/* Python interpreter top-level routines, including init/exit */ #include "Python.h" #include "Python-ast.h" #undef Yield /* undefine macro conflicting with winbase.h */ #include "grammar.h" #include "node.h" #include "token.h" #include "parsetok.h" #include "errcode.h" #include "code.h" #include "symtable.h" #include "ast.h" #include "marshal.h" #include "osdefs.h" #ifdef HAVE_SIGNAL_H #include #endif #ifdef MS_WINDOWS #include "malloc.h" /* for alloca */ #endif #ifdef HAVE_LANGINFO_H #include #include #endif #ifdef MS_WINDOWS #undef BYTE #include "windows.h" #define PATH_MAX MAXPATHLEN #endif _Py_IDENTIFIER(builtins); _Py_IDENTIFIER(excepthook); _Py_IDENTIFIER(flush); _Py_IDENTIFIER(last_traceback); _Py_IDENTIFIER(last_type); _Py_IDENTIFIER(last_value); _Py_IDENTIFIER(name); _Py_IDENTIFIER(ps1); _Py_IDENTIFIER(ps2); _Py_IDENTIFIER(stdin); _Py_IDENTIFIER(stdout); _Py_IDENTIFIER(stderr); _Py_static_string(PyId_string, ""); #ifdef Py_REF_DEBUG static void _print_total_refs(void) { PyObject *xoptions, *value; _Py_IDENTIFIER(showrefcount); xoptions = PySys_GetXOptions(); if (xoptions == NULL) return; value = _PyDict_GetItemId(xoptions, &PyId_showrefcount); if (value == Py_True) fprintf(stderr, "[%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d refs, " "%" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d blocks]\n", _Py_GetRefTotal(), _Py_GetAllocatedBlocks()); } #endif #ifndef Py_REF_DEBUG #define PRINT_TOTAL_REFS() #else /* Py_REF_DEBUG */ #define PRINT_TOTAL_REFS() _print_total_refs() #endif #ifdef __cplusplus extern "C" { #endif extern wchar_t *Py_GetPath(void); extern grammar _PyParser_Grammar; /* From graminit.c */ /* Forward */ static void initmain(PyInterpreterState *interp); static int initfsencoding(PyInterpreterState *interp); static void initsite(void); static int initstdio(void); static void flush_io(void); static PyObject *run_mod(mod_ty, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyCompilerFlags *, PyArena *); static PyObject *run_pyc_file(FILE *, const char *, PyObject *, PyObject *, PyCompilerFlags *); static void err_input(perrdetail *); static void err_free(perrdetail *); static void initsigs(void); static void call_py_exitfuncs(void); static void wait_for_thread_shutdown(void); static void call_ll_exitfuncs(void); extern int _PyUnicode_Init(void); extern int _PyStructSequence_Init(void); extern void _PyUnicode_Fini(void); extern int _PyLong_Init(void); extern void PyLong_Fini(void); extern int _PyFaulthandler_Init(void); extern void _PyFaulthandler_Fini(void); #ifdef WITH_THREAD extern void _PyGILState_Init(PyInterpreterState *, PyThreadState *); extern void _PyGILState_Fini(void); #endif /* WITH_THREAD */ int Py_DebugFlag; /* Needed by parser.c */ int Py_VerboseFlag; /* Needed by import.c */ int Py_QuietFlag; /* Needed by sysmodule.c */ int Py_InteractiveFlag; /* Needed by Py_FdIsInteractive() below */ int Py_InspectFlag; /* Needed to determine whether to exit at SystemExit */ int Py_NoSiteFlag; /* Suppress 'import site' */ int Py_BytesWarningFlag; /* Warn on str(bytes) and str(buffer) */ int Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag; /* Suppress writing bytecode files (*.py[co]) */ int Py_UseClassExceptionsFlag = 1; /* Needed by bltinmodule.c: deprecated */ int Py_FrozenFlag; /* Needed by getpath.c */ int Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag; /* e.g. PYTHONPATH, PYTHONHOME */ int Py_NoUserSiteDirectory = 0; /* for -s and site.py */ int Py_UnbufferedStdioFlag = 0; /* Unbuffered binary std{in,out,err} */ int Py_HashRandomizationFlag = 0; /* for -R and PYTHONHASHSEED */ int Py_IsolatedFlag = 0; /* for -I, isolate from user's env */ PyThreadState *_Py_Finalizing = NULL; /* Hack to force loading of object files */ int (*_PyOS_mystrnicmp_hack)(const char *, const char *, Py_ssize_t) = \ PyOS_mystrnicmp; /* Python/pystrcmp.o */ /* PyModule_GetWarningsModule is no longer necessary as of 2.6 since _warnings is builtin. This API should not be used. */ PyObject * PyModule_GetWarningsModule(void) { return PyImport_ImportModule("warnings"); } static int initialized = 0; /* API to access the initialized flag -- useful for esoteric use */ int Py_IsInitialized(void) { return initialized; } /* Helper to allow an embedding application to override the normal * mechanism that attempts to figure out an appropriate IO encoding */ static char *_Py_StandardStreamEncoding = NULL; static char *_Py_StandardStreamErrors = NULL; int Py_SetStandardStreamEncoding(const char *encoding, const char *errors) { if (Py_IsInitialized()) { /* This is too late to have any effect */ return -1; } /* Can't call PyErr_NoMemory() on errors, as Python hasn't been * initialised yet. * * However, the raw memory allocators are initialised appropriately * as C static variables, so _PyMem_RawStrdup is OK even though * Py_Initialize hasn't been called yet. */ if (encoding) { _Py_StandardStreamEncoding = _PyMem_RawStrdup(encoding); if (!_Py_StandardStreamEncoding) { return -2; } } if (errors) { _Py_StandardStreamErrors = _PyMem_RawStrdup(errors); if (!_Py_StandardStreamErrors) { if (_Py_StandardStreamEncoding) { PyMem_RawFree(_Py_StandardStreamEncoding); } return -3; } } return 0; } /* Global initializations. Can be undone by Py_Finalize(). Don't call this twice without an intervening Py_Finalize() call. When initializations fail, a fatal error is issued and the function does not return. On return, the first thread and interpreter state have been created. Locking: you must hold the interpreter lock while calling this. (If the lock has not yet been initialized, that's equivalent to having the lock, but you cannot use multiple threads.) */ static int add_flag(int flag, const char *envs) { int env = atoi(envs); if (flag < env) flag = env; if (flag < 1) flag = 1; return flag; } static char* get_codec_name(const char *encoding) { char *name_utf8, *name_str; PyObject *codec, *name = NULL; codec = _PyCodec_Lookup(encoding); if (!codec) goto error; name = _PyObject_GetAttrId(codec, &PyId_name); Py_CLEAR(codec); if (!name) goto error; name_utf8 = _PyUnicode_AsString(name); if (name_utf8 == NULL) goto error; name_str = _PyMem_RawStrdup(name_utf8); Py_DECREF(name); if (name_str == NULL) { PyErr_NoMemory(); return NULL; } return name_str; error: Py_XDECREF(codec); Py_XDECREF(name); return NULL; } static char* get_locale_encoding(void) { #ifdef MS_WINDOWS char codepage[100]; PyOS_snprintf(codepage, sizeof(codepage), "cp%d", GetACP()); return get_codec_name(codepage); #elif defined(HAVE_LANGINFO_H) && defined(CODESET) char* codeset = nl_langinfo(CODESET); if (!codeset || codeset[0] == '\0') { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "CODESET is not set or empty"); return NULL; } return get_codec_name(codeset); #else PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_NotImplementedError); return NULL; #endif } static void import_init(PyInterpreterState *interp, PyObject *sysmod) { PyObject *importlib; PyObject *impmod; PyObject *sys_modules; PyObject *value; /* Import _importlib through its frozen version, _frozen_importlib. */ if (PyImport_ImportFrozenModule("_frozen_importlib") <= 0) { Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't import _frozen_importlib"); } else if (Py_VerboseFlag) { PySys_FormatStderr("import _frozen_importlib # frozen\n"); } importlib = PyImport_AddModule("_frozen_importlib"); if (importlib == NULL) { Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: couldn't get _frozen_importlib from " "sys.modules"); } interp->importlib = importlib; Py_INCREF(interp->importlib); /* Install _importlib as __import__ */ impmod = PyInit_imp(); if (impmod == NULL) { Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't import imp"); } else if (Py_VerboseFlag) { PySys_FormatStderr("import imp # builtin\n"); } sys_modules = PyImport_GetModuleDict(); if (Py_VerboseFlag) { PySys_FormatStderr("import sys # builtin\n"); } if (PyDict_SetItemString(sys_modules, "_imp", impmod) < 0) { Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't save _imp to sys.modules"); } value = PyObject_CallMethod(importlib, "_install", "OO", sysmod, impmod); if (value == NULL) { PyErr_Print(); Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: importlib install failed"); } Py_DECREF(value); Py_DECREF(impmod); _PyImportZip_Init(); } void _Py_InitializeEx_Private(int install_sigs, int install_importlib) { PyInterpreterState *interp; PyThreadState *tstate; PyObject *bimod, *sysmod, *pstderr; char *p; extern void _Py_ReadyTypes(void); if (initialized) return; initialized = 1; _Py_Finalizing = NULL; #if defined(HAVE_LANGINFO_H) && defined(HAVE_SETLOCALE) /* Set up the LC_CTYPE locale, so we can obtain the locale's charset without having to switch locales. */ setlocale(LC_CTYPE, ""); #endif if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONDEBUG")) && *p != '\0') Py_DebugFlag = add_flag(Py_DebugFlag, p); if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONVERBOSE")) && *p != '\0') Py_VerboseFlag = add_flag(Py_VerboseFlag, p); if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONOPTIMIZE")) && *p != '\0') Py_OptimizeFlag = add_flag(Py_OptimizeFlag, p); if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE")) && *p != '\0') Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag = add_flag(Py_DontWriteBytecodeFlag, p); /* The variable is only tested for existence here; _PyRandom_Init will check its value further. */ if ((p = Py_GETENV("PYTHONHASHSEED")) && *p != '\0') Py_HashRandomizationFlag = add_flag(Py_HashRandomizationFlag, p); _PyRandom_Init(); interp = PyInterpreterState_New(); if (interp == NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't make first interpreter"); tstate = PyThreadState_New(interp); if (tstate == NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't make first thread"); (void) PyThreadState_Swap(tstate); #ifdef WITH_THREAD /* We can't call _PyEval_FiniThreads() in Py_Finalize because destroying the GIL might fail when it is being referenced from another running thread (see issue #9901). Instead we destroy the previously created GIL here, which ensures that we can call Py_Initialize / Py_Finalize multiple times. */ _PyEval_FiniThreads(); /* Auto-thread-state API */ _PyGILState_Init(interp, tstate); #endif /* WITH_THREAD */ _Py_ReadyTypes(); if (!_PyFrame_Init()) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't init frames"); if (!_PyLong_Init()) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't init longs"); if (!PyByteArray_Init()) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't init bytearray"); if (!_PyFloat_Init()) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't init float"); interp->modules = PyDict_New(); if (interp->modules == NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't make modules dictionary"); /* Init Unicode implementation; relies on the codec registry */ if (_PyUnicode_Init() < 0) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize unicode"); if (_PyStructSequence_Init() < 0) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize structseq"); bimod = _PyBuiltin_Init(); if (bimod == NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize builtins modules"); _PyImport_FixupBuiltin(bimod, "builtins"); interp->builtins = PyModule_GetDict(bimod); if (interp->builtins == NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize builtins dict"); Py_INCREF(interp->builtins); /* initialize builtin exceptions */ _PyExc_Init(bimod); sysmod = _PySys_Init(); if (sysmod == NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize sys"); interp->sysdict = PyModule_GetDict(sysmod); if (interp->sysdict == NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize sys dict"); Py_INCREF(interp->sysdict); _PyImport_FixupBuiltin(sysmod, "sys"); PySys_SetPath(Py_GetPath()); PyDict_SetItemString(interp->sysdict, "modules", interp->modules); /* Set up a preliminary stderr printer until we have enough infrastructure for the io module in place. */ pstderr = PyFile_NewStdPrinter(fileno(stderr)); if (pstderr == NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't set preliminary stderr"); _PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_stderr, pstderr); PySys_SetObject("__stderr__", pstderr); Py_DECREF(pstderr); _PyImport_Init(); _PyImportHooks_Init(); /* Initialize _warnings. */ _PyWarnings_Init(); if (!install_importlib) return; import_init(interp, sysmod); /* initialize the faulthandler module */ if (_PyFaulthandler_Init()) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't initialize faulthandler"); _PyTime_Init(); if (initfsencoding(interp) < 0) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: unable to load the file system codec"); if (install_sigs) initsigs(); /* Signal handling stuff, including initintr() */ initmain(interp); /* Module __main__ */ if (initstdio() < 0) Py_FatalError( "Py_Initialize: can't initialize sys standard streams"); /* Initialize warnings. */ if (PySys_HasWarnOptions()) { PyObject *warnings_module = PyImport_ImportModule("warnings"); if (warnings_module == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "'import warnings' failed; traceback:\n"); PyErr_Print(); } Py_XDECREF(warnings_module); } if (!Py_NoSiteFlag) initsite(); /* Module site */ } void Py_InitializeEx(int install_sigs) { _Py_InitializeEx_Private(install_sigs, 1); } void Py_Initialize(void) { Py_InitializeEx(1); } #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS extern void dump_counts(FILE*); #endif /* Flush stdout and stderr */ static int file_is_closed(PyObject *fobj) { int r; PyObject *tmp = PyObject_GetAttrString(fobj, "closed"); if (tmp == NULL) { PyErr_Clear(); return 0; } r = PyObject_IsTrue(tmp); Py_DECREF(tmp); if (r < 0) PyErr_Clear(); return r > 0; } static void flush_std_files(void) { PyObject *fout = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_stdout); PyObject *ferr = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_stderr); PyObject *tmp; if (fout != NULL && fout != Py_None && !file_is_closed(fout)) { tmp = _PyObject_CallMethodId(fout, &PyId_flush, ""); if (tmp == NULL) PyErr_WriteUnraisable(fout); else Py_DECREF(tmp); } if (ferr != NULL && ferr != Py_None && !file_is_closed(ferr)) { tmp = _PyObject_CallMethodId(ferr, &PyId_flush, ""); if (tmp == NULL) PyErr_Clear(); else Py_DECREF(tmp); } } /* Undo the effect of Py_Initialize(). Beware: if multiple interpreter and/or thread states exist, these are not wiped out; only the current thread and interpreter state are deleted. But since everything else is deleted, those other interpreter and thread states should no longer be used. (XXX We should do better, e.g. wipe out all interpreters and threads.) Locking: as above. */ void Py_Finalize(void) { PyInterpreterState *interp; PyThreadState *tstate; if (!initialized) return; wait_for_thread_shutdown(); /* The interpreter is still entirely intact at this point, and the * exit funcs may be relying on that. In particular, if some thread * or exit func is still waiting to do an import, the import machinery * expects Py_IsInitialized() to return true. So don't say the * interpreter is uninitialized until after the exit funcs have run. * Note that Threading.py uses an exit func to do a join on all the * threads created thru it, so this also protects pending imports in * the threads created via Threading. */ call_py_exitfuncs(); /* Get current thread state and interpreter pointer */ tstate = PyThreadState_GET(); interp = tstate->interp; /* Remaining threads (e.g. daemon threads) will automatically exit after taking the GIL (in PyEval_RestoreThread()). */ _Py_Finalizing = tstate; initialized = 0; /* Destroy the state of all threads except of the current thread: in practice, only daemon threads should still be alive. Clear frames of other threads to call objects destructor. Destructors will be called in the current Python thread. Since _Py_Finalizing has been set, no other Python threads can lock the GIL at this point (if they try, they will exit immediately). */ _PyThreadState_DeleteExcept(tstate); /* Collect garbage. This may call finalizers; it's nice to call these * before all modules are destroyed. * XXX If a __del__ or weakref callback is triggered here, and tries to * XXX import a module, bad things can happen, because Python no * XXX longer believes it's initialized. * XXX Fatal Python error: Interpreter not initialized (version mismatch?) * XXX is easy to provoke that way. I've also seen, e.g., * XXX Exception exceptions.ImportError: 'No module named sha' * XXX in ignored * XXX but I'm unclear on exactly how that one happens. In any case, * XXX I haven't seen a real-life report of either of these. */ PyGC_Collect(); #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS /* With COUNT_ALLOCS, it helps to run GC multiple times: each collection might release some types from the type list, so they become garbage. */ while (PyGC_Collect() > 0) /* nothing */; #endif /* Flush stdout+stderr */ flush_std_files(); /* Disable signal handling */ PyOS_FiniInterrupts(); /* Destroy all modules */ PyImport_Cleanup(); /* Flush stdout+stderr (again, in case more was printed) */ flush_std_files(); /* Collect final garbage. This disposes of cycles created by * class definitions, for example. * XXX This is disabled because it caused too many problems. If * XXX a __del__ or weakref callback triggers here, Python code has * XXX a hard time running, because even the sys module has been * XXX cleared out (sys.stdout is gone, sys.excepthook is gone, etc). * XXX One symptom is a sequence of information-free messages * XXX coming from threads (if a __del__ or callback is invoked, * XXX other threads can execute too, and any exception they encounter * XXX triggers a comedy of errors as subsystem after subsystem * XXX fails to find what it *expects* to find in sys to help report * XXX the exception and consequent unexpected failures). I've also * XXX seen segfaults then, after adding print statements to the * XXX Python code getting called. */ #if 0 PyGC_Collect(); #endif /* Destroy the database used by _PyImport_{Fixup,Find}Extension */ _PyImport_Fini(); /* Cleanup typeobject.c's internal caches. */ _PyType_Fini(); /* unload faulthandler module */ _PyFaulthandler_Fini(); /* Debugging stuff */ #ifdef COUNT_ALLOCS dump_counts(stdout); #endif PRINT_TOTAL_REFS(); #ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS /* Display all objects still alive -- this can invoke arbitrary * __repr__ overrides, so requires a mostly-intact interpreter. * Alas, a lot of stuff may still be alive now that will be cleaned * up later. */ if (Py_GETENV("PYTHONDUMPREFS")) _Py_PrintReferences(stderr); #endif /* Py_TRACE_REFS */ /* Clear interpreter state and all thread states. */ PyInterpreterState_Clear(interp); /* Now we decref the exception classes. After this point nothing can raise an exception. That's okay, because each Fini() method below has been checked to make sure no exceptions are ever raised. */ _PyExc_Fini(); /* Sundry finalizers */ PyMethod_Fini(); PyFrame_Fini(); PyCFunction_Fini(); PyTuple_Fini(); PyList_Fini(); PySet_Fini(); PyBytes_Fini(); PyByteArray_Fini(); PyLong_Fini(); PyFloat_Fini(); PyDict_Fini(); PySlice_Fini(); _PyGC_Fini(); _PyRandom_Fini(); /* Cleanup Unicode implementation */ _PyUnicode_Fini(); /* reset file system default encoding */ if (!Py_HasFileSystemDefaultEncoding && Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding) { PyMem_RawFree((char*)Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding); Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding = NULL; } /* XXX Still allocated: - various static ad-hoc pointers to interned strings - int and float free list blocks - whatever various modules and libraries allocate */ PyGrammar_RemoveAccelerators(&_PyParser_Grammar); /* Cleanup auto-thread-state */ #ifdef WITH_THREAD _PyGILState_Fini(); #endif /* WITH_THREAD */ /* Delete current thread. After this, many C API calls become crashy. */ PyThreadState_Swap(NULL); PyInterpreterState_Delete(interp); #ifdef Py_TRACE_REFS /* Display addresses (& refcnts) of all objects still alive. * An address can be used to find the repr of the object, printed * above by _Py_PrintReferences. */ if (Py_GETENV("PYTHONDUMPREFS")) _Py_PrintReferenceAddresses(stderr); #endif /* Py_TRACE_REFS */ #ifdef PYMALLOC_DEBUG if (Py_GETENV("PYTHONMALLOCSTATS")) _PyObject_DebugMallocStats(stderr); #endif call_ll_exitfuncs(); } /* Create and initialize a new interpreter and thread, and return the new thread. This requires that Py_Initialize() has been called first. Unsuccessful initialization yields a NULL pointer. Note that *no* exception information is available even in this case -- the exception information is held in the thread, and there is no thread. Locking: as above. */ PyThreadState * Py_NewInterpreter(void) { PyInterpreterState *interp; PyThreadState *tstate, *save_tstate; PyObject *bimod, *sysmod; if (!initialized) Py_FatalError("Py_NewInterpreter: call Py_Initialize first"); interp = PyInterpreterState_New(); if (interp == NULL) return NULL; tstate = PyThreadState_New(interp); if (tstate == NULL) { PyInterpreterState_Delete(interp); return NULL; } save_tstate = PyThreadState_Swap(tstate); /* XXX The following is lax in error checking */ interp->modules = PyDict_New(); bimod = _PyImport_FindBuiltin("builtins"); if (bimod != NULL) { interp->builtins = PyModule_GetDict(bimod); if (interp->builtins == NULL) goto handle_error; Py_INCREF(interp->builtins); } /* initialize builtin exceptions */ _PyExc_Init(bimod); sysmod = _PyImport_FindBuiltin("sys"); if (bimod != NULL && sysmod != NULL) { PyObject *pstderr; interp->sysdict = PyModule_GetDict(sysmod); if (interp->sysdict == NULL) goto handle_error; Py_INCREF(interp->sysdict); PySys_SetPath(Py_GetPath()); PyDict_SetItemString(interp->sysdict, "modules", interp->modules); /* Set up a preliminary stderr printer until we have enough infrastructure for the io module in place. */ pstderr = PyFile_NewStdPrinter(fileno(stderr)); if (pstderr == NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't set preliminary stderr"); _PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_stderr, pstderr); PySys_SetObject("__stderr__", pstderr); Py_DECREF(pstderr); _PyImportHooks_Init(); import_init(interp, sysmod); if (initfsencoding(interp) < 0) goto handle_error; if (initstdio() < 0) Py_FatalError( "Py_Initialize: can't initialize sys standard streams"); initmain(interp); if (!Py_NoSiteFlag) initsite(); } if (!PyErr_Occurred()) return tstate; handle_error: /* Oops, it didn't work. Undo it all. */ PyErr_PrintEx(0); PyThreadState_Clear(tstate); PyThreadState_Swap(save_tstate); PyThreadState_Delete(tstate); PyInterpreterState_Delete(interp); return NULL; } /* Delete an interpreter and its last thread. This requires that the given thread state is current, that the thread has no remaining frames, and that it is its interpreter's only remaining thread. It is a fatal error to violate these constraints. (Py_Finalize() doesn't have these constraints -- it zaps everything, regardless.) Locking: as above. */ void Py_EndInterpreter(PyThreadState *tstate) { PyInterpreterState *interp = tstate->interp; if (tstate != PyThreadState_GET()) Py_FatalError("Py_EndInterpreter: thread is not current"); if (tstate->frame != NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_EndInterpreter: thread still has a frame"); wait_for_thread_shutdown(); if (tstate != interp->tstate_head || tstate->next != NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_EndInterpreter: not the last thread"); PyImport_Cleanup(); PyInterpreterState_Clear(interp); PyThreadState_Swap(NULL); PyInterpreterState_Delete(interp); } #ifdef MS_WINDOWS static wchar_t *progname = L"python"; #else static wchar_t *progname = L"python3"; #endif void Py_SetProgramName(wchar_t *pn) { if (pn && *pn) progname = pn; } wchar_t * Py_GetProgramName(void) { return progname; } static wchar_t *default_home = NULL; static wchar_t env_home[MAXPATHLEN+1]; void Py_SetPythonHome(wchar_t *home) { default_home = home; } wchar_t * Py_GetPythonHome(void) { wchar_t *home = default_home; if (home == NULL && !Py_IgnoreEnvironmentFlag) { char* chome = Py_GETENV("PYTHONHOME"); if (chome) { size_t r = mbstowcs(env_home, chome, PATH_MAX+1); if (r != (size_t)-1 && r <= PATH_MAX) home = env_home; } } return home; } /* Create __main__ module */ static void initmain(PyInterpreterState *interp) { PyObject *m, *d, *loader; m = PyImport_AddModule("__main__"); if (m == NULL) Py_FatalError("can't create __main__ module"); d = PyModule_GetDict(m); if (PyDict_GetItemString(d, "__builtins__") == NULL) { PyObject *bimod = PyImport_ImportModule("builtins"); if (bimod == NULL) { Py_FatalError("Failed to retrieve builtins module"); } if (PyDict_SetItemString(d, "__builtins__", bimod) < 0) { Py_FatalError("Failed to initialize __main__.__builtins__"); } Py_DECREF(bimod); } /* Main is a little special - imp.is_builtin("__main__") will return * False, but BuiltinImporter is still the most appropriate initial * setting for its __loader__ attribute. A more suitable value will * be set if __main__ gets further initialized later in the startup * process. */ loader = PyDict_GetItemString(d, "__loader__"); if (loader == NULL || loader == Py_None) { PyObject *loader = PyObject_GetAttrString(interp->importlib, "BuiltinImporter"); if (loader == NULL) { Py_FatalError("Failed to retrieve BuiltinImporter"); } if (PyDict_SetItemString(d, "__loader__", loader) < 0) { Py_FatalError("Failed to initialize __main__.__loader__"); } Py_DECREF(loader); } } static int initfsencoding(PyInterpreterState *interp) { PyObject *codec; if (Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding == NULL) { Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding = get_locale_encoding(); if (Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding == NULL) Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: Unable to get the locale encoding"); Py_HasFileSystemDefaultEncoding = 0; interp->fscodec_initialized = 1; return 0; } /* the encoding is mbcs, utf-8 or ascii */ codec = _PyCodec_Lookup(Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding); if (!codec) { /* Such error can only occurs in critical situations: no more * memory, import a module of the standard library failed, * etc. */ return -1; } Py_DECREF(codec); interp->fscodec_initialized = 1; return 0; } /* Import the site module (not into __main__ though) */ static void initsite(void) { PyObject *m; m = PyImport_ImportModule("site"); if (m == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "Failed to import the site module\n"); PyErr_Print(); Py_Finalize(); exit(1); } else { Py_DECREF(m); } } static PyObject* create_stdio(PyObject* io, int fd, int write_mode, char* name, char* encoding, char* errors) { PyObject *buf = NULL, *stream = NULL, *text = NULL, *raw = NULL, *res; const char* mode; const char* newline; PyObject *line_buffering; int buffering, isatty; _Py_IDENTIFIER(open); _Py_IDENTIFIER(isatty); _Py_IDENTIFIER(TextIOWrapper); _Py_IDENTIFIER(mode); /* stdin is always opened in buffered mode, first because it shouldn't make a difference in common use cases, second because TextIOWrapper depends on the presence of a read1() method which only exists on buffered streams. */ if (Py_UnbufferedStdioFlag && write_mode) buffering = 0; else buffering = -1; if (write_mode) mode = "wb"; else mode = "rb"; buf = _PyObject_CallMethodId(io, &PyId_open, "isiOOOi", fd, mode, buffering, Py_None, Py_None, Py_None, 0); if (buf == NULL) goto error; if (buffering) { _Py_IDENTIFIER(raw); raw = _PyObject_GetAttrId(buf, &PyId_raw); if (raw == NULL) goto error; } else { raw = buf; Py_INCREF(raw); } text = PyUnicode_FromString(name); if (text == NULL || _PyObject_SetAttrId(raw, &PyId_name, text) < 0) goto error; res = _PyObject_CallMethodId(raw, &PyId_isatty, ""); if (res == NULL) goto error; isatty = PyObject_IsTrue(res); Py_DECREF(res); if (isatty == -1) goto error; if (isatty || Py_UnbufferedStdioFlag) line_buffering = Py_True; else line_buffering = Py_False; Py_CLEAR(raw); Py_CLEAR(text); #ifdef MS_WINDOWS /* sys.stdin: enable universal newline mode, translate "\r\n" and "\r" newlines to "\n". sys.stdout and sys.stderr: translate "\n" to "\r\n". */ newline = NULL; #else /* sys.stdin: split lines at "\n". sys.stdout and sys.stderr: don't translate newlines (use "\n"). */ newline = "\n"; #endif stream = _PyObject_CallMethodId(io, &PyId_TextIOWrapper, "OsssO", buf, encoding, errors, newline, line_buffering); Py_CLEAR(buf); if (stream == NULL) goto error; if (write_mode) mode = "w"; else mode = "r"; text = PyUnicode_FromString(mode); if (!text || _PyObject_SetAttrId(stream, &PyId_mode, text) < 0) goto error; Py_CLEAR(text); return stream; error: Py_XDECREF(buf); Py_XDECREF(stream); Py_XDECREF(text); Py_XDECREF(raw); return NULL; } static int is_valid_fd(int fd) { int dummy_fd; if (fd < 0 || !_PyVerify_fd(fd)) return 0; dummy_fd = dup(fd); if (dummy_fd < 0) return 0; close(dummy_fd); return 1; } /* Initialize sys.stdin, stdout, stderr and builtins.open */ static int initstdio(void) { PyObject *iomod = NULL, *wrapper; PyObject *bimod = NULL; PyObject *m; PyObject *std = NULL; int status = 0, fd; PyObject * encoding_attr; char *pythonioencoding = NULL, *encoding, *errors; /* Hack to avoid a nasty recursion issue when Python is invoked in verbose mode: pre-import the Latin-1 and UTF-8 codecs */ if ((m = PyImport_ImportModule("encodings.utf_8")) == NULL) { goto error; } Py_DECREF(m); if (!(m = PyImport_ImportModule("encodings.latin_1"))) { goto error; } Py_DECREF(m); if (!(bimod = PyImport_ImportModule("builtins"))) { goto error; } if (!(iomod = PyImport_ImportModule("io"))) { goto error; } if (!(wrapper = PyObject_GetAttrString(iomod, "OpenWrapper"))) { goto error; } /* Set builtins.open */ if (PyObject_SetAttrString(bimod, "open", wrapper) == -1) { Py_DECREF(wrapper); goto error; } Py_DECREF(wrapper); encoding = _Py_StandardStreamEncoding; errors = _Py_StandardStreamErrors; if (!encoding || !errors) { pythonioencoding = Py_GETENV("PYTHONIOENCODING"); if (pythonioencoding) { char *err; pythonioencoding = _PyMem_Strdup(pythonioencoding); if (pythonioencoding == NULL) { PyErr_NoMemory(); goto error; } err = strchr(pythonioencoding, ':'); if (err) { *err = '\0'; err++; if (*err && !errors) { errors = err; } } if (*pythonioencoding && !encoding) { encoding = pythonioencoding; } } } /* Set sys.stdin */ fd = fileno(stdin); /* Under some conditions stdin, stdout and stderr may not be connected * and fileno() may point to an invalid file descriptor. For example * GUI apps don't have valid standard streams by default. */ if (!is_valid_fd(fd)) { std = Py_None; Py_INCREF(std); } else { std = create_stdio(iomod, fd, 0, "", encoding, errors); if (std == NULL) goto error; } /* if (fd < 0) */ PySys_SetObject("__stdin__", std); _PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_stdin, std); Py_DECREF(std); /* Set sys.stdout */ fd = fileno(stdout); if (!is_valid_fd(fd)) { std = Py_None; Py_INCREF(std); } else { std = create_stdio(iomod, fd, 1, "", encoding, errors); if (std == NULL) goto error; } /* if (fd < 0) */ PySys_SetObject("__stdout__", std); _PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_stdout, std); Py_DECREF(std); #if 1 /* Disable this if you have trouble debugging bootstrap stuff */ /* Set sys.stderr, replaces the preliminary stderr */ fd = fileno(stderr); if (!is_valid_fd(fd)) { std = Py_None; Py_INCREF(std); } else { std = create_stdio(iomod, fd, 1, "", encoding, "backslashreplace"); if (std == NULL) goto error; } /* if (fd < 0) */ /* Same as hack above, pre-import stderr's codec to avoid recursion when import.c tries to write to stderr in verbose mode. */ encoding_attr = PyObject_GetAttrString(std, "encoding"); if (encoding_attr != NULL) { const char * std_encoding; std_encoding = _PyUnicode_AsString(encoding_attr); if (std_encoding != NULL) { PyObject *codec_info = _PyCodec_Lookup(std_encoding); Py_XDECREF(codec_info); } Py_DECREF(encoding_attr); } PyErr_Clear(); /* Not a fatal error if codec isn't available */ if (PySys_SetObject("__stderr__", std) < 0) { Py_DECREF(std); goto error; } if (_PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_stderr, std) < 0) { Py_DECREF(std); goto error; } Py_DECREF(std); #endif if (0) { error: status = -1; } /* We won't need them anymore. */ if (_Py_StandardStreamEncoding) { PyMem_RawFree(_Py_StandardStreamEncoding); _Py_StandardStreamEncoding = NULL; } if (_Py_StandardStreamErrors) { PyMem_RawFree(_Py_StandardStreamErrors); _Py_StandardStreamErrors = NULL; } PyMem_Free(pythonioencoding); Py_XDECREF(bimod); Py_XDECREF(iomod); return status; } /* Parse input from a file and execute it */ int PyRun_AnyFileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { if (filename == NULL) filename = "???"; if (Py_FdIsInteractive(fp, filename)) { int err = PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags(fp, filename, flags); if (closeit) fclose(fp); return err; } else return PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags(fp, filename, closeit, flags); } int PyRun_InteractiveLoopFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename_str, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { PyObject *filename, *v; int ret, err; PyCompilerFlags local_flags; filename = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename_str); if (filename == NULL) { PyErr_Print(); return -1; } if (flags == NULL) { flags = &local_flags; local_flags.cf_flags = 0; } v = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_ps1); if (v == NULL) { _PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_ps1, v = PyUnicode_FromString(">>> ")); Py_XDECREF(v); } v = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_ps2); if (v == NULL) { _PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_ps2, v = PyUnicode_FromString("... ")); Py_XDECREF(v); } err = -1; for (;;) { ret = PyRun_InteractiveOneObject(fp, filename, flags); PRINT_TOTAL_REFS(); if (ret == E_EOF) { err = 0; break; } /* if (ret == E_NOMEM) break; */ } Py_DECREF(filename); return err; } /* compute parser flags based on compiler flags */ static int PARSER_FLAGS(PyCompilerFlags *flags) { int parser_flags = 0; if (!flags) return 0; if (flags->cf_flags & PyCF_DONT_IMPLY_DEDENT) parser_flags |= PyPARSE_DONT_IMPLY_DEDENT; if (flags->cf_flags & PyCF_IGNORE_COOKIE) parser_flags |= PyPARSE_IGNORE_COOKIE; if (flags->cf_flags & CO_FUTURE_BARRY_AS_BDFL) parser_flags |= PyPARSE_BARRY_AS_BDFL; return parser_flags; } #if 0 /* Keep an example of flags with future keyword support. */ #define PARSER_FLAGS(flags) \ ((flags) ? ((((flags)->cf_flags & PyCF_DONT_IMPLY_DEDENT) ? \ PyPARSE_DONT_IMPLY_DEDENT : 0) \ | ((flags)->cf_flags & CO_FUTURE_WITH_STATEMENT ? \ PyPARSE_WITH_IS_KEYWORD : 0)) : 0) #endif int PyRun_InteractiveOneObject(FILE *fp, PyObject *filename, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { PyObject *m, *d, *v, *w, *oenc = NULL, *mod_name; mod_ty mod; PyArena *arena; char *ps1 = "", *ps2 = "", *enc = NULL; int errcode = 0; _Py_IDENTIFIER(encoding); _Py_IDENTIFIER(__main__); mod_name = _PyUnicode_FromId(&PyId___main__); /* borrowed */ if (mod_name == NULL) { PyErr_Print(); return -1; } if (fp == stdin) { /* Fetch encoding from sys.stdin if possible. */ v = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_stdin); if (v && v != Py_None) { oenc = _PyObject_GetAttrId(v, &PyId_encoding); if (oenc) enc = _PyUnicode_AsString(oenc); if (!enc) PyErr_Clear(); } } v = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_ps1); if (v != NULL) { v = PyObject_Str(v); if (v == NULL) PyErr_Clear(); else if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) { ps1 = _PyUnicode_AsString(v); if (ps1 == NULL) { PyErr_Clear(); ps1 = ""; } } } w = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_ps2); if (w != NULL) { w = PyObject_Str(w); if (w == NULL) PyErr_Clear(); else if (PyUnicode_Check(w)) { ps2 = _PyUnicode_AsString(w); if (ps2 == NULL) { PyErr_Clear(); ps2 = ""; } } } arena = PyArena_New(); if (arena == NULL) { Py_XDECREF(v); Py_XDECREF(w); Py_XDECREF(oenc); return -1; } mod = PyParser_ASTFromFileObject(fp, filename, enc, Py_single_input, ps1, ps2, flags, &errcode, arena); Py_XDECREF(v); Py_XDECREF(w); Py_XDECREF(oenc); if (mod == NULL) { PyArena_Free(arena); if (errcode == E_EOF) { PyErr_Clear(); return E_EOF; } PyErr_Print(); return -1; } m = PyImport_AddModuleObject(mod_name); if (m == NULL) { PyArena_Free(arena); return -1; } d = PyModule_GetDict(m); v = run_mod(mod, filename, d, d, flags, arena); PyArena_Free(arena); flush_io(); if (v == NULL) { PyErr_Print(); return -1; } Py_DECREF(v); return 0; } int PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename_str, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { PyObject *filename; int res; filename = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename_str); if (filename == NULL) { PyErr_Print(); return -1; } res = PyRun_InteractiveOneObject(fp, filename, flags); Py_DECREF(filename); return res; } /* Check whether a file maybe a pyc file: Look at the extension, the file type, and, if we may close it, at the first few bytes. */ static int maybe_pyc_file(FILE *fp, const char* filename, const char* ext, int closeit) { if (strcmp(ext, ".pyc") == 0 || strcmp(ext, ".pyo") == 0) return 1; /* Only look into the file if we are allowed to close it, since it then should also be seekable. */ if (closeit) { /* Read only two bytes of the magic. If the file was opened in text mode, the bytes 3 and 4 of the magic (\r\n) might not be read as they are on disk. */ unsigned int halfmagic = PyImport_GetMagicNumber() & 0xFFFF; unsigned char buf[2]; /* Mess: In case of -x, the stream is NOT at its start now, and ungetc() was used to push back the first newline, which makes the current stream position formally undefined, and a x-platform nightmare. Unfortunately, we have no direct way to know whether -x was specified. So we use a terrible hack: if the current stream position is not 0, we assume -x was specified, and give up. Bug 132850 on SourceForge spells out the hopelessness of trying anything else (fseek and ftell don't work predictably x-platform for text-mode files). */ int ispyc = 0; if (ftell(fp) == 0) { if (fread(buf, 1, 2, fp) == 2 && ((unsigned int)buf[1]<<8 | buf[0]) == halfmagic) ispyc = 1; rewind(fp); } return ispyc; } return 0; } static int set_main_loader(PyObject *d, const char *filename, const char *loader_name) { PyInterpreterState *interp; PyThreadState *tstate; PyObject *filename_obj, *loader_type, *loader; int result = 0; filename_obj = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename); if (filename_obj == NULL) return -1; /* Get current thread state and interpreter pointer */ tstate = PyThreadState_GET(); interp = tstate->interp; loader_type = PyObject_GetAttrString(interp->importlib, loader_name); if (loader_type == NULL) { Py_DECREF(filename_obj); return -1; } loader = PyObject_CallFunction(loader_type, "sN", "__main__", filename_obj); Py_DECREF(loader_type); if (loader == NULL) { return -1; } if (PyDict_SetItemString(d, "__loader__", loader) < 0) { result = -1; } Py_DECREF(loader); return result; } int PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { PyObject *m, *d, *v; const char *ext; int set_file_name = 0, ret = -1; size_t len; m = PyImport_AddModule("__main__"); if (m == NULL) return -1; Py_INCREF(m); d = PyModule_GetDict(m); if (PyDict_GetItemString(d, "__file__") == NULL) { PyObject *f; f = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename); if (f == NULL) goto done; if (PyDict_SetItemString(d, "__file__", f) < 0) { Py_DECREF(f); goto done; } if (PyDict_SetItemString(d, "__cached__", Py_None) < 0) { Py_DECREF(f); goto done; } set_file_name = 1; Py_DECREF(f); } len = strlen(filename); ext = filename + len - (len > 4 ? 4 : 0); if (maybe_pyc_file(fp, filename, ext, closeit)) { FILE *pyc_fp; /* Try to run a pyc file. First, re-open in binary */ if (closeit) fclose(fp); if ((pyc_fp = _Py_fopen(filename, "rb")) == NULL) { fprintf(stderr, "python: Can't reopen .pyc file\n"); goto done; } /* Turn on optimization if a .pyo file is given */ if (strcmp(ext, ".pyo") == 0) Py_OptimizeFlag = 1; if (set_main_loader(d, filename, "SourcelessFileLoader") < 0) { fprintf(stderr, "python: failed to set __main__.__loader__\n"); ret = -1; fclose(pyc_fp); goto done; } v = run_pyc_file(pyc_fp, filename, d, d, flags); fclose(pyc_fp); } else { /* When running from stdin, leave __main__.__loader__ alone */ if (strcmp(filename, "") != 0 && set_main_loader(d, filename, "SourceFileLoader") < 0) { fprintf(stderr, "python: failed to set __main__.__loader__\n"); ret = -1; goto done; } v = PyRun_FileExFlags(fp, filename, Py_file_input, d, d, closeit, flags); } flush_io(); if (v == NULL) { PyErr_Print(); goto done; } Py_DECREF(v); ret = 0; done: if (set_file_name && PyDict_DelItemString(d, "__file__")) PyErr_Clear(); Py_DECREF(m); return ret; } int PyRun_SimpleStringFlags(const char *command, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { PyObject *m, *d, *v; m = PyImport_AddModule("__main__"); if (m == NULL) return -1; d = PyModule_GetDict(m); v = PyRun_StringFlags(command, Py_file_input, d, d, flags); if (v == NULL) { PyErr_Print(); return -1; } Py_DECREF(v); return 0; } static int parse_syntax_error(PyObject *err, PyObject **message, PyObject **filename, int *lineno, int *offset, PyObject **text) { long hold; PyObject *v; _Py_IDENTIFIER(msg); _Py_IDENTIFIER(filename); _Py_IDENTIFIER(lineno); _Py_IDENTIFIER(offset); _Py_IDENTIFIER(text); *message = NULL; *filename = NULL; /* new style errors. `err' is an instance */ *message = _PyObject_GetAttrId(err, &PyId_msg); if (!*message) goto finally; v = _PyObject_GetAttrId(err, &PyId_filename); if (!v) goto finally; if (v == Py_None) { Py_DECREF(v); *filename = _PyUnicode_FromId(&PyId_string); if (*filename == NULL) goto finally; Py_INCREF(*filename); } else { *filename = v; } v = _PyObject_GetAttrId(err, &PyId_lineno); if (!v) goto finally; hold = PyLong_AsLong(v); Py_DECREF(v); if (hold < 0 && PyErr_Occurred()) goto finally; *lineno = (int)hold; v = _PyObject_GetAttrId(err, &PyId_offset); if (!v) goto finally; if (v == Py_None) { *offset = -1; Py_DECREF(v); } else { hold = PyLong_AsLong(v); Py_DECREF(v); if (hold < 0 && PyErr_Occurred()) goto finally; *offset = (int)hold; } v = _PyObject_GetAttrId(err, &PyId_text); if (!v) goto finally; if (v == Py_None) { Py_DECREF(v); *text = NULL; } else { *text = v; } return 1; finally: Py_XDECREF(*message); Py_XDECREF(*filename); return 0; } void PyErr_Print(void) { PyErr_PrintEx(1); } static void print_error_text(PyObject *f, int offset, PyObject *text_obj) { char *text; char *nl; text = _PyUnicode_AsString(text_obj); if (text == NULL) return; if (offset >= 0) { if (offset > 0 && offset == strlen(text) && text[offset - 1] == '\n') offset--; for (;;) { nl = strchr(text, '\n'); if (nl == NULL || nl-text >= offset) break; offset -= (int)(nl+1-text); text = nl+1; } while (*text == ' ' || *text == '\t') { text++; offset--; } } PyFile_WriteString(" ", f); PyFile_WriteString(text, f); if (*text == '\0' || text[strlen(text)-1] != '\n') PyFile_WriteString("\n", f); if (offset == -1) return; PyFile_WriteString(" ", f); while (--offset > 0) PyFile_WriteString(" ", f); PyFile_WriteString("^\n", f); } static void handle_system_exit(void) { PyObject *exception, *value, *tb; int exitcode = 0; if (Py_InspectFlag) /* Don't exit if -i flag was given. This flag is set to 0 * when entering interactive mode for inspecting. */ return; PyErr_Fetch(&exception, &value, &tb); fflush(stdout); if (value == NULL || value == Py_None) goto done; if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) { /* The error code should be in the `code' attribute. */ _Py_IDENTIFIER(code); PyObject *code = _PyObject_GetAttrId(value, &PyId_code); if (code) { Py_DECREF(value); value = code; if (value == Py_None) goto done; } /* If we failed to dig out the 'code' attribute, just let the else clause below print the error. */ } if (PyLong_Check(value)) exitcode = (int)PyLong_AsLong(value); else { PyObject *sys_stderr = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_stderr); if (sys_stderr != NULL && sys_stderr != Py_None) { PyFile_WriteObject(value, sys_stderr, Py_PRINT_RAW); } else { PyObject_Print(value, stderr, Py_PRINT_RAW); fflush(stderr); } PySys_WriteStderr("\n"); exitcode = 1; } done: /* Restore and clear the exception info, in order to properly decref * the exception, value, and traceback. If we just exit instead, * these leak, which confuses PYTHONDUMPREFS output, and may prevent * some finalizers from running. */ PyErr_Restore(exception, value, tb); PyErr_Clear(); Py_Exit(exitcode); /* NOTREACHED */ } void PyErr_PrintEx(int set_sys_last_vars) { PyObject *exception, *v, *tb, *hook; if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemExit)) { handle_system_exit(); } PyErr_Fetch(&exception, &v, &tb); if (exception == NULL) return; PyErr_NormalizeException(&exception, &v, &tb); if (tb == NULL) { tb = Py_None; Py_INCREF(tb); } PyException_SetTraceback(v, tb); if (exception == NULL) return; /* Now we know v != NULL too */ if (set_sys_last_vars) { _PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_last_type, exception); _PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_last_value, v); _PySys_SetObjectId(&PyId_last_traceback, tb); } hook = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_excepthook); if (hook) { PyObject *args = PyTuple_Pack(3, exception, v, tb); PyObject *result = PyEval_CallObject(hook, args); if (result == NULL) { PyObject *exception2, *v2, *tb2; if (PyErr_ExceptionMatches(PyExc_SystemExit)) { handle_system_exit(); } PyErr_Fetch(&exception2, &v2, &tb2); PyErr_NormalizeException(&exception2, &v2, &tb2); /* It should not be possible for exception2 or v2 to be NULL. However PyErr_Display() can't tolerate NULLs, so just be safe. */ if (exception2 == NULL) { exception2 = Py_None; Py_INCREF(exception2); } if (v2 == NULL) { v2 = Py_None; Py_INCREF(v2); } fflush(stdout); PySys_WriteStderr("Error in sys.excepthook:\n"); PyErr_Display(exception2, v2, tb2); PySys_WriteStderr("\nOriginal exception was:\n"); PyErr_Display(exception, v, tb); Py_DECREF(exception2); Py_DECREF(v2); Py_XDECREF(tb2); } Py_XDECREF(result); Py_XDECREF(args); } else { PySys_WriteStderr("sys.excepthook is missing\n"); PyErr_Display(exception, v, tb); } Py_XDECREF(exception); Py_XDECREF(v); Py_XDECREF(tb); } static void print_exception(PyObject *f, PyObject *value) { int err = 0; PyObject *type, *tb; _Py_IDENTIFIER(print_file_and_line); if (!PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) { PyFile_WriteString("TypeError: print_exception(): Exception expected for value, ", f); PyFile_WriteString(Py_TYPE(value)->tp_name, f); PyFile_WriteString(" found\n", f); return; } Py_INCREF(value); fflush(stdout); type = (PyObject *) Py_TYPE(value); tb = PyException_GetTraceback(value); if (tb && tb != Py_None) err = PyTraceBack_Print(tb, f); if (err == 0 && _PyObject_HasAttrId(value, &PyId_print_file_and_line)) { PyObject *message, *filename, *text; int lineno, offset; if (!parse_syntax_error(value, &message, &filename, &lineno, &offset, &text)) PyErr_Clear(); else { PyObject *line; Py_DECREF(value); value = message; line = PyUnicode_FromFormat(" File \"%U\", line %d\n", filename, lineno); Py_DECREF(filename); if (line != NULL) { PyFile_WriteObject(line, f, Py_PRINT_RAW); Py_DECREF(line); } if (text != NULL) { print_error_text(f, offset, text); Py_DECREF(text); } /* Can't be bothered to check all those PyFile_WriteString() calls */ if (PyErr_Occurred()) err = -1; } } if (err) { /* Don't do anything else */ } else { PyObject* moduleName; char* className; _Py_IDENTIFIER(__module__); assert(PyExceptionClass_Check(type)); className = PyExceptionClass_Name(type); if (className != NULL) { char *dot = strrchr(className, '.'); if (dot != NULL) className = dot+1; } moduleName = _PyObject_GetAttrId(type, &PyId___module__); if (moduleName == NULL || !PyUnicode_Check(moduleName)) { Py_XDECREF(moduleName); err = PyFile_WriteString("", f); } else { if (_PyUnicode_CompareWithId(moduleName, &PyId_builtins) != 0) { err = PyFile_WriteObject(moduleName, f, Py_PRINT_RAW); err += PyFile_WriteString(".", f); } Py_DECREF(moduleName); } if (err == 0) { if (className == NULL) err = PyFile_WriteString("", f); else err = PyFile_WriteString(className, f); } } if (err == 0 && (value != Py_None)) { PyObject *s = PyObject_Str(value); /* only print colon if the str() of the object is not the empty string */ if (s == NULL) err = -1; else if (!PyUnicode_Check(s) || PyUnicode_GetLength(s) != 0) err = PyFile_WriteString(": ", f); if (err == 0) err = PyFile_WriteObject(s, f, Py_PRINT_RAW); Py_XDECREF(s); } /* try to write a newline in any case */ err += PyFile_WriteString("\n", f); Py_XDECREF(tb); Py_DECREF(value); /* If an error happened here, don't show it. XXX This is wrong, but too many callers rely on this behavior. */ if (err != 0) PyErr_Clear(); } static const char *cause_message = "\nThe above exception was the direct cause " "of the following exception:\n\n"; static const char *context_message = "\nDuring handling of the above exception, " "another exception occurred:\n\n"; static void print_exception_recursive(PyObject *f, PyObject *value, PyObject *seen) { int err = 0, res; PyObject *cause, *context; if (seen != NULL) { /* Exception chaining */ if (PySet_Add(seen, value) == -1) PyErr_Clear(); else if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(value)) { cause = PyException_GetCause(value); context = PyException_GetContext(value); if (cause) { res = PySet_Contains(seen, cause); if (res == -1) PyErr_Clear(); if (res == 0) { print_exception_recursive( f, cause, seen); err |= PyFile_WriteString( cause_message, f); } } else if (context && !((PyBaseExceptionObject *)value)->suppress_context) { res = PySet_Contains(seen, context); if (res == -1) PyErr_Clear(); if (res == 0) { print_exception_recursive( f, context, seen); err |= PyFile_WriteString( context_message, f); } } Py_XDECREF(context); Py_XDECREF(cause); } } print_exception(f, value); if (err != 0) PyErr_Clear(); } void PyErr_Display(PyObject *exception, PyObject *value, PyObject *tb) { PyObject *seen; PyObject *f = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_stderr); if (PyExceptionInstance_Check(value) && tb != NULL && PyTraceBack_Check(tb)) { /* Put the traceback on the exception, otherwise it won't get displayed. See issue #18776. */ PyObject *cur_tb = PyException_GetTraceback(value); if (cur_tb == NULL) PyException_SetTraceback(value, tb); else Py_DECREF(cur_tb); } if (f == Py_None) { /* pass */ } else if (f == NULL) { _PyObject_Dump(value); fprintf(stderr, "lost sys.stderr\n"); } else { /* We choose to ignore seen being possibly NULL, and report at least the main exception (it could be a MemoryError). */ seen = PySet_New(NULL); if (seen == NULL) PyErr_Clear(); print_exception_recursive(f, value, seen); Py_XDECREF(seen); } } PyObject * PyRun_StringFlags(const char *str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { PyObject *ret = NULL; mod_ty mod; PyArena *arena; PyObject *filename; filename = _PyUnicode_FromId(&PyId_string); /* borrowed */ if (filename == NULL) return NULL; arena = PyArena_New(); if (arena == NULL) return NULL; mod = PyParser_ASTFromStringObject(str, filename, start, flags, arena); if (mod != NULL) ret = run_mod(mod, filename, globals, locals, flags, arena); PyArena_Free(arena); return ret; } PyObject * PyRun_FileExFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename_str, int start, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, int closeit, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { PyObject *ret = NULL; mod_ty mod; PyArena *arena = NULL; PyObject *filename; filename = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename_str); if (filename == NULL) goto exit; arena = PyArena_New(); if (arena == NULL) goto exit; mod = PyParser_ASTFromFileObject(fp, filename, NULL, start, 0, 0, flags, NULL, arena); if (closeit) fclose(fp); if (mod == NULL) { goto exit; } ret = run_mod(mod, filename, globals, locals, flags, arena); exit: Py_XDECREF(filename); if (arena != NULL) PyArena_Free(arena); return ret; } static void flush_io(void) { PyObject *f, *r; PyObject *type, *value, *traceback; /* Save the current exception */ PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &traceback); f = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_stderr); if (f != NULL) { r = _PyObject_CallMethodId(f, &PyId_flush, ""); if (r) Py_DECREF(r); else PyErr_Clear(); } f = _PySys_GetObjectId(&PyId_stdout); if (f != NULL) { r = _PyObject_CallMethodId(f, &PyId_flush, ""); if (r) Py_DECREF(r); else PyErr_Clear(); } PyErr_Restore(type, value, traceback); } static PyObject * run_mod(mod_ty mod, PyObject *filename, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags, PyArena *arena) { PyCodeObject *co; PyObject *v; co = PyAST_CompileObject(mod, filename, flags, -1, arena); if (co == NULL) return NULL; v = PyEval_EvalCode((PyObject*)co, globals, locals); Py_DECREF(co); return v; } static PyObject * run_pyc_file(FILE *fp, const char *filename, PyObject *globals, PyObject *locals, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { PyCodeObject *co; PyObject *v; long magic; long PyImport_GetMagicNumber(void); magic = PyMarshal_ReadLongFromFile(fp); if (magic != PyImport_GetMagicNumber()) { PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Bad magic number in .pyc file"); return NULL; } /* Skip mtime and size */ (void) PyMarshal_ReadLongFromFile(fp); (void) PyMarshal_ReadLongFromFile(fp); v = PyMarshal_ReadLastObjectFromFile(fp); if (v == NULL || !PyCode_Check(v)) { Py_XDECREF(v); PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "Bad code object in .pyc file"); return NULL; } co = (PyCodeObject *)v; v = PyEval_EvalCode((PyObject*)co, globals, locals); if (v && flags) flags->cf_flags |= (co->co_flags & PyCF_MASK); Py_DECREF(co); return v; } PyObject * Py_CompileStringObject(const char *str, PyObject *filename, int start, PyCompilerFlags *flags, int optimize) { PyCodeObject *co; mod_ty mod; PyArena *arena = PyArena_New(); if (arena == NULL) return NULL; mod = PyParser_ASTFromStringObject(str, filename, start, flags, arena); if (mod == NULL) { PyArena_Free(arena); return NULL; } if (flags && (flags->cf_flags & PyCF_ONLY_AST)) { PyObject *result = PyAST_mod2obj(mod); PyArena_Free(arena); return result; } co = PyAST_CompileObject(mod, filename, flags, optimize, arena); PyArena_Free(arena); return (PyObject *)co; } PyObject * Py_CompileStringExFlags(const char *str, const char *filename_str, int start, PyCompilerFlags *flags, int optimize) { PyObject *filename, *co; filename = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename_str); if (filename == NULL) return NULL; co = Py_CompileStringObject(str, filename, start, flags, optimize); Py_DECREF(filename); return co; } /* For use in Py_LIMITED_API */ #undef Py_CompileString PyObject * PyCompileString(const char *str, const char *filename, int start) { return Py_CompileStringFlags(str, filename, start, NULL); } struct symtable * Py_SymtableStringObject(const char *str, PyObject *filename, int start) { struct symtable *st; mod_ty mod; PyCompilerFlags flags; PyArena *arena; arena = PyArena_New(); if (arena == NULL) return NULL; flags.cf_flags = 0; mod = PyParser_ASTFromStringObject(str, filename, start, &flags, arena); if (mod == NULL) { PyArena_Free(arena); return NULL; } st = PySymtable_BuildObject(mod, filename, 0); PyArena_Free(arena); return st; } struct symtable * Py_SymtableString(const char *str, const char *filename_str, int start) { PyObject *filename; struct symtable *st; filename = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename_str); if (filename == NULL) return NULL; st = Py_SymtableStringObject(str, filename, start); Py_DECREF(filename); return st; } /* Preferred access to parser is through AST. */ mod_ty PyParser_ASTFromStringObject(const char *s, PyObject *filename, int start, PyCompilerFlags *flags, PyArena *arena) { mod_ty mod; PyCompilerFlags localflags; perrdetail err; int iflags = PARSER_FLAGS(flags); node *n = PyParser_ParseStringObject(s, filename, &_PyParser_Grammar, start, &err, &iflags); if (flags == NULL) { localflags.cf_flags = 0; flags = &localflags; } if (n) { flags->cf_flags |= iflags & PyCF_MASK; mod = PyAST_FromNodeObject(n, flags, filename, arena); PyNode_Free(n); } else { err_input(&err); mod = NULL; } err_free(&err); return mod; } mod_ty PyParser_ASTFromString(const char *s, const char *filename_str, int start, PyCompilerFlags *flags, PyArena *arena) { PyObject *filename; mod_ty mod; filename = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename_str); if (filename == NULL) return NULL; mod = PyParser_ASTFromStringObject(s, filename, start, flags, arena); Py_DECREF(filename); return mod; } mod_ty PyParser_ASTFromFileObject(FILE *fp, PyObject *filename, const char* enc, int start, char *ps1, char *ps2, PyCompilerFlags *flags, int *errcode, PyArena *arena) { mod_ty mod; PyCompilerFlags localflags; perrdetail err; int iflags = PARSER_FLAGS(flags); node *n = PyParser_ParseFileObject(fp, filename, enc, &_PyParser_Grammar, start, ps1, ps2, &err, &iflags); if (flags == NULL) { localflags.cf_flags = 0; flags = &localflags; } if (n) { flags->cf_flags |= iflags & PyCF_MASK; mod = PyAST_FromNodeObject(n, flags, filename, arena); PyNode_Free(n); } else { err_input(&err); if (errcode) *errcode = err.error; mod = NULL; } err_free(&err); return mod; } mod_ty PyParser_ASTFromFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename_str, const char* enc, int start, char *ps1, char *ps2, PyCompilerFlags *flags, int *errcode, PyArena *arena) { mod_ty mod; PyObject *filename; filename = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(filename_str); if (filename == NULL) return NULL; mod = PyParser_ASTFromFileObject(fp, filename, enc, start, ps1, ps2, flags, errcode, arena); Py_DECREF(filename); return mod; } /* Simplified interface to parsefile -- return node or set exception */ node * PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start, int flags) { perrdetail err; node *n = PyParser_ParseFileFlags(fp, filename, NULL, &_PyParser_Grammar, start, NULL, NULL, &err, flags); if (n == NULL) err_input(&err); err_free(&err); return n; } /* Simplified interface to parsestring -- return node or set exception */ node * PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags(const char *str, int start, int flags) { perrdetail err; node *n = PyParser_ParseStringFlags(str, &_PyParser_Grammar, start, &err, flags); if (n == NULL) err_input(&err); err_free(&err); return n; } node * PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename(const char *str, const char *filename, int start, int flags) { perrdetail err; node *n = PyParser_ParseStringFlagsFilename(str, filename, &_PyParser_Grammar, start, &err, flags); if (n == NULL) err_input(&err); err_free(&err); return n; } node * PyParser_SimpleParseStringFilename(const char *str, const char *filename, int start) { return PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlagsFilename(str, filename, start, 0); } /* May want to move a more generalized form of this to parsetok.c or even parser modules. */ void PyParser_ClearError(perrdetail *err) { err_free(err); } void PyParser_SetError(perrdetail *err) { err_input(err); } static void err_free(perrdetail *err) { Py_CLEAR(err->filename); } /* Set the error appropriate to the given input error code (see errcode.h) */ static void err_input(perrdetail *err) { PyObject *v, *w, *errtype, *errtext; PyObject *msg_obj = NULL; char *msg = NULL; errtype = PyExc_SyntaxError; switch (err->error) { case E_ERROR: return; case E_SYNTAX: errtype = PyExc_IndentationError; if (err->expected == INDENT) msg = "expected an indented block"; else if (err->token == INDENT) msg = "unexpected indent"; else if (err->token == DEDENT) msg = "unexpected unindent"; else { errtype = PyExc_SyntaxError; msg = "invalid syntax"; } break; case E_TOKEN: msg = "invalid token"; break; case E_EOFS: msg = "EOF while scanning triple-quoted string literal"; break; case E_EOLS: msg = "EOL while scanning string literal"; break; case E_INTR: if (!PyErr_Occurred()) PyErr_SetNone(PyExc_KeyboardInterrupt); goto cleanup; case E_NOMEM: PyErr_NoMemory(); goto cleanup; case E_EOF: msg = "unexpected EOF while parsing"; break; case E_TABSPACE: errtype = PyExc_TabError; msg = "inconsistent use of tabs and spaces in indentation"; break; case E_OVERFLOW: msg = "expression too long"; break; case E_DEDENT: errtype = PyExc_IndentationError; msg = "unindent does not match any outer indentation level"; break; case E_TOODEEP: errtype = PyExc_IndentationError; msg = "too many levels of indentation"; break; case E_DECODE: { PyObject *type, *value, *tb; PyErr_Fetch(&type, &value, &tb); msg = "unknown decode error"; if (value != NULL) msg_obj = PyObject_Str(value); Py_XDECREF(type); Py_XDECREF(value); Py_XDECREF(tb); break; } case E_LINECONT: msg = "unexpected character after line continuation character"; break; case E_IDENTIFIER: msg = "invalid character in identifier"; break; case E_BADSINGLE: msg = "multiple statements found while compiling a single statement"; break; default: fprintf(stderr, "error=%d\n", err->error); msg = "unknown parsing error"; break; } /* err->text may not be UTF-8 in case of decoding errors. Explicitly convert to an object. */ if (!err->text) { errtext = Py_None; Py_INCREF(Py_None); } else { errtext = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(err->text, strlen(err->text), "replace"); } v = Py_BuildValue("(OiiN)", err->filename, err->lineno, err->offset, errtext); if (v != NULL) { if (msg_obj) w = Py_BuildValue("(OO)", msg_obj, v); else w = Py_BuildValue("(sO)", msg, v); } else w = NULL; Py_XDECREF(v); PyErr_SetObject(errtype, w); Py_XDECREF(w); cleanup: Py_XDECREF(msg_obj); if (err->text != NULL) { PyObject_FREE(err->text); err->text = NULL; } } /* Print fatal error message and abort */ void Py_FatalError(const char *msg) { const int fd = fileno(stderr); PyThreadState *tstate; fprintf(stderr, "Fatal Python error: %s\n", msg); fflush(stderr); /* it helps in Windows debug build */ if (PyErr_Occurred()) { PyErr_PrintEx(0); } else { tstate = _Py_atomic_load_relaxed(&_PyThreadState_Current); if (tstate != NULL) { fputc('\n', stderr); fflush(stderr); _Py_DumpTracebackThreads(fd, tstate->interp, tstate); } _PyFaulthandler_Fini(); } #ifdef MS_WINDOWS { size_t len = strlen(msg); WCHAR* buffer; size_t i; /* Convert the message to wchar_t. This uses a simple one-to-one conversion, assuming that the this error message actually uses ASCII only. If this ceases to be true, we will have to convert. */ buffer = alloca( (len+1) * (sizeof *buffer)); for( i=0; i<=len; ++i) buffer[i] = msg[i]; OutputDebugStringW(L"Fatal Python error: "); OutputDebugStringW(buffer); OutputDebugStringW(L"\n"); } #ifdef _DEBUG DebugBreak(); #endif #endif /* MS_WINDOWS */ abort(); } /* Clean up and exit */ #ifdef WITH_THREAD #include "pythread.h" #endif static void (*pyexitfunc)(void) = NULL; /* For the atexit module. */ void _Py_PyAtExit(void (*func)(void)) { pyexitfunc = func; } static void call_py_exitfuncs(void) { if (pyexitfunc == NULL) return; (*pyexitfunc)(); PyErr_Clear(); } /* Wait until threading._shutdown completes, provided the threading module was imported in the first place. The shutdown routine will wait until all non-daemon "threading" threads have completed. */ static void wait_for_thread_shutdown(void) { #ifdef WITH_THREAD _Py_IDENTIFIER(_shutdown); PyObject *result; PyThreadState *tstate = PyThreadState_GET(); PyObject *threading = PyMapping_GetItemString(tstate->interp->modules, "threading"); if (threading == NULL) { /* threading not imported */ PyErr_Clear(); return; } result = _PyObject_CallMethodId(threading, &PyId__shutdown, ""); if (result == NULL) { PyErr_WriteUnraisable(threading); } else { Py_DECREF(result); } Py_DECREF(threading); #endif } #define NEXITFUNCS 32 static void (*exitfuncs[NEXITFUNCS])(void); static int nexitfuncs = 0; int Py_AtExit(void (*func)(void)) { if (nexitfuncs >= NEXITFUNCS) return -1; exitfuncs[nexitfuncs++] = func; return 0; } static void call_ll_exitfuncs(void) { while (nexitfuncs > 0) (*exitfuncs[--nexitfuncs])(); fflush(stdout); fflush(stderr); } void Py_Exit(int sts) { Py_Finalize(); exit(sts); } static void initsigs(void) { #ifdef SIGPIPE PyOS_setsig(SIGPIPE, SIG_IGN); #endif #ifdef SIGXFZ PyOS_setsig(SIGXFZ, SIG_IGN); #endif #ifdef SIGXFSZ PyOS_setsig(SIGXFSZ, SIG_IGN); #endif PyOS_InitInterrupts(); /* May imply initsignal() */ if (PyErr_Occurred()) { Py_FatalError("Py_Initialize: can't import signal"); } } /* Restore signals that the interpreter has called SIG_IGN on to SIG_DFL. * * All of the code in this function must only use async-signal-safe functions, * listed at `man 7 signal` or * http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/xsh_chap02_04.html. */ void _Py_RestoreSignals(void) { #ifdef SIGPIPE PyOS_setsig(SIGPIPE, SIG_DFL); #endif #ifdef SIGXFZ PyOS_setsig(SIGXFZ, SIG_DFL); #endif #ifdef SIGXFSZ PyOS_setsig(SIGXFSZ, SIG_DFL); #endif } /* * The file descriptor fd is considered ``interactive'' if either * a) isatty(fd) is TRUE, or * b) the -i flag was given, and the filename associated with * the descriptor is NULL or "" or "???". */ int Py_FdIsInteractive(FILE *fp, const char *filename) { if (isatty((int)fileno(fp))) return 1; if (!Py_InteractiveFlag) return 0; return (filename == NULL) || (strcmp(filename, "") == 0) || (strcmp(filename, "???") == 0); } #if defined(USE_STACKCHECK) #if defined(WIN32) && defined(_MSC_VER) /* Stack checking for Microsoft C */ #include #include /* * Return non-zero when we run out of memory on the stack; zero otherwise. */ int PyOS_CheckStack(void) { __try { /* alloca throws a stack overflow exception if there's not enough space left on the stack */ alloca(PYOS_STACK_MARGIN * sizeof(void*)); return 0; } __except (GetExceptionCode() == STATUS_STACK_OVERFLOW ? EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER : EXCEPTION_CONTINUE_SEARCH) { int errcode = _resetstkoflw(); if (errcode == 0) { Py_FatalError("Could not reset the stack!"); } } return 1; } #endif /* WIN32 && _MSC_VER */ /* Alternate implementations can be added here... */ #endif /* USE_STACKCHECK */ /* Wrappers around sigaction() or signal(). */ PyOS_sighandler_t PyOS_getsig(int sig) { #ifdef HAVE_SIGACTION struct sigaction context; if (sigaction(sig, NULL, &context) == -1) return SIG_ERR; return context.sa_handler; #else PyOS_sighandler_t handler; /* Special signal handling for the secure CRT in Visual Studio 2005 */ #if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER >= 1400 switch (sig) { /* Only these signals are valid */ case SIGINT: case SIGILL: case SIGFPE: case SIGSEGV: case SIGTERM: case SIGBREAK: case SIGABRT: break; /* Don't call signal() with other values or it will assert */ default: return SIG_ERR; } #endif /* _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER >= 1400 */ handler = signal(sig, SIG_IGN); if (handler != SIG_ERR) signal(sig, handler); return handler; #endif } /* * All of the code in this function must only use async-signal-safe functions, * listed at `man 7 signal` or * http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/xsh_chap02_04.html. */ PyOS_sighandler_t PyOS_setsig(int sig, PyOS_sighandler_t handler) { #ifdef HAVE_SIGACTION /* Some code in Modules/signalmodule.c depends on sigaction() being * used here if HAVE_SIGACTION is defined. Fix that if this code * changes to invalidate that assumption. */ struct sigaction context, ocontext; context.sa_handler = handler; sigemptyset(&context.sa_mask); context.sa_flags = 0; if (sigaction(sig, &context, &ocontext) == -1) return SIG_ERR; return ocontext.sa_handler; #else PyOS_sighandler_t oldhandler; oldhandler = signal(sig, handler); #ifdef HAVE_SIGINTERRUPT siginterrupt(sig, 1); #endif return oldhandler; #endif } /* Deprecated C API functions still provided for binary compatiblity */ #undef PyParser_SimpleParseFile PyAPI_FUNC(node *) PyParser_SimpleParseFile(FILE *fp, const char *filename, int start) { return PyParser_SimpleParseFileFlags(fp, filename, start, 0); } #undef PyParser_SimpleParseString PyAPI_FUNC(node *) PyParser_SimpleParseString(const char *str, int start) { return PyParser_SimpleParseStringFlags(str, start, 0); } #undef PyRun_AnyFile PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyRun_AnyFile(FILE *fp, const char *name) { return PyRun_AnyFileExFlags(fp, name, 0, NULL); } #undef PyRun_AnyFileEx PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyRun_AnyFileEx(FILE *fp, const char *name, int closeit) { return PyRun_AnyFileExFlags(fp, name, closeit, NULL); } #undef PyRun_AnyFileFlags PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyRun_AnyFileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *name, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { return PyRun_AnyFileExFlags(fp, name, 0, flags); } #undef PyRun_File PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyRun_File(FILE *fp, const char *p, int s, PyObject *g, PyObject *l) { return PyRun_FileExFlags(fp, p, s, g, l, 0, NULL); } #undef PyRun_FileEx PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyRun_FileEx(FILE *fp, const char *p, int s, PyObject *g, PyObject *l, int c) { return PyRun_FileExFlags(fp, p, s, g, l, c, NULL); } #undef PyRun_FileFlags PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyRun_FileFlags(FILE *fp, const char *p, int s, PyObject *g, PyObject *l, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { return PyRun_FileExFlags(fp, p, s, g, l, 0, flags); } #undef PyRun_SimpleFile PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyRun_SimpleFile(FILE *f, const char *p) { return PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags(f, p, 0, NULL); } #undef PyRun_SimpleFileEx PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyRun_SimpleFileEx(FILE *f, const char *p, int c) { return PyRun_SimpleFileExFlags(f, p, c, NULL); } #undef PyRun_String PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyRun_String(const char *str, int s, PyObject *g, PyObject *l) { return PyRun_StringFlags(str, s, g, l, NULL); } #undef PyRun_SimpleString PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyRun_SimpleString(const char *s) { return PyRun_SimpleStringFlags(s, NULL); } #undef Py_CompileString PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) Py_CompileString(const char *str, const char *p, int s) { return Py_CompileStringExFlags(str, p, s, NULL, -1); } #undef Py_CompileStringFlags PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) Py_CompileStringFlags(const char *str, const char *p, int s, PyCompilerFlags *flags) { return Py_CompileStringExFlags(str, p, s, flags, -1); } #undef PyRun_InteractiveOne PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyRun_InteractiveOne(FILE *f, const char *p) { return PyRun_InteractiveOneFlags(f, p, NULL); } #undef PyRun_InteractiveLoop PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyRun_InteractiveLoop(FILE *f, const char *p) { 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Python News
+++++++++++

What's New in Python 2.7.4
==========================

*Release date: XXXX-XX-XX*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Issue #5057: the peepholer no longer optimizes subscription on unicode
  literals (e.g. u'foo'[0]) in order to produce compatible pyc files between
  narrow and wide builds.

- Issue #8401: assigning an int to a bytearray slice (e.g. b[3:4] = 5) now
  raises an error.

- Issue #14700: Fix buggy overflow checks for large width and precision
  in string formatting operations.

- Issue #16345: Fix an infinite loop when ``fromkeys`` on a dict subclass
  received a nonempty dict from the constructor.

- Issue #6074: Ensure cached bytecode files can always be updated by the
  user that created them, even when the source file is read-only.

- Issue #14783: Improve int() and long() docstrings and switch docstrings for
  unicode(), slice(), range(), and xrange() to use multi-line signatures.

- Issue #16030: Fix overflow bug in computing the `repr` of an xrange object
  with large start, step or length.

- Issue #16029: Fix overflow bug occurring when pickling xranges with large
  start, step or length.

- Issue #16037: Limit httplib's _read_status() function to work around broken
  HTTP servers and reduce memory usage. It's actually a backport of a Python
  3.2 fix. Thanks to Adrien Kunysz.

- Issue #13992: The trashcan mechanism is now thread-safe.  This eliminates
  sporadic crashes in multi-thread programs when several long deallocator
  chains ran concurrently and involved subclasses of built-in container
  types.

- Issue #15801: Make sure mappings passed to '%' formatting are actually
  subscriptable.

- Issue #15604: Update uses of PyObject_IsTrue() to check for and handle
  errors correctly.  Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #15041: Update "see also" list in tkinter documentation.

- Issue #14579: Fix error handling bug in the utf-16 decoder.  Patch by
  Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #15368: An issue that caused bytecode generation to be
  non-deterministic when using randomized hashing (-R) has been fixed.

- Issue #15897: zipimport.c doesn't check return value of fseek().
  Patch by Felipe Cruz.

- Issue #16369: Global PyTypeObjects not initialized with PyType_Ready(...).

- Issue #15033: Fix the exit status bug when modules invoked using -m switch,
  return the proper failure return value (1). Patch contributed by Jeff Knupp.

- Issue #12268: File readline, readlines and read() methods no longer lose
  data when an underlying read system call is interrupted.  IOError is no
  longer raised due to a read system call returning EINTR from within these
  methods.

- Issue #13512: Create ~/.pypirc securely (CVE-2011-4944).  Initial patch by
  Philip Jenvey, tested by Mageia and Debian.

- Issue #7719: Make distutils ignore ``.nfs*`` files instead of choking later
  on.  Initial patch by SilentGhost and Jeff Ramnani.

- Issue #10053: Don't close FDs when FileIO.__init__ fails. Loosely based on
  the work by Hirokazu Yamamoto.

- Issue #14775: Fix a potential quadratic dict build-up due to the garbage
  collector repeatedly trying to untrack dicts.

- Issue #14494: Fix __future__.py and its documentation to note that
  absolute imports are the default behavior in 3.0 instead of 2.7.
  Patch by Sven Marnach.

- Issue #14761: Fix potential leak on an error case in the import machinery.

- Issue #14699: Fix calling the classmethod descriptor directly.

- Issue #11603 (again): Setting __repr__ to __str__ now raises a RuntimeError
  when repr() or str() is called on such an object.

- Issue #14658: Fix binding a special method to a builtin implementation of a
  special method with a different name.

- Issue #14612: Fix jumping around with blocks by setting f_lineno.

- Issue #13889: Check and (if necessary) set FPU control word before calling
  any of the dtoa.c string <-> float conversion functions, on MSVC builds of
  Python.  This fixes issues when embedding Python in a Delphi app.

- Issue #14505: Fix file descriptor leak when deallocating file objects
  created with PyFile_FromString().

- Issue #14474: Save and restore exception state in thread.start_new_thread()
  while writing error message if the thread leaves a unhandled exception.

- Issue #13019: Fix potential reference leaks in bytearray.extend().  Patch
  by Suman Saha.

- Issue #14378: Fix compiling ast.ImportFrom nodes with a "__future__" string as
  the module name that was not interned.

- Issue #14331: Use significantly less stack space when importing modules by
  allocating path buffers on the heap instead of the stack.

- Issue #14334: Prevent in a segfault in type.__getattribute__ when it was not
  passed strings. Also fix segfaults in the __getattribute__ and __setattr__
  methods of old-style classes.

- Issue #14161: fix the __repr__ of file objects to escape the file name.

- Issue #1469629: Allow cycles through an object's __dict__ slot to be
  collected. (For example if ``x.__dict__ is x``).

- Issue #13521: dict.setdefault() now does only one lookup for the given key,
  making it "atomic" for many purposes.  Patch by Filip Gruszczyński.

- Issue #10538: When using the "s*" code with PyArg_ParseTuple() to fill a
  Py_buffer structure with data from an object supporting only the old
  PyBuffer interface, a reference to the source objects is now properly added
  to the Py_buffer.obj member.

Library
-------

- Issue #16350: zlib.Decompress.decompress() now accumulates data from
  successive calls after EOF in unused_data, instead of only saving the argument
  to the last call. Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #12759: sre_parse now raises a proper error when the name of the group
  is missing.  Initial patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #16152: fix tokenize to ignore whitespace at the end of the code when
  no newline is found.  Patch by Ned Batchelder.

- Issue #1207589: Add Cut/Copy/Paste items to IDLE right click Context Menu
  Patch by Todd Rovito.

- Issue #16230: Fix a crash in select.select() when one the lists changes
  size while iterated on.  Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #16228: Fix a crash in the json module where a list changes size
  while it is being encoded.  Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #14897: Enhance error messages of struct.pack and
  struct.pack_into. Patch by Matti Mäki.

- Issue #12890: cgitb no longer prints spurious <p> tags in text
  mode when the logdir option is specified.

- Issue #14398: Fix size truncation and overflow bugs in the bz2 module.

- Issue #5148: Ignore 'U' in mode given to gzip.open() and gzip.GzipFile().

- Issue #16220: wsgiref now always calls close() on an iterable response.
  Patch by Brent Tubbs.

- Issue #16176: Properly identify Windows 8 via platform.platform()

- Issue #15756: subprocess.poll() now properly handles errno.ECHILD to
  return a returncode of 0 when the child has already exited or cannot
  be waited on.

- Issue #12376: Pass on parameters in TextTestResult.__init__ super call

- Issue #15222: Insert blank line after each message in mbox mailboxes

- Issue #16013: Fix CSV Reader parsing issue with ending quote characters.
  Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #15421: fix an OverflowError in Calendar.itermonthdates() after
  datetime.MAXYEAR.  Patch by Cédric Krier.

- Issue #15970: xml.etree.ElementTree now serializes correctly the empty HTML
  elements 'meta' and 'param'.

- Issue #15676: Now "mmap" check for empty files before doing the
  offset check.  Patch by Steven Willis.

- Issue #15340: Fix importing the random module when /dev/urandom cannot
  be opened.  This was a regression caused by the hash randomization patch.

- Issue #15841: The readable(), writable() and seekable() methods of
  io.BytesIO and io.StringIO objects now raise ValueError when the object has
  been closed.  Patch by Alessandro Moura.

- Issue #16112: platform.architecture does not correctly escape argument to
  /usr/bin/file.  Patch by David Benjamin.

- Issue #12776,#11839: call argparse type function (specified by add_argument)
  only once. Before, the type function was called twice in the case where the
  default was specified and the argument was given as well.  This was
  especially problematic for the FileType type, as a default file would always
  be opened, even if a file argument was specified on the command line.

- Issue #15906: Fix a regression in argparse caused by the preceding change,
  when action='append', type='str' and default=[].

- Issue #13370: Ensure that ctypes works on Mac OS X when Python is
  compiled using the clang compiler

- Issue #15544: Fix Decimal.__float__ to work with payload-carrying NaNs.

- Issue #15199: Fix JavaScript's default MIME type to application/javascript.
  Patch by Bohuslav Kabrda.

- Issue #15477: In cmath and math modules, add workaround for platforms whose
  system-supplied log1p function doesn't respect signs of zeros.

- Issue #11062: Fix adding a message from file to Babyl mailbox.

- Issue #15646: Prevent equivalent of a fork bomb when using
  multiprocessing on Windows without the "if __name__ == '__main__'"
  idiom.

- Issue #15567: Fix NameError when running threading._test

- Issue #15424: Add a __sizeof__ implementation for array objects.
  Patch by Ludwig Hähne.

- Issue #13052: Fix IDLE crashing when replace string in Search/Replace dialog
  ended with '\'. Patch by Roger Serwy.

- Issue #15538: Fix compilation of the getnameinfo() / getaddrinfo()
  emulation code.  Patch by Philipp Hagemeister.

- Issue #9803: Don't close IDLE on saving if breakpoint is open.
  Patch by Roger Serwy.

- Issue #12288: Consider '0' and '0.0' as valid initialvalue
  for tkinter SimpleDialog.

- Issue #15489: Add a __sizeof__ implementation for BytesIO objects.
  Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #15469: Add a __sizeof__ implementation for deque objects.
  Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #15487: Add a __sizeof__ implementation for buffered I/O objects.
  Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #15512: Add a __sizeof__ implementation for parser.
  Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #15402: An issue in the struct module that caused sys.getsizeof to
  return incorrect results for struct.Struct instances has been fixed.
  Initial patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #15232: when mangle_from is True, email.Generator now correctly mangles
  lines that start with 'From ' that occur in a MIME preamble or epilog.

- Issue #13922: argparse no longer incorrectly strips '--'s that appear
  after the first one.

- Issue #12353: argparse now correctly handles null argument values.

- Issue #6493: An issue in ctypes on Windows that caused structure bitfields
  of type ctypes.c_uint32 and width 32 to incorrectly be set has been fixed.

- Issue #14635: telnetlib will use poll() rather than select() when possible
  to avoid failing due to the select() file descriptor limit.

- Issue #15247: FileIO now raises an error when given a file descriptor
  pointing to a directory.

- Issue #14591: Fix bug in Random.jumpahead that could produce an invalid
  Mersenne Twister state on 64-bit machines.

- Issue #5346: Preserve permissions of mbox, MMDF and Babyl mailbox
  files on flush().

- Issue #15219: Fix a reference leak when hashlib.new() is called with
  invalid parameters.

- Issue #9559: If messages were only added, a new file is no longer
  created and renamed over the old file when flush() is called on an
  mbox, MMDF or Babyl mailbox.

- Issue #14653: email.utils.mktime_tz() no longer relies on system
  mktime() when timezone offest is supplied.

- Issue #6056: Make multiprocessing use setblocking(True) on the
  sockets it uses.  Original patch by J Derek Wilson.

- Issue #15101: Make pool finalizer avoid joining current thread.

- Issue #15054: A bug in tokenize.tokenize that caused string literals
  with 'b' and 'br' prefixes to be incorrectly tokenized has been fixed.
  Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #15036: Mailbox no longer throws an error if a flush is done
  between operations when removing or changing multiple items in mbox,
  MMDF, or Babyl mailboxes.

- Issue #10133: Make multiprocessing deallocate buffer if socket read
  fails.  Patch by Hallvard B Furuseth.

- Issue #13854: Make multiprocessing properly handle non-integer
  non-string argument to SystemExit.

- Issue #12157: Make pool.map() empty iterables correctly.  Initial
  patch by mouad.

- Issue #14962: Update text coloring in IDLE shell window after changing
  options.  Patch by Roger Serwy.

- Issue #10997: Prevent a duplicate entry in IDLE's "Recent Files" menu.

- Issue #12510: Attempting to get invalid tooltip no longer closes Idle.
  Original patch by Roger Serwy.

- Issue #10365: File open dialog now works instead of crashing
  even when parent window is closed. Patch by Roger Serwy.

- Issue #14876: Use user-selected font for highlight configuration.
  Patch by Roger Serwy.

- Issue #14036: Add an additional check to validate that port in urlparse does
  not go in illegal range and returns None.

- Issue #14888: Fix misbehaviour of the _md5 module when called on data
  larger than 2**32 bytes.

- Issue #15908: Fix misbehaviour of the sha1 module when called on data
  larger than 2**32 bytes.

- Issue #15910: Fix misbehaviour of _md5 and sha1 modules when "updating"
  on data larger than 2**32 bytes.

- Issue #14875: Use float('inf') instead of float('1e66666') in the json module.

- Issue #14572: Prevent build failures with pre-3.5.0 versions of
  sqlite3, such as was shipped with Centos 5 and Mac OS X 10.4.

- Issue #14426: Correct the Date format in Expires attribute of Set-Cookie
  Header in Cookie.py.

- Issue #14721: Send proper header, Content-length: 0 when the body is an empty
  string ''. Initial Patch contributed by Arve Knudsen.

- Issue #14072: Fix parsing of 'tel' URIs in urlparse by making the check for
  ports stricter.

- Issue #9374: Generic parsing of query and fragment portions of url for any
  scheme. Supported both by RFC3986 and RFC2396.

- Issue #14798: Fix the functions in pyclbr to raise an ImportError
  when the first part of a dotted name is not a package. Patch by
  Xavier de Gaye.

- Issue #14832: fixed the order of the argument references in the error
  message produced by unittest's assertItemsEqual.

- Issue #14829: Fix bisect issues under 64-bit Windows.

- Issue #14777: tkinter may return undecoded UTF-8 bytes as a string when
  accessing the Tk clipboard.  Modify clipboad_get() to first request type
  UTF8_STRING when no specific type is requested in an X11 windowing
  environment, falling back to the current default type STRING if that fails.
  Original patch by Thomas Kluyver.

- Issue #12541: Be lenient with quotes around Realm field with HTTP Basic
  Authentation in urllib2.

- Issue #14662: Prevent shutil failures on OS X when destination does not
  support chflag operations.  Patch by Hynek Schlawack.

- Issue #14157: Fix time.strptime failing without a year on February 29th.
  Patch by Hynek Schlawack.

- Issue #14768: os.path.expanduser('~/a') doesn't works correctly when HOME is '/'.

- Issue #13183: Fix pdb skipping frames after hitting a breakpoint and running
  step.  Patch by Xavier de Gaye.

- Issue #14664: It is now possible to use @unittest.skip{If,Unless} on a
  test class that doesn't inherit from TestCase (i.e. a mixin).

- Issue #14160: TarFile.extractfile() failed to resolve symbolic links when
  the links were not located in an archive subdirectory.

- Issue #14638: pydoc now treats non-string __name__ values as if they
  were missing, instead of raising an error.

- Issue #13684: Fix httplib tunnel issue of infinite loops for certain sites
  which send EOF without trailing \r\n.

- Issue #14308: Fix an exception when a "dummy" thread is in the threading
  module's active list after a fork().

- Issue #14538: HTMLParser can now parse correctly start tags that contain
  a bare '/'.

- Issue #14452: SysLogHandler no longer inserts a UTF-8 BOM into the message.

- Issue #13496: Fix potential overflow in bisect.bisect algorithm when applied
  to a collection of size > sys.maxsize / 2.

- Issue #14399: zipfile now recognizes that the archive has been modified even
  if only the comment is changed.  As a consequence of this fix, ZipFile is now
  a new style class.

- Issue #7978: SocketServer now restarts the select() call when EINTR is
  returned.  This avoids crashing the server loop when a signal is received.
  Patch by Jerzy Kozera.

- Issue #14409: IDLE now properly executes commands in the Shell window
  when it cannot read the normal config files on startup and
  has to use the built-in default key bindings.
  There was previously a bug in one of the defaults.

- Issue #10340: asyncore - properly handle EINVAL in dispatcher constructor on
  OSX; avoid to call handle_connect in case of a disconnected socket which
  was not meant to connect.

- Issue #12757: Fix the skipping of doctests when python is run with -OO so
  that it works in unittest's verbose mode as well as non-verbose mode.

- Issue #3573: IDLE hangs when passing invalid command line args
  (directory(ies) instead of file(s)) (Patch by Guilherme Polo)

- Issue #13694: asynchronous connect in asyncore.dispatcher does not set addr
  attribute.

- Issue #10484: Fix the CGIHTTPServer's PATH_INFO handling problem.

- Issue #11199: Fix the with urllib which hangs on particular ftp urls.

- Issue #5219: Prevent event handler cascade in IDLE.

- Issue #14252: Fix subprocess.Popen.terminate() to not raise an error under
  Windows when the child process has already exited.

- Issue #14195: An issue that caused weakref.WeakSet instances to incorrectly
  return True for a WeakSet instance 'a' in both 'a < a' and 'a > a' has been
  fixed.

- Issue #14159: Fix the len() of weak sets to return a better approximation
  when some objects are dead or dying.  Moreover, the implementation is now
  O(1) rather than O(n).

- Issue #2945: Make the distutils upload command aware of bdist_rpm products.

- Issue #13447: Add a test file to host regression tests for bugs in the
  scripts found in the Tools directory.

- Issue #6884: Fix long-standing bugs with MANIFEST.in parsing in distutils
  on Windows.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- Issue #12268: File readline, readlines and read or readall methods
  no longer lose data when an underlying read system call is interrupted
  within an io module object.  IOError is no longer raised due to a read
  system call returning EINTR from within these methods.

- Issue #16012: Fix a regression in pyexpat. The parser's UseForeignDTD()
  method doesn't require an argument again.

Tests
-----

- Issue #16274: Fix test_asyncore on Solaris.  Patch by Giampaolo Rodola'.

- Issue #15040: Close files in mailbox tests for PyPy compatibility.
  Original patch by Matti Picus.

- Issue #15802: Fix test logic in TestMaildir.test_create_tmp. Patch
  by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #15765: Extend a previous fix to Solaris and OpenBSD for quirky
  getcwd() behaviour (issue #9185) to NetBSD as well.

- Issue #15615: Add some tests for the json module's handling of invalid
  input data.  Patch by Kushal Das.

- Issue #15496: Add directory removal helpers for tests on Windows.
  Patch by Jeremy Kloth.

- Issue #15043: test_gdb is now skipped entirely if gdb security settings
  block loading of the gdb hooks

- Issue #14589: Update certificate chain for sha256.tbs-internet.com, fixing
  a test failure in test_ssl.

Build
-----

- Issue #15923: fix a mistake in asdl_c.py that resulted in a TypeError after
  2801bf875a24 (see #15801).

- Issue #11715: Fix multiarch detection without having Debian development
  tools (dpkg-dev) installed.

- Issue #15819: Make sure we can build Python out-of-tree from a readonly
  source directory.  (Somewhat related to Issue #9860.)

- Issue #15822: Ensure 2to3 grammar pickles are properly installed.

- Issue #15560: Fix building _sqlite3 extension on OS X with an SDK.

- Issue #8847: Disable COMDAT folding in Windows PGO builds.

- Issue #14018: Fix OS X Tcl/Tk framework checking when using OS X SDKs.

- Issue #8767: Restore building with --disable-unicode.
  Patch by Stefano Taschini.

- Build against bzip2 1.0.6 and openssl 0.9.8x on Windows.

- Issue #14557: Fix extensions build on HP-UX. Patch by Adi Roiban.

- Issue #14437: Fix building the _io module under Cygwin.

Documentation
-------------

- Issue #8040: added a version switcher to the documentation.  Patch by
  Yury Selivanov.

- Issue #16115: Improve subprocess.Popen() documentation around args, shell,
  and executable arguments.

- Issue #15979: Improve timeit documentation.

- Issue #16036: Improve documentation of built-in int()'s signature and
  arguments.

- Issue #15935: Clarification of argparse docs, re: add_argument() type and
  default arguments.  Patch contributed by Chris Jerdonek.

- Issue #13769: Document the effect of ensure_ascii to the return type
  of JSON decoding functions.

- Issue #14880: Fix kwargs notation in csv.reader, .writer & .register_dialect.
  Patch by Chris Rebert.

- Issue #14674: Add a discussion of the json module's standard compliance.
  Patch by Chris Rebert.

- Issue #15630: Add an example for "continue" stmt in the tutorial. Patch by
  Daniel Ellis.

- Issue #13557: Clarify effect of giving two different namespaces to exec or
  execfile().

- Issue #14034: added the argparse tutorial.

- Issue #15250: Document that filecmp.dircmp compares files shallowly. Patch
  contributed by Chris Jerdonek.


What's New in Python 2.7.3 release candidate 2?
===============================================

*Release date: 2012-03-17*

Library
-------

- Issue #14234: CVE-2012-0876: Randomize hashes of xml attributes in the hash
  table internal to the pyexpat module's copy of the expat library to avoid a
  denial of service due to hash collisions.  Patch by David Malcolm with some
  modifications by the expat project.


What's New in Python 2.7.3 release candidate 1?
===============================================

*Release date: 2012-02-23*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Issue #13020: Fix a reference leak when allocating a structsequence object
  fails.  Patch by Suman Saha.

- Issue #13703: oCERT-2011-003: add -R command-line option and PYTHONHASHSEED
  environment variable, to provide an opt-in way to protect against denial of
  service attacks due to hash collisions within the dict and set types.  Patch
  by David Malcolm, based on work by Victor Stinner.

- Issue #11235: Fix OverflowError when trying to import a source file whose
  modification time doesn't fit in a 32-bit timestamp.

- Issue #11638: Unicode strings in 'name' and 'version' no longer cause
  UnicodeDecodeErrors.

- Fix the fix for issue #12149: it was incorrect, although it had the side
  effect of appearing to resolve the issue.  Thanks to Mark Shannon for
  noticing.

- Issue #13546: Fixed an overflow issue that could crash the intepreter when
  calling sys.setrecursionlimit((1<<31)-1).

- Issue #13333: The UTF-7 decoder now accepts lone surrogates (the encoder
  already accepts them).

- Issue #10519: Avoid unnecessary recursive function calls in
  setobject.c.

- Issue #13268: Fix the assert statement when a tuple is passed as the message.

- Issue #13018: Fix reference leaks in error paths in dictobject.c.
  Patch by Suman Saha.

- Issue #12604: VTRACE macro expanded to no-op in _sre.c to avoid compiler
  warnings. Patch by Josh Triplett and Petri Lehtinen.

- Issue #7833: Extension modules built using distutils on Windows will no
  longer include a "manifest" to prevent them failing at import time in some
  embedded situations.

- Issue #13186: Fix __delitem__ on old-style instances when invoked through
  PySequence_DelItem.

- Issue #13156: Revert the patch for issue #10517 (reset TLS upon fork()),
  which was only relevant for the native pthread TLS implementation.

- Issue #7732: Fix a crash on importing a module if a directory has the same
  name than a Python module (e.g. "__init__.py"): don't close the file twice.

- Issue #12973: Fix overflow checks that invoked undefined behaviour in
  int.__pow__.  These overflow checks were causing int.__pow__ to produce
  incorrect results with recent versions of Clang, as a result of the
  compiler optimizing the check away.  Also fix similar overflow checks
  in list_repeat (listobject.c) and islice_next (itertoolsmodule.c).  These
  bugs caused test failures with recent versions of Clang.

- Issue #12266: Fix str.capitalize() to correctly uppercase/lowercase
  titlecased and cased non-letter characters.

- Issues #12610 and #12609: Verify that user generated AST has correct string
  and identifier types before compiling.

- Issue #11627: Fix segfault when __new__ on a exception returns a
  non-exception class.

- Issue #12149: Update the method cache after a type's dictionnary gets
  cleared by the garbage collector.  This fixes a segfault when an instance
  and its type get caught in a reference cycle, and the instance's
  deallocator calls one of the methods on the type (e.g. when subclassing
  IOBase).  Diagnosis and patch by Davide Rizzo.

- Issue #12501: Remove Py3k warning for callable. callable() is supported
  again in Python 3.2.

- Issue #9611, #9015: FileIO.read(), FileIO.readinto(), FileIO.write() and
  os.write() clamp the length to INT_MAX on Windows.

- Issue #1195: my_fgets() now always clears errors before calling fgets(). Fix
  the following case: sys.stdin.read() stopped with CTRL+d (end of file),
  raw_input() interrupted by CTRL+c.

- Issue #10860: httplib now correctly handles an empty port after port
  delimiter in URLs.

- dict_proxy objects now display their contents rather than just the class
  name.

Library
-------

- Issue #8033: sqlite3: Fix 64-bit integer handling in user functions
  on 32-bit architectures. Initial patch by Philippe Devalkeneer.

- HTMLParser is now able to handle slashes in the start tag.

- Issue #14001: CVE-2012-0845: xmlrpc: Fix an endless loop in
  SimpleXMLRPCServer upon malformed POST request.

- Issue #2489: pty.spawn could consume 100% cpu when it encountered an EOF.

- Issue #13014: Fix a possible reference leak in SSLSocket.getpeercert().

- Issue #13987: HTMLParser is now able to handle EOFs in the middle of a
  construct and malformed start tags.

- Issue #13015: Fix a possible reference leak in defaultdict.__repr__.
  Patch by Suman Saha.

- Issue #13979: A bug in ctypes.util.find_library that caused
  the wrong library name to be returned has been fixed.

- Issue #1326113: distutils' build_ext command --libraries option now
  correctly parses multiple values separated by whitespace or commas.

- Issue #13993: HTMLParser is now able to handle broken end tags.

- Issue #13960: HTMLParser is now able to handle broken comments.

- Issue #9750: Fix sqlite3.Connection.iterdump on tables and fields
  with a name that is a keyword or contains quotes. Patch by Marko
  Kohtala.

- Issue #13994: Earlier partial revert of Distutils enhancements in 2.7
  has left two versions of customize_compiler, the original in
  distutils.sysconfig and another copy in distutils.ccompiler, with some
  parts of distutils calling one and others using the other.
  Complete the revert back to only having one in distutils.sysconfig as
  is the case in 3.x.

- Issue #13590: On OS X 10.7 and 10.6 with Xcode 4.2, building
  Distutils-based packages with C extension modules may fail because
  Apple has removed gcc-4.2, the version used to build python.org
  64-bit/32-bit Pythons.  If the user does not explicitly override
  the default C compiler by setting the CC environment variable,
  Distutils will now attempt to compile extension modules with clang
  if gcc-4.2 is required but not found. Also as a convenience, if
  the user does explicitly set CC, substitute its value as the default
  compiler in the Distutils LDSHARED configuration variable for OS X.
  (Note, the python.org 32-bit-only Pythons use gcc-4.0 and the 10.4u
  SDK, neither of which are available in Xcode 4.  This change does not
  attempt to override settings to support their use with Xcode 4.)

- Issue #9021: Add an introduction to the copy module documentation.

- Issue #6005: Examples in the socket library documentation use sendall, where
  relevant, instead send method.

- Issue #10811: Fix recursive usage of cursors. Instead of crashing,
  raise a ProgrammingError now.

- Issue #10881: Fix test_site failures with OS X framework builds.

- Issue #964437 Make IDLE help window non-modal.
  Patch by Guilherme Polo and Roger Serwy.

- Issue #13933: IDLE auto-complete did not work with some imported
  module, like hashlib.  (Patch by Roger Serwy)

- Issue #13901: Prevent test_distutils failures on OS X with --enable-shared.

- Issue #13676: Handle strings with embedded zeros correctly in sqlite3.

- Issue #13506: Add '' to path for IDLE Shell when started and restarted with Restart Shell.
  Original patches by Marco Scataglini and Roger Serwy.

- Issue #13806: The size check in audioop decompression functions was too
  strict and could reject valid compressed data.  Patch by Oleg Plakhotnyuk.

- Issue #13885: CVE-2011-3389: the _ssl module would always disable the CBC
  IV attack countermeasure.

- Issue #6631: Disallow relative file paths in urllib urlopen methods.

- Issue #13781: Prevent gzip.GzipFile from using the dummy filename provided by
  file objects opened with os.fdopen().

- Issue #13589: Fix some serialization primitives in the aifc module.
  Patch by Oleg Plakhotnyuk.

- Issue #13803: Under Solaris, distutils doesn't include bitness
  in the directory name.

- Issue #13642: Unquote before b64encoding user:password during Basic
  Authentication. Patch contributed by Joonas Kuorilehto and Michele Orrù.

- Issue #13636: Weak ciphers are now disabled by default in the ssl module
  (except when SSLv2 is explicitly asked for).

- Issue #12798: Updated the mimetypes documentation.

- Issue #13639: Accept unicode filenames in tarfile.open(mode="w|gz").

- Issue #1785: Fix inspect and pydoc with misbehaving descriptors.

- Issue #7502: Fix equality comparison for DocTestCase instances.  Patch by
  Cédric Krier.

- Issue #11870: threading: Properly reinitialize threads internal locks and
  condition variables to avoid deadlocks in child processes.

- Issue #8035: urllib: Fix a bug where the client could remain stuck after a
  redirection or an error.

- Issue #4625: If IDLE cannot write to its recent file or breakpoint
  files, display a message popup and continue rather than crash.
  (original patch by Roger Serwy)

- tarfile.py: Correctly detect bzip2 compressed streams with blocksizes
  other than 900k.

- Issue #13573: The csv.writer now uses the repr() for floats rather than str().
  This allows floats to round-trip without loss of precision.

- Issue #13439: Fix many errors in turtle docstrings.

- Issue #12856: Ensure child processes do not inherit the parent's random
  seed for filename generation in the tempfile module.  Patch by Brian
  Harring.

- Issue #13458: Fix a memory leak in the ssl module when decoding a
  certificate with a subjectAltName.  Patch by Robert Xiao.

- Issue #13415: os.unsetenv() doesn't ignore errors anymore.

- Issue #13322: Fix BufferedWriter.write() to ensure that BlockingIOError is
  raised when the wrapped raw file is non-blocking and the write would block.
  Previous code assumed that the raw write() would raise BlockingIOError, but
  RawIOBase.write() is defined to returned None when the call would block.
  Patch by sbt.

- Issue #13358: HTMLParser now calls handle_data only once for each CDATA.

- Issue #4147: minidom's toprettyxml no longer adds whitespace around a text
  node when it is the only child of an element.  Initial patch by Dan
  Kenigsberg.

- Issue #8793: Prevent IDLE crash when given strings with invalid hex escape
  sequences.

- Issues #1745761, #755670, #13357, #12629, #1200313: HTMLParser now correctly
  handles non-valid attributes, including adjacent and unquoted attributes.

- Issue #13373: multiprocessing.Queue.get() could sometimes block indefinitely
  when called with a timeout.  Patch by Arnaud Ysmal.

- Issue #3067: Enhance the documentation and docstring of
  locale.setlocale().

- Issue #13254: Fix Maildir initialization so that maildir contents
  are read correctly.

- Issue #13140: Fix the daemon_threads attribute of ThreadingMixIn.

- Issue #2892: preserve iterparse events in case of SyntaxError.

- Issue #670664: Fix HTMLParser to correctly handle the content of
  ``<script>...</script>`` and ``<style>...</style>``.

- Issue #10817: Fix urlretrieve function to raise ContentTooShortError even
  when reporthook is None. Patch by Jyrki Pulliainen.

- Issue #13296: Fix IDLE to clear compile __future__ flags on shell restart.
  (Patch by Roger Serwy)

- Issue #7334: close source files on ElementTree.parse and iterparse.

- Issue #13232: logging: Improved logging of exceptions in the presence of
  multiple encodings.

- Issue #10332: multiprocessing: fix a race condition when a Pool is closed
  before all tasks have completed.

- Issue #1548891: The cStringIO.StringIO() constructor now encodes unicode
  arguments with the system default encoding just like the write() method
  does, instead of converting it to a raw buffer.  This also fixes handling of
  unicode input in the shlex module (#6988, #1170).

- Issue #9168: now smtpd is able to bind privileged port.

- Issue #12529: fix cgi.parse_header issue on strings with double-quotes and
  semicolons together. Patch by Ben Darnell and Petri Lehtinen.

- Issue #6090: zipfile raises a ValueError when a document with a timestamp
  earlier than 1980 is provided. Patch contributed by Petri Lehtinen.

- Issue #13194: zlib.compressobj().copy() and zlib.decompressobj().copy() are
  now available on Windows.

- Issue #13114: Fix the distutils commands check and register when the
  long description is a Unicode string with non-ASCII characters.

- Issue #7367: Fix pkgutil.walk_paths to skip directories whose
  contents cannot be read.

- Issue #7425: Prevent pydoc -k failures due to module import errors.
  (Backport to 2.7 of existing 3.x fix)

- Issue #13099: Fix sqlite3.Cursor.lastrowid under a Turkish locale.
  Reported and diagnosed by Thomas Kluyver.

- Issue #7689: Allow pickling of dynamically created classes when their
  metaclass is registered with copy_reg.  Patch by Nicolas M. Thiéry and
  Craig Citro.

- Issue #13058: ossaudiodev: fix a file descriptor leak on error. Patch by
  Thomas Jarosch.

- Issue #12931: xmlrpclib now encodes Unicode URI to ISO-8859-1, instead of
  failing with a UnicodeDecodeError.

- Issue #8933: distutils' PKG-INFO files will now correctly report
  Metadata-Version: 1.1 instead of 1.0 if a Classifier or Download-URL field is
  present.

- Issue #8286: The distutils command sdist will print a warning message instead
  of crashing when an invalid path is given in the manifest template.

- Issue #12841: tarfile unnecessarily checked the existence of numerical user
  and group ids on extraction. If one of them did not exist the respective id
  of the current user (i.e. root) was used for the file and ownership
  information was lost.

- Issue #10946: The distutils commands bdist_dumb, bdist_wininst and bdist_msi
  now respect a --skip-build option given to bdist.

- Issue #12287: Fix a stack corruption in ossaudiodev module when the FD is
  greater than FD_SETSIZE.

- Issue #12839: Fix crash in zlib module due to version mismatch.
  Fix by Richard M. Tew.

- Issue #12786: Set communication pipes used by subprocess.Popen CLOEXEC to
  avoid them being inherited by other subprocesses.

- Issue #4106: Fix occasional exceptions printed out by multiprocessing on
  interpreter shutdown.

- Issue #11657: Fix sending file descriptors over 255 over a multiprocessing
  Pipe.

- Issue #12213: Fix a buffering bug with interleaved reads and writes that
  could appear on io.BufferedRandom streams.

- Issue #12326: sys.platform is now always 'linux2' on Linux, even if Python
  is compiled on Linux 3.

- Issue #13007: whichdb should recognize gdbm 1.9 magic numbers.

- Issue #9173: Let shutil._make_archive work if the logger argument is None.

- Issue #12650: Fix a race condition where a subprocess.Popen could leak
  resources (FD/zombie) when killed at the wrong time.

- Issue #12752: Fix regression which prevented locale.normalize() from
  accepting unicode strings.

- Issue #12683: urlparse updated to include svn as schemes that uses relative
  paths. (svn from 1.5 onwards support relative path).

- Issue #11933: Fix incorrect mtime comparison in distutils.

- Issues #11104, #8688: Fix the behavior of distutils' sdist command with
  manually-maintained MANIFEST files.

- Issue #8887: "pydoc somebuiltin.somemethod" (or help('somebuiltin.somemethod')
  in Python code) now finds the doc of the method.

- Issue #12603: Fix pydoc.synopsis() on files with non-negative st_mtime.

- Issue #12514: Use try/finally to assure the timeit module restores garbage
  collections when it is done.

- Issue #12607: In subprocess, fix issue where if stdin, stdout or stderr is
  given as a low fd, it gets overwritten.

- Issue #12102: Document that buffered files must be flushed before being used
  with mmap. Patch by Steffen Daode Nurpmeso.

- Issue #12560: Build libpython.so on OpenBSD. Patch by Stefan Sperling.

- Issue #1813: Fix codec lookup and setting/getting locales under Turkish
  locales.

- Issue #10883: Fix socket leaks in urllib when using FTP.

- Issue #12592: Make Python build on OpenBSD 5 (and future major releases).

- Issue #12372: POSIX semaphores are broken on AIX: don't use them.

- Issue #12571: Add a plat-linux3 directory mirroring the plat-linux2
  directory, so that "import DLFCN" and other similar imports work on
  Linux 3.0.

- Issue #7484: smtplib no longer puts <> around addresses in VRFY and EXPN
  commands; they aren't required and in fact postfix doesn't support that form.

- Issue #11603: Fix a crash when __str__ is rebound as __repr__.  Patch by
  Andreas Stührk.

- Issue #12502: asyncore: fix polling loop with AF_UNIX sockets.

- Issue #4376: ctypes now supports nested structures in a endian different than
  the parent structure. Patch by Vlad Riscutia.

- Issue #12493: subprocess: Popen.communicate() now also handles EINTR errors
  if the process has only one pipe.

- Issue #12467: warnings: fix a race condition if a warning is emitted at
  shutdown, if globals()['__file__'] is None.

- Issue #12352: Fix a deadlock in multiprocessing.Heap when a block is freed by
  the garbage collector while the Heap lock is held.

- Issue #9516: On Mac OS X, change Distutils to no longer globally attempt to
  check or set the MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET environment variable for the
  interpreter process.  This could cause failures in non-Distutils subprocesses
  and was unreliable since tests or user programs could modify the interpreter
  environment after Distutils set it.  Instead, have Distutils set the the
  deployment target only in the environment of each build subprocess.  It is
  still possible to globally override the default by setting
  MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET before launching the interpreter; its value must be
  greater or equal to the default value, the value with which the interpreter
  was built.

- Issue #11802:  The cache in filecmp now has a maximum size of 100 so that
  it won't grow without bound.

- Issue #12404: Remove C89 incompatible code from mmap module. Patch by Akira
  Kitada.

- Issue #11700: mailbox proxy object close methods can now be called multiple
  times without error, and _ProxyFile now closes the wrapped file.

- Issue #12133: AbstractHTTPHandler.do_open() of urllib.request closes the HTTP
  connection if its getresponse() method fails with a socket error. Patch
  written by Ezio Melotti.

- Issue #9284: Allow inspect.findsource() to find the source of doctest
  functions.

- Issue #10694: zipfile now ignores garbage at the end of a zipfile.

- Issue #11583: Speed up os.path.isdir on Windows by using GetFileAttributes
  instead of os.stat.

- Issue #12080: Fix a performance issue in Decimal._power_exact that caused
  some corner-case Decimal.__pow__ calls to take an unreasonably long time.

- Named tuples now work correctly with vars().

- sys.setcheckinterval() now updates the current ticker count as well as
  updating the check interval, so if the user decreases the check interval,
  the ticker doesn't have to wind down to zero from the old starting point
  before the new interval takes effect.  And if the user increases the
  interval, it makes sure the new limit takes effect right away rather have an
  early task switch before recognizing the new interval.

- Issue #12085: Fix an attribute error in subprocess.Popen destructor if the
  constructor has failed, e.g. because of an undeclared keyword argument. Patch
  written by Oleg Oshmyan.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- Issue #9041: An issue in ctypes.c_longdouble, ctypes.c_double, and
  ctypes.c_float that caused an incorrect exception to be returned in the
  case of overflow has been fixed.

- bsddb module: Erratic behaviour of "DBEnv->rep_elect()" because a typo.
  Possible crash.

- Issue #13774: json: Fix a SystemError when a bogus encoding is passed to
  json.loads().

- Issue #9975: socket: Fix incorrect use of flowinfo and scope_id. Patch by
  Vilmos Nebehaj.

- Issue #13159: FileIO, BZ2File, and the built-in file class now use a
  linear-time buffer growth strategy instead of a quadratic one.

- Issue #13070: Fix a crash when a TextIOWrapper caught in a reference cycle
  would be finalized after the reference to its underlying BufferedRWPair's
  writer got cleared by the GC.

- Issue #12881: ctypes: Fix segfault with large structure field names.

- Issue #13013: ctypes: Fix a reference leak in PyCArrayType_from_ctype.
  Thanks to Suman Saha for finding the bug and providing a patch.

- Issue #13022: Fix: _multiprocessing.recvfd() doesn't check that
  file descriptor was actually received.

- Issue #12483: ctypes: Fix a crash when the destruction of a callback
  object triggers the garbage collector.

- Issue #12950: Fix passing file descriptors in multiprocessing, under
  OpenIndiana/Illumos.

- Issue #12764: Fix a crash in ctypes when the name of a Structure field is not
  a string.

- Issue #9651: Fix a crash when ctypes.create_string_buffer(0) was passed to
  some functions like file.write().

- Issue #10309: Define _GNU_SOURCE so that mremap() gets the proper
  signature.  Without this, architectures where sizeof void* != sizeof int are
  broken.  Patch given by Hallvard B Furuseth.

Build
-----

- Issue #6807: Run msisupport.mak earlier.

- Issue #10580: Minor grammar change in Windows installer.

- Issue #12627: Implement PEP 394 for Python 2.7 ("python2").

- Issue #8746: Correct faulty configure checks so that os.chflags() and
  os.lchflags() are once again built on systems that support these
  functions (*BSD and OS X).  Also add new stat file flags for OS X
  (UF_HIDDEN and UF_COMPRESSED).

Tools/Demos
-----------

- Issue #14053: patchcheck.py ("make patchcheck") now works with MQ patches.
  Patch by Francisco Martín Brugué.

- Issue #13930: 2to3 is now able to write its converted output files to another
  directory tree as well as copying unchanged files and altering the file
  suffix.  See its new -o, -W and --add-suffix options.  This makes it more
  useful in many automated code translation workflows.

- Issue #10639: reindent.py no longer converts newlines and will raise
  an error if attempting to convert a file with mixed newlines.

- Issue #13628: python-gdb.py is now able to retrieve more frames in the Python
  traceback if Python is optimized.

Tests
-----

- Issue #15467: Move helpers for __sizeof__ tests into test_support.
  Patch by Serhiy Storchaka.

- Issue #11689: Fix a variable scoping error in an sqlite3 test.
  Initial patch by Torsten Landschoff.

- Issue #13304: Skip test case if user site-packages disabled (-s or
  PYTHONNOUSERSITE).  (Patch by Carl Meyer)

- Issue #13218: Fix test_ssl failures on Debian/Ubuntu.

- Issue #12821: Fix test_fcntl failures on OpenBSD 5.

- Issue #12331: The test suite for lib2to3 can now run from an installed
  Python.

- Issue #12549: Correct test_platform to not fail when OS X returns 'x86_64'
  as the processor type on some Mac systems.

- Skip network tests when getaddrinfo() returns EAI_AGAIN, meaning a temporary
  failure in name resolution.

- Issue #11812: Solve transient socket failure to connect to 'localhost'
  in test_telnetlib.py.

- Solved a potential deadlock in test_telnetlib.py. Related to issue #11812.

- Avoid failing in test_robotparser when mueblesmoraleda.com is flaky and
  an overzealous DNS service (e.g. OpenDNS) redirects to a placeholder
  Web site.

- Avoid failing in test_urllibnet.test_bad_address when some overzealous
  DNS service (e.g. OpenDNS) resolves a non-existent domain name.  The test
  is now skipped instead.

- Issue #8716: Avoid crashes caused by Aqua Tk on OSX when attempting to run
  test_tk or test_ttk_guionly under a username that is not currently logged
  in to the console windowserver (as may be the case under buildbot or ssh).

- Issue #12141: Install a copy of template C module file so that
  test_build_ext of test_distutils is no longer silently skipped when
  run outside of a build directory.

- Issue #8746: Add additional tests for os.chflags() and os.lchflags().
  Patch by Garrett Cooper.

- Issue #10736: Fix test_ttk test_widgets failures with Cocoa Tk 8.5.9
  on Mac OS X.  (Patch by Ronald Oussoren)

- Issue #12057: Add tests for ISO 2022 codecs (iso2022_jp, iso2022_jp_2,
  iso2022_kr).

Documentation
-------------

- Issues #13491 and #13995: Fix many errors in sqlite3 documentation.
  Initial patch for #13491 by Johannes Vogel.

- Issue #13402: Document absoluteness of sys.executable.

- Issue #13883: PYTHONCASEOK also works on OS X, OS/2, and RiscOS.

- Issue #2134: The tokenize documentation has been clarified to explain why
  all operator and delimiter tokens are treated as token.OP tokens.

- Issue #13513: Fix io.IOBase documentation to correctly link to the
  io.IOBase.readline method instead of the readline module.

- Issue #13237: Reorganise subprocess documentation to emphasise convenience
  functions and the most commonly needed arguments to Popen.

- Issue #13141: Demonstrate recommended style for SocketServer examples.


What's New in Python 2.7.2?
===========================

*Release date: 2011-06-11*

Library
-------

- Issue #12009: Fixed regression in netrc file comment handling.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- Issue #1221: Make pyexpat.__version__ equal to the Python version.


What's New in Python 2.7.2 release candidate 1?
===============================================

*Release date: 2011-05-29*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Issue #9670: Increase the default stack size for secondary threads on
  Mac OS X and FreeBSD to reduce the chances of a crash instead of a
  "maximum recursion depth" RuntimeError exception.
  (patch by Ronald Oussoren)

- Correct lookup of __dir__ on objects. This allows old-style classes to have
  __dir__. It also causes errors besides AttributeError found on lookup to be
  propagated.

- Issue #1195: Fix input() if it is interrupted by CTRL+d and then CTRL+c,
  clear the end-of-file indicator after CTRL+d.

- Issue #8651: PyArg_Parse*() functions raise an OverflowError if the file
  doesn't have PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN define and the size doesn't fit in an int
  (length bigger than 2^31-1 bytes).

- Issue #8651: Fix "z#" format of PyArg_Parse*() function: the size was not
  written if PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN is defined.

- Issue #9756: When calling a method descriptor or a slot wrapper descriptor,
  the check of the object type doesn't read the __class__ attribute anymore.
  Fix a crash if a class override its __class__ attribute (e.g. a proxy of the
  str type). Patch written by Andreas Stührk.

- Issue #10517: After fork(), reinitialize the TLS used by the PyGILState_*
  APIs, to avoid a crash with the pthread implementation in RHEL 5.  Patch
  by Charles-François Natali.

- Issue #6780: fix starts/endswith error message to mention that tuples are
  accepted too.

- Issue #5057: fix a bug in the peepholer that led to non-portable pyc files
  between narrow and wide builds while optimizing BINARY_SUBSCR on non-BMP
  chars (e.g. u"\U00012345"[0]).

- Issue #11650: PyOS_StdioReadline() retries fgets() if it was interrupted
  (EINTR), for example if the program is stopped with CTRL+z on Mac OS X. Patch
  written by Charles-Francois Natali.

- Issue #11144: Ensure that int(a_float) returns an int whenever possible.
  Previously, there were some corner cases where a long was returned even
  though the result was within the range of an int.

- Issue #11450: Don't truncate hg version info in Py_GetBuildInfo() when
  there are many tags (e.g. when using mq).  Patch by Nadeem Vawda.

- Issue #10451: memoryview objects could allow to mutate a readable buffer.
  Initial patch by Ross Lagerwall.

- Issue #10892: Don't segfault when trying to delete __abstractmethods__ from a
  class.

- Issue #8020: Avoid a crash where the small objects allocator would read
  non-Python managed memory while it is being modified by another thread.
  Patch by Matt Bandy.

- Issue #11004: Repaired edge case in deque.count().

- Issue #8278: On Windows and with a NTFS filesystem, os.stat() and os.utime()
  can now handle dates after 2038.

- Issue #4236: Py_InitModule4 now checks the import machinery directly
  rather than the Py_IsInitialized flag, avoiding a Fatal Python
  error in certain circumstances when an import is done in __del__.

- issue #11828: startswith and endswith don't accept None as slice index.
  Patch by Torsten Becker.

- Issue #10674: Remove unused 'dictmaker' rule from grammar.

- Issue #10596: Fix float.__mod__ to have the same behaviour as
  float.__divmod__ with respect to signed zeros.  -4.0 % 4.0 should be
  0.0, not -0.0.

- Issue #11386: bytearray.pop() now throws IndexError when the bytearray is
  empty, instead of OverflowError.

Library
-------

- Issue #12590: IDLE editor window now always displays the first line
  when opening a long file.  With Tk 8.5, the first line was hidden.

- Issue #12161: Cause StringIO.getvalue() to raise a ValueError when used on a
  closed StringIO instance.

- Issue #12182: Fix pydoc.HTMLDoc.multicolumn() if Python uses the new (true)
  division (python -Qnew). Patch written by Ralf W. Grosse-Kunstleve.

- Issue #12175: RawIOBase.readall() now returns None if read() returns None.

- Issue #12175: FileIO.readall() now raises a ValueError instead of an IOError
  if the file is closed.

- Issue #1441530: In imaplib, use makefile() to wrap the SSL socket to avoid
  heap fragmentation and MemoryError with some malloc implementations.

- Issue #12100: Don't reset incremental encoders of CJK codecs at each call to
  their encode() method anymore, but continue to call the reset() method if the
  final argument is True.

- Issue #12124: zipimport doesn't keep a reference to zlib.decompress() anymore
  to be able to unload the module.

- Issue #11088: don't crash when using F5 to run a script in IDLE on MacOSX
  with Tk 8.5.

- Issue #10154, #10090: change the normalization of UTF-8 to "UTF-8" instead
  of "UTF8" in the locale module as the latter is not supported MacOSX and OpenBSD.

- Issue #9516: avoid errors in sysconfig when MACOSX_DEPLOYMENT_TARGET is
  set in shell.

- Issue #12050: zlib.decompressobj().decompress() now clears the unconsumed_tail
  attribute when called without a max_length argument.

- Issue #12062: In the `io` module, fix a flushing bug when doing a certain
  type of I/O sequence on a file opened in read+write mode (namely: reading,
  seeking a bit forward, writing, then seeking before the previous write but
  still within buffered data, and writing again).

- Issue #8498: In socket.accept(), allow to specify 0 as a backlog value in
  order to accept exactly one connection.  Patch by Daniel Evers.

- Issue #12012: ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv2 becomes optional.

- Issue #11164: Remove obsolete allnodes test from minidom test.

- Issue #11927: SMTP_SSL now uses port 465 by default as documented.  Patch
  by Kasun Herath.

- Issue #11999: fixed sporadic sync failure mailbox.Maildir due to its trying to
  detect mtime changes by comparing to the system clock instead of to the
  previous value of the mtime.

- Issue #10684: shutil.move used to delete a folder on case insensitive
  filesystems when the source and destination name where the same except
  for the case.

- Issue #11982: fix json.loads('""') to return u'' rather than ''.

- Issue #11277: mmap.mmap() calls fcntl(fd, F_FULLFSYNC) on Mac OS X to get
  around a mmap bug with sparse files. Patch written by Steffen Daode Nurpmeso.

- Issue #10761: Fix tarfile.extractall failure  when symlinked files are
  present. Initial patch by Scott Leerssen.

- Issue #11763: don't use difflib in TestCase.assertMultiLineEqual if the
  strings are too long.

- Issue #11236: getpass.getpass responds to ctrl-c or ctrl-z on terminal.

- Issue #11768: The signal handler of the signal module only calls
  Py_AddPendingCall() for the first signal to fix a deadlock on reentrant or
  parallel calls. PyErr_SetInterrupt() writes also into the wake up file.

- Issue #11875: collections.OrderedDict's __reduce__ was temporarily
  mutating the object instead of just working on a copy.

- Issue #11442: Add a charset parameter to the Content-type in SimpleHTTPServer
  to avoid XSS attacks.

- Issue #11467: Fix urlparse behavior when handling urls which contains scheme
  specific part only digits. Patch by Santoso Wijaya.

- collections.Counter().copy() now works correctly for subclasses.

- Issue #11474: Fix the bug with url2pathname() handling of '/C|/' on Windows.
  Patch by Santoso Wijaya.

- Issue #9233: Fix json.loads('{}') to return a dict (instead of a list), when
  _json is not available.

- Issue #11703: urllib2.geturl() does not return correct url when the original
  url contains #fragment.

- Issue #10019: Fixed regression in json module where an indent of 0 stopped
  adding newlines and acted instead like 'None'.

- Issue #5162: Treat services like frozen executables to allow child spawning
  from multiprocessing.forking on Windows.

- Issue #4877: Fix a segfault in xml.parsers.expat while attempting to parse
  a closed file.

- Issue #11830: Remove unnecessary introspection code in the decimal module.
  It was causing a failed import in the Turkish locale where the locale
  sensitive str.upper() method caused a name mismatch.

- Issue #8428: Fix a race condition in multiprocessing.Pool when terminating
  worker processes: new processes would be spawned while the pool is being
  shut down.  Patch by Charles-François Natali.

- Issue #7311: Fix HTMLParser to accept non-ASCII attribute values.

- Issue #10963: Ensure that subprocess.communicate() never raises EPIPE.

- Issue #11662: Make urllib and urllib2 ignore redirections if the
  scheme is not HTTP, HTTPS or FTP (CVE-2011-1521).

- Issue #11256: Fix inspect.getcallargs on functions that take only keyword
  arguments.

- Issue #11696: Fix ID generation in msilib.

- Issue #9696: Fix exception incorrectly raised by xdrlib.Packer.pack_int when
  trying to pack a negative (in-range) integer.

- Issue #11675: multiprocessing.[Raw]Array objects created from an integer size
  are now zeroed on creation.  This matches the behaviour specified by the
  documentation.

- Issue #7639: Fix short file name generation in bdist_msi.

- Issue #11666: let help() display named tuple attributes and methods
  that start with a leading underscore.

- Issue #11673: Fix multiprocessing Array and RawArray constructors to accept a
  size of type 'long', rather than only accepting 'int'.

- Issue #10042: Fixed the total_ordering decorator to handle cross-type
  comparisons that could lead to infinite recursion.

- Issue #10979: unittest stdout buffering now works with class and module
  setup and teardown.

- Issue #11569: use absolute path to the sysctl command in multiprocessing to
  ensure that it will be found regardless of the shell PATH. This ensures
  that multiprocessing.cpu_count works on default installs of MacOSX.

- Issue #11500: Fixed a bug in the os x proxy bypass code for fully qualified
  IP addresses in the proxy exception list.

- Issue #11131: Fix sign of zero in plus and minus operations when
  the context rounding mode is ROUND_FLOOR.

- Issue #5622: Fix curses.wrapper to raise correct exception if curses
  initialization fails.

- Issue #11391: Writing to a mmap object created with
  ``mmap.PROT_READ|mmap.PROT_EXEC`` would segfault instead of raising a
  TypeError.  Patch by Charles-François Natali.

- Issue #11306: mailbox in certain cases adapts to an inability to open
  certain files in read-write mode.  Previously it detected this by
  checking for EACCES, now it also checks for EROFS.

- Issue #11265: asyncore now correctly handles EPIPE, EBADF and EAGAIN errors
  on accept(), send() and recv().

- Issue #11326: Add the missing connect_ex() implementation for SSL sockets,
  and make it work for non-blocking connects.

- Issue #10956: Buffered I/O classes retry reading or writing after a signal
  has arrived and the handler returned successfully.

- Issue #10680: Fix mutually exclusive arguments for argument groups in
  argparse.

- Issue #4681: Allow mmap() to work on file sizes and offsets larger than
  4GB, even on 32-bit builds.  Initial patch by Ross Lagerwall, adapted for
  32-bit Windows.

- Issue #10360: In WeakSet, do not raise TypeErrors when testing for
  membership of non-weakrefable objects.

- Issue #10549: Fix pydoc traceback when text-documenting certain classes.

- Issue #940286: pydoc.Helper.help() ignores input/output init parameters.

- Issue #11171: Fix detection of config/Makefile when --prefix !=
  --exec-prefix, which caused Python to not start.

- Issue #11116: any error during addition of a message to a mailbox now causes
  a rollback, instead of leaving the mailbox partially modified.

- Issue #8275: Fix passing of callback arguments with ctypes under Win64.
  Patch by Stan Mihai.

- Issue #10940: Workaround an IDLE hang on Mac OS X 10.6 when using the
  menu accelerators for Open Module, Go to Line, and New Indent Width.
  The accelerators still work but no longer appear in the menu items.

- Issue #10907: Warn OS X 10.6 IDLE users to use ActiveState Tcl/Tk 8.5, rather
  than the currently problematic Apple-supplied one, when running with the
  64-/32-bit installer variant.

- Issue #11052: Correct IDLE menu accelerators on Mac OS X for Save
  commands.

- Issue #10949: Improved robustness of rotating file handlers.

- Issue #10955: Fix a potential crash when trying to mmap() a file past its
  length.  Initial patch by Ross Lagerwall.

- Issue #10898: Allow compiling the posix module when the C library defines
  a symbol named FSTAT.

- Issue #6075: IDLE on Mac OS X now works with both Carbon AquaTk and
  Cocoa AquaTk.

- Issue #10916: mmap should not segfault when a file is mapped using 0 as
  length and a non-zero offset, and an attempt to read past the end of file
  is made (IndexError is raised instead).  Patch by Ross Lagerwall.

- Issue #10875: Update Regular Expression HOWTO; patch by 'SilentGhost'.

- Issue #10827: Changed the rules for 2-digit years.  The time.asctime
  function will now format any year when ``time.accept2dyear`` is
  false and will accept years >= 1000 otherwise.  The year range
  accepted by ``time.mktime`` and ``time.strftime`` is still system
  dependent, but ``time.mktime`` will now accept full range supported
  by the OS.  Conversion of 2-digit years to 4-digit is deprecated.

- Issue #10869: Fixed bug where ast.increment_lineno modified the root
  node twice.

- Issue #7858: Raise an error properly when os.utime() fails under Windows
  on an existing file.

- Issue #3839: wsgiref should not override a Content-Length header set by
  the application.  Initial patch by Clovis Fabricio.

- Issue #10806, issue #9905: Fix subprocess pipes when some of the standard
  file descriptors (0, 1, 2) are closed in the parent process.  Initial
  patch by Ross Lagerwall.

- Issue #4662: os.tempnam(), os.tmpfile() and os.tmpnam() now raise a py3k
  DeprecationWarning.

- Subclasses of collections.OrderedDict now work correctly with __missing__.

- Issue #10753 - Characters ';', '=' and ',' in the PATH_INFO environment
  variable won't be quoted when the URI is constructed by the wsgiref.util 's
  request_uri method. According to RFC 3986, these characters can be a part of
  params in PATH component of URI and need not be quoted.

- Issue #10738: Fix webbrowser.Opera.raise_opts

- Issue #9824: SimpleCookie now encodes , and ; in values to cater to how
  browsers actually parse cookies.

- Issue #1379416: eliminated a source of accidental unicode promotion in
  email.header.Header.encode.

- Issue #5258/#10642: if site.py encounters a .pth file that generates an error,
  it now prints the filename, line number, and traceback to stderr and skips
  the rest of that individual file, instead of stopping processing entirely.

- Issue #10750: The ``raw`` attribute of buffered IO objects is now read-only.

- Issue #10242: unittest.TestCase.assertItemsEqual makes too many assumptions
  about input.

- Issue #10611: SystemExit should not cause a unittest test run to exit.

- Issue #6791: Limit header line length (to 65535 bytes) in http.client,
  to avoid denial of services from the other party.

- Issue #10404: Use ctl-button-1 on OSX for the context menu in Idle.

- Issue #9907: Fix tab handling on OSX when using editline by calling
  rl_initialize first, then setting our custom defaults, then reading .editrc.

- Issue #4188: Avoid creating dummy thread objects when logging operations
  from the threading module (with the internal verbose flag activated).

- Issue #9721: Fix the behavior of urljoin when the relative url starts with a
  ';' character. Patch by Wes Chow.

- Issue #10714: Limit length of incoming request in http.server to 65536 bytes
  for security reasons.  Initial patch by Ross Lagerwall.

- Issue #9558: Fix distutils.command.build_ext with VS 8.0.

- Issue #10695: passing the port as a string value to telnetlib no longer
  causes debug mode to fail.

- Issue #10107: Warn about unsaved files in IDLE on OSX.

- Issue #10406: Enable Rstrip IDLE extension on OSX (just like on other
  platforms).

- Issue #10478: Reentrant calls inside buffered IO objects (for example by
  way of a signal handler) now raise a RuntimeError instead of freezing the
  current process.

- Issue #10497: Fix incorrect use of gettext in argparse.

- Issue #10464: netrc now correctly handles lines with embedded '#' characters.

- Issue #1731717: Fixed the problem where subprocess.wait() could cause an
  OSError exception when The OS had been told to ignore SIGCLD in our process
  or otherwise not wait for exiting child processes.

- Issue #9509: argparse now properly handles IOErrors raised by
  argparse.FileType.

- Issue #9348: Raise an early error if argparse nargs and metavar don't match.

- Issue #8982: Improve the documentation for the argparse Namespace object.

- Issue #9343: Document that argparse parent parsers must be configured before
  their children.

- Issue #9026: Fix order of argparse sub-commands in help messages.

- Issue #9347: Fix formatting for tuples in argparse type= error messages.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- Stop using the old interface for providing methods and attributes in the _sre
  module. Among other things, this gives these classes ``__class__``
  attributes. (See #12099)

- Issue #10169: Fix argument parsing in socket.sendto() to avoid error masking.

- Issue #12051: Fix segfault in json.dumps() while encoding highly-nested
  objects using the C accelerations.

- Issue #12017: Fix segfault in json.loads() while decoding highly-nested
  objects using the C accelerations.

- Issue #1838: Prevent segfault in ctypes, when _as_parameter_ on a class is set
  to an instance of the class.

- Issue #678250: Make mmap flush a noop on ACCESS_READ and ACCESS_COPY.

Build
-----

- Issue #11217: For 64-bit/32-bit Mac OS X universal framework builds,
  ensure "make install" creates symlinks in --prefix bin for the "-32"
  files in the framework bin directory like the installer does.

- Issue #11411: Fix 'make DESTDIR=' with a relative destination.

- Issue #10709: Add updated AIX notes in Misc/README.AIX.

- Issue #11184: Fix large-file support on AIX.

- Issue #941346: Fix broken shared library build on AIX.

- Issue #11268: Prevent Mac OS X Installer failure if Documentation
  package had previously been installed.

- Issue #11079: The /Applications/Python x.x folder created by the Mac
  OS X installers now includes a link to the installed documentation.

- Issue #11054: Allow Mac OS X installer builds to again work on 10.5 with
  the system-provided Python.

- Issue #10843: Update third-party library versions used in OS X
  32-bit installer builds: bzip2 1.0.6, readline 6.1.2, SQLite 3.7.4
  (with FTS3/FTS4 and RTREE enabled), and ncursesw 5.5 (wide-char
  support enabled).

- Don't run pgen twice when using make -j.

- Issue #7716: Under Solaris, don't assume existence of /usr/xpg4/bin/grep in
  the configure script but use $GREP instead.  Patch by Fabian Groffen.

- Issue #10475: Don't hardcode compilers for LDSHARED/LDCXXSHARED on NetBSD
  and DragonFly BSD.  Patch by Nicolas Joly.

- Issue #10655: Fix the build on PowerPC on Linux with GCC when building with
  timestamp profiling (--with-tsc): the preprocessor test for the PowerPC
  support now looks for "__powerpc__" as well as "__ppc__": the latter seems to
  only be present on OS X; the former is the correct one for Linux with GCC.

- Issue #1099: Fix the build on MacOSX when building a framework with pydebug
  using GCC 4.0.

IDLE
----

- Issue #11718: IDLE's open module dialog couldn't find the __init__.py
  file in a package.

Tests
-----

- Issue #12205: Fix test_subprocess failure due to uninstalled test data.

- Issue #5723: Improve json tests to be executed with and without accelerations.

- Issue #11910: Fix test_heapq to skip the C tests when _heapq is missing.

- Fix test_startfile to wait for child process to terminate before finishing.

- Issue #11719: Fix message about unexpected test_msilib skip on non-Windows
  platforms. Patch by Nadeem Vawda.

- Issue #7108: Fix test_commands to not fail when special attributes ('@'
  or '.') appear in 'ls -l' output.

- Issue #11490: test_subprocess:test_leaking_fds_on_error no longer gives a
  false positive if the last directory in the path is inaccessible.

- Issue #10822: Fix test_posix:test_getgroups failure under Solaris.  Patch
  by Ross Lagerwall.

- Issue #6293: Have regrtest.py echo back sys.flags.  This is done by default
  in whole runs and enabled selectively using ``--header`` when running an
  explicit list of tests.  Original patch by Collin Winter.

- Issue #775964: test_grp now skips YP/NIS entries instead of failing when
  encountering them.

- Issue #7110: regrtest now sends test failure reports and single-failure
  tracebacks to stderr rather than stdout.


What's New in Python 2.7.1?
===========================

*Release date: 2010-11-27*

Library
-------

- Issue #2236: distutils' mkpath ignored the mode parameter.

- Fix typo in one sdist option (medata-check).

- Issue #10323: itertools.islice() now consumes the minimum number of
  inputs before stopping.  Formerly, the final state of the underlying
  iterator was undefined.

- Issue #10565: The collections.Iterator ABC now checks for both
  ``__iter__`` and ``next``.

- Issue #10092: Properly reset locale in calendar.Locale*Calendar classes.

- Issue #10459: Update CJK character names to Unicode 5.2.

- Issue #6098: Don't claim DOM level 3 conformance in minidom.

- Issue #10561: In pdb, clear the breakpoints by the breakpoint number.

- Issue #5762: Fix AttributeError raised by ``xml.dom.minidom`` when an empty
  XML namespace attribute is encountered.

- Issue #1710703: Write structures for an empty ZIP archive when a ZipFile is
  created in modes 'a' or 'w' and then closed without adding any files. Raise
  BadZipfile (rather than IOError) when opening small non-ZIP files.

- Issue #4493: urllib2 adds '/' in front of path components which does not
  start with '/. Common behavior exhibited by browsers and other clients.

- Issue #6378: idle.bat now runs with the appropriate Python version rather than
  the system default. Patch by Sridhar Ratnakumar.

- Issue #10407: Fix one NameError in distutils.

- Issue #10198: fix duplicate header written to wave files when writeframes()
  is called without data.

- Issue #10467: Fix BytesIO.readinto() after seeking into a position after the
  end of the file.

- Issue #5111: IPv6 Host in the Header is wrapped inside [ ]. Patch by Chandru.

Build
-----

- Backport r83399 to allow test_distutils to pass on installed versions.

- Issue #1303434: Generate ZIP file containing all PDBs.

Tests
-----

- Issue #9424: Replace deprecated assert* methods in the Python test suite.

Documentation
-------------

- Issue #10299: List the built-in functions in a table in functions.rst.


What's New in Python 2.7.1 release candidate 1?
===============================================

*Release date: 2010-11-13*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Issue #10221: dict.pop(k) now has a key error message that includes the
  missing key (same message d[k] returns for missing keys).

- Issue #10125: Don't segfault when the iterator passed to
  ``file.writelines()`` closes the file.

- Issue #10186: Fix the SyntaxError caret when the offset is equal to the
  length of the offending line.

- Issue #9997: Don't let the name "top" have special significance in scope
  resolution.

- Issue #9862: Compensate for broken PIPE_BUF in AIX by hard coding
  its value as the default 512 when compiling on AIX.

- Issue #9675: CObject use is marked as a Py3k warning, not a deprecation
  warning.

- Issue #10068: Global objects which have reference cycles with their module's
  dict are now cleared again. This causes issue #7140 to appear again.

- Issue #9869: Make long() and PyNumber_Long return something of type
  long for a class whose __long__ method returns a plain int.  This
  fixes an interpreter crash when initializing an instance of a long
  subclass from an object whose __long__ method returns a plain int.

- Issue #10006: type.__abstractmethods__ now raises an AttributeError.

- Issue #9797: pystate.c wrongly assumed that zero couldn't be a valid
  thread-local storage key.

- Issue #4947: The write() method of sys.stdout and sys.stderr uses their
  encoding and errors attributes instead of using utf-8 in strict mode, to get
  the same behaviour than the print statement.

- Issue #9737: Fix a crash when trying to delete a slice or an item from
  a memoryview object.

- Restore GIL in nis_cat in case of error.

- Issue #9688: __basicsize__ and __itemsize__ must be accessed as Py_ssize_t.

- Issue #8530: Prevent stringlib fastsearch from reading beyond the front
  of an array.

- Issue #83755:  Implicit set-to-frozenset conversion was not thread-safe.

- Issue #9416: Fix some issues with complex formatting where the
  output with no type specifier failed to match the str output:

    - format(complex(-0.0, 2.0), '-') omitted the real part from the output,
    - format(complex(0.0, 2.0), '-') included a sign and parentheses.

- Issue #7616: Fix copying of overlapping memoryview slices with the Intel
  compiler.

Library
-------

- Issue #9926: Wrapped TestSuite subclass does not get __call__ executed

- Issue #4471: Properly shutdown socket in IMAP.shutdown().  Patch by
  Lorenzo M. Catucci.

- Issue #10126: Fix distutils' test_build when Python was built with
  --enable-shared.

- Fix typo in one sdist option (medata-check).

- Issue #9199: Fix incorrect use of distutils.cmd.Command.announce.

- Issue #1718574: Fix options that were supposed to accept arguments but did
  not in build_clib.

- Issue #9281: Prevent race condition with mkdir in distutils.  Patch by
  Arfrever.

- Issue #10229: Fix caching error in gettext.

- Issue #10252: Close file objects in a timely manner in distutils code and
  tests.  Patch by Brian Brazil, completed by Éric Araujo.

- Issue #10311: The signal module now restores errno before returning from
  its low-level signal handler.  Patch by Hallvard B Furuseth.

- Issue #10038: json.loads() on str should always return unicode (regression
  from Python 2.6).  Patch by Walter Dörwald.

- Issue #120176: Wrapped TestSuite subclass does not get __call__ executed.

- Issue #6706: asyncore accept() method no longer raises
  EWOULDBLOCK/ECONNABORTED on incomplete connection attempt but returns None
  instead.

- Issue #10266: uu.decode didn't close in_file explicitly when it was given
  as a filename.  Patch by Brian Brazil.

- Issue #10246: uu.encode didn't close file objects explicitly when filenames
  were given to it.  Patch by Brian Brazil.

- Issue #10253: FileIO leaks a file descriptor when trying to open a file
  for append that isn't seekable.  Patch by Brian Brazil.

- Issue #6105: json.dumps now respects OrderedDict's iteration order.

- Issue #9295: Fix a crash under Windows when calling close() on a file
  object with custom buffering from two threads at once.

- Issue #5027: The standard ``xml`` namespace is now understood by
  xml.sax.saxutils.XMLGenerator as being bound to
  http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace.  Patch by Troy J. Farrell.

- Issue #10163: Skip unreadable registry keys during mimetypes
  initialization.

- Issue #5117: Fixed root directory related issue on posixpath.relpath() and
  ntpath.relpath().

- Issue #9409: Fix the regex to match all kind of filenames, for interactive
  debugging in doctests.

- Issue #6612: Fix site and sysconfig to catch os.getcwd() error, eg. if the
  current directory was deleted. Patch written by W. Trevor King.

- Issue #10045: Improved performance when writing after seeking past the
  end of the "file" in cStringIO.

- Issue #9948: Fixed problem of losing filename case information.

- Issue #9437: Fix building C extensions with non-default LDFLAGS.

- Issue #9759: GzipFile now raises ValueError when an operation is attempted
  after the file is closed.  Patch by Jeffrey Finkelstein.

- Issue #9042: Fix interaction of custom translation classes and caching in
  gettext.

- Issue #9065: tarfile no longer uses "root" as the default for the uname and
  gname field.

- Issue #1050268: parseaddr now correctly quotes double quote and backslash
  characters that appear inside quoted strings in email addresses.

- Issue #10004: quoprimime no longer generates a traceback when confronted
  with invalid characters after '=' in a Q-encoded word.

- Issue #9950: Fix socket.sendall() crash or misbehaviour when a signal is
  received.  Now sendall() properly calls signal handlers if necessary,
  and retries sending if these returned successfully, including on sockets
  with a timeout.

- Issue #9947: logging: Fixed locking bug in stopListening.

- Issue #9945: logging: Fixed locking bugs in addHandler/removeHandler.

- Issue #9936: Fixed executable lines' search in the trace module.

- Issue #9928: Properly initialize the types exported by the bz2 module.

- Issue #9854: The default read() implementation in io.RawIOBase now
  handles non-blocking readinto() returning None correctly.

- Issue #9729: Fix the signature of SSLSocket.recvfrom() and
  SSLSocket.sendto() to match the corresponding socket methods.  Also,
  fix various SSLSocket methods to raise socket.error rather than an
  unhelpful TypeError when called on an unconnected socket.  Original patch
  by Andrew Bennetts.

- Issue #9826: OrderedDict.__repr__ can now handle self-referential
  values:   d['x'] = d.

- Issue #767645: Set os.path.supports_unicode_filenames to True on Mac OS X.

- Issue #9837: The read() method of ZipExtFile objects (as returned by
  ZipFile.open()) could return more bytes than requested.

- Issue #9825: removed __del__ from the definition of collections.OrderedDict.
  This prevents user-created self-referencing ordered dictionaries from
  becoming permanently uncollectable GC garbage.  The downside is that
  removing __del__ means that the internal doubly-linked list has to wait for
  GC collection rather than freeing memory immediately when the refcnt drops
  to zero.

- Issue #9816: random.Random.jumpahead(n) did not produce a sufficiently
  different internal state for small values of n.  Fixed by salting the
  value.

- Issue #9792: In case of connection failure, socket.create_connection()
  would swallow the exception and raise a new one, making it impossible
  to fetch the original errno, or to filter timeout errors.  Now the
  original error is re-raised.

- Issue #9758: When fcntl.ioctl() was called with mutable_flag set to True,
  and the passed buffer was exactly 1024 bytes long, the buffer wouldn't
  be updated back after the system call.  Original patch by Brian Brazil.

- Issue #1100562: Fix deep-copying of objects derived from the list and
  dict types.  Patch by Michele Orrù and Björn Lindqvist.

- Issue #7005: Fixed output of None values for RawConfigParser.write and
  ConfigParser.write.

- Issue #808164: Fixed socket.close to avoid references to globals, to
  avoid issues when socket.close is called from a __del__ method.

- Issue #2986: difflib.SequenceMatcher gets a new parameter, autojunk, which
  can be set to False to turn off the previously undocumented 'popularity'
  heuristic. Patch by Terry Reedy and Eli Bendersky

- Issue #8797: urllib2 does a retry for Basic Authentication failure instead of
  falling into recursion.

- Issue #1194222: email.utils.parsedate now returns RFC2822 compliant four
  character years even if the message contains RFC822 two character years.

- Issue #8750: Fixed MutableSet's methods to correctly handle
  reflexive operations, namely x -= x and x ^= x.

- Issue #9129: smtpd.py is vulnerable to DoS attacks deriving from missing
  error handling when accepting a new connection.

- Issue #658749: asyncore's connect() method now correctly interprets winsock
  errors.

- Issue #9501: Fixed logging regressions in cleanup code.

- Issue #9214: Set operations on KeysView or ItemsView in the collections
  module now correctly return a set.  (Patch by Eli Bendersky.)

- Issue #9617: Signals received during a low-level write operation aren't
  ignored by the buffered IO layer anymore.

- Issue #2521: Use weakrefs on for caching in the abc module, so that classes
  are not held onto after they are deleted elsewhere.

- Issue #9626: the view methods for collections.OrderedDict() were returning
  the unordered versions inherited from dict.  Those methods are now
  overridden to provide ordered views.

- Issue #8688: MANIFEST files created by distutils now include a magic
  comment indicating they are generated.  Manually maintained MANIFESTs
  without this marker will not be overwritten or removed.

- Issue #7467: when reading a file from a ZIP archive, its CRC is checked
  and a BadZipfile error is raised if it doesn't match (as used to be the
  case in Python 2.5 and earlier).

- Issue #9550: a BufferedReader could issue an additional read when the
  original read request had been satisfied, which could block indefinitely
  when the underlying raw IO channel was e.g. a socket.  Report and original
  patch by Jason V. Miller.

- Issue #9551: Don't raise TypeError when setting the value to None for
  SafeConfigParser instances constructed with allow_no_value == True.

- Issue #6915: Under Windows, os.listdir() didn't release the Global
  Interpreter Lock around all system calls.  Original patch by Ryan Kelly.

- Issue #3757: thread-local objects now support cyclic garbage collection.
  Thread-local objects involved in reference cycles will be deallocated
  timely by the cyclic GC, even if the underlying thread is still running.

- Issue #6231: Fix xml.etree.ElementInclude to include the tail of the
  current node.

- Issue #6869: Fix a refcount problem in the _ctypes extension.

- Issue5504 - ctypes should now work with systems where mmap can't be
  PROT_WRITE and PROT_EXEC.

- Fix Issue8280 - urllib2's Request method will remove fragements in the url.
  This is how it is supposed to work, wget and curl do the same.  Previous
  behavior was wrong.

- Issue #2944: asyncore doesn't handle connection refused correctly.

- Issue #3196: email header decoding is now forgiving if an RFC2047
  encoded word encoded in base64 is lacking padding.

- Issue #9444: Argparse now uses the first element of prefix_chars as
  the option character for the added 'h/help' option if prefix_chars
  does not contain a '-', instead of raising an error.

- Issue #9354: Provide getsockopt() in asyncore's file_wrapper.

- Issue #9428: Fix running scripts with the profile/cProfile modules from
  the command line.

- Issue #7781: Fix restricting stats by entry counts in the pstats
  interactive browser.

- Issue #9209: Do not crash in the pstats interactive browser on invalid
  regular expressions.

- Issue #7372: Fix pstats regression when stripping paths from profile
  data generated with the profile module.

- Issue #4108: In urllib.robotparser, if there are multiple 'User-agent: *'
  entries, consider the first one.

- Issue #8397: Raise an error when attempting to mix iteration and regular
  reads on a BZ2File object, rather than returning incorrect results.

- Issue #5294: Fix the behavior of pdb's "continue" command when called
  in the top-level debugged frame.

- Issue #5727: Restore the ability to use readline when calling into pdb
  in doctests.

- Issue #6719: In pdb, do not stop somewhere in the encodings machinery
  if the source file to be debugged is in a non-builtin encoding.

- Issue #8048: Prevent doctests from failing when sys.displayhook has
  been reassigned.

- Issue #8015: In pdb, do not crash when an empty line is entered as
  a breakpoint command.

- Issue #9448: Fix a leak of OS resources (mutexes or semaphores) when
  re-initializing a buffered IO object by calling its ``__init__`` method.

- Issue #7909: Do not touch paths with the special prefixes ``\\.\``
  or ``\\?\`` in ntpath.normpath().

- Issue #5146: Handle UID THREAD command correctly in imaplib.

- Issue #5147: Fix the header generated for cookie files written by
  http.cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar.

- Issue #8198: In pydoc, output all help text to the correct stream
  when sys.stdout is reassigned.

- Issue #7395: Fix tracebacks in pstats interactive browser.

- Issue #8230: Fix Lib/test/sortperf.py.

- Issue #1713: Fix os.path.ismount(), which returned true for symbolic links
  across devices.

- Issue #8826: Properly load old-style "expires" attribute in http.cookies.

- Issue #1690103: Fix initial namespace for code run with trace.main().

- Issue #8471: In doctest, properly reset the output stream to an empty
  string when Unicode was previously output.

- Issue #8620: when a Cmd is fed input that reaches EOF without a final
  newline, it no longer truncates the last character of the last command line.

- Issue #6213: Implement getstate() and setstate() methods of utf-8-sig and
  utf-16 incremental encoders.

- Issue #7113: Speed up loading in ConfigParser. Patch by Łukasz Langa.

- Issue #3704: cookielib was not properly handling URLs with a / in the
  parameters.

- Issue #9032: XML-RPC client retries the request on EPIPE error. The EPIPE
  error occurs when the server closes the socket and the client sends a big
  XML-RPC request.

- Issue #5542: Remove special logic that closes HTTPConnection socket on EPIPE.

- Issue #4629: getopt raises an error if an argument ends with = whereas getopt
  doesn't except a value (eg. --help= is rejected if getopt uses ['help='] long
  options).

- Issue #7895: platform.mac_ver() no longer crashes after calling os.fork()

- Issue #5395: array.fromfile() would raise a spurious EOFError when an
  I/O error occurred.  Now an IOError is raised instead.  Patch by chuck
  (Jan Hosang).

- Issue #7646: The fnmatch pattern cache no longer grows without bound.

- Issue #9136: Fix 'dictionary changed size during iteration'
  RuntimeError produced when profiling the decimal module.  This was
  due to a dangerous iteration over 'locals()' in Context.__init__.

- Fix extreme speed issue in Decimal.pow when the base is an exact
  power of 10 and the exponent is tiny (for example,
  Decimal(10) ** Decimal('1e-999999999')).

- Issue #9161: Fix regression in optparse's acceptance of unicode
  strings in add_option calls.

- Issue #9130: Fix validation of relative imports in parser module.

- Issue #9128: Fix validation of class decorators in parser module.

- Issue #9164: Ensure sysconfig handles dupblice archs while building on OSX

- Issue #9315: Fix for the trace module to record correct class name
  for tracing methods.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- Issue #9054: Fix a crash occurring when using the pyexpat module
  with expat version 2.0.1.

- Issue #10003: Allow handling of SIGBREAK on Windows. Fixes a regression
  introduced by issue #9324.

- Issue #8734: Avoid crash in msvcrt.get_osfhandle() when an invalid file
  descriptor is provided.  Patch by Pascal Chambon.

- Issue #7736: Release the GIL around calls to opendir() and closedir()
  in the posix module.  Patch by Marcin Bachry.

- As a result of issue #2521, the _weakref module is now compiled into the
  interpreter by default.

- Issue #9324: Add parameter validation to signal.signal on Windows in order
  to prevent crashes.

- Issue #9526: Remove some outdated (int) casts that were preventing
  the array module from working correctly with arrays of more than
  2**31 elements.

- Fix memory leak in ssl._ssl._test_decode_cert.

- Issue #8065: Fix memory leak in readline module (from failure to
  free the result of history_get_history_state()).

- Issue #9450: Fix memory leak in readline.replace_history_item and
  readline.remove_history_item for readline version >= 5.0.

- Issue #8105: Validate file descriptor passed to mmap.mmap on Windows.

- Issue #1019882: Fix IndexError when loading certain hotshot stats.

- Issue #9422: Fix memory leak when re-initializing a struct.Struct object.

- Issue #7900: The getgroups(2) system call on MacOSX behaves rather oddly
  compared to other unix systems. In particular, os.getgroups() does
  not reflect any changes made using os.setgroups() but basicly always
  returns the same information as the id command.

  os.getgroups() can now return more than 16 groups on MacOSX.

- Issue #9277: Fix bug in struct.pack for bools in standard mode
  (e.g., struct.pack('>?')):  if conversion to bool raised an exception
  then that exception wasn't properly propagated on machines where
  char is unsigned.

- Issue #7567: Don't call `setupterm' twice.


Tools/Demos
-----------

- Issue #7287: Demo/imputil/knee.py was removed.

- Issue #9188: The gdb extension now handles correctly narrow (UCS2) as well
  as wide (UCS4) unicode builds for both the host interpreter (embedded
  inside gdb) and the interpreter under test.

Build
-----

- Issue #8852: Allow the socket module to build on OpenSolaris.

- Issue #10054: Some platforms provide uintptr_t in inttypes.h.  Patch by
  Akira Kitada.

- Issue #10055: Make json C89-compliant in UCS4 mode.

- Issue #1633863: Don't ignore $CC under AIX.

- Issue #9810: Compile bzip2 source files in python's project file
  directly. It used to be built with bzip2's makefile.

- Issue #941346: Improve the build process under AIX and allow Python to
  be built as a shared library.  Patch by Sébastien Sablé.

- Issue #4026: Make the fcntl extension build under AIX.  Patch by Sébastien
  Sablé.

- Issue #3101: Helper functions _add_one_to_index_C() and
  _add_one_to_index_F() become _Py_add_one_to_index_C() and
  _Py_add_one_to_index_F(), respectively.

- Issue #9700: define HAVE_BROKEN_POSIX_SEMAPHORES under AIX 6.x.  Patch by
  Sébastien Sablé.

- Issue #9280: Make sharedinstall depend on sharedmods.

- Issue #9275: The OSX installer once again installs links to binaries in
  ``/usr/local/bin``.

- Issue #9392: A framework build on OSX  will once again use a versioned name
  of the ``2to3`` tool, that is you can use ``2to3-2.7`` to select the Python
  2.7 edition of 2to3.

- Issue #9701: The MacOSX installer can patch the shell profile to ensure that
  the "bin" directory inside the framework is on the shell's search path. This
  feature now also supports the ZSH shell.

- Issue #7473: avoid link errors when building a framework with a different
  set of architectures than the one that is currently installed.

Tests
-----

- Issue #9978: Wait until subprocess completes initialization. (Win32KillTests
  in test_os)

- Issue #9894: Do not hardcode ENOENT in test_subprocess.

- Issue #9323: Make test.regrtest.__file__ absolute, this was not always the
  case when running profile or trace, for example.

- Issue #9315: Added tests for the trace module.  Patch by Eli Bendersky.

- Strengthen test_unicode with explicit type checking for assertEqual tests.

- Issue #8857: Provide a test case for socket.getaddrinfo.

- Issue #7564: Skip test_ioctl if another process is attached to /dev/tty.

- Issue #8433: Fix test_curses failure with newer versions of ncurses.

- Issue #9496: Provide a test suite for the rlcompleter module.  Patch by
  Michele Orrù.

- Issue #8605: Skip test_gdb if Python is compiled with optimizations.

- Issue #9568: Fix test_urllib2_localnet on OS X 10.3.

Documentation
-------------

- Issue #9817: Add expat COPYING file; add expat, libffi and expat licenses
  to Doc/license.rst.

- Issue #9524: Document that two CTRL* signals are meant for use only
  with os.kill.

- Issue #9255: Document that the 'test' package is for internal Python use
  only.

- Issue #7829: Document in dis that bytecode is an implementation detail.


What's New in Python 2.7?
=========================

*Release date: 2010-07-03*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Prevent assignment to set literals.

Library
-------

- Issue #1868: Eliminate subtle timing issues in thread-local objects by
  getting rid of the cached copy of thread-local attribute dictionary.

- Issue #9125: Add recognition of 'except ... as ...' syntax to parser module.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- Issue #7673: Fix security vulnerability (CVE-2010-2089) in the audioop module,
  ensure that the input string length is a multiple of the frame size.

- Issue #9075: In the ssl module, remove the setting of a ``debug`` flag
  on an OpenSSL structure.


What's New in Python 2.7 release candidate 2?
=============================================

*Release date: 2010-06-20*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Issue #9058: Remove assertions about INT_MAX in UnicodeDecodeError.

- Issue #8202: Previous change to ``sys.argv[0]`` handling for -m command line
  option reverted due to unintended side effects on handling of ``sys.path``.
  See tracker issue for details.

- Issue #8941: decoding big endian UTF-32 data in UCS-2 builds could crash
  the interpreter with characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane
  (higher than 0x10000).

- In the unicode/str.format(), raise a ValueError when indexes to arguments are
  too large.

Build
-----

- Issue #8854: Fix finding Visual Studio 2008 on Windows x64.

Library
-------

- Issue #6589: cleanup asyncore.socket_map in case smtpd.SMTPServer constructor
  raises an exception.

- Issue #8959: fix regression caused by using unmodified libffi
  library on Windows.  ctypes does now again check the stack before
  and after calling foreign functions.

- Issue #8720: fix regression caused by fix for #4050 by making getsourcefile
  smart enough to find source files in the linecache.

- Issue #8986: math.erfc was incorrectly raising OverflowError for
  values between -27.3 and -30.0 on some platforms.

- Issue #8924: logging: Improved error handling for Unicode in exception text.

- Issue #8948: cleanup functions and class / module setups and teardowns are
  now honored in unittest debug methods.

Documentation
-------------

- Issues #8909: Added the size of the bitmap used in the installer created by
  distutils' bdist_wininst. Patch by Anatoly Techtonik.

Misc
----

- Issue #8362: Add maintainers.rst: list of module maintainers


What's New in Python 2.7 Release Candidate 1?
=============================================

*Release date: 2010-06-05*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Issue #8271: during the decoding of an invalid UTF-8 byte sequence, only the
  start byte and the continuation byte(s) are now considered invalid, instead
  of the number of bytes specified by the start byte.
  E.g.: '\xf1\x80AB'.decode('utf-8', 'replace') now returns u'\ufffdAB' and
  replaces with U+FFFD only the start byte ('\xf1') and the continuation byte
  ('\x80') even if '\xf1' is the start byte of a 4-bytes sequence.
  Previous versions returned a single u'\ufffd'.

- Issue #8627: Remove bogus "Overriding __cmp__ blocks inheritance of
  __hash__ in 3.x" warning.  Also fix "XXX undetected error" that
  arises from the "Overriding __eq__ blocks inheritance ..." warning
  when turned into an exception: in this case the exception simply
  gets ignored.

- Issue #8748: Fix two issues with comparisons between complex and integer
  objects.  (1) The comparison could incorrectly return True in some cases
  (2**53+1 == complex(2**53) == 2**53), breaking transivity of equality.
  (2) The comparison raised an OverflowError for large integers, leading
  to unpredictable exceptions when combining integers and complex objects
  in sets or dicts.

- Issue #5211: Implicit coercion for the complex type is now completely
  removed.  (Coercion for arithmetic operations was already removed in 2.7
  alpha 4, but coercion for rich comparisons was accidentally left in.)

- Issue #3798: Write sys.exit() message to sys.stderr to use stderr encoding
  and error handler, instead of writing to the C stderr file in utf-8

- Issue #7902: When using explicit relative import syntax, don't try implicit
  relative import semantics.

- Issue #7079: Fix a possible crash when closing a file object while using it
  from another thread.  Patch by Daniel Stutzbach.

- Issue #8868: Fix that ensures that python scripts have access to the
  Window Server again in a framework build on MacOSX 10.5 or earlier.

C-API
-----

- Issue #5753: A new C API function, :cfunc:`PySys_SetArgvEx`, allows embedders
  of the interpreter to set sys.argv without also modifying sys.path.  This
  helps fix `CVE-2008-5983
  <http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_.

Library
-------

- Issue #8302: SkipTest in unittest.TestCase.setUpClass or setUpModule is now
  reported as a skip rather than an error.

- Issue #8351: Excessively large diffs due to
  unittest.TestCase.assertSequenceEqual are no longer included in failure
  reports.

- Issue #8899: time.struct_time now has class and atribute docstrings.

- Issue #4487: email now accepts as charset aliases all codec aliases
  accepted by the codecs module.

- Issue #6470: Drop UNC prefix in FixTk.

- Issue #5610: feedparser no longer eats extra characters at the end of
  a body part if the body part ends with a \r\n.

- Issue #8833: tarfile created hard link entries with a size field != 0 by
  mistake.

- Issue #1368247: set_charset (and therefore MIMEText) now automatically
  encodes a unicode _payload to the output_charset.

- Issue #7150: Raise OverflowError if the result of adding or subtracting
  timedelta from date or datetime falls outside of the MINYEAR:MAXYEAR range.

- Issue #6662: Fix parsing of malformatted charref (&#bad;), patch written by
  Fredrik Håård

- Issue #8016: Add the CP858 codec.

- Issue #3924: Ignore cookies with invalid "version" field in cookielib.

- Issue #6268: Fix seek() method of codecs.open(), don't read or write the BOM
  twice after seek(0). Fix also reset() method of codecs, UTF-16, UTF-32 and
  StreamWriter classes.

- Issue #5640: Fix Shift-JIS incremental encoder for error handlers different
  than 'strict'.

- Issue #8782: Add a trailing newline in linecache.updatecache to the last line
  of files without one.

- Issue #8729: Return NotImplemented from ``collections.Mapping.__eq__()`` when
  comparing to a non-mapping.

- Issue #8759: Fix user paths in sysconfig for posix and os2 schemes.

- Issue #1285086: Speed up ``urllib.quote()`` and urllib.unquote for simple
  cases.

- Issue #8688: Distutils now recalculates MANIFEST everytime.

- Issue #5099: The ``__del__()`` method of ``subprocess.Popen`` (and the methods
  it calls) referenced global objects, causing errors to pop up during
  interpreter shutdown.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- Issue #7384: If the system readline library is linked against ncurses,
  the curses module must be linked against ncurses as well. Otherwise it
  is not safe to load both the readline and curses modules in an application.

- Issue #2810: Fix cases where the Windows registry API returns
  ERROR_MORE_DATA, requiring a re-try in order to get the complete result.

- Issue #8674: Fixed a number of incorrect or undefined-behaviour-inducing
  overflow checks in the ``audioop`` module.

Tests
-----

- Issue #8889: test_support.transient_internet rewritten so that the new
  checks also work on FreeBSD, which lacks EAI_NODATA.

- Issue #8835: test_support.transient_internet() catches gaierror(EAI_NONAME)
  and gaierror(EAI_NODATA)

- Issue #7449: Skip test_socketserver if threading support is disabled

- On darwin, ``test_site`` assumed that a framework build was being used,
  leading to a failure where four directories were expected for site-packages
  instead of two in a non-framework build.

Build
-----

- Display installer warning that Windows 2000 won't be supported in future
  releases.

- Issues #1759169, #8864: Drop _XOPEN_SOURCE on Solaris, define it for
  multiprocessing only.

Tools/Demos
-----------

- Issue #5464: Implement plural forms in msgfmt.py.


What's New in Python 2.7 beta 2?
================================

*Release date: 2010-05-08*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Run Clang 2.7's static analyzer for ``Objects/`` and ``Python/``.

- Issue #1533: Fix inconsistency in range function argument processing: any
  non-float non-integer argument is now converted to an integer (if possible)
  using its __int__ method.  Previously, only small arguments were treated this
  way; larger arguments (those whose __int__ was outside the range of a C long)
  would produce a TypeError.

- Issue #8202: ``sys.argv[0]`` is now set to '-m' instead of '-c' when searching
  for the module file to be executed with the -m command line option.

- Issue #7319: When -Q is used, do not silence DeprecationWarning.

- Issue #7332: Remove the 16KB stack-based buffer in
  ``PyMarshal_ReadLastObjectFromFile``, which doesn't bring any noticeable
  benefit compared to the dynamic memory allocation fallback.  Patch by
  Charles-François Natali.

- Issue #8417: Raise an OverflowError when an integer larger than sys.maxsize is
  passed to bytearray.

- Issue #7072: ``isspace(0xa0)`` is true on Mac OS X.

- Issue #8404: Fix set operations on dictionary views.

- Issue #8084: PEP 370 now conforms to system conventions for framework builds
  on MacOS X. That is, ``python setup.py install --user`` will install into
  ``~/Library/Python/2.7`` instead of ``~/.local``.

Library
-------

- Issue #8681: Make the zlib module's error messages more informative when the
  zlib itself doesn't give any detailed explanation.

- Issue #8571: Fix an internal error when compressing or decompressing a chunk
  larger than 1GB with the zlib module's compressor and decompressor objects.

- Issue #8573: asyncore ``_strerror()`` function might throw ValueError.

- Issue #8483: asyncore.dispatcher's __getattr__ method produced confusing error
  messages when accessing undefined class attributes because of the cheap
  inheritance with the underlying socket object.  The cheap inheritance has been
  deprecated.

- Issue #4265: ``shutil.copyfile()`` was leaking file descriptors when disk
  fills.  Patch by Tres Seaver.

- Issue #7755: Use an unencumbered audio file for tests.

- Issue #8621: ``uuid.uuid4()`` returned the same sequence of values in the
  parent and any children created using ``os.fork`` on Mac OS X 10.6.

- Issue #8313: ``traceback.format_exception_only()`` encodes unicode message to
  ASCII with backslashreplace error handler if ``str(value)`` failed.

- Issue #8567: Fix precedence of signals in Decimal module: when a Decimal
  operation raises multiple signals and more than one of those signals is
  trapped, the specification determines the order in which the signals should be
  handled.  In many cases this order wasn't being followed, leading to the wrong
  Python exception being raised.

- Issue #7865: The close() method of :mod:`io` objects should not swallow
  exceptions raised by the implicit flush().  Also ensure that calling close()
  several times is supported.  Patch by Pascal Chambon.

- Issue #8576: logging updated to remove usage of find_unused_port().

- Issue #4687: Fix accuracy of garbage collection runtimes displayed with
  gc.DEBUG_STATS.

- Issue #8354: The siginterrupt setting is now preserved for all signals, not
  just SIGCHLD.

- Issue #7192: ``webbrowser.get("firefox")`` now works on Mac OS X, as does
  ``webbrowser.get("safari")``.

- Issue #8577: ``distutils.sysconfig.get_python_inc()`` now makes a difference
  between the build dir and the source dir when looking for "python.h" or
  "Include".

- Issue #8464: tarfile no longer creates files with execute permissions set when
  mode="w|" is used.

- Issue #7834: Fix connect() of Bluetooth L2CAP sockets with recent versions of
  the Linux kernel.  Patch by Yaniv Aknin.

- Issue #6312: Fix http HEAD request when the transfer encoding is chunked.  It
  should correctly return an empty response now.

- Issue #7490: To facilitate sharing of doctests between 2.x and 3.x test
  suites, the ``IGNORE_EXCEPTION_DETAIL`` directive now also ignores the module
  location of the raised exception.  Based on initial patch by Lennart Regebro.

- Issue #8086: In :func:`ssl.DER_cert_to_PEM_cert()`, fix missing newline before
  the certificate footer.  Patch by Kyle VanderBeek.

- Issue #8546: Reject None given as the buffering argument to ``_pyio.open()``.

- Issue #8549: Fix compiling the _ssl extension under AIX.  Patch by Sridhar
  Ratnakumar.

- Issue #6656: Fix locale.format_string to handle escaped percents and mappings.

- Issue #2302: Fix a race condition in SocketServer.BaseServer.shutdown, where
  the method could block indefinitely if called just before the event loop
  started running.  This also fixes the occasional freezes witnessed in
  test_httpservers.

- Issue #5103: SSL handshake would ignore the socket timeout and block
  indefinitely if the other end didn't respond.

- The do_handshake() method of SSL objects now adjusts the blocking mode of the
  SSL structure if necessary (as other methods already do).

- Issue #7507: Quote "!" in pipes.quote(); it is special to some shells.

- Issue #5238: Calling makefile() on an SSL object would prevent the underlying
  socket from being closed until all objects get truely destroyed.

- Issue #7943: Fix circular reference created when instantiating an SSL socket.
  Initial patch by Péter Szabó.

- Issue #8451: Syslog module now uses basename(sys.argv[0]) instead of the
  string "python" as the *ident*.  openlog() arguments are all optional and
  keywords.

- Issue #8108: Fix the unwrap() method of SSL objects when the socket has a
  non-infinite timeout.  Also make that method friendlier with applications
  wanting to continue using the socket in clear-text mode, by disabling
  OpenSSL's internal readahead.  Thanks to Darryl Miles for guidance.

- Issue #8484: Load all ciphers and digest algorithms when initializing the _ssl
  extension, such that verification of some SSL certificates doesn't fail
  because of an "unknown algorithm".

- Issue #8437: Fix test_gdb failures, patch written by Dave Malcolm

- Issue #4814: The timeout parameter is now applied also for connections
  resulting from PORT/EPRT commands.

- Issue #8463: Add missing reference to bztar in shutil's documentation.

- Issue #8438: Remove reference to the missing "surrogateescape" encoding error
  handler from the new IO library.

- Issue #3817: ftplib.FTP.abort() method now considers 225 a valid response code
  as stated in RFC-959 at chapter 5.4.

- Issue #8279: Fix test_gdb failures.

- Issue #8322: Add a *ciphers* argument to SSL sockets, so as to change the
  available cipher list.  Helps fix test_ssl with OpenSSL 1.0.0.

- Issue #2987: RFC 2732 support for urlparse (IPv6 addresses).  Patch by Tony
  Locke and Hans Ulrich Niedermann.

- Issue #7585: difflib context and unified diffs now place a tab between
  filename and date, conforming to the 'standards' they were originally designed
  to follow.  This improves compatibility with patch tools.

- Issue #7472: Fixed typo in email.encoders module; messages using ISO-2022
  character sets will now consistently use a Content-Transfer-Encoding of 7bit
  rather than sometimes being marked as 8bit.

- Issue #8330: Fix expected output in test_gdb.

- Issue #8374: Update the internal alias table in the :mod:`locale` module to
  cover recent locale changes and additions.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- Issue #8644: Improved accuracy of ``timedelta.total_seconds()``.

- Use Clang 2.7's static analyzer to find places to clean up some code.

- Build the ossaudio extension on GNU/kFreeBSD.

- On Windows, ctypes does no longer check the stack before and after calling a
  foreign function.  This allows to use the unmodified libffi library.

Tests
-----

- Issue #8672: Add a zlib test ensuring that an incomplete stream can be handled
  by a decompressor object without errors (it returns incomplete uncompressed
  data).

- Issue #8490: asyncore now has a more solid test suite which actually tests its
  API.

- Issue #8576: Remove use of find_unused_port() in test_smtplib and
  test_multiprocessing.  Patch by Paul Moore.

- Issue #7449: Fix many tests to support Python compiled without thread support.
  Patches written by Jerry Seutter.

- Issue #8108: test_ftplib's non-blocking SSL server now has proper handling of
  SSL shutdowns.

Build
-----

- Issue #8625: Turn off optimization in ``--with-pydebug`` builds with gcc.
  (Optimization was unintentionally turned on in gcc --with-pydebug builds in
  2.7 beta1 as a result of the issue #1628484 fix, combined with autoconf's
  strange choice of default CFLAGS produced by AC_PROG_CC for gcc.)

- Issue #8509: Fix quoting in help strings and code snippets in configure.in.

- Issue #3646: It is now easily possible to install a Python framework into your
  home directory on Mac OS X, see Mac/README for more information.

- Issue #8510: Update to autoconf 2.65.

Misc
----

- Update the Vim syntax highlight file.


What's New in Python 2.7 beta 1?
================================

*Release date: 2010-04-10*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Issue #7301: Add environment variable $PYTHONWARNINGS.

- Issue #8329: Don't return the same lists from select.select when no fds are
  changed.

- Issue #8259: ``1L << (2**31)`` no longer produces an 'outrageous shift error'
  on 64-bit machines.  The shift count for either left or right shift is
  permitted to be up to sys.maxsize.

- Ensure that tokenization of identifiers is not affected by locale.

- Issue #1222585: Added LDCXXSHARED for C++ support.  Patch by Arfrever.

- Raise a TypeError when trying to delete a T_STRING_INPLACE struct member.

- Issue #7994: Issue a PendingDeprecationWarning if object.__format__ is called
  with a non-empty format string. This is an effort to future-proof user
  code. If a derived class does not currently implement __format__ but later
  adds its own __format__, it would most likely break user code that had
  supplied a format string. This will be changed to a DeprecationWarning in
  Python 3.3 and it will be an error in Python 3.4.

- Issue #8268: Old-style classes (not just instances) now support weak
  references.

- Issue #8211: Save/restore CFLAGS around AC_PROG_CC in configure.in, in case it
  is set.

- Issue #1583863: An unicode subclass can now override the __unicode__ method

- Issue #6474: Make error message from passing an inadequate number of keyword
  arguments to a function correct.

- Issue #8164: Don't allow lambda functions to have a docstring.

- Issue #3137: Don't ignore errors at startup, especially a keyboard interrupt
  (SIGINT).  If an error occurs while importing the site module, the error is
  printed and Python exits.  Initialize the GIL before importing the site
  module.

- Code objects now support weak references.

Library
-------

- Issue #5277: Fix quote counting when parsing RFC 2231 encoded parameters.

- Issue #8321: Give access to OpenSSL version numbers from the `ssl` module,
  using the new attributes `ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION`, `ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO` and
  `ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER`.

- Issue #8310: Allow dis to examine new style classes.

- Issue #8257: The Decimal construct now accepts a float instance directly,
  converting that float to a Decimal of equal value:

     >>> Decimal(1.1)
     Decimal('1.100000000000000088817841970012523233890533447265625')

- collections.Counter() now supports a subtract() method.

- The functools module now has a total_ordering() class decorator to simplify
  the specification of rich comparisons.

- The functools module also adds cmp_to_key() as a tool to transition old-style
  comparison functions to new-style key-functions.

- Issue #8294: The Fraction constructor now accepts Decimal and float instances
  directly.

- Issue #7279: Comparisons involving a Decimal signaling NaN now signal
  InvalidOperation instead of returning False.  (Comparisons involving a quiet
  NaN are unchanged.)  Also, Decimal quiet NaNs are now hashable; Decimal
  signaling NaNs remain unhashable.

- Issue #2531: Comparison operations between floats and Decimal instances now
  return a result based on the numeric values of the operands; previously they
  returned an arbitrary result based on the relative ordering of id(float) and
  id(Decimal).

- Issue #8233: When run as a script, py_compile.py optionally takes a single
  argument `-` which tells it to read files to compile from stdin.  Each line is
  read on demand and the named file is compiled immediately.  (Original patch by
  Piotr Ożarowski).

- Issue #3135: Add ``inspect.getcallargs()``, which binds arguments to a
  function like a normal call.

- Backwards incompatible change: Unicode codepoints line tabulation (0x0B) and
  form feed (0x0C) are now considered linebreaks, as specified in Unicode
  Standard Annex #14.  See issue #7643.  http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr14/

- Comparisons using one of <, <=, >, >= between a complex instance and a
  Fractions instance now raise TypeError instead of returning True/False.  This
  makes Fraction <=> complex comparisons consistent with int <=> complex, float
  <=> complex, and complex <=> complex comparisons.

- Addition of ``WeakSet`` to the ``weakref`` module.

- logging: Added LOG_FTP to SysLogHandler and updated documentation.

- Issue #8205: Remove the "Modules" directory from sys.path when Python is
  running from the build directory (POSIX only).

- Issue #7667: Fix doctest failures with non-ASCII paths.

- Issue #7512: shutil.copystat() could raise an OSError when the filesystem
  didn't support chflags() (for example ZFS under FreeBSD).  The error is now
  silenced.

- Issue #7703: ctypes supports both buffer() and memoryview().  The former is
  deprecated.

- Issue #7860: platform.uname now reports the correct 'machine' type when Python
  is running in WOW64 mode on 64 bit Windows.

- logging: Added getChild utility method to Logger and added isEnabledFor method
  to LoggerAdapter.

- Issue #8201: logging: Handle situation of non-ASCII and Unicode logger names
  existing at the same time, causing a Unicode error when configuration code
  attempted to sort the existing loggers.

- Issue #8200: logging: Handle errors when multiprocessing is not fully loaded
  when logging occurs.

- Issue #3890, #8222: Fix recv() and recv_into() on non-blocking SSL sockets.
  Also, enable the SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY flag on SSL sockets, so that blocking
  reads and writes are always retried by OpenSSL itself.

- Issue #8179: Fix macpath.realpath() on a non-existing path.

- Issue #8024: Update the Unicode database to 5.2.

- Issue #8104: socket.recv_into() and socket.recvfrom_into() now support writing
  into objects supporting the new buffer API, for example bytearrays or
  memoryviews.

- Issue #4961: Inconsistent/wrong result of askyesno function in tkMessageBox
  with Tcl/Tk-8.5.

- Issue #8140: Extend compileall to compile single files.  Add -i option.

- Issue #7356: ctypes.util: Make parsing of ldconfig output independent of the
  locale.

- Issue #7774: Set sys.executable to an empty string if ``argv[0]`` has been set
  to an non existent program name and Python is unable to retrieve the real
  program name.

- Issue #8117: logging: Improved algorithm for computing initial rollover time
  for ``TimedRotatingFileHandler`` by using the modification time of an existing
  log file to compute the next rollover time.  If the log file does not exist,
  the current time is used as the basis for the computation.

- Issue #6472: The ``xml.etree`` package is updated to ElementTree 1.3.  The
  cElementTree module is updated too.

- Issue #7880: Fix sysconfig when the python executable is a symbolic link.

- Issue #7624: Fix ``isinstance(foo(), collections.Callable)`` for old-style
  classes.

- Issue #7143: email: ``get_payload()`` used to strip any trailing newline from
  a base64 transfer-encoded payload *after* decoding it; it no longer does.
  This is a behavior change, so email's minor version number is now bumped, to
  version 4.0.2, for the 2.7 release.

- Issue #8235: _socket: Add the constant ``SO_SETFIB``.  SO_SETFIB is
  a socket option available on FreeBSD 7.1 and newer.

- Issue #8038: unittest.TestCase.assertNotRegexpMatches

- Addition of -b command line option to unittest for buffering stdout / stderr
  during test runs.

- Issue #1220212: Added os.kill support for Windows, including support for
  sending CTRL+C and CTRL+BREAK events to console subprocesses.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- Issue #8314: Fix unsigned long long bug in libffi on Sparc v8.

- Issue #1039, #8154: Fix os.execlp() crash with missing 2nd argument.

- Issue #8156: bsddb module updated to version 4.8.4.
  http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm#bsddb3-4.8.4.  This update drops
  support for Berkeley DB 4.0, and adds support for 4.8.

- Issue #3928: os.mknod() now available in Solaris, also.

- Issue #8142: Update libffi to the 3.0.9 release.

- Issue #8300: When passing a non-integer argument to struct.pack with any
  integer format code, struct.pack first attempts to convert the non-integer
  using its __index__ method.  If that method is non-existent or raises
  TypeError it goes on to try the __int__ method, as described below.

- Issue #1530559: When passing a non-integer argument to struct.pack with *any*
  integer format code (one of 'bBhHiIlLqQ'), struct.pack attempts to use the
  argument's __int__ method to convert to an integer before packing.  It also
  produces a DeprecationWarning in this case.  (In Python 2.6, the behaviour was
  inconsistent: __int__ was used for some integer codes but not for others, and
  the set of integer codes for which it was used differed between native packing
  and standard packing.)

- Issue #7347: _winreg: Add CreateKeyEx and DeleteKeyEx, as well as fix a bug in
  the return value of QueryReflectionKey.

Tools/Demos
-----------

- Issue #7993: Add a test of IO packet processing bandwidth to ccbench.  It
  measures the number of UDP packets processed per second depending on the
  number of background CPU-bound Python threads.

- python-config now supports multiple options on the same command line.

Build
-----

- Issue #8032: For gdb7, a python-gdb.py file is added to the build, allowing to
  use advanced gdb features when debugging Python.

- Issue #1628484: The Makefile doesn't ignore the CFLAGS environment variable
  anymore.  It also forwards the LDFLAGS settings to the linker when building a
  shared library.

- Issue #6716: Quote -x arguments of compileall in MSI installer.

- Issue #7705: Fix linking on FreeBSD.

- Make sure that the FreeBSD build of the included libffi uses the proper
  assembly file.

C-API
-----

- Issue #8276: PyEval_CallObject() is now only available in macro form.  The
  function declaration, which was kept for backwards compatibility reasons, is
  now removed (the macro was introduced in 1997!).

- Issue #7992: A replacement PyCObject API, PyCapsule, has been backported from
  Python 3.1.  All existing Python CObjects in the main distribution have been
  converted to capsules.  To address backwards-compatibility concerns,
  PyCObject_AsVoidPtr() was changed to understand capsules.

Tests
-----

- Issue #3864: Skip three test_signal tests on freebsd6 because they fail if any
  thread was previously started, most likely due to a platform bug.

- Issue #8348: Fix test ftp url in test_urllib2net.

- Issue #8204: Fix test_ttk notebook test by forcing focus.

- Issue #8344: Fix test_ttk bug on FreeBSD.

- Issue #8193: Fix test_zlib failure with zlib 1.2.4.

- Issue #8248: Add some tests for the bool type.  Patch by Gregory Nofi.

- Issue #8263: Now regrtest.py will report a failure if it receives a
  KeyboardInterrupt (SIGINT).

- Issue #8180 and #8207: Fix test_pep277 on OS X and add more tests for special
  Unicode normalization cases.

- Issue #7783: test.test_support.open_urlresource invalidates the outdated files
  from the local cache.


What's New in Python 2.7 alpha 4?
=================================

*Release date: 2010-03-06*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Issue #7544: Preallocate thread memory before creating the thread to avoid a
  fatal error in low memory condition.

- Issue #7820: The parser tokenizer restores all bytes in the right if the BOM
  check fails.

- Issue #7309: Fix unchecked attribute access when converting
  UnicodeEncodeError, UnicodeDecodeError, and UnicodeTranslateError to strings.

- Issue #7649: "u'%c' % char" now behaves like "u'%s' % char" and raises a
  UnicodeDecodeError if 'char' is a byte string that can't be decoded using the
  default encoding.

- Issue #6902: Fix problem with built-in types format incorrectly with 0
  padding.

- Issue #2560: Remove an unnecessary 'for' loop from ``my_fgets()`` in
  Parser/myreadline.c.

- Issue #7988: Fix default alignment to be right aligned for
  ``complex.__format__``.  Now it matches other numeric types.

- Issue #5211: The complex type no longer uses implicit coercion in mixed-type
  binary arithmetic operations.

Library
-------

- Issue #7904: Changes to urllib.parse.urlsplit to handle schemes as defined by
  RFC3986. Anything before :// is considered a scheme and is followed by an
  authority (or netloc) and by '/' led path, which is optional.

- Issue #1555570: email no longer inserts extra blank lines when a \r\n
  combo crosses an 8192 byte boundary.

- Issue #6906: Tk should not set Unicode environment variables on Windows.

- Issue #1054943: Fix ``unicodedata.normalize('NFC', text)`` for the Public
  Review Issue #29 (http://unicode.org/review/pr-29.html).

- Issue #7494: Fix a crash in ``_lsprof`` (cProfile) after clearing the profiler,
  reset also the pointer to the current pointer context.

- Issue #7232: Add support for the context manager protocol to the
  ``tarfile.TarFile`` class.

- Issue #7250: Fix info leak of os.environ across multi-run uses of
  ``wsgiref.handlers.CGIHandler``.

- Issue #1729305: Fix doctest to handle encode error with "backslashreplace".

- Issue #691291: ``codecs.open()`` should not convert end of lines on reading
  and writing.

- Issue #7975: Correct regression in dict methods supported by bsddb.dbshelve.

- Issue #7959: ctypes callback functions are now registered correctly with the
  cycle garbage collector.

- Issue #7970: ``email.Generator.flatten`` now correctly flattens
  message/rfc822 messages parsed by ``email.Parser.HeaderParser``.

- Issue #3426: ``os.path.abspath`` now returns unicode when its arg is unicode.

- Issue #7633: In the decimal module, ``Context`` class methods (with the
  exception of canonical and is_canonical) now accept instances of int and long
  wherever a Decimal instance is accepted, and implicitly convert that argument
  to Decimal.  Previously only some arguments were converted.

- Issue #6003: Add an argument to ``zipfile.Zipfile.writestr`` to specify the
  compression type.

- Issue #7893: ``unittest.TextTestResult`` is made public and a ``resultclass``
  argument added to the TextTestRunner constructor allowing a different result
  class to be used without having to subclass.

- Issue #7588: ``unittest.TextTestResult.getDescription`` now includes the test
  name in failure reports even if the test has a docstring.

- Issue #5801: Remove spurious empty lines in wsgiref.

- Issue #1537721: Add a ``writeheader()`` method to ``csv.DictWriter``.

- Issue #7427: Improve the representation of httplib.BadStatusLine exceptions.

- Issue #7481: When a ``threading.Thread`` failed to start it would leave the
  instance stuck in initial state and present in ``threading.enumerate()``.

- Issue #1068268: The subprocess module now handles EINTR in internal
  ``os.waitpid()`` and ``os.read()`` system calls where appropriate.

- Issue #6729: Add ``ctypes.c_ssize_t`` to represent ssize_t.

- Issue #6247: The argparse module has been added to the standard library.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- The sqlite3 module was updated to pysqlite 2.6.0.  This fixes several obscure
  bugs and allows loading SQLite extensions from shared libraries.

- Issue #7808: Fix reference leaks in _bsddb and related tests.

- Issue #6544: Fix a reference leak in the kqueue implementation's error
  handling.

- Stop providing crtassem.h symbols when compiling with Visual Studio 2010, as
  msvcr100.dll is not a platform assembly anymore.

- Issue #7242: On Solaris 9 and earlier calling ``os.fork()`` from within a
  thread could raise an incorrect RuntimeError about not holding the import
  lock.  The import lock is now reinitialized after fork.

- Issue #7999: ``os.setreuid()`` and ``os.setregid()`` would refuse to accept a
  -1 parameter on some platforms such as OS X.

Tests
-----

- Issue #7849: The utility ``test.test_support.check_warnings()`` verifies if
  warnings are effectively raised.  A new utility ``check_py3k_warnings()`` is
  available.

- The four path modules (genericpath, macpath, ntpath, posixpath) share a
  common TestCase for some tests: test_genericpath.CommonTest.

- Print platform information when running the whole test suite, or using the
  ``--verbose`` flag.

- Issue #767675: Enable test_pep277 on POSIX platforms with Unicode-friendly
  filesystem encoding.

- Issue #6292: For the moment at least, the test suite runs cleanly if python
  is run with the -OO flag.  Tests requiring docstrings are skipped.

- Issue #7712: test_support gained a new ``temp_cwd`` context manager which is
  now also used by regrtest to run all the tests in a temporary directory.  The
  original CWD is saved in ``test.test_support.SAVEDCWD``.  Thanks to Florent
  Xicluna who helped with the patch.

Build
-----

- Issue #3920, #7903: Define _BSD_SOURCE on OpenBSD 4.4 through 4.9.


What's New in Python 2.7 alpha 3?
=================================

*Release date: 2010-02-06*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Issue #5677: Explicitly forbid write operations on read-only file objects,
  and read operations on write-only file objects.  On Windows, the system C
  library would return a bogus result; on Solaris, it was possible to crash the
  interpreter.  Patch by Stefan Krah.

- Issue #7853: Normalize exceptions before they are passed to a context
  manager's ``__exit__()`` method.

- Issue #7385: Fix a crash in ``PyMemoryView_FromObject()`` when
  ``PyObject_GetBuffer()`` fails.  Patch by Florent Xicluna.

- Issue #7819: Check ``sys.call_tracing()`` arguments types.

- Issue #7788: Fix an interpreter crash produced by deleting a list slice with
  very large step value.

- Issue #7766: Change ``sys.getwindowsversion()`` return value to a named tuple
  and add the additional members returned in an OSVERSIONINFOEX structure.  The
  new members are service_pack_major, service_pack_minor, suite_mask, and
  product_type.

- Issue #7561: Operations on empty bytearrays (such as ``int(bytearray())``)
  could crash in many places because of the ``PyByteArray_AS_STRING()`` macro
  returning NULL.  The macro now returns a statically allocated empty string
  instead.

- Issue #7622: Improve the split(), rsplit(), splitlines() and replace()
  methods of bytes, bytearray and unicode objects by using a common
  implementation based on stringlib's fast search.  Patch by Florent Xicluna.

- Issue #7632: Fix various str -> float conversion bugs present in 2.7 alpha 2,
  including:

  (1) a serious 'wrong output' bug that could occur for long (> 40 digit) input
      strings,
  (2) a crash in dtoa.c that occurred in debug builds when parsing certain long
      numeric strings corresponding to subnormal values,
  (3) a memory leak for some values large enough to cause overflow, and
  (4) a number of flaws that could lead to incorrectly rounded results.

- Issue #7319, #7770: Silence ``DeprecationWarning`` by default when the -3
  option is not used.

- Issue #2335: Backport set literals syntax from Python 3.x.

- Issue #2333: Backport set and dict comprehensions syntax from Python 3.x.

- Issue #1967: Backport dictionary views from Python 3.x.

Library
-------

- Issue #9137: Fix issue in MutableMapping.update, which incorrectly
  treated keyword arguments called 'self' or 'other' specially.

- Issue #7835: shelve should no longer produce mysterious warnings during
  interpreter shutdown.

- Issue #2746: Don't escape ampersands and angle brackets ("&", "<", ">") in
  XML processing instructions and comments.  These raw characters are allowed
  by the XML specification, and are necessary when outputting e.g.  PHP code in
  a processing instruction.  Patch by Neil Muller.

- Issue #7869: logging: Improved diagnostic for format-time errors.

- Issue #7868: logging: Added loggerClass attribute to Manager.

- Issue #7851: logging: Clarification on logging configuration files.

- Issue #4772: Raise a ValueError when an unknown Bluetooth protocol is
  specified, rather than fall through to AF_PACKET (in the ``socket`` module).
  Also, raise ValueError rather than TypeError when an unknown TIPC address
  type is specified.  Patch by Brian Curtin.

- logging: Implemented PEP 391.

- Issue #6939: Fix file I/O objects in the `io` module to keep the original
  file position when calling `truncate()`.  It would previously change the file
  position to the given argument, which goes against the tradition of
  ftruncate() and other truncation APIs.  Patch by Pascal Chambon.

- Issue #7610: Reworked implementation of the internal ``zipfile.ZipExtFile``
  class used to represent files stored inside an archive.  The new
  implementation is significantly faster and can be wrapped in a
  ``io.BufferedReader`` object for more speedups.  It also solves an issue
  where interleaved calls to ``read()`` and ``readline()`` give wrong results.
  Patch by Nir Aides.

- Issue #7792: Registering non-classes to ABCs raised an obscure error.

- Removed the deprecated functions ``verify()`` and ``vereq()`` from
  Lib/test/test_support.py.

- Issue #7773: Fix an UnboundLocalError in ``platform.linux_distribution()``
  when the release file is empty.

- Issue #7748: Since unicode values are supported for some metadata options in
  Distutils, the DistributionMetadata get_* methods will now return an utf-8
  encoded string for them.  This ensures that the upload and register commands
  send the correct values to PyPI without any error.

- Issue #1670765: Prevent ``email.generator.Generator`` from re-wrapping
  headers in multipart/signed MIME parts, which fixes one of the sources of
  invalid modifications to such parts by Generator.

- Issue #7701: Fix crash in ``binascii.b2a_uu()`` in debug mode when given a
  1-byte argument.  Patch by Victor Stinner.

- Issue #3299: Fix possible crash in the _sre module when given bad argument
  values in debug mode.  Patch by Victor Stinner.

- Issue #7703: Add support for the new buffer API to functions of the binascii
  module.  Backported from py3k by Florent Xicluna, with some additional tests.

- Issue #2846: Add support for gzip.GzipFile reading zero-padded files.  Patch
  by Brian Curtin.

- Issue #5827: Make sure that normpath preserves unicode.  Initial patch by
  Matt Giuca.

- Issue #5372: Drop the reuse of .o files in Distutils' ccompiler (since
  Extension extra options may change the output without changing the .c file).
  Initial patch by Collin Winter.

Extension Modules
-----------------

- Expat: Fix DoS via XML document with malformed UTF-8 sequences
  (CVE_2009_3560).

Build
-----

- Issue #7632: When Py_USING_MEMORY_DEBUGGER is defined, disable the private
  memory allocation scheme in dtoa.c and use PyMem_Malloc and PyMem_Free
  instead.  Also disable caching of powers of 5.

- Issue #7658: Ensure that the new pythonw executable works on OSX 10.4

- Issue #7714: Use ``gcc -dumpversion`` to detect the version of GCC on
  MacOSX.

- Issue #7661: Allow ctypes to be built from a non-ASCII directory path.
  Patch by Florent Xicluna.

Tools/Demos
-----------

- iobench (a file I/O benchmark) and ccbench (a concurrency benchmark) were
  added to the ``Tools`` directory.  They were previously living in the
  sandbox.

Tests
-----

- issue #7728: test_timeout was changed to use ``test_support.bind_port()``
  instead of a hard coded port.

Documentation
-------------

- Updated "Using Python" documentation to include description of CPython's -J,
  -U and -X options.

- Updated Python manual page (options -B, -O0, -s, environment variables
  PYTHONDONTWRITEBYTECODE, PYTHONNOUSERSITE).


What's New in Python 2.7 alpha 2?
=================================

*Release date: 2010-01-09*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- The ``__complex__()`` method is now looked up on the class of instances to
  make it consistent with other special methods.

- Issue #7462: Implement the stringlib fast search algorithm for the `rfind`,
  `rindex`, `rsplit` and `rpartition` methods.  Patch by Florent Xicluna.

- Issue #5080: A number of functions and methods previously produced a
  DeprecationWarning when passed a float argument where an integer was expected.
  These functions and methods now raise TypeError instead.  The majority of the
  effects of this change are in the extension modules, but some core functions
  and methods are affected: notably the 'chr', 'range' and 'xrange' builtins,
  and many unicode/str methods.

- Issue #7604: Deleting an unset slotted attribute did not raise an
  AttributeError.

- Issue #7534: Fix handling of IEEE specials (infinities, nans, negative zero)
  in ** operator.  The behaviour now conforms to that described in C99 Annex F.

- Issue #7579: The msvcrt module now has docstrings for all its functions.

- Issue #7413: Passing '\0' as the separator to datetime.datetime.isoformat()
  used to drop the time part of the result.

- Issue #1811: Improve accuracy and cross-platform consistency for true division
  of integers: the result of a/b is now correctly rounded for ints a and b (at
  least on IEEE 754 platforms), and in particular does not depend on the
  internal representation of a long.

- Issue #6108: ``unicode(exception)`` and ``str(exception)`` should return the
  same message when only ``__str__()`` (and not ``__unicode__()``) is overridden
  in the subclass.

- Issue #6834: Replace the implementation for the 'python' and 'pythonw'
  executables on OSX.

  These executables now work properly with the arch(1) command: ``arch -ppc
  python`` will start a universal binary version of python in PPC mode (unlike
  previous releases).

- Issue #1680159: Unicode coercion during an 'in' operation no longer masks the
  underlying error when the coercion fails for the left hand operand.

- Issue #7491: Metaclass's __cmp__ method was ignored.

- Issue #7466: Segmentation fault when the garbage collector is called in the
  middle of populating a tuple.  Patch by Florent Xicluna.


Library
-------

- Issue #6963: Added "maxtasksperchild" argument to ``multiprocessing.Pool``,
  allowing for a maximum number of tasks within the pool to be completed by the
  worker before that worker is terminated, and a new one created to replace it.

- Issue #7617: Make sure distutils.unixccompiler.UnixCCompiler recognizes gcc
  when it has a fully qualified configuration prefix.  Initial patch by
  Arfrever.

- Issue #7092: Remove py3k warning when importing cPickle.  2to3 handles
  renaming of `cPickle` to `pickle`.  The warning was annoying since there's no
  alternative to cPickle if you care about performance.  Patch by Florent
  Xicluna.

- Issue #7455: Fix possible crash in cPickle on invalid input.  Patch by Victor
  Stinner.

- Issue #7092: Fix the DeprecationWarnings emitted by the standard library when
  using the -3 flag.  Patch by Florent Xicluna.

- Issue #7471: Improve the performance of GzipFile's buffering mechanism, and
  make it implement the ``io.BufferedIOBase`` ABC to allow for further speedups
  by wrapping it in an ``io.BufferedReader``.  Patch by Nir Aides.

- Issue #3972: ``httplib.HTTPConnection`` now accepts an optional source_address
  parameter to allow specifying where your connections come from.

- ``socket.create_connection()`` now accepts an optional source_address
  parameter.

- Issue #5511: ``zipfile.ZipFile`` can now be used as a context manager.
  Initial patch by Brian Curtin.

- Distutils now correctly identifies the build architecture as "x86_64" when
  building on OSX 10.6 without "-arch" flags.

- Issue #7556: Distutils' msvc9compiler now opens the MSVC Manifest file in text
  mode.

- Issue #7552: Removed line feed in the base64 Authorization header in the
  Distutils upload command to avoid an error when PyPI reads it.  This occurs on
  long passwords.  Initial patch by JP St. Pierre.

- Issue #7231: urllib2 cannot handle https with proxy requiring auth.  Patch by
  Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa.

- Issue #7349: Make methods of file objects in the io module accept None as an
  argument where file-like objects (ie StringIO and BytesIO) accept them to mean
  the same as passing no argument.

- Issue #7348: ``StringIO.StringIO.readline(-1)`` now acts as if it got no
  argument like other file objects.

- Issue #7357: tarfile no longer suppresses fatal extraction errors by default.

- Issue #7470: logging: Fix bug in Unicode encoding fallback.

- Issue #5949: Fixed IMAP4_SSL hang when the IMAP server response is missing
  proper end-of-line termination.

- Issue #7457: Added a read_pkg_file method to
  ``distutils.dist.DistributionMetadata``.

- Issue #3745: Undo the 2.7a1 change to have hashlib to reject unicode and non
  buffer API supporting objects as input.  That behavior is for 3.x only.

C-API
-----

- Issue #7767: New function ``PyLong_AsLongLongAndOverflow()`` added, analogous
  to ``PyLong_AsLongAndOverflow()``.

- Issue #5080: The argument parsing functions ``PyArg_ParseTuple()``,
  ``PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords()``, ``PyArg_VaParse()``,
  ``PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords()`` and ``PyArg_Parse()`` no longer accept
  float arguments for integer format codes (other than 'L'): previously an
  attempt to pass a float resulted in a DeprecationWarning; now it gives a
  TypeError.  For the 'L' format code (which previously had no warning) there is
  now a DeprecationWarning.

- Issue #7033: Function ``PyErr_NewExceptionWithDoc()`` added.

Build
-----

- Issue #6491: Allow --with-dbmliborder to specify that no dbms will be built.

- Issue #6943: Use pkg-config to find the libffi headers when the
  ``--with-system-ffi`` flag is used.

- Issue #7609: Add a ``--with-system-expat`` option that causes the system's
  expat library to be used for the pyexpat module instead of the one included
  with Python.

- Issue #7589: Only build the nis module when the correct header files are
  found.

- Switch to OpenSSL 0.9.8l and sqlite 3.6.21 on Windows.

- Issue #7541: when using ``python-config`` with a framework install the
  compiler might use the wrong library.

Tests
-----

- Issue #7376: Instead of running a self-test (which was failing) when called
  with no arguments, doctest.py now gives a usage message.

- Issue #7396: Fix regrtest -s, which was broken by the -j enhancement.

- Issue #7498: test_multiprocessing now uses test_support.find_unused_port
  instead of a hardcoded port number in test_rapid_restart.


What's New in Python 2.7 alpha 1
================================

*Release date: 2009-12-05*

Core and Builtins
-----------------

- Issue #7419: ``locale.setlocale()`` could crash the interpreter on Windows
  when called with invalid values.

- Issue #3382: 'F' formatting for float and complex now convert the result to
  upper case.  This only affects 'inf' and 'nan', since 'f' no longer converts
  to 'g' for large values.

- Remove switch from "%f" formatting to "%g" formatting for floats larger than
  1e50 in absolute value.

- Remove restrictions on precision when formatting floats.  E.g., "%.120g" %
  1e-100 used to raise OverflowError, but now gives the requested 120
  significant digits instead.

- Add Py3k warnings for parameter names in parentheses.

- Issue #7362: Give a proper error message for ``def f((x)=3): pass``.

- Issue #7085: Fix crash when importing some extensions in a thread on MacOSX
  10.6.

- Issue #7117: ``repr(x)`` for a float x returns a result based on the shortest
  decimal string that's guaranteed to round back to x under correct rounding
  (with round-half-to-even rounding mode).  Previously it gave a string based on
  rounding x to 17 decimal digits.  repr(x) for a complex number behaves
  similarly.  On platforms where the correctly-rounded strtod and dtoa code is
  not supported (see below), repr is unchanged.

- Issue #7117: On almost all platforms: float-to-string and string-to-float
  conversions within Python are now correctly rounded.  Places these conversions
  occur include: str for floats and complex numbers; the float and complex
  constructors; old-style and new-style numeric formatting; serialization and
  deserialization of floats and complex numbers using marshal, pickle and json;
  parsing of float and imaginary literals in Python code; Decimal-to-float
  conversion.

  The conversions use a Python-adapted version of David Gay's well-known dtoa.c,
  providing correctly-rounded strtod and dtoa C functions.  This code is
  supported on Windows, and on Unix-like platforms using gcc, icc or suncc as
  the C compiler.  There may be a small number of platforms on which correct
  operation of this code cannot be guaranteed, so the code is not used: notably,
  this applies to platforms where the C double format is not IEEE 754 binary64,
  and to platforms on x86 hardware where the x87 FPU is set to 64-bit precision
  and Python's configure script is unable to determine how to change the FPU
  precision.  On these platforms conversions use the platform strtod and dtoa,
  as before.

- Issue #7117: Backport round implementation from Python 3.x.  ``round()`` now
  uses the correctly-rounded string <-> float conversions described above (when
  available), and so produces correctly rounded results that will display nicely
  under the float repr.  There are two related small changes: (1) round now
  accepts any class with an ``__index__()`` method for its second argument (but
  no longer accepts floats for the second argument), and (2) an excessively
  large second integer argument (e.g., ``round(1.234, 10**100)``) no longer
  raises an exception.

- Issue #1757126: Fix the cyrillic-asian alias for the ptcp154 encoding.

- Fix several issues with ``compile()``.  The input can now contain Windows and
  Mac newlines and is no longer required to end in a newline.

- Remove length limitation when constructing a complex number from a unicode
  string.

- Issue #7244: ``itertools.izip_longest()`` no longer ignores exceptions raised
  during the formation of an output tuple.

- Issue #1087418: Boost performance of bitwise operations for longs.

- Issue #1722344: ``threading._shutdown()`` is now called in ``Py_Finalize()``,
  which fixes the problem of some exceptions being thrown at shutdown when the
  interpreter is killed.  Patch by Adam Olsen.

- Issue #7168: Document ``PyFloat_AsString()`` and ``PyFloat_AsReprString()``,
  and note that they are unsafe and deprecated.

- Issue #7120: logging: Remove import of multiprocessing which is causing crash
  in GAE.

- Issue #7140: The ``__dict__`` of a module should not be cleared unless the
  module is the only object holding a reference to it.

- Issue #1754094: Improve the stack depth calculation in the compiler.  There
  should be no other effect than a small decrease in memory use.  Patch by
  Christopher Tur Lesniewski-Laas.

- Issue #7084: Fix a (very unlikely) crash when printing a list from one thread,
  and mutating it from another one.  Patch by Scott Dial.

- Issue #1571184: The Unicode database contains properties for more characters.
  The tables for code points representing numeric values, white spaces or line
  breaks are now generated from the official Unicode Character Database files,
  and include information from the Unihan.txt file.

- Issue #7050: Fix a SystemError when trying to use unpacking and augmented
  assignment.

- Issue #5329: Fix ``os.popen*`` regression from 2.5 with commands as a sequence
  running through the shell.  Patch by Jean-Paul Calderone and Jani Hakala.

- Issue #7019: Raise ValueError when unmarshalling bad long data, instead of
  producing internally inconsistent Python longs.

- Issue #6990: Fix ``threading.local`` subclasses leaving old state around after
  a reference cycle GC which could be recycled by new locals.

- Issue #6300: unicode.encode, unicode.decode, str.decode, and str.encode now
  take keyword arguments.

- Issue #6922: Fix an infinite loop when trying to decode an invalid UTF-32
  stream with a non-raising error handler like "replace" or "ignore".

- Issue #6713: Improve performance of base 10 int -> string and long -> string
  conversions.

- Issue #1590864: Fix potential deadlock when mixing threads and fork().

- Issue #6844: Do not emit DeprecationWarnings when accessing a "message"
  attribute on exceptions that was set explicitly.

- Issue #6846: Fix bug where bytearray.pop() returns negative integers.

- ``classmethod()`` no longer checks if its argument is callable.

- Issue #6750: A text file opened with ``io.open()`` could duplicate its output
  when writing from multiple threads at the same time.

- Issue #6704: Improve the col_offset in AST for "for" statements with a target
  of tuple unpacking.

- Issue #6707: ``dir()`` on an uninitialized module caused a crash.

- Issue #6540: Fixed crash for ``bytearray.translate()`` with invalid parameters.

- Issue #6573: ``set.union()`` stopped processing inputs if an instance of self
  occurred in the argument chain.

- Issue #1616979: Added the cp720 (Arabic DOS) encoding.

- Issue #6070: On posix platforms import no longer copies the execute bit from
  the .py file to the .pyc file if it is set.  Patch by Marco N.

- Issue #4618: When unicode arguments are passed to ``print()``, the default
  separator and end should be unicode also.

- Issue #6119: Fixed an incorrect Py3k warning about order comparisons of
  built-in functions and methods.

- Issue #6347: Include inttypes.h as well as stdint.h in pyport.h.  This fixes a
  build failure on HP-UX: int32_t and uint32_t are defined in inttypes.h instead
  of stdint.h on that platform.

- Issue #4856: Remove checks for win NT.

- Issue #2016: Fixed a crash in a corner case where the dictionary of keyword
  arguments could be modified during the function call setup.

- Removed the ipaddr module.

- Issue #6329: Fixed iteration for memoryview objects (it was being blocked
  because it wasn't recognized as a sequence).

- Issue #6289: Encoding errors from ``compile()`` were being masked.

- When no module is given in a relative import, the module field of the
  ImportFrom AST node is now None instead of an empty string.

- Assignment to None using import statements now raises a SyntaxError.

- Issue #4547: When debugging a very large function, it was not always possible
  to update the lineno attribute of the current frame.

- Issue #5330: C functions called with keyword arguments were not reported by
  the various profiling modules (profile, cProfile).  Patch by Hagen Fürstenau.

- Issue #5982: staticmethod and classmethod now expose the wrapped function with
  ``__func__``.

- Added support for multiple context managers in the same with-statement.
  Deprecated ``contextlib.nested()`` which is no longer needed.

- Issue #6101: A new opcode, SETUP_WITH, has been added to speed up the with
  statement and correctly lookup the __enter__ and __exit__ special methods.

- Issue #5829: complex("1e500") no longer raises OverflowError.  This makes it
  consistent with float("1e500") and interpretation of real and imaginary
  literals.

- Issue #3527: Removed Py_WIN_WIDE_FILENAMES which is not used any more.

- ``__instancecheck__()`` and ``__subclasscheck__()`` are now completely ignored
  on classic classes and instances.

- Issue #5994: The marshal module now has docstrings.

- Issue #5981: Fix three minor inf/nan issues in float.fromhex:

  (1) inf and nan strings with trailing whitespace were incorrectly rejected;
  (2) parsing of strings representing infinities and nans was locale aware; and
  (3) the interpretation of fromhex('-nan') didn't match that of float('-nan').

- Issue #5920: For ``float.__format__()``, change the behavior with the empty
  presentation type (that is, not one of 'e', 'f', 'g', or 'n') to be like 'g'
  but with at least one decimal point and with a default precision
  of 12. Previously, the behavior the same but with a default precision of 6.
  This more closely matches ``str()``, and reduces surprises when adding
  alignment flags to the empty presentation type. This also affects the new
  complex.__format__ in the same way.

- Issue #5890: In subclasses of 'property' the __doc__ attribute was shadowed by
  classtype's, even if it was None.  property now inserts the __doc__ into the
  subclass instance __dict__.

- Issue #4426: The UTF-7 decoder was too strict and didn't accept some legal
  sequences.  Patch by Nick Barnes and Victor Stinner.

- Issue #1588: Add complex.__format__. For example, ``format(complex(1, 2./3),
  '.5')`` now produces a sensible result.

- Issue #5864: Fix empty format code formatting for floats so that it never
  gives more than the requested number of significant digits.

- Issue #5793: Rationalize isdigit / isalpha / tolower, etc. Includes new
  Py_ISDIGIT / Py_ISALPHA / Py_TOLOWER, etc. in pctypes.h.

- Issue #4971: Fix titlecase for characters that are their own titlecase, but
  not their own uppercase.

- Issue #5835: Deprecate PyOS_ascii_formatd and replace it with
  _PyOS_double_to_string or PyOS_double_to_string.

- Issue #5283: Setting __class__ in __del__ caused a segfault.

- Issue #5816: ``complex(repr(z))`` now recovers z exactly, even when z involves
  nans, infs or negative zeros.

- Implement PEP 378, Format Specifier for Thousands Separator, for floats, ints,
  and longs.

- Issue #5515: 'n' formatting for ints, longs, and floats handles leading zero
  formatting poorly.

- Issue #5772: For float.__format__, don't add a trailing ".0" if we're using no
  type code and we have an exponent.

- Issue #3166: Make long -> float (and int -> float) conversions correctly
  rounded.

- Issue #5787: ``object.__getattribute__(some_type, "__bases__")`` segfaulted on
  some built-in types.

- Issue #1869: Fix a couple of minor round() issues.  ``round(5e15+1)`` was
  giving 5e15+2; ``round(-0.0)`` was losing the sign of the zero.

- Issue #5759: float() didn't call __float__ on str subclasses.

- Issue #5704: The "-3" command-line option now implies "-t".

- Issue #2170: Refactored ``xml.dom.minidom.normalize``, increasing both its
  clarity and its speed.

- Issue #2396: The memoryview object was backported from Python 3.1.

- Fix a problem in PyErr_NormalizeException that leads to "undetected errors"
  when hitting the recursion limit under certain circumstances.

- Issue #1665206: Remove the last eager import in _warnings.c and make it lazy.

- Issue #4865: On MacOSX /Library/Python/2.7/site-packages is added to the end
  sys.path, for compatibility with the system install of Python.

- Issue #4688: Add a heuristic so that tuples and dicts containing only
  untrackable objects are not tracked by the garbage collector. This can reduce
  the size of collections and therefore the garbage collection overhead on
  long-running programs, depending on their particular use of datatypes.

- Issue #5512: Rewrite PyLong long division algorithm (x_divrem) to improve its
  performance.  Long divisions and remainder operations are now between 50% and
  150% faster.

- Issue #4258: Make it possible to use base 2**30 instead of base 2**15 for the
  internal representation of integers, for performance reasons.  Base 2**30 is
  enabled by default on 64-bit machines.  Add --enable-big-digits option to
  configure, which overrides the default.  Add sys.long_info structseq to
  provide information about the internal format.

- Issue #4034: Fix weird attribute error messages of the traceback object. (As a
  result traceback.__members__ no longer exists.)

- Issue #4474: PyUnicode_FromWideChar now converts characters outside the BMP to
  surrogate pairs, on systems with sizeof(wchar_t) == 4 and sizeof(Py_UNICODE)
  == 2.

- Issue #5237: Allow auto-numbered fields in str.format(). For example: ``'{}
  {}'.format(1, 2) == '1 2'``.

- Issue #3652: Make the 'line' argument for ``warnings.showwarning()`` a
  requirement.  Means the DeprecationWarning from Python 2.6 can go away.

- Issue #5247: Improve error message when unknown format codes are used when
  using ``str.format()`` with str, unicode, long, int, and float arguments.

- Running Python with the -3 option now also warns about classic division for
  ints and longs.

- Issue #5260: Long integers now consume less memory: average saving is 2 bytes
  per long on a 32-bit system and 6 bytes per long on a 64-bit system.

- Issue #5186: Reduce hash collisions for objects with no __hash__ method by
  rotating the object pointer by 4 bits to the right.

- Issue #4575: Fix Py_IS_INFINITY macro to work correctly on x87 FPUs: it now
  forces its argument to double before testing for infinity.

- Issue #4978: Passing keyword arguments as unicode strings is now allowed.

- Issue #1242657: the __len__() and __length_hint__() calls in several tools
  were suppressing all exceptions.  These include list(), filter(), map(),
  zip(), and bytearray().

- os.ftruncate raises OSErrors instead of IOErrors for consistency with other os
  functions.

- Issue #4991: Passing invalid file descriptors to io.FileIO now raises an
  OSError.

- Issue #4807: Port the _winreg module to Windows CE.

- Issue #4935: The overflow checking code in the expandtabs() method common to
  str, bytes and bytearray could be optimized away by the compiler, letting the