;;; python-mode.el --- Major mode for editing Python programs ;; Copyright (C) 1992,1993,1994 Tim Peters ;; Author: 1995 Barry A. Warsaw ;; 1992-1994 Tim Peters ;; Maintainer: python-mode@python.org ;; Created: Feb 1992 ;; Version: $Revision$ ;; Last Modified: $Date$ ;; Keywords: python editing language major-mode ;; This software is provided as-is, without express or implied ;; warranty. Permission to use, copy, modify, distribute or sell this ;; software, without fee, for any purpose and by any individual or ;; organization, is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright ;; notice and this paragraph appear in all copies. ;;; Commentary: ;; ;; This is a major mode for editing Python programs. It was developed ;; by Tim Peters after an original idea by Michael ;; A. Guravage. Tim doesn't appear to be on the 'net any longer so I ;; have undertaken maintenance of the mode. ;; At some point this mode will undergo a rewrite to bring it more in ;; line with GNU Emacs Lisp coding standards. But all in all, the ;; mode works exceedingly well. ;; The following statements, placed in your .emacs file or ;; site-init.el, will cause this file to be autoloaded, and ;; python-mode invoked, when visiting .py files (assuming this file is ;; in your load-path): ;; ;; (autoload 'python-mode "python-mode" "Python editing mode." t) ;; (setq auto-mode-alist ;; (cons '("\\.py$" . python-mode) auto-mode-alist)) ;; Here's a brief list of recent additions/improvements: ;; ;; - Wrapping and indentation within triple quote strings should work ;; properly now. ;; - `Standard' bug reporting mechanism (use C-c C-b) ;; - py-mark-block was moved to C-c C-m ;; - C-c C-v shows you the python-mode version ;; - a basic python-font-lock-keywords has been added for Emacs 19 ;; font-lock colorizations. ;; - proper interaction with pending-del and del-sel modes. ;; - New py-electric-colon (:) command for improved outdenting. Also ;; py-indent-line (TAB) should handle outdented lines better. ;; - New commands py-outdent-left (C-c C-l) and py-indent-right (C-c C-r) ;; Here's a brief to do list: ;; ;; - Better integration with gud-mode for debugging. ;; - Rewrite according to GNU Emacs Lisp standards. ;; - py-delete-char should obey numeric arguments. ;; - even better support for outdenting. Guido suggests outdents of ;; at least one level after a return, raise, break, or continue ;; statement. ;; - de-electrify colon inside literals (e.g. comments and strings) ;; If you can think of more things you'd like to see, drop me a line. ;; If you want to report bugs, use py-submit-bug-report (C-c C-b). ;; ;; Note that I only test things on XEmacs (currently 19.11). If you ;; port stuff to FSF Emacs 19, or Emacs 18, please send me your ;; patches. ;; LCD Archive Entry: ;; python-mode|Barry A. Warsaw|python-mode@python.org ;; |Major mode for editing Python programs ;; |$Date$|$Revision$| ;;; Code: ;; user definable variables ;; vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv (defvar py-python-command "python" "*Shell command used to start Python interpreter.") (defvar py-indent-offset 4 "*Indentation increment. Note that `\\[py-guess-indent-offset]' can usually guess a good value when you're editing someone else's Python code.") (defvar py-align-multiline-strings-p t "*Flag describing how multiline triple quoted strings are aligned. When this flag is non-nil, continuation lines are lined up under the preceding line's indentation. When this flag is nil, continuation lines are aligned to column zero.") (defvar py-block-comment-prefix "##" "*String used by \\[comment-region] to comment out a block of code. This should follow the convention for non-indenting comment lines so that the indentation commands won't get confused (i.e., the string should be of the form `#x...' where `x' is not a blank or a tab, and `...' is arbitrary).") (defvar py-honor-comment-indentation t "*Controls how comment lines influence subsequent indentation. When nil, all comment lines are skipped for indentation purposes, and in Emacs 19, a faster algorithm is used. When t, lines that begin with a single `#' are a hint to subsequent line indentation. If the previous line is such a comment line (as opposed to one that starts with `py-block-comment-prefix'), then it's indentation is used as a hint for this line's indentation. Lines that begin with `py-block-comment-prefix' are ignored for indentation purposes. When not nil or t, comment lines that begin with a `#' are used as indentation hints, unless the comment character is in column zero.") (defvar py-scroll-process-buffer t "*Scroll Python process buffer as output arrives. If nil, the Python process buffer acts, with respect to scrolling, like Shell-mode buffers normally act. This is surprisingly complicated and so won't be explained here; in fact, you can't get the whole story without studying the Emacs C code. If non-nil, the behavior is different in two respects (which are slightly inaccurate in the interest of brevity): - If the buffer is in a window, and you left point at its end, the window will scroll as new output arrives, and point will move to the buffer's end, even if the window is not the selected window (that being the one the cursor is in). The usual behavior for shell-mode windows is not to scroll, and to leave point where it was, if the buffer is in a window other than the selected window. - If the buffer is not visible in any window, and you left point at its end, the buffer will be popped into a window as soon as more output arrives. This is handy if you have a long-running computation and don't want to tie up screen area waiting for the output. The usual behavior for a shell-mode buffer is to stay invisible until you explicitly visit it. Note the `and if you left point at its end' clauses in both of the above: you can `turn off' the special behaviors while output is in progress, by visiting the Python buffer and moving point to anywhere besides the end. Then the buffer won't scroll, point will remain where you leave it, and if you hide the buffer it will stay hidden until you visit it again. You can enable and disable the special behaviors as often as you like, while output is in progress, by (respectively) moving point to, or away from, the end of the buffer. Warning: If you expect a large amount of output, you'll probably be happier setting this option to nil. Obscure: `End of buffer' above should really say `at or beyond the process mark', but if you know what that means you didn't need to be told .") (defvar py-temp-directory (let ((ok '(lambda (x) (and x (setq x (expand-file-name x)) ; always true (file-directory-p x) (file-writable-p x) x)))) (or (funcall ok (getenv "TMPDIR")) (funcall ok "/usr/tmp") (funcall ok "/tmp") (funcall ok ".") (error "Couldn't find a usable temp directory -- set py-temp-directory"))) "*Directory used for temp files created by a *Python* process. By default, the first directory from this list that exists and that you can write into: the value (if any) of the environment variable TMPDIR, /usr/tmp, /tmp, or the current directory.") (defvar py-beep-if-tab-change t "*Ring the bell if tab-width is changed. If a comment of the form \t# vi:set tabsize=: is found before the first code line when the file is entered, and the current value of (the general Emacs variable) `tab-width' does not equal , `tab-width' is set to , a message saying so is displayed in the echo area, and if `py-beep-if-tab-change' is non-nil the Emacs bell is also rung as a warning.") (defconst python-font-lock-keywords (let* ((keywords '("access" "and" "break" "continue" "del" "elif" "else:" "except" "except:" "exec" "finally:" "for" "from" "global" "if" "import" "in" "is" "lambda" "not" "or" "pass" "print" "raise" "return" "try:" "while" )) (kwregex (mapconcat 'identity keywords "\\|"))) (list ;; keywords not at beginning of line (cons (concat "\\s-\\(" kwregex "\\)[ \n\t(]") 1) ;; keywords at beginning of line. i don't think regexps are ;; powerful enough to handle these two cases in one regexp. ;; prove me wrong! (cons (concat "^\\(" kwregex "\\)[ \n\t(]") 1) ;; classes '("\\bclass[ \t]+\\([a-zA-Z_]+[a-zA-Z0-9_]*\\)" 1 font-lock-type-face) ;; functions '("\\bdef[ \t]+\\([a-zA-Z_]+[a-zA-Z0-9_]*\\)" 1 font-lock-function-name-face) )) "Additional expressions to highlight in Python mode.") ;; ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ;; NO USER DEFINABLE VARIABLES BEYOND THIS POINT (make-variable-buffer-local 'py-indent-offset) ;; Differentiate between Emacs 18, Lucid Emacs, and Emacs 19. This ;; seems to be the standard way of checking this. ;; BAW - This is *not* the right solution. When at all possible, ;; instead of testing for the version of Emacs, use feature tests. (setq py-this-is-lucid-emacs-p (string-match "Lucid\\|XEmacs" emacs-version)) (setq py-this-is-emacs-19-p (and (not py-this-is-lucid-emacs-p) (string-match "^19\\." emacs-version))) ;; have to bind py-file-queue before installing the kill-emacs hook (defvar py-file-queue nil "Queue of Python temp files awaiting execution. Currently-active file is at the head of the list.") ;; define a mode-specific abbrev table for those who use such things (defvar python-mode-abbrev-table nil "Abbrev table in use in `python-mode' buffers.") (define-abbrev-table 'python-mode-abbrev-table nil) (defvar python-mode-hook nil "*Hook called by `python-mode'.") ;; in previous version of python-mode.el, the hook was incorrectly ;; called py-mode-hook, and was not defvar'd. deprecate its use. (and (fboundp 'make-obsolete-variable) (make-obsolete-variable 'py-mode-hook 'python-mode-hook)) (defvar py-mode-map () "Keymap used in `python-mode' buffers.") (if py-mode-map () (setq py-mode-map (make-sparse-keymap)) ;; shadow global bindings for newline-and-indent w/ the py- version. ;; BAW - this is extremely bad form, but I'm not going to change it ;; for now. (mapcar (function (lambda (key) (define-key py-mode-map key 'py-newline-and-indent))) (where-is-internal 'newline-and-indent)) ;; BAW - you could do it this way, but its not considered proper ;; major-mode form. (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (define-key py-mode-map (car x) (cdr x)))) '((":" . py-electric-colon) ("\C-c\C-c" . py-execute-buffer) ("\C-c|" . py-execute-region) ("\C-c!" . py-shell) ("\177" . py-delete-char) ("\n" . py-newline-and-indent) ("\C-c:" . py-guess-indent-offset) ("\C-c\t" . py-indent-region) ("\C-c\C-l" . py-outdent-left) ("\C-c\C-r" . py-indent-right) ("\C-c<" . py-shift-region-left) ("\C-c>" . py-shift-region-right) ("\C-c\C-n" . py-next-statement) ("\C-c\C-p" . py-previous-statement) ("\C-c\C-u" . py-goto-block-up) ("\C-c\C-m" . py-mark-block) ("\C-c#" . comment-region) ("\C-c?" . py-describe-mode) ("\C-c\C-hm" . py-describe-mode) ("\e\C-a" . beginning-of-python-def-or-class) ("\e\C-e" . end-of-python-def-or-class) ( "\e\C-h" . mark-python-def-or-class))) ;; should do all keybindings this way (define-key py-mode-map "\C-c\C-b" 'py-submit-bug-report) (define-key py-mode-map "\C-c\C-v" 'py-version) ) (defvar py-mode-syntax-table nil "Syntax table used in `python-mode' buffers.") (if py-mode-syntax-table () (setq py-mode-syntax-table (make-syntax-table)) ;; BAW - again, blech. (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (modify-syntax-entry (car x) (cdr x) py-mode-syntax-table))) '(( ?\( . "()" ) ( ?\) . ")(" ) ( ?\[ . "(]" ) ( ?\] . ")[" ) ( ?\{ . "(}" ) ( ?\} . "){" ) ;; fix operator symbols misassigned in the std table ( ?\$ . "." ) ( ?\% . "." ) ( ?\& . "." ) ( ?\* . "." ) ( ?\+ . "." ) ( ?\- . "." ) ( ?\/ . "." ) ( ?\< . "." ) ( ?\= . "." ) ( ?\> . "." ) ( ?\| . "." ) ( ?\_ . "_" ) ; underscore is legit in symbols, but not words ( ?\' . "\"") ; single quote is string quote ( ?\" . "\"" ) ; double quote is string quote too ( ?\` . "$") ; backquote is open and close paren ( ?\# . "<") ; hash starts comment ( ?\n . ">")))) ; newline ends comment (defconst py-stringlit-re (concat "'\\([^'\n\\]\\|\\\\.\\)*'" ; single-quoted "\\|" ; or "\"\\([^\"\n\\]\\|\\\\.\\)*\"") ; double-quoted "Regexp matching a Python string literal.") ;; this is tricky because a trailing backslash does not mean ;; continuation if it's in a comment (defconst py-continued-re (concat "\\(" "[^#'\"\n\\]" "\\|" py-stringlit-re "\\)*" "\\\\$") "Regexp matching Python lines that are continued via backslash.") (defconst py-blank-or-comment-re "[ \t]*\\($\\|#\\)" "Regexp matching blank or comment lines.") (defconst py-outdent-re (concat "\\(" (mapconcat 'identity '("else:" "except\\(\\s +.*\\)?:" "finally:" "elif\\s +.*:") "\\|") "\\)") "Regexp matching clauses to be outdented one level.") (defconst py-no-outdent-re (concat "\\(" (mapconcat 'identity '("try:" "except\\(\\s +.*\\)?:" "while\\s +.*:" "for\\s +.*:" "if\\s +.*:" "elif\\s +.*:") "\\|") "\\)") "Regexp matching lines to not outdent after.") ;;;###autoload (defun python-mode () "Major mode for editing Python files. To submit a problem report, enter `\\[py-submit-bug-report]' from a `python-mode' buffer. Do `\\[py-describe-mode]' for detailed documentation. To see what version of `python-mode' you are running, enter `\\[py-version]'. This mode knows about Python indentation, tokens, comments and continuation lines. Paragraphs are separated by blank lines only. COMMANDS \\{py-mode-map} VARIABLES py-indent-offset\tindentation increment py-block-comment-prefix\tcomment string used by py-comment-region py-python-command\tshell command to invoke Python interpreter py-scroll-process-buffer\talways scroll Python process buffer py-temp-directory\tdirectory used for temp files (if needed) py-beep-if-tab-change\tring the bell if tab-width is changed" (interactive) (kill-all-local-variables) (set-syntax-table py-mode-syntax-table) (setq major-mode 'python-mode mode-name "Python" local-abbrev-table python-mode-abbrev-table) (use-local-map py-mode-map) ;; Emacs 19 requires this (if (or py-this-is-lucid-emacs-p py-this-is-emacs-19-p) (setq comment-multi-line nil)) ;; BAW -- style... (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (make-local-variable (car x)) (set (car x) (cdr x)))) '((paragraph-separate . "^[ \t]*$") (paragraph-start . "^[ \t]*$") (require-final-newline . t) (comment-start . "## ") (comment-start-skip . "# *") (comment-column . 40) (indent-region-function . py-indent-region) (indent-line-function . py-indent-line))) ;; hack to allow overriding the tabsize in the file (see tokenizer.c) ;; ;; not sure where the magic comment has to be; to save time ;; searching for a rarity, we give up if it's not found prior to the ;; first executable statement. ;; ;; BAW - on first glance, this seems like complete hackery. Why was ;; this necessary, and is it still necessary? (let ((case-fold-search nil) (start (point)) new-tab-width) (if (re-search-forward "^[ \t]*#[ \t]*vi:set[ \t]+tabsize=\\([0-9]+\\):" (prog2 (py-next-statement 1) (point) (goto-char 1)) t) (progn (setq new-tab-width (string-to-int (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1)))) (if (= tab-width new-tab-width) nil (setq tab-width new-tab-width) (message "Caution: tab-width changed to %d" new-tab-width) (if py-beep-if-tab-change (beep))))) (goto-char start)) ;; run the mode hook. py-mode-hook use is deprecated (if python-mode-hook (run-hooks 'python-mode-hook) (run-hooks 'py-mode-hook))) (defun py-keep-region-active () ;; Do whatever is necessary to keep the region active in ;; XEmacs 19. This is unnecessary, but no-op in Emacs 19, so just ;; ignore byte-compiler warnings you might see. (and (boundp 'zmacs-region-stays) (setq zmacs-region-stays t))) ;; electric characters (defun py-outdent-p () ;; returns non-nil if the current line should outdent one level (save-excursion (and (progn (back-to-indentation) (looking-at py-outdent-re)) (progn (backward-to-indentation 1) (while (or (looking-at py-blank-or-comment-re) (bobp)) (backward-to-indentation 1)) (not (looking-at py-no-outdent-re))) ))) (defun py-electric-colon (arg) "Insert a colon. In certain cases the line is outdented appropriately. If a numeric argument is provided, that many colons are inserted non-electrically. Electric behavior is inhibited inside a string or comment." (interactive "P") (self-insert-command (prefix-numeric-value arg)) ;; are we in a string or comment? (if (save-excursion (let ((pps (parse-partial-sexp (save-excursion (beginning-of-python-def-or-class) (point)) (point)))) (not (or (nth 3 pps) (nth 4 pps))))) (save-excursion (let ((here (point)) (outdent 0) (indent (py-compute-indentation))) (if (and (not arg) (py-outdent-p) (= indent (save-excursion (forward-line -1) (py-compute-indentation))) ) (setq outdent py-indent-offset)) ;; Don't indent, only outdent. This assumes that any lines that ;; are already outdented relative to py-compute-indentation were ;; put there on purpose. Its highly annoying to have `:' indent ;; for you. Use TAB, C-c C-l or C-c C-r to adjust. TBD: Is ;; there a better way to determine this??? (if (< (current-indentation) indent) nil (goto-char here) (beginning-of-line) (delete-horizontal-space) (indent-to (- indent outdent)) ))))) (defun py-indent-right (start end arg) "Indent lines in the region by one `py-indent-offset' level. With numeric arg, indent by that many levels. You cannot indent farther right than the distance the line would be indented by \\[py-indent-line]. With no active region, indent only the current line." (interactive (let ((p (point)) (m (mark))) (list (min p m) (max p m) (prefix-numeric-value current-prefix-arg)))) (let ((pos (- (point-max) (point))) (end (save-excursion (goto-char (or end (1+ start))) (and (not (bolp)) (forward-line 1)) (set-marker (make-marker) (point)))) col want indent) (goto-char start) (beginning-of-line) (unwind-protect (while (< (point) end) (setq col (current-indentation) want (* arg py-indent-offset) indent (py-compute-indentation)) (if (<= (+ col want) indent) (progn (beginning-of-line) (delete-horizontal-space) (indent-to (+ col want)))) (forward-line 1)) (set-marker end nil)) (goto-char (- (point-max) pos)) (py-keep-region-active))) (defun py-outdent-left (start end arg) "Outdent lines in the region by one `py-indent-offset' level. With numeric arg, outdent by that many levels. You cannot outdent farther left than column zero. With no active region, outdent only the current line." (interactive (let ((p (point)) (m (mark))) (list (min p m) (max p m) (prefix-numeric-value current-prefix-arg)))) (let ((pos (- (point-max) (point))) (end (save-excursion (goto-char (or end (1+ start))) (and (not (bolp)) (forward-line 1)) (set-marker (make-marker) (point)))) col want) (goto-char start) (beginning-of-line) (unwind-protect (while (< (point) end) (setq col (current-indentation) want (* arg py-indent-offset)) (if (<= 0 (- col want)) (progn (beginning-of-line) (delete-horizontal-space) (indent-to (- col want)))) (forward-line 1)) (set-marker end nil)) (goto-char (- (point-max) pos)) (py-keep-region-active))) ;;; Functions that execute Python commands in a subprocess (defun py-shell () "Start an interactive Python interpreter in another window. This is like Shell mode, except that Python is running in the window instead of a shell. See the `Interactive Shell' and `Shell Mode' sections of the Emacs manual for details, especially for the key bindings active in the `*Python*' buffer. See the docs for variable `py-scroll-buffer' for info on scrolling behavior in the process window. Warning: Don't use an interactive Python if you change sys.ps1 or sys.ps2 from their default values, or if you're running code that prints `>>> ' or `... ' at the start of a line. `python-mode' can't distinguish your output from Python's output, and assumes that `>>> ' at the start of a line is a prompt from Python. Similarly, the Emacs Shell mode code assumes that both `>>> ' and `... ' at the start of a line are Python prompts. Bad things can happen if you fool either mode. Warning: If you do any editing *in* the process buffer *while* the buffer is accepting output from Python, do NOT attempt to `undo' the changes. Some of the output (nowhere near the parts you changed!) may be lost if you do. This appears to be an Emacs bug, an unfortunate interaction between undo and process filters; the same problem exists in non-Python process buffers using the default (Emacs-supplied) process filter." ;; BAW - should undo be disabled in the python process buffer, if ;; this bug still exists? (interactive) (if py-this-is-emacs-19-p (progn (require 'comint) (switch-to-buffer-other-window (make-comint "Python" py-python-command))) (progn (require 'shell) (switch-to-buffer-other-window (apply (if (fboundp 'make-shell) 'make-shell 'make-comint) "Python" py-python-command nil)))) (make-local-variable 'shell-prompt-pattern) (setq shell-prompt-pattern "^>>> \\|^\\.\\.\\. ") (set-process-filter (get-buffer-process (current-buffer)) 'py-process-filter) (set-syntax-table py-mode-syntax-table)) (defun py-execute-region (start end) "Send the region between START and END to a Python interpreter. If there is a *Python* process it is used. Hint: If you want to execute part of a Python file several times \(e.g., perhaps you're developing a function and want to flesh it out a bit at a time), use `\\[narrow-to-region]' to restrict the buffer to the region of interest, and send the code to a *Python* process via `\\[py-execute-buffer]' instead. Following are subtleties to note when using a *Python* process: If a *Python* process is used, the region is copied into a temporary file (in directory `py-temp-directory'), and an `execfile' command is sent to Python naming that file. If you send regions faster than Python can execute them, `python-mode' will save them into distinct temp files, and execute the next one in the queue the next time it sees a `>>> ' prompt from Python. Each time this happens, the process buffer is popped into a window (if it's not already in some window) so you can see it, and a comment of the form \t## working on region in file ... is inserted at the end. Caution: No more than 26 regions can be pending at any given time. This limit is (indirectly) inherited from libc's mktemp(3). `python-mode' does not try to protect you from exceeding the limit. It's extremely unlikely that you'll get anywhere close to the limit in practice, unless you're trying to be a jerk . See the `\\[py-shell]' docs for additional warnings." (interactive "r") (or (< start end) (error "Region is empty")) (let ((pyproc (get-process "Python")) fname) (if (null pyproc) (shell-command-on-region start end py-python-command) ;; else feed it thru a temp file (setq fname (py-make-temp-name)) (write-region start end fname nil 'no-msg) (setq py-file-queue (append py-file-queue (list fname))) (if (cdr py-file-queue) (message "File %s queued for execution" fname) ;; else (py-execute-file pyproc fname))))) (defun py-execute-file (pyproc fname) (py-append-to-process-buffer pyproc (format "## working on region in file %s ...\n" fname)) (process-send-string pyproc (format "execfile('%s')\n" fname))) (defun py-process-filter (pyproc string) (let ((curbuf (current-buffer)) (pbuf (process-buffer pyproc)) (pmark (process-mark pyproc)) file-finished) ;; make sure we switch to a different buffer at least once. if we ;; *don't* do this, then if the process buffer is in the selected ;; window, and point is before the end, and lots of output is ;; coming at a fast pace, then (a) simple cursor-movement commands ;; like C-p, C-n, C-f, C-b, C-a, C-e take an incredibly long time ;; to have a visible effect (the window just doesn't get updated, ;; sometimes for minutes(!)), and (b) it takes about 5x longer to ;; get all the process output (until the next python prompt). ;; ;; #b makes no sense to me at all. #a almost makes sense: unless ;; we actually change buffers, set_buffer_internal in buffer.c ;; doesn't set windows_or_buffers_changed to 1, & that in turn ;; seems to make the Emacs command loop reluctant to update the ;; display. Perhaps the default process filter in process.c's ;; read_process_output has update_mode_lines++ for a similar ;; reason? beats me ... ;; BAW - we want to check to see if this still applies (if (eq curbuf pbuf) ; mysterious ugly hack (set-buffer (get-buffer-create "*scratch*"))) (set-buffer pbuf) (let* ((start (point)) (goback (< start pmark)) (goend (and (not goback) (= start (point-max)))) (buffer-read-only nil)) (goto-char pmark) (insert string) (move-marker pmark (point)) (setq file-finished (and py-file-queue (equal ">>> " (buffer-substring (prog2 (beginning-of-line) (point) (goto-char pmark)) (point))))) (if goback (goto-char start) ;; else (if py-scroll-process-buffer (let* ((pop-up-windows t) (pwin (display-buffer pbuf))) (set-window-point pwin (point))))) (set-buffer curbuf) (if file-finished (progn (py-delete-file-silently (car py-file-queue)) (setq py-file-queue (cdr py-file-queue)) (if py-file-queue (py-execute-file pyproc (car py-file-queue))))) (and goend (progn (set-buffer pbuf) (goto-char (point-max)))) ))) (defun py-execute-buffer () "Send the contents of the buffer to a Python interpreter. If there is a *Python* process buffer it is used. If a clipping restriction is in effect, only the accessible portion of the buffer is sent. A trailing newline will be supplied if needed. See the `\\[py-execute-region]' docs for an account of some subtleties." (interactive) (py-execute-region (point-min) (point-max))) ;; Functions for Python style indentation (defun py-delete-char () "Reduce indentation or delete character. If point is at the leftmost column, deletes the preceding newline. Else if point is at the leftmost non-blank character of a line that is neither a continuation line nor a non-indenting comment line, or if point is at the end of a blank line, reduces the indentation to match that of the line that opened the current block of code. The line that opened the block is displayed in the echo area to help you keep track of where you are. Else the preceding character is deleted, converting a tab to spaces if needed so that only a single column position is deleted." (interactive "*") (if (or (/= (current-indentation) (current-column)) (bolp) (py-continuation-line-p) (looking-at "#[^ \t\n]")) ; non-indenting # (backward-delete-char-untabify 1) ;; else indent the same as the colon line that opened the block ;; force non-blank so py-goto-block-up doesn't ignore it (insert-char ?* 1) (backward-char) (let ((base-indent 0) ; indentation of base line (base-text "") ; and text of base line (base-found-p nil)) (condition-case nil ; in case no enclosing block (save-excursion (py-goto-block-up 'no-mark) (setq base-indent (current-indentation) base-text (py-suck-up-leading-text) base-found-p t)) (error nil)) (delete-char 1) ; toss the dummy character (delete-horizontal-space) (indent-to base-indent) (if base-found-p (message "Closes block: %s" base-text))))) ;; required for pending-del and delsel modes (put 'py-delete-char 'delete-selection 'supersede) (put 'py-delete-char 'pending-delete 'supersede) (defun py-indent-line () "Fix the indentation of the current line according to Python rules." (interactive) (let* ((ci (current-indentation)) (move-to-indentation-p (<= (current-column) ci)) (need (py-compute-indentation))) ;; see if we need to outdent (if (py-outdent-p) (setq need (- need py-indent-offset))) (if (/= ci need) (save-excursion (beginning-of-line) (delete-horizontal-space) (indent-to need))) (if move-to-indentation-p (back-to-indentation)))) (defun py-newline-and-indent () "Strives to act like the Emacs `newline-and-indent'. This is just `strives to' because correct indentation can't be computed from scratch for Python code. In general, deletes the whitespace before point, inserts a newline, and takes an educated guess as to how you want the new line indented." (interactive) (let ((ci (current-indentation))) (if (< ci (current-column)) ; if point beyond indentation (newline-and-indent) ;; else try to act like newline-and-indent "normally" acts (beginning-of-line) (insert-char ?\n 1) (move-to-column ci)))) (defun py-compute-indentation () (save-excursion (let ((pps (parse-partial-sexp (save-excursion (beginning-of-python-def-or-class) (point)) (point)))) (beginning-of-line) (cond ;; are we inside a string or comment? ((or (nth 3 pps) (nth 4 pps)) (save-excursion (if (not py-align-multiline-strings-p) 0 ;; skip back over blank & non-indenting comment lines ;; note: will skip a blank or non-indenting comment line ;; that happens to be a continuation line too (re-search-backward "^[ \t]*\\([^ \t\n#]\\|#[ \t\n]\\)" nil 'move) (back-to-indentation) (current-column)))) ;; are we on a continuation line? ((py-continuation-line-p) (let ((startpos (point)) (open-bracket-pos (py-nesting-level)) endpos searching found) (if open-bracket-pos (progn ;; align with first item in list; else a normal ;; indent beyond the line with the open bracket (goto-char (1+ open-bracket-pos)) ; just beyond bracket ;; is the first list item on the same line? (skip-chars-forward " \t") (if (null (memq (following-char) '(?\n ?# ?\\))) ; yes, so line up with it (current-column) ;; first list item on another line, or doesn't exist yet (forward-line 1) (while (and (< (point) startpos) (looking-at "[ \t]*[#\n\\\\]")) ; skip noise (forward-line 1)) (if (< (point) startpos) ;; again mimic the first list item (current-indentation) ;; else they're about to enter the first item (goto-char open-bracket-pos) (+ (current-indentation) py-indent-offset)))) ;; else on backslash continuation line (forward-line -1) (if (py-continuation-line-p) ; on at least 3rd line in block (current-indentation) ; so just continue the pattern ;; else started on 2nd line in block, so indent more. ;; if base line is an assignment with a start on a RHS, ;; indent to 2 beyond the leftmost "="; else skip first ;; chunk of non-whitespace characters on base line, + 1 more ;; column (end-of-line) (setq endpos (point) searching t) (back-to-indentation) (setq startpos (point)) ;; look at all "=" from left to right, stopping at first ;; one not nested in a list or string (while searching (skip-chars-forward "^=" endpos) (if (= (point) endpos) (setq searching nil) (forward-char 1) (setq state (parse-partial-sexp startpos (point))) (if (and (zerop (car state)) ; not in a bracket (null (nth 3 state))) ; & not in a string (progn (setq searching nil) ; done searching in any case (setq found (not (or (eq (following-char) ?=) (memq (char-after (- (point) 2)) '(?< ?> ?!))))))))) (if (or (not found) ; not an assignment (looking-at "[ \t]*\\\\")) ; <=> (progn (goto-char startpos) (skip-chars-forward "^ \t\n"))) (1+ (current-column)))))) ;; not on a continuation line ;; if at start of restriction, or on a non-indenting comment ;; line, assume they intended whatever's there ((or (bobp) (looking-at "[ \t]*#[^ \t\n]")) (current-indentation)) ;; else indentation based on that of the statement that ;; precedes us; use the first line of that statement to ;; establish the base, in case the user forced a non-std ;; indentation for the continuation lines (if any) (t ;; skip back over blank & non-indenting comment lines note: ;; will skip a blank or non-indenting comment line that ;; happens to be a continuation line too. use fast Emacs 19 ;; function if it's there. (if (and (eq py-honor-comment-indentation nil) (fboundp 'forward-comment)) (forward-comment (- (point-max))) (let (done) (while (not done) (re-search-backward "^[ \t]*\\([^ \t\n#]\\|#[ \t\n]\\)" nil 'move) (setq done (or (eq py-honor-comment-indentation t) (bobp) (/= (following-char) ?#) (not (zerop (current-column))))) ))) ;; if we landed inside a string, go to the beginning of that ;; string. this handles triple quoted, multi-line spanning ;; strings. (py-goto-initial-line) (if (py-statement-opens-block-p) (+ (current-indentation) py-indent-offset) (current-indentation))))))) (defun py-guess-indent-offset (&optional global) "Guess a good value for, and change, `py-indent-offset'. By default (without a prefix arg), makes a buffer-local copy of `py-indent-offset' with the new value. This will not affect any other Python buffers. With a prefix arg, changes the global value of `py-indent-offset'. This affects all Python buffers (that don't have their own buffer-local copy), both those currently existing and those created later in the Emacs session. Some people use a different value for `py-indent-offset' than you use. There's no excuse for such foolishness, but sometimes you have to deal with their ugly code anyway. This function examines the file and sets `py-indent-offset' to what it thinks it was when they created the mess. Specifically, it searches forward from the statement containing point, looking for a line that opens a block of code. `py-indent-offset' is set to the difference in indentation between that line and the Python statement following it. If the search doesn't succeed going forward, it's tried again going backward." (interactive "P") ; raw prefix arg (let (new-value (start (point)) restart (found nil) colon-indent) (py-goto-initial-line) (while (not (or found (eobp))) (if (re-search-forward ":[ \t]*\\($\\|[#\\]\\)" nil 'move) (progn (setq restart (point)) (py-goto-initial-line) (if (py-statement-opens-block-p) (setq found t) (goto-char restart))))) (if found () (goto-char start) (py-goto-initial-line) (while (not (or found (bobp))) (setq found (and (re-search-backward ":[ \t]*\\($\\|[#\\]\\)" nil 'move) (or (py-goto-initial-line) t) ; always true -- side effect (py-statement-opens-block-p))))) (setq colon-indent (current-indentation) found (and found (zerop (py-next-statement 1))) new-value (- (current-indentation) colon-indent)) (goto-char start) (if found (progn (funcall (if global 'kill-local-variable 'make-local-variable) 'py-indent-offset) (setq py-indent-offset new-value) (message "%s value of py-indent-offset set to %d" (if global "Global" "Local") py-indent-offset)) (error "Sorry, couldn't guess a value for py-indent-offset")))) (defun py-shift-region (start end count) (save-excursion (goto-char end) (beginning-of-line) (setq end (point)) (goto-char start) (beginning-of-line) (setq start (point)) (indent-rigidly start end count))) (defun py-shift-region-left (start end &optional count) "Shift region of Python code to the left. The lines from the line containing the start of the current region up to (but not including) the line containing the end of the region are shifted to the left, by `py-indent-offset' columns. If a prefix argument is given, the region is instead shifted by that many columns." (interactive "*r\nP") ; region; raw prefix arg (py-shift-region start end (- (prefix-numeric-value (or count py-indent-offset))))) (defun py-shift-region-right (start end &optional count) "Shift region of Python code to the right. The lines from the line containing the start of the current region up to (but not including) the line containing the end of the region are shifted to the right, by `py-indent-offset' columns. If a prefix argument is given, the region is instead shifted by that many columns." (interactive "*r\nP") ; region; raw prefix arg (py-shift-region start end (prefix-numeric-value (or count py-indent-offset)))) (defun py-indent-region (start end &optional indent-offset) "Reindent a region of Python code. The lines from the line containing the start of the current region up to (but not including) the line containing the end of the region are reindented. If the first line of the region has a non-whitespace character in the first column, the first line is left alone and the rest of the region is reindented with respect to it. Else the entire region is reindented with respect to the (closest code or indenting comment) statement immediately preceding the region. This is useful when code blocks are moved or yanked, when enclosing control structures are introduced or removed, or to reformat code using a new value for the indentation offset. If a numeric prefix argument is given, it will be used as the value of the indentation offset. Else the value of `py-indent-offset' will be used. Warning: The region must be consistently indented before this function is called! This function does not compute proper indentation from scratch (that's impossible in Python), it merely adjusts the existing indentation to be correct in context. Warning: This function really has no idea what to do with non-indenting comment lines, and shifts them as if they were indenting comment lines. Fixing this appears to require telepathy. Special cases: whitespace is deleted from blank lines; continuation lines are shifted by the same amount their initial line was shifted, in order to preserve their relative indentation with respect to their initial line; and comment lines beginning in column 1 are ignored." (interactive "*r\nP") ; region; raw prefix arg (save-excursion (goto-char end) (beginning-of-line) (setq end (point-marker)) (goto-char start) (beginning-of-line) (let ((py-indent-offset (prefix-numeric-value (or indent-offset py-indent-offset))) (indents '(-1)) ; stack of active indent levels (target-column 0) ; column to which to indent (base-shifted-by 0) ; amount last base line was shifted (indent-base (if (looking-at "[ \t\n]") (py-compute-indentation) 0)) ci) (while (< (point) end) (setq ci (current-indentation)) ;; figure out appropriate target column (cond ((or (eq (following-char) ?#) ; comment in column 1 (looking-at "[ \t]*$")) ; entirely blank (setq target-column 0)) ((py-continuation-line-p) ; shift relative to base line (setq target-column (+ ci base-shifted-by))) (t ; new base line (if (> ci (car indents)) ; going deeper; push it (setq indents (cons ci indents)) ;; else we should have seen this indent before (setq indents (memq ci indents)) ; pop deeper indents (if (null indents) (error "Bad indentation in region, at line %d" (save-restriction (widen) (1+ (count-lines 1 (point))))))) (setq target-column (+ indent-base (* py-indent-offset (- (length indents) 2)))) (setq base-shifted-by (- target-column ci)))) ;; shift as needed (if (/= ci target-column) (progn (delete-horizontal-space) (indent-to target-column))) (forward-line 1)))) (set-marker end nil)) ;; Functions for moving point (defun py-previous-statement (count) "Go to the start of previous Python statement. If the statement at point is the i'th Python statement, goes to the start of statement i-COUNT. If there is no such statement, goes to the first statement. Returns count of statements left to move. `Statements' do not include blank, comment, or continuation lines." (interactive "p") ; numeric prefix arg (if (< count 0) (py-next-statement (- count)) (py-goto-initial-line) (let (start) (while (and (setq start (point)) ; always true -- side effect (> count 0) (zerop (forward-line -1)) (py-goto-statement-at-or-above)) (setq count (1- count))) (if (> count 0) (goto-char start))) count)) (defun py-next-statement (count) "Go to the start of next Python statement. If the statement at point is the i'th Python statement, goes to the start of statement i+COUNT. If there is no such statement, goes to the last statement. Returns count of statements left to move. `Statements' do not include blank, comment, or continuation lines." (interactive "p") ; numeric prefix arg (if (< count 0) (py-previous-statement (- count)) (beginning-of-line) (let (start) (while (and (setq start (point)) ; always true -- side effect (> count 0) (py-goto-statement-below)) (setq count (1- count))) (if (> count 0) (goto-char start))) count)) (defun py-goto-block-up (&optional nomark) "Move up to start of current block. Go to the statement that starts the smallest enclosing block; roughly speaking, this will be the closest preceding statement that ends with a colon and is indented less than the statement you started on. If successful, also sets the mark to the starting point. `\\[py-mark-block]' can be used afterward to mark the whole code block, if desired. If called from a program, the mark will not be set if optional argument NOMARK is not nil." (interactive) (let ((start (point)) (found nil) initial-indent) (py-goto-initial-line) ;; if on blank or non-indenting comment line, use the preceding stmt (if (looking-at "[ \t]*\\($\\|#[^ \t\n]\\)") (progn (py-goto-statement-at-or-above) (setq found (py-statement-opens-block-p)))) ;; search back for colon line indented less (setq initial-indent (current-indentation)) (if (zerop initial-indent) ;; force fast exit (goto-char (point-min))) (while (not (or found (bobp))) (setq found (and (re-search-backward ":[ \t]*\\($\\|[#\\]\\)" nil 'move) (or (py-goto-initial-line) t) ; always true -- side effect (< (current-indentation) initial-indent) (py-statement-opens-block-p)))) (if found (progn (or nomark (push-mark start)) (back-to-indentation)) (goto-char start) (error "Enclosing block not found")))) (defun beginning-of-python-def-or-class (&optional class) "Move point to start of def (or class, with prefix arg). Searches back for the closest preceding `def'. If you supply a prefix arg, looks for a `class' instead. The docs assume the `def' case; just substitute `class' for `def' for the other case. If point is in a def statement already, and after the `d', simply moves point to the start of the statement. Else (point is not in a def statement, or at or before the `d' of a def statement), searches for the closest preceding def statement, and leaves point at its start. If no such statement can be found, leaves point at the start of the buffer. Returns t iff a def statement is found by these rules. Note that doing this command repeatedly will take you closer to the start of the buffer each time. If you want to mark the current def/class, see `\\[mark-python-def-or-class]'." (interactive "P") ; raw prefix arg (let ((at-or-before-p (<= (current-column) (current-indentation))) (start-of-line (progn (beginning-of-line) (point))) (start-of-stmt (progn (py-goto-initial-line) (point)))) (if (or (/= start-of-stmt start-of-line) (not at-or-before-p)) (end-of-line)) ; OK to match on this line (re-search-backward (if class "^[ \t]*class\\>" "^[ \t]*def\\>") nil 'move))) (defun end-of-python-def-or-class (&optional class) "Move point beyond end of def (or class, with prefix arg) body. By default, looks for an appropriate `def'. If you supply a prefix arg, looks for a `class' instead. The docs assume the `def' case; just substitute `class' for `def' for the other case. If point is in a def statement already, this is the def we use. Else if the def found by `\\[beginning-of-python-def-or-class]' contains the statement you started on, that's the def we use. Else we search forward for the closest following def, and use that. If a def can be found by these rules, point is moved to the start of the line immediately following the def block, and the position of the start of the def is returned. Else point is moved to the end of the buffer, and nil is returned. Note that doing this command repeatedly will take you closer to the end of the buffer each time. If you want to mark the current def/class, see `\\[mark-python-def-or-class]'." (interactive "P") ; raw prefix arg (let ((start (progn (py-goto-initial-line) (point))) (which (if class "class" "def")) (state 'not-found)) ;; move point to start of appropriate def/class (if (looking-at (concat "[ \t]*" which "\\>")) ; already on one (setq state 'at-beginning) ;; else see if beginning-of-python-def-or-class hits container (if (and (beginning-of-python-def-or-class class) (progn (py-goto-beyond-block) (> (point) start))) (setq state 'at-end) ;; else search forward (goto-char start) (if (re-search-forward (concat "^[ \t]*" which "\\>") nil 'move) (progn (setq state 'at-beginning) (beginning-of-line))))) (cond ((eq state 'at-beginning) (py-goto-beyond-block) t) ((eq state 'at-end) t) ((eq state 'not-found) nil) (t (error "internal error in end-of-python-def-or-class"))))) ;; Functions for marking regions (defun py-mark-block (&optional extend just-move) "Mark following block of lines. With prefix arg, mark structure. Easier to use than explain. It sets the region to an `interesting' block of succeeding lines. If point is on a blank line, it goes down to the next non-blank line. That will be the start of the region. The end of the region depends on the kind of line at the start: - If a comment, the region will include all succeeding comment lines up to (but not including) the next non-comment line (if any). - Else if a prefix arg is given, and the line begins one of these structures: if elif else try except finally for while def class the region will be set to the body of the structure, including following blocks that `belong' to it, but excluding trailing blank and comment lines. E.g., if on a `try' statement, the `try' block and all (if any) of the following `except' and `finally' blocks that belong to the `try' structure will be in the region. Ditto for if/elif/else, for/else and while/else structures, and (a bit degenerate, since they're always one-block structures) def and class blocks. - Else if no prefix argument is given, and the line begins a Python block (see list above), and the block is not a `one-liner' (i.e., the statement ends with a colon, not with code), the region will include all succeeding lines up to (but not including) the next code statement (if any) that's indented no more than the starting line, except that trailing blank and comment lines are excluded. E.g., if the starting line begins a multi-statement `def' structure, the region will be set to the full function definition, but without any trailing `noise' lines. - Else the region will include all succeeding lines up to (but not including) the next blank line, or code or indenting-comment line indented strictly less than the starting line. Trailing indenting comment lines are included in this case, but not trailing blank lines. A msg identifying the location of the mark is displayed in the echo area; or do `\\[exchange-point-and-mark]' to flip down to the end. If called from a program, optional argument EXTEND plays the role of the prefix arg, and if optional argument JUST-MOVE is not nil, just moves to the end of the block (& does not set mark or display a msg)." (interactive "P") ; raw prefix arg (py-goto-initial-line) ;; skip over blank lines (while (and (looking-at "[ \t]*$") ; while blank line (not (eobp))) ; & somewhere to go (forward-line 1)) (if (eobp) (error "Hit end of buffer without finding a non-blank stmt")) (let ((initial-pos (point)) (initial-indent (current-indentation)) last-pos ; position of last stmt in region (followers '((if elif else) (elif elif else) (else) (try except finally) (except except) (finally) (for else) (while else) (def) (class) ) ) first-symbol next-symbol) (cond ;; if comment line, suck up the following comment lines ((looking-at "[ \t]*#") (re-search-forward "^[ \t]*[^ \t#]" nil 'move) ; look for non-comment (re-search-backward "^[ \t]*#") ; and back to last comment in block (setq last-pos (point))) ;; else if line is a block line and EXTEND given, suck up ;; the whole structure ((and extend (setq first-symbol (py-suck-up-first-keyword) ) (assq first-symbol followers)) (while (and (or (py-goto-beyond-block) t) ; side effect (forward-line -1) ; side effect (setq last-pos (point)) ; side effect (py-goto-statement-below) (= (current-indentation) initial-indent) (setq next-symbol (py-suck-up-first-keyword)) (memq next-symbol (cdr (assq first-symbol followers)))) (setq first-symbol next-symbol))) ;; else if line *opens* a block, search for next stmt indented <= ((py-statement-opens-block-p) (while (and (setq last-pos (point)) ; always true -- side effect (py-goto-statement-below) (> (current-indentation) initial-indent)) nil)) ;; else plain code line; stop at next blank line, or stmt or ;; indenting comment line indented < (t (while (and (setq last-pos (point)) ; always true -- side effect (or (py-goto-beyond-final-line) t) (not (looking-at "[ \t]*$")) ; stop at blank line (or (>= (current-indentation) initial-indent) (looking-at "[ \t]*#[^ \t\n]"))) ; ignore non-indenting # nil))) ;; skip to end of last stmt (goto-char last-pos) (py-goto-beyond-final-line) ;; set mark & display (if just-move () ; just return (push-mark (point) 'no-msg) (forward-line -1) (message "Mark set after: %s" (py-suck-up-leading-text)) (goto-char initial-pos)))) (defun mark-python-def-or-class (&optional class) "Set region to body of def (or class, with prefix arg) enclosing point. Pushes the current mark, then point, on the mark ring (all language modes do this, but although it's handy it's never documented ...). In most Emacs language modes, this function bears at least a hallucinogenic resemblance to `\\[end-of-python-def-or-class]' and `\\[beginning-of-python-def-or-class]'. And in earlier versions of Python mode, all 3 were tightly connected. Turned out that was more confusing than useful: the `goto start' and `goto end' commands are usually used to search through a file, and people expect them to act a lot like `search backward' and `search forward' string-search commands. But because Python `def' and `class' can nest to arbitrary levels, finding the smallest def containing point cannot be done via a simple backward search: the def containing point may not be the closest preceding def, or even the closest preceding def that's indented less. The fancy algorithm required is appropriate for the usual uses of this `mark' command, but not for the `goto' variations. So the def marked by this command may not be the one either of the `goto' commands find: If point is on a blank or non-indenting comment line, moves back to start of the closest preceding code statement or indenting comment line. If this is a `def' statement, that's the def we use. Else searches for the smallest enclosing `def' block and uses that. Else signals an error. When an enclosing def is found: The mark is left immediately beyond the last line of the def block. Point is left at the start of the def, except that: if the def is preceded by a number of comment lines followed by (at most) one optional blank line, point is left at the start of the comments; else if the def is preceded by a blank line, point is left at its start. The intent is to mark the containing def/class and its associated documentation, to make moving and duplicating functions and classes pleasant." (interactive "P") ; raw prefix arg (let ((start (point)) (which (if class "class" "def"))) (push-mark start) (if (not (py-go-up-tree-to-keyword which)) (progn (goto-char start) (error "Enclosing %s not found" which)) ;; else enclosing def/class found (setq start (point)) (py-goto-beyond-block) (push-mark (point)) (goto-char start) (if (zerop (forward-line -1)) ; if there is a preceding line (progn (if (looking-at "[ \t]*$") ; it's blank (setq start (point)) ; so reset start point (goto-char start)) ; else try again (if (zerop (forward-line -1)) (if (looking-at "[ \t]*#") ; a comment ;; look back for non-comment line ;; tricky: note that the regexp matches a blank ;; line, cuz \n is in the 2nd character class (and (re-search-backward "^[ \t]*[^ \t#]" nil 'move) (forward-line 1)) ;; no comment, so go back (goto-char start)))))))) ;; Documentation functions ;; dump the long form of the mode blurb; does the usual doc escapes, ;; plus lines of the form ^[vc]:name$ to suck variable & command docs ;; out of the right places, along with the keys they're on & current ;; values (defun py-dump-help-string (str) (with-output-to-temp-buffer "*Help*" (let ((locals (buffer-local-variables)) funckind funcname func funcdoc (start 0) mstart end keys ) (while (string-match "^%\\([vc]\\):\\(.+\\)\n" str start) (setq mstart (match-beginning 0) end (match-end 0) funckind (substring str (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1)) funcname (substring str (match-beginning 2) (match-end 2)) func (intern funcname)) (princ (substitute-command-keys (substring str start mstart))) (cond ((equal funckind "c") ; command (setq funcdoc (documentation func) keys (concat "Key(s): " (mapconcat 'key-description (where-is-internal func py-mode-map) ", ")))) ((equal funckind "v") ; variable (setq funcdoc (substitute-command-keys (get func 'variable-documentation)) keys (if (assq func locals) (concat "Local/Global values: " (prin1-to-string (symbol-value func)) " / " (prin1-to-string (default-value func))) (concat "Value: " (prin1-to-string (symbol-value func)))))) (t ; unexpected (error "Error in py-dump-help-string, tag `%s'" funckind))) (princ (format "\n-> %s:\t%s\t%s\n\n" (if (equal funckind "c") "Command" "Variable") funcname keys)) (princ funcdoc) (terpri) (setq start end)) (princ (substitute-command-keys (substring str start)))) (print-help-return-message))) (defun py-describe-mode () "Dump long form of Python-mode docs." (interactive) (py-dump-help-string "Major mode for editing Python files. Knows about Python indentation, tokens, comments and continuation lines. Paragraphs are separated by blank lines only. Major sections below begin with the string `@'; specific function and variable docs begin with `->'. @EXECUTING PYTHON CODE \\[py-execute-buffer]\tsends the entire buffer to the Python interpreter \\[py-execute-region]\tsends the current region \\[py-shell]\tstarts a Python interpreter window; this will be used by \tsubsequent \\[py-execute-buffer] or \\[py-execute-region] commands %c:py-execute-buffer %c:py-execute-region %c:py-shell @VARIABLES py-indent-offset\tindentation increment py-block-comment-prefix\tcomment string used by py-comment-region py-python-command\tshell command to invoke Python interpreter py-scroll-process-buffer\talways scroll Python process buffer py-temp-directory\tdirectory used for temp files (if needed) py-beep-if-tab-change\tring the bell if tab-width is changed %v:py-indent-offset %v:py-block-comment-prefix %v:py-python-command %v:py-scroll-process-buffer %v:py-temp-directory %v:py-beep-if-tab-change @KINDS OF LINES Each physical line in the file is either a `continuation line' (the preceding line ends with a backslash that's not part of a comment, or the paren/bracket/brace nesting level at the start of the line is non-zero, or both) or an `initial line' (everything else). An initial line is in turn a `blank line' (contains nothing except possibly blanks or tabs), a `comment line' (leftmost non-blank character is `#'), or a `code line' (everything else). Comment Lines Although all comment lines are treated alike by Python, Python mode recognizes two kinds that act differently with respect to indentation. An `indenting comment line' is a comment line with a blank, tab or nothing after the initial `#'. The indentation commands (see below) treat these exactly as if they were code lines: a line following an indenting comment line will be indented like the comment line. All other comment lines (those with a non-whitespace character immediately following the initial `#') are `non-indenting comment lines', and their indentation is ignored by the indentation commands. Indenting comment lines are by far the usual case, and should be used whenever possible. Non-indenting comment lines are useful in cases like these: \ta = b # a very wordy single-line comment that ends up being \t #... continued onto another line \tif a == b: ##\t\tprint 'panic!' # old code we've `commented out' \t\treturn a Since the `#...' and `##' comment lines have a non-whitespace character following the initial `#', Python mode ignores them when computing the proper indentation for the next line. Continuation Lines and Statements The Python-mode commands generally work on statements instead of on individual lines, where a `statement' is a comment or blank line, or a code line and all of its following continuation lines (if any) considered as a single logical unit. The commands in this mode generally (when it makes sense) automatically move to the start of the statement containing point, even if point happens to be in the middle of some continuation line. @INDENTATION Primarily for entering new code: \t\\[indent-for-tab-command]\t indent line appropriately \t\\[py-newline-and-indent]\t insert newline, then indent \t\\[py-delete-char]\t reduce indentation, or delete single character Primarily for reindenting existing code: \t\\[py-guess-indent-offset]\t guess py-indent-offset from file content; change locally \t\\[universal-argument] \\[py-guess-indent-offset]\t ditto, but change globally \t\\[py-indent-region]\t reindent region to match its context \t\\[py-shift-region-left]\t shift region left by py-indent-offset \t\\[py-shift-region-right]\t shift region right by py-indent-offset Unlike most programming languages, Python uses indentation, and only indentation, to specify block structure. Hence the indentation supplied automatically by Python-mode is just an educated guess: only you know the block structure you intend, so only you can supply correct indentation. The \\[indent-for-tab-command] and \\[py-newline-and-indent] keys try to suggest plausible indentation, based on the indentation of preceding statements. E.g., assuming py-indent-offset is 4, after you enter \tif a > 0: \\[py-newline-and-indent] the cursor will be moved to the position of the `_' (_ is not a character in the file, it's just used here to indicate the location of the cursor): \tif a > 0: \t _ If you then enter `c = d' \\[py-newline-and-indent], the cursor will move to \tif a > 0: \t c = d \t _ Python-mode cannot know whether that's what you intended, or whether \tif a > 0: \t c = d \t_ was your intent. In general, Python-mode either reproduces the indentation of the (closest code or indenting-comment) preceding statement, or adds an extra py-indent-offset blanks if the preceding statement has `:' as its last significant (non-whitespace and non- comment) character. If the suggested indentation is too much, use \\[py-delete-char] to reduce it. Continuation lines are given extra indentation. If you don't like the suggested indentation, change it to something you do like, and Python- mode will strive to indent later lines of the statement in the same way. If a line is a continuation line by virtue of being in an unclosed paren/bracket/brace structure (`list', for short), the suggested indentation depends on whether the current line contains the first item in the list. If it does, it's indented py-indent-offset columns beyond the indentation of the line containing the open bracket. If you don't like that, change it by hand. The remaining items in the list will mimic whatever indentation you give to the first item. If a line is a continuation line because the line preceding it ends with a backslash, the third and following lines of the statement inherit their indentation from the line preceding them. The indentation of the second line in the statement depends on the form of the first (base) line: if the base line is an assignment statement with anything more interesting than the backslash following the leftmost assigning `=', the second line is indented two columns beyond that `='. Else it's indented to two columns beyond the leftmost solid chunk of non-whitespace characters on the base line. Warning: indent-region should not normally be used! It calls \\[indent-for-tab-command] repeatedly, and as explained above, \\[indent-for-tab-command] can't guess the block structure you intend. %c:indent-for-tab-command %c:py-newline-and-indent %c:py-delete-char The next function may be handy when editing code you didn't write: %c:py-guess-indent-offset The remaining `indent' functions apply to a region of Python code. They assume the block structure (equals indentation, in Python) of the region is correct, and alter the indentation in various ways while preserving the block structure: %c:py-indent-region %c:py-shift-region-left %c:py-shift-region-right @MARKING & MANIPULATING REGIONS OF CODE \\[py-mark-block]\t mark block of lines \\[mark-python-def-or-class]\t mark smallest enclosing def \\[universal-argument] \\[mark-python-def-or-class]\t mark smallest enclosing class \\[py-comment-region]\t comment out region of code \\[universal-argument] \\[py-comment-region]\t uncomment region of code %c:py-mark-block %c:mark-python-def-or-class %c:py-comment-region @MOVING POINT \\[py-previous-statement]\t move to statement preceding point \\[py-next-statement]\t move to statement following point \\[py-goto-block-up]\t move up to start of current block \\[beginning-of-python-def-or-class]\t move to start of def \\[universal-argument] \\[beginning-of-python-def-or-class]\t move to start of class \\[end-of-python-def-or-class]\t move to end of def \\[universal-argument] \\[end-of-python-def-or-class]\t move to end of class The first two move to one statement beyond the statement that contains point. A numeric prefix argument tells them to move that many statements instead. Blank lines, comment lines, and continuation lines do not count as `statements' for these commands. So, e.g., you can go to the first code statement in a file by entering \t\\[beginning-of-buffer]\t to move to the top of the file \t\\[py-next-statement]\t to skip over initial comments and blank lines Or do `\\[py-previous-statement]' with a huge prefix argument. %c:py-previous-statement %c:py-next-statement %c:py-goto-block-up %c:beginning-of-python-def-or-class %c:end-of-python-def-or-class @LITTLE-KNOWN EMACS COMMANDS PARTICULARLY USEFUL IN PYTHON MODE `\\[indent-new-comment-line]' is handy for entering a multi-line comment. `\\[set-selective-display]' with a `small' prefix arg is ideally suited for viewing the overall class and def structure of a module. `\\[back-to-indentation]' moves point to a line's first non-blank character. `\\[indent-relative]' is handy for creating odd indentation. @OTHER EMACS HINTS If you don't like the default value of a variable, change its value to whatever you do like by putting a `setq' line in your .emacs file. E.g., to set the indentation increment to 4, put this line in your .emacs: \t(setq py-indent-offset 4) To see the value of a variable, do `\\[describe-variable]' and enter the variable name at the prompt. When entering a key sequence like `C-c C-n', it is not necessary to release the CONTROL key after doing the `C-c' part -- it suffices to press the CONTROL key, press and release `c' (while still holding down CONTROL), press and release `n' (while still holding down CONTROL), & then release CONTROL. Entering Python mode calls with no arguments the value of the variable `python-mode-hook', if that value exists and is not nil; for backward compatibility it also tries `py-mode-hook'; see the `Hooks' section of the Elisp manual for details. Obscure: When python-mode is first loaded, it looks for all bindings to newline-and-indent in the global keymap, and shadows them with local bindings to py-newline-and-indent.")) ;; Helper functions (defvar py-parse-state-re (concat "^[ \t]*\\(if\\|elif\\|else\\|while\\|def\\|class\\)\\>" "\\|" "^[^ #\t\n]")) ;; returns the parse state at point (see parse-partial-sexp docs) (defun py-parse-state () (save-excursion (let ((here (point)) ) ;; back up to the first preceding line (if any; else start of ;; buffer) that begins with a popular Python keyword, or a non- ;; whitespace and non-comment character. These are good places ;; to start parsing to see whether where we started is at a ;; non-zero nesting level. It may be slow for people who write ;; huge code blocks or huge lists ... tough beans. (re-search-backward py-parse-state-re nil 'move) (beginning-of-line) (parse-partial-sexp (point) here)))) ;; if point is at a non-zero nesting level, returns the number of the ;; character that opens the smallest enclosing unclosed list; else ;; returns nil. (defun py-nesting-level () (let ((status (py-parse-state)) ) (if (zerop (car status)) nil ; not in a nest (car (cdr status))))) ; char# of open bracket ;; t iff preceding line ends with backslash that's not in a comment (defun py-backslash-continuation-line-p () (save-excursion (beginning-of-line) (and ;; use a cheap test first to avoid the regexp if possible ;; use 'eq' because char-after may return nil (eq (char-after (- (point) 2)) ?\\ ) ;; make sure; since eq test passed, there is a preceding line (forward-line -1) ; always true -- side effect (looking-at py-continued-re)))) ;; t iff current line is a continuation line (defun py-continuation-line-p () (save-excursion (beginning-of-line) (or (py-backslash-continuation-line-p) (py-nesting-level)))) ;; go to initial line of current statement; usually this is the line ;; we're on, but if we're on the 2nd or following lines of a ;; continuation block, we need to go up to the first line of the ;; block. ;; ;; Tricky: We want to avoid quadratic-time behavior for long continued ;; blocks, whether of the backslash or open-bracket varieties, or a ;; mix of the two. The following manages to do that in the usual ;; cases. (defun py-goto-initial-line () (let ( open-bracket-pos ) (while (py-continuation-line-p) (beginning-of-line) (if (py-backslash-continuation-line-p) (while (py-backslash-continuation-line-p) (forward-line -1)) ;; else zip out of nested brackets/braces/parens (while (setq open-bracket-pos (py-nesting-level)) (goto-char open-bracket-pos))))) (beginning-of-line)) ;; go to point right beyond final line of current statement; usually ;; this is the start of the next line, but if this is a multi-line ;; statement we need to skip over the continuation lines. Tricky: ;; Again we need to be clever to avoid quadratic time behavior. (defun py-goto-beyond-final-line () (forward-line 1) (let (state) (while (and (py-continuation-line-p) (not (eobp))) ;; skip over the backslash flavor (while (and (py-backslash-continuation-line-p) (not (eobp))) (forward-line 1)) ;; if in nest, zip to the end of the nest (setq state (py-parse-state)) (if (and (not (zerop (car state))) (not (eobp))) (progn ;; BUG ALERT: I could swear, from reading the docs, that ;; the 3rd argument should be plain 0 (parse-partial-sexp (point) (point-max) (- 0 (car state)) nil state) (forward-line 1)))))) ;; t iff statement opens a block == iff it ends with a colon that's ;; not in a comment. point should be at the start of a statement (defun py-statement-opens-block-p () (save-excursion (let ((start (point)) (finish (progn (py-goto-beyond-final-line) (1- (point)))) (searching t) (answer nil) state) (goto-char start) (while searching ;; look for a colon with nothing after it except whitespace, and ;; maybe a comment (if (re-search-forward ":\\([ \t]\\|\\\\\n\\)*\\(#.*\\)?$" finish t) (if (eq (point) finish) ; note: no `else' clause; just ; keep searching if we're not at ; the end yet ;; sure looks like it opens a block -- but it might ;; be in a comment (progn (setq searching nil) ; search is done either way (setq state (parse-partial-sexp start (match-beginning 0))) (setq answer (not (nth 4 state))))) ;; search failed: couldn't find another interesting colon (setq searching nil))) answer))) ;; go to point right beyond final line of block begun by the current ;; line. This is the same as where py-goto-beyond-final-line goes ;; unless we're on colon line, in which case we go to the end of the ;; block. assumes point is at bolp (defun py-goto-beyond-block () (if (py-statement-opens-block-p) (py-mark-block nil 'just-move) (py-goto-beyond-final-line))) ;; go to start of first statement (not blank or comment or ;; continuation line) at or preceding point. returns t if there is ;; one, else nil (defun py-goto-statement-at-or-above () (py-goto-initial-line) (if (looking-at py-blank-or-comment-re) ;; skip back over blank & comment lines ;; note: will skip a blank or comment line that happens to be ;; a continuation line too (if (re-search-backward "^[ \t]*[^ \t#\n]" nil t) (progn (py-goto-initial-line) t) nil) t)) ;; go to start of first statement (not blank or comment or ;; continuation line) following the statement containing point returns ;; t if there is one, else nil (defun py-goto-statement-below () (beginning-of-line) (let ((start (point))) (py-goto-beyond-final-line) (while (and (looking-at py-blank-or-comment-re) (not (eobp))) (forward-line 1)) (if (eobp) (progn (goto-char start) nil) t))) ;; go to start of statement, at or preceding point, starting with ;; keyword KEY. Skips blank lines and non-indenting comments upward ;; first. If that statement starts with KEY, done, else go back to ;; first enclosing block starting with KEY. If successful, leaves ;; point at the start of the KEY line & returns t. Else leaves point ;; at an undefined place & returns nil. (defun py-go-up-tree-to-keyword (key) ;; skip blanks and non-indenting # (py-goto-initial-line) (while (and (looking-at "[ \t]*\\($\\|#[^ \t\n]\\)") (zerop (forward-line -1))) ; go back nil) (py-goto-initial-line) (let* ((re (concat "[ \t]*" key "\\b")) (case-fold-search nil) ; let* so looking-at sees this (found (looking-at re)) (dead nil)) (while (not (or found dead)) (condition-case nil ; in case no enclosing block (py-goto-block-up 'no-mark) (error (setq dead t))) (or dead (setq found (looking-at re)))) (beginning-of-line) found)) ;; return string in buffer from start of indentation to end of line; ;; prefix "..." if leading whitespace was skipped (defun py-suck-up-leading-text () (save-excursion (back-to-indentation) (concat (if (bolp) "" "...") (buffer-substring (point) (progn (end-of-line) (point)))))) ;; assuming point at bolp, return first keyword ([a-z]+) on the line, ;; as a Lisp symbol; return nil if none (defun py-suck-up-first-keyword () (let ((case-fold-search nil)) (if (looking-at "[ \t]*\\([a-z]+\\)\\b") (intern (buffer-substring (match-beginning 1) (match-end 1))) nil))) (defun py-make-temp-name () (make-temp-name (concat (file-name-as-directory py-temp-directory) "python"))) (defun py-delete-file-silently (fname) (condition-case nil (delete-file fname) (error nil))) (defun py-kill-emacs-hook () ;; delete our temp files (while py-file-queue (py-delete-file-silently (car py-file-queue)) (setq py-file-queue (cdr py-file-queue))) (if (not (or py-this-is-lucid-emacs-p py-this-is-emacs-19-p)) ;; run the hook we inherited, if any (and py-inherited-kill-emacs-hook (funcall py-inherited-kill-emacs-hook)))) ;; make PROCESS's buffer visible, append STRING to it, and force ;; display; also make shell-mode believe the user typed this string, ;; so that kill-output-from-shell and show-output-from-shell work ;; "right" (defun py-append-to-process-buffer (process string) (let ((cbuf (current-buffer)) (pbuf (process-buffer process)) (py-scroll-process-buffer t)) (set-buffer pbuf) (goto-char (point-max)) (move-marker (process-mark process) (point)) (if (not (or py-this-is-emacs-19-p py-this-is-lucid-emacs-p)) (move-marker last-input-start (point))) ; muck w/ shell-mode (funcall (process-filter process) process string) (if (not (or py-this-is-emacs-19-p py-this-is-lucid-emacs-p)) (move-marker last-input-end (point))) ; muck w/ shell-mode (set-buffer cbuf)) (sit-for 0)) (defun py-keep-region-active () ;; do whatever is necessary to keep the region active in XEmacs. ;; Ignore byte-compiler warnings you might see. Also note that ;; FSF's Emacs 19 does it differently and doesn't its policy doesn't ;; require us to take explicit action. (and (boundp 'zmacs-region-stays) (setq zmacs-region-stays t))) (defconst py-version "$Revision$" "`python-mode' version number.") (defconst py-help-address "python-mode@python.org" "Address accepting submission of bug reports.") (defun py-version () "Echo the current version of `python-mode' in the minibuffer." (interactive) (message "Using `python-mode' version %s" py-version) (py-keep-region-active)) ;; only works under Emacs 19 ;(eval-when-compile ; (require 'reporter)) (defun py-submit-bug-report (enhancement-p) "Submit via mail a bug report on `python-mode'. With \\[universal-argument] just submit an enhancement request." (interactive (list (not (y-or-n-p "Is this a bug report? (hit `n' to send other comments) ")))) (let ((reporter-prompt-for-summary-p (if enhancement-p "(Very) brief summary: " t))) (require 'reporter) (reporter-submit-bug-report py-help-address ;address (concat "python-mode " py-version) ;pkgname ;; varlist (if enhancement-p nil '(py-python-command py-indent-offset py-block-comment-prefix py-scroll-process-buffer py-temp-directory py-beep-if-tab-change)) nil ;pre-hooks nil ;post-hooks "Dear Barry,") ;salutation (if enhancement-p nil (set-mark (point)) (insert "Please replace this text with a sufficiently large code sample\n\ and an exact recipe so that I can reproduce your problem. Failure\n\ to do so may mean a greater delay in fixing your bug.\n\n") (exchange-point-and-mark) (py-keep-region-active)))) ;; arrange to kill temp files when Emacs exists (if (or py-this-is-emacs-19-p py-this-is-lucid-emacs-p) (add-hook 'kill-emacs-hook 'py-kill-emacs-hook) ;; have to trust that other people are as respectful of our hook ;; fiddling as we are of theirs (if (boundp 'py-inherited-kill-emacs-hook) ;; we were loaded before -- trust others not to have screwed us ;; in the meantime (no choice, really) nil ;; else arrange for our hook to run theirs (setq py-inherited-kill-emacs-hook kill-emacs-hook) (setq kill-emacs-hook 'py-kill-emacs-hook))) (provide 'python-mode) ;;; python-mode.el ends here