re m = re.search("encoding\s*=\s*['\"]([^\"']+)[\"']", attr) if m: self.handle_xml(m.group(1), 1) def handle_entityref(self, entity): # entity try: self.handle_data(self.entity[entity]) except KeyError: self.handle_data("&%s;" % entity) try: from xml.parsers import expat except ImportError: ExpatParser = None else: class ExpatParser: # fast expat parser for Python 2.0. this is about 50% # slower than sgmlop, on roundtrip testing def __init__(self, target): self._parser = parser = expat.ParserCreate(None, None) self._target = target parser.StartElementHandler = target.start parser.EndElementHandler = target.end parser.CharacterDataHandler = target.data encoding = None if not parser.returns_unicode: encoding = "utf-8" target.xml(encoding, None) def feed(self, data): self._parser.Parse(data, 0) def close(self): self._parser.Parse("", 1) # end of data del self._target, self._parser # get rid of circular references class SlowParser: """Default XML parser (based on xmllib.XMLParser).""" # this is about 10 times slower than sgmlop, on roundtrip # testing. def __init__(self, target): import xmllib # lazy subclassing (!) if xmllib.XMLParser not in SlowParser.__bases__: SlowParser.__bases__ = (xmllib.XMLParser,) self.handle_xml = target.xml self.unknown_starttag = target.start self.handle_data = target.data self.unknown_endtag = target.end try: xmllib.XMLParser.__init__(self, accept_utf8=1) except TypeError: xmllib.XMLParser.__init__(self) # pre-2.0 # -------------------------------------------------------------------- # XML-RPC marshalling and unmarshalling code class Marshaller: """Generate an XML-RPC params chunk from a Python data structure. Create a Marshaller instance for each set of parameters, and use the "dumps" method to convert your data (represented as a tuple) to an XML-RPC params chunk. To write a fault response, pass a Fault instance instead. You may prefer to use the "dumps" module function for this purpose. """ # by the way, if you don't understand what's going on in here, # that's perfectly ok. def __init__(self, encoding=None): self.memo = {} self.data = None self.encoding = encoding dispatch = {} def dumps(self, values): self.__out = [] self.write = write = self.__out.append if isinstance(values, Fault): # fault instance write("\n") self.__dump(vars(values)) write("\n") else: # parameter block # FIXME: the xml-rpc specification allows us to leave out # the entire block if there are no parameters. # however, changing this may break older code (including # old versions of xmlrpclib.py), so this is better left as # is for now. See @XMLRPC3 for more information. /F write("\n") for v in values: write("\n") self.__dump(v) write("\n") write("\n") result = string.join(self.__out, "") del self.__out, self.write # don't need this any more return result def __dump(self, value): try: f = self.dispatch[type(value)] except KeyError: raise TypeError, "cannot marshal %s objects" % type(value) else: f(self, value) def dump_int(self, value): self.write("%s\n" % value) dispatch[IntType] = dump_int def dump_double(self, value): self.write("%s\n" % value) dispatch[FloatType] = dump_double def dump_string(self, value): self.write("%s\n" % _escape(value)) dispatch[StringType] = dump_string if unicode: def dump_unicode(self, value): value = value.encode(self.encoding) self.write("%s\n" % _escape(value)) dispatch[UnicodeType] = dump_unicode def container(self, value): if value: i = id(value) if self.memo.has_key(i): raise TypeError, "cannot marshal recursive data structures" self.memo[i] = None def endcontainer(self, value): if value: del self.memo[id(value)] def dump_array(self, value): self.container(value) write = self.write write("\n") for v in value: self.__dump(v) write("\n") self.endcontainer(value) dispatch[TupleType] = dump_array dispatch[ListType] = dump_array def dump_struct(self, value): self.container(value) write = self.write write("\n") for k, v in value.items(): write("\n") if type(k) is not StringType: raise TypeError, "dictionary key must be string" write("%s\n" % _escape(k)) self.__dump(v) write("\n") write("\n") self.endcontainer(value) dispatch[DictType] = dump_struct def dump_instance(self, value): # check for special wrappers if value.__class__ in WRAPPERS: value.encode(self) else: # store instance attributes as a struct (really?) self.dump_struct(value.__dict__) dispatch[InstanceType] = dump_instance class Unmarshaller: """Unmarshal an XML-RPC response, based on incoming XML event messages (start, data, end). Call close() to get the resulting data structure. Note that this reader is fairly tolerant, and gladly accepts bogus XML-RPC data without complaining (but not bogus XML). """ # and again, if you don't understand what's going on in here, # that's perfectly ok. def __init__(self): self._type = None self._stack = [] self._marks = [] self._data = [] self._methodname = None self._encoding = "utf-8" self.append = self._stack.append def close(self): # return response tuple and target method if self._type is None or self._marks: raise ResponseError() if self._type == "fault": raise apply(Fault, (), self._stack[0]) return tuple(self._stack) def getmethodname(self): return self._methodname # # event handlers def xml(self, encoding, standalone): self._encoding = encoding # FIXME: assert standalone == 1 ??? def start(self, tag, attrs): # prepare to handle this element if tag == "array" or tag == "struct": self._marks.append(len(self._stack)) self._data = [] self._value = (tag == "value") def data(self, text): self._data.append(text) def end(self, tag): # call the appropriate end tag handler try: f = self.dispatch[tag] except KeyError: pass # unknown tag ? else: return f(self, self._data) # # accelerator support def end_dispatch(self, tag, data): # dispatch data try: f = self.dispatch[tag] except KeyError: pass # unknown tag ? else: return f(self, data) # # element decoders dispatch = {} def end_boolean(self, data, join=string.join): data = join(data, "") if data == "0": self.append(False) elif data == "1": self.append(True) else: raise TypeError, "bad boolean value" self._value = 0 dispatch["boolean"] = end_boolean def end_int(self, data, join=string.join): self.append(int(join(data, ""))) self._value = 0 dispatch["i4"] = end_int dispatch["int"] = end_int def end_double(self, data, join=string.join): self.append(float(join(data, ""))) self._value = 0 dispatch["double"] = end_double def end_string(self, data, join=string.join): data = join(data, "") if self._encoding: data = _decode(data, self._encoding) self.append(_stringify(data)) self._value = 0 dispatch["string"] = end_string dispatch["name"] = end_string # struct keys are always strings def end_array(self, data): mark = self._marks[-1] del self._marks[-1] # map arrays to Python lists self._stack[mark:] = [self._stack[mark:]] self._value = 0 dispatch["array"] = end_array def end_struct(self, data): mark = self._marks[-1] del self._marks[-1] # map structs to Python dictionaries dict = {} items = self._stack[mark:] for i in range(0, len(items), 2): dict[_stringify(items[i])] = items[i+1] self._stack[mark:] = [dict] self._value = 0 dispatch["struct"] = end_struct def end_base64(self, data, join=string.join): value = Binary() value.decode(join(data, "")) self.append(value) self._value = 0 dispatch["base64"] = end_base64 def end_dateTime(self, data, join=string.join): value = DateTime() value.decode(join(data, "")) self.append(value) dispatch["dateTime.iso8601"] = end_dateTime def end_value(self, data): # if we stumble upon an value element with no internal # elements, treat it as a string element if self._value: self.end_string(data) dispatch["value"] = end_value def end_params(self, data): self._type = "params" dispatch["params"] = end_params def end_fault(self, data): self._type = "fault" dispatch["fault"] = end_fault def end_methodName(self, data, join=string.join): data = join(data, "") if self._encoding: data = _decode(data, self._encoding) self._methodname = data self._type = "methodName" # no params dispatch["methodName"] = end_methodName # -------------------------------------------------------------------- # convenience functions def getparser(): """getparser() -> parser, unmarshaller Create an instance of the fastest available parser, and attach it to an unmarshalling object. Return both objects. """ if FastParser and FastUnmarshaller: target = FastUnmarshaller(True, False, binary, datetime) parser = FastParser(target) else: target = Unmarshaller() if FastParser: parser = FastParser(target) elif SgmlopParser: parser = SgmlopParser(target) elif ExpatParser: parser = ExpatParser(target) else: parser = SlowParser(target) return parser, target def dumps(params, methodname=None, methodresponse=None, encoding=None): """data [,options] -> marshalled data Convert an argument tuple or a Fault instance to an XML-RPC request (or response, if the methodresponse option is used). In addition to the data object, the following options can be given as keyword arguments: methodname: the method name for a methodCall packet methodresponse: true to create a methodResponse packet. If this option is used with a tuple, the tuple must be a singleton (i.e. it can contain only one element). encoding: the packet encoding (default is UTF-8) All 8-bit strings in the data structure are assumed to use the packet encoding. Unicode strings are automatically converted, where necessary. """ assert isinstance(params, TupleType) or isinstance(params, Fault),\ "argument must be tuple or Fault instance" if isinstance(params, Fault): methodresponse = 1 elif methodresponse and isinstance(params, TupleType): assert len(params) == 1, "response tuple must be a singleton" if not encoding: encoding = "utf-8" m = Marshaller(encoding) data = m.dumps(params) if encoding != "utf-8": xmlheader = "\n" % repr(encoding) else: xmlheader = "\n" # utf-8 is default # standard XML-RPC wrappings if methodname: # a method call if not isinstance(methodname, StringType): methodname = methodname.encode(encoding) data = ( xmlheader, "\n" "", methodname, "\n", data, "\n" ) elif methodresponse: # a method response, or a fault structure data = ( xmlheader, "\n", data, "\n" ) else: return data # return as is return string.join(data, "") def loads(data): """data -> unmarshalled data, method name Convert an XML-RPC packet to unmarshalled data plus a method name (None if not present). If the XML-RPC packet represents a fault condition, this function raises a Fault exception. """ p, u = getparser() p.feed(data) p.close() return u.close(), u.getmethodname() # -------------------------------------------------------------------- # request dispatcher class _Method: # some magic to bind an XML-RPC method to an RPC server. # supports "nested" methods (e.g. examples.getStateName) def __init__(self, send, name): self.__send = send self.__name = name def __getattr__(self, name): return _Method(self.__send, "%s.%s" % (self.__name, name)) def __call__(self, *args): return self.__send(self.__name, args) class Transport: """Handles an HTTP transaction to an XML-RPC server.""" # client identifier (may be overridden) user_agent = "xmlrpclib.py/%s (by www.pythonware.com)" % __version__ def request(self, host, handler, request_body, verbose=0): # issue XML-RPC request h = self.make_connection(host) if verbose: h.set_debuglevel(1) self.send_request(h, handler, request_body) self.send_host(h, host) self.send_user_agent(h) self.send_content(h, request_body) errcode, errmsg, headers = h.getreply() if errcode != 200: raise ProtocolError( host + handler, errcode, errmsg, headers ) self.verbose = verbose return self.parse_response(h.getfile()) def getparser(self): # get parser and unmarshaller return getparser() def make_connection(self, host): # create a HTTP connection object from a host descriptor import httplib return httplib.HTTP(host) def send_request(self, connection, handler, request_body): connection.putrequest("POST", handler) def send_host(self, connection, host): connection.putheader("Host", host) def send_user_agent(self, connection): connection.putheader("User-Agent", self.user_agent) def send_content(self, connection, request_body): connection.putheader("Content-Type", "text/xml") connection.putheader("Content-Length", str(len(request_body))) connection.endheaders() if request_body: connection.send(request_body) def parse_response(self, f): # read response from input file, and parse it p, u = self.getparser() while 1: response = f.read(1024) if not response: break if self.verbose: print "body:", repr(response) p.feed(response) f.close() p.close() return u.close() class SafeTransport(Transport): """Handles an HTTPS transaction to an XML-RPC server.""" def make_connection(self, host): # create a HTTPS connection object from a host descriptor # host may be a string, or a (host, x509-dict) tuple import httplib if isinstance(host, TupleType): host, x509 = host else: x509 = {} try: HTTPS = httplib.HTTPS except AttributeError: raise NotImplementedError,\ "your version of httplib doesn't support HTTPS" else: return apply(HTTPS, (host, None), x509) def send_host(self, connection, host): if isinstance(host, TupleType): host, x509 = host connection.putheader("Host", host) class ServerProxy: """uri [,options] -> a logical connection to an XML-RPC server uri is the connection point on the server, given as scheme://host/target. The standard implementation always supports the "http" scheme. If SSL socket support is available (Python 2.0), it also supports "https". If the target part and the slash preceding it are both omitted, "/RPC2" is assumed. The following options can be given as keyword arguments: transport: a transport factory encoding: the request encoding (default is UTF-8) All 8-bit strings passed to the server proxy are assumed to use the given encoding. """ def __init__(self, uri, transport=None, encoding=None, verbose=0): # establish a "logical" server connection # get the url import urllib type, uri = urllib.splittype(uri) if type not in ("http", "https"): raise IOError, "unsupported XML-RPC protocol" self.__host, self.__handler = urllib.splithost(uri) if not self.__handler: self.__handler = "/RPC2" if transport is None: if type == "https": transport = SafeTransport() else: transport = Transport() self.__transport = transport self.__encoding = encoding self.__verbose = verbose def __request(self, methodname, params): # call a method on the remote server request = dumps(params, methodname, encoding=self.__encoding) response = self.__transport.request( self.__host, self.__handler, request, verbose=self.__verbose ) if len(response) == 1: response = response[0] return response def __repr__(self): return ( "" % (self.__host, self.__handler) ) __str__ = __repr__ def __getattr__(self, name): # magic method dispatcher return _Method(self.__request, name) # note: to call a remote object with an non-standard name, use # result getattr(server, "strange-python-name")(args) # compatibility Server = ServerProxy # -------------------------------------------------------------------- # test code if __name__ == "__main__": # simple test program (from the XML-RPC specification) # server = ServerProxy("http://localhost:8000") # local server server = ServerProxy("http://betty.userland.com") print server try: print server.examples.getStateName(41) except Error, v: print "ERROR", v