path: root/Doc/doc/doc.tex

\documentclass{howto}
\usepackage{ltxmarkup}

\title{Documenting Python}

\input{boilerplate}

% Now override the stuff that includes author information;
% Guido did *not* write this one!

\author{Fred L. Drake, Jr.}
\authoraddress{
	Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI) \\
	1895 Preston White Drive, Reston, Va 20191, USA \\
	E-mail: \email{fdrake@acm.org}
}


\begin{document}

\maketitle

\begin{abstract}
\noindent
The Python language documentation has a substantial body of
documentation, much of it contributed by various authors.  The markup
used for the Python documentation is based on \LaTeX{} and requires a
significant set of macros written specifically for documenting Python.
This document describes the macros introduced to support Python
documentation and how they should be used to support a wide range of
output formats.

This document describes the document classes and special markup used
in the Python documentation.  Authors may use this guide, in
conjunction with the template files provided with the
distribution, to create or maintain whole documents or sections.
\end{abstract}

\tableofcontents


\section{Introduction}

  Python's documentation has long been considered to be good for a
  free programming language.  There are a number of reasons for this,
  the most important being the early commitment of Python's creator,
  Guido van Rossum, to providing documentation on the language and its
  libraries, and the continuing involvement of the user community in
  providing assistance for creating and maintaining documentation.

  The involvement of the community takes many forms, from authoring to
  bug reports to just plain complaining when the documentation could
  be more complete or easier to use.  All of these forms of input from
  the community have proved useful during the time I've been involved
  in maintaining the documentation.

  This document is aimed at authors and potential authors of
  documentation for Python.  More specifically, it is for people
  contributing to the standard documentation and developing additional
  documents using the same tools as the standard documents.  This
  guide will be less useful for authors using the Python documentation
  tools for topics other than Python, and less useful still for
  authors not using the tools at all.

  The material in this guide is intended to assist authors using the
  Python documentation tools.  It includes information on the source
  distribution of the standard documentation, a discussion of the
  document types, reference material on the markup defined in the
  document classes, a list of the external tools needed for processing
  documents, and reference material on the tools provided with the
  documentation resources.  At the end, there is also a section
  discussing future directions for the Python documentation and where
  to turn for more information.

\section{Directory Structure}

  The source distribution for the standard Python documentation
  contains a large number of directories.  While third-party documents
  do not need to be placed into this structure or need to be placed
  within a similar structure, it can be helpful to know where to look
  for examples and tools when developing new documents using the
  Python documentation tools.  This section describes this directory
  structure.

  The documentation sources are usually placed within the Python
  source distribution as the top-level directory \file{Doc/}, but
  are not dependent on the Python source distribution in any way.

  The \file{Doc/} directory contains a few files and several
  subdirectories.  The files are mostly self-explanatory, including a
  \file{README} and a \file{Makefile}.  The directories fall into
  three categories:

  \begin{definitions}
    \term{Document Sources}
	The \LaTeX{} sources for each document are placed in a
	separate directory.  These directories are given short,
	three-character names:

	\begin{tableii}{p{.75in}|p{3in}}{filenq}{Directory}{Document Title}
	  \lineii{api/}{\citetitle[../api/api.html]{The Python/C API}}
	  \lineii{doc/}{\citetitle[../doc/doc.html]{Documenting Python}}
	  \lineii{ext/}{\citetitle[../ext/ext.html]{Extending and Embedding the Python Interpreter}}
	  \lineii{lib/}{\citetitle[../lib/lib.html]{Python Library Reference}}
	  \lineii{mac/}{\citetitle[../mac/mac.html]{Macintosh Module Reference}}
	  \lineii{ref/}{\citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference Manual}}
	  \lineii{tut/}{\citetitle[../tut/tut.html]{Python Tutorial}}
	\end{tableii}

    \term{Format-Specific Output}
	Most output formats have a directory which contains a
	\file{Makefile} which controls the generation of that format
	and provides storage for the formatted documents.  The only
	variations within this category are the Portable Document
        Format (PDF) and PostScript versions are placed in the
	directories \file{paper-a4/} and \file{paper-letter/} (this
	causes all the temporary files created by \LaTeX{} to be kept
	in the same place for each paper size, where they can be more
	easily ignored).

	\begin{tableii}{p{.75in}|p{3in}}{filenq}{Directory}{Output Formats}
	  \lineii{html/}{HTML output}
	  \lineii{info/}{GNU info output}
	  \lineii{paper-a4/}{PDF and PostScript, A4 paper}
	  \lineii{paper-letter/}{PDF and PostScript, US-Letter paper}
	\end{tableii}

    \term{Supplemental Files}
	Some additional directories are used to store supplemental
	files used for the various processes.  Directories are
	included for the shared \LaTeX{} document classes, the
	\LaTeX2HTML support, template files for various document
	components, and the scripts used to perform various steps in
	the formatting processes.

	\begin{tableii}{p{.75in}|p{3in}}{filenq}{Directory}{Contents}
	  \lineii{perl/}{Support for \LaTeX2HTML processing}
	  \lineii{templates/}{Example files for source documents}
	  \lineii{texinputs/}{Style implementation for \LaTeX}
	  \lineii{tools/}{Custom processing scripts}
	\end{tableii}

  \end{definitions}


\section{\LaTeX{} Primer \label{latex-primer}}

  This section is a brief introduction to \LaTeX{} concepts and
  syntax, to provide authors enough information to author documents
  productively without having to become ``\TeX{}nicians.''

  Perhaps the most important concept to keep in mind while marking up
  Python documentation is the while \TeX{} is unstructured, \LaTeX{} was
  designed as a layer on top of \TeX{} which specifically supports 
  structured markup.  The Python-specific markup is intended to extend
  the structure provided by standard \LaTeX{} document classes to
  support additional information specific to Python.

  \LaTeX{} documents contain two parts: the preamble and the body.
  The preamble is used to specify certain metadata about the document
  itself, such as the title, the list of authors, the date, and the
  \emph{class} the document belongs to.  Additional information used
  to control index generation and the use of bibliographic databases
  can also be placed in the preamble.  For most authors, the preamble
  can be most easily created by copying it from an existing document
  and modifying a few key pieces of information.

  The \dfn{class} of a document is used to place a document within a
  broad category of documents and set some fundamental formatting
  properties.  For Python documentation, two classes are used: the
  \code{manual} class and the \code{howto} class.  These classes also
  define the additional markup used to document Python concepts and
  structures.  Specific information about these classes is provided in
  section \ref{classes}, ``Document Classes,'' below.  The first thing
  in the preamble is the declaration of the document's class.

  After the class declaration, a number of \emph{macros} are used to
  provide further information about the document and setup any
  additional markup that is needed.  No output is generated from the
  preamble; it is an error to include free text in the preamble
  because it would cause output.

  The document body follows the preamble.  This contains all the
  printed components of the document marked up structurally.  

  XXX This section will discuss what the markup looks like, and
   explain the difference between an environment and a macro.


\section{Document Classes \label{classes}}

  Two \LaTeX{} document classes are defined specifically for use with
  the Python documentation.  The \code{manual} class is for large
  documents which are sectioned into chapters, and the \code{howto}
  class is for smaller documents.

  The \code{manual} documents are larger and are used for most of the
  standard documents.  This document class is based on the standard
  \LaTeX{} \code{report} class and is formatted very much like a long
  technical report.  The \citetitle[../ref/ref.html]{Python Reference
  Manual} is a good example of a \code{manual} document, and the
  \citetitle[../lib/lib.html]{Python Library Reference} is a large
  example.

  The \code{howto} documents are shorter, and don't have the large
  structure of the \code{manual} documents.  This class is based on
  the standard \LaTeX{} \code{article} class and is formatted somewhat
  like the Linux Documentation Project's ``HOWTO'' series as done
  originally using the LinuxDoc software.  The original intent for the
  document class was that it serve a similar role as the LDP's HOWTO
  series, but the applicability of the class turns out to be somewhat
  more broad.  This class is used for ``how-to'' documents (this
  document is an example) and for shorter reference manuals for small,
  fairly cohesive module libraries.  Examples of the later use include
  the standard \citetitle[../mac/mac.html]{Macintosh Library Modules}
  and
\citetitle[http://starship.python.org/crew/fdrake/manuals/krb5py/krb5py.html]{Using
  Kerberos from Python}, which contains reference material for an
  extension package.  These documents are roughly equivalent to a
  single chapter from a larger work.


\section{Special Markup Constructs}

  The Python document classes define a lot of new environments and
  macros.  This section contains the reference material for these
  facilities.

  \subsection{Information Units \label{info-units}}

    XXX Explain terminology, or come up with something more ``lay.''

    There are a number of environments used to describe specific
    features provided by modules.  Each environment requires
    parameters needed to provide basic information about what is being
    described, and the environment content should be the description.
    Most of these environments make entries in the general index (if
    one is being produced for the document); if no index entry is
    desired, non-indexing variants are available for many of these
    environments.  The environments have names of the form
    \code{\var{feature}desc}, and the non-indexing variants are named
    \code{\var{feature}descni}.  The available variants are explicitly
    included in the list below.

    For each of these environments, the first parameter, \var{name},
    provides the name by which the feature is accessed.

    Environments which describe features of objects within a module,
    such as object methods or data attributes, allow an optional
    \var{type name} parameter.  When the feature is an attribute of
    class instances, \var{type name} only needs to be given if the
    class was not the most recently described class in the module; the
    \var{name} value from the most recent \env{classdesc} is implied.
    For features of built-in or extension types, the \var{type name}
    value should always be provided.  Another special case includes
    methods and members of general ``protocols,'' such as the
    formatter and writer protocols described for the
    \module{formatter} module: these may be documented without any
    specific implementation classes, and will always require the
    \var{type name} parameter to be provided.

    \begin{envdesc}{datadesc}{\p{name}}
      This environment is used to document global data in a module,
      including both variables and values used as ``defined
      constants.''  Class and object attributes are not documented
      using this environment.
    \end{envdesc}
    \begin{envdesc}{datadescni}{\p{name}}
      Like \env{datadesc}, but without creating any index entries.
    \end{envdesc}

    \begin{envdesc}{excdesc}{\p{name}}
      Describe an exception.  This may be either a string exception or
      a class exception.
    \end{envdesc}

    \begin{envdesc}{funcdesc}{\p{name}\p{parameters}}
      Describe a module-level function.  \var{parameters} should
      not include the parentheses used in the call syntax.  Object
      methods are not documented using this environment.  Bound object
      methods placed in the module namespace as part of the public
      interface of the module are documented using this, as they are
      equivalent to normal functions for most purposes.

      The description should include information about the parameters
      required and how they are used (especially whether mutable
      objects passed as parameters are modified), side effects, and
      possible exceptions.  A small example may be provided.
    \end{envdesc}
    \begin{envdesc}{funcdescni}{\p{name}\p{parameters}}
      Like \env{funcdesc}, but without creating any index entries.
    \end{envdesc}

    \begin{envdesc}{classdesc}{\p{name}\p{constructor parameters}}
      Describe a class and its constructor.  \var{constructor
      parameters} should not include the \var{self} parameter or
      the parentheses used in the call syntax.
    \end{envdesc}

    \begin{envdesc}{memberdesc}{\op{type name}\p{name}}
      Describe an object data attribute.  The description should
      include information about the type of the data to be expected
      and whether it may be changed directly.
    \end{envdesc}
    \begin{envdesc}{memberdescni}{\op{type name}\p{name}}
      Like \env{memberdesc}, but without creating any index entries.
    \end{envdesc}

    \begin{envdesc}{methoddesc}{\op{type name}\p{name}\p{parameters}}
      Describe an object method.  \var{parameters} should not include
      the \var{self} parameter or the parentheses used in the call
      syntax.  The description should include similar information to
      that described for \env{funcdesc}.
    \end{envdesc}
    \begin{envdesc}{methoddescni}{\op{type name}\p{name}\p{parameters}}
      Like \env{methoddesc}, but without creating any index entries.
    \end{envdesc}


  \subsection{Showing Code Examples}

    Examples of Python source code or interactive sessions are
    represented as \env{verbatim} environments.  This environment
    is a standard part of \LaTeX{}.  It is important to only use
    spaces for indentation in code examples since \TeX{} drops tabs
    instead of converting them to spaces.

    Representing an interactive session requires including the prompts
    and output along with the Python code.  No special markup is
    required for interactive sessions.

    Within the \env{verbatim} environment, characters special to
    \LaTeX{} do not need to be specially marked in any way.  The entire
    example will be presented in a monospaced font; no attempt at
    ``pretty-printing'' is made, as the environment must work for
    non-Python code and non-code displays.

    The Python Documentation Special Interest Group has discussed a
    number of approaches to creating pretty-printed code displays and
    interactive sessions; see the Doc-SIG area on the Python Web site
    for more information on this topic.


  \subsection{Inline Markup}

    The macros described in this section are used to mark just about
    anything interesting in the document text.  They may be used in
    headings (though anything involving hyperlinks should be avoided
    there) as well as in the body text.

    \begin{macrodesc}{bfcode}{\p{text}}
      Like \macro{code}, but also makes the font bold-face.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{cdata}{\p{name}}
      The name of a C-language variable.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{cfunction}{\p{name}}
      The name of a C-language function.  \var{name} should include the
      function name and the trailing parentheses.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{character}{\p{char}}
      A character when discussing the character rather than a one-byte
      string value.  The character will be typeset as with \macro{samp}.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{class}{\p{name}}
      A class name; a dotted name may be used.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{code}{\p{text}}
      A short code fragment or literal constant value.  Typically, it
      should not include any spaces since no quotation marks are
      added.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{constant}{\p{name}}
      The name of a ``defined'' constant.  This may be a C-language
      \code{\#define} or a Python variable that is not intended to be
      changed.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{ctype}{\p{name}}
      The name of a C \keyword{typedef} or structure.  For structures
      defined without a \keyword{typedef}, use \code{\e ctype\{struct
      struct_tag\}} to make it clear that the \keyword{struct} is
      required.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{deprecated}{\p{version}\p{what to do}}
      Declare whatever is being described as being deprecated starting 
      with release \var{version}.  The text given as \var{what to do}
      should recommend something to use instead.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{dfn}{\p{term}}
      Mark the defining instance of \var{term} in the text.  (No index 
      entries are generated.)
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{e}{}
      Produces a backslash.  This is convenient in \macro{code} and
      similar macros.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{email}{\p{address}}
      An email address.  Note that this is \emph{not} hyperlinked in
      any of the possible output formats.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{emph}{\p{text}}
      Emphasized text; this will be presented in an italic font.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{envvar}{\p{name}}
      An environment variable.  Index entries are generated.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{exception}{\p{name}}
      The name of an exception.  A dotted name may be used.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{file}{\p{file or dir}}
      The name of a file or directory.  In the PDF and PostScript
      outputs, single quotes and a font change are used to indicate
      the file name, but no quotes are used in the HTML output.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{filenq}{\p{file or dir}}
      Like \macro{file}, but single quotes are never used.  This can
      be used in conjunction with tables if a column will only contain 
      file or directory names.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{function}{\p{name}}
      The name of a Python function; dotted names may be used.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{kbd}{\p{key sequence}}
      Mark a sequence of keystrokes.  What form \var{key sequence}
      takes may depend on platform- or application-specific
      conventions.  For example, an \program{xemacs} key sequence
      may be marked like \code{\e kbd\{C-x C-f\}}.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{keyword}{\p{name}}
      The name of a keyword in a programming language.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{makevar}{\p{name}}
      The name of a \program{make} variable.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{manpage}{\p{name}\p{section}}
      A reference to a \UNIX{} manual page.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{member}{\p{name}}
      The name of a data attribute of an object.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{method}{\p{name}}
      The name of a method of an object.  \var{name} should include the
      method name and the trailing parentheses.  A dotted name may be
      used.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{mimetype}{\p{name}}
      The name of a MIME type.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{module}{\p{name}}
       The name of a module; a dotted name may be used.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{newsgroup}{\p{name}}
      The name of a USENET newsgroup.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{program}{\p{name}}
      The name of an executable program.  This may differ from the
      file name for the executable for some platforms.  In particular, 
      the \file{.exe} (or other) extension should be omitted for DOS
      and Windows programs.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{refmodule}{\op{key}\p{name}}
      Like \macro{module}, but create a hyperlink to the documentation 
      for the named module.  Note that the corresponding
      \macro{declaremodule} must be in the same document.  If the
      \macro{declaremodule} defines a module key different from the
      module name, it must also be provided as \var{key} to the
      \macro{refmodule} macro.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{regexp}{\p{string}}
      Mark a regular expression.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{rfc}{\p{number}}
      A reference to an Internet Request for Comments.  This generates 
      appropriate index entries.  The text \samp{RFC \var{number}} is
      generated; in the HTML output, this text is a hyperlink to an
      online copy of the specified RFC.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{samp}{\p{text}}
      A short code sample, but possibly longer than would be given
      using \macro{code}.  Since quotation marks are added, spaces are 
      acceptable.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{strong}{\p{text}}
      Strongly emphasized text; this will be presented using a bold
      font.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{url}{\p{url}}
      A URL (or URN).  The URL will be presented as text.  In the HTML 
      and PDF formatted versions, the URL will also be a hyperlink.
      This can be used when referring to external resources.  Note
      that many characters are special to \LaTeX{} and this macro
      does not always do the right thing.  In particular, the tilde
      character (\character{\~}) is mis-handled; encoding it as a
      hex-sequence does work, use \samp{\%7e} in place of the tilde
      character.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{var}{\p{name}}
      The name of a variable or formal parameter in running text.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{version}{}
      The version number for the documentation, as specified using
      \macro{release} in the preamble.
    \end{macrodesc}


  \subsection{Module-specific Markup}

  The markup described in this section is used to provide information
  about a module being documented.  A typical use of this markup
  appears at the top of the section used to document a module.  A
  typical example might look like this:

\begin{verbatim}
\section{\module{spam} ---
         Access to the SPAM facility}

\declaremodule{extension}{spam}
  \platform{Unix}
\modulesynopsis{Access to the SPAM facility of \UNIX{}.}
\moduleauthor{Jane Doe}{jane.doe@frobnitz.org}
\end{verbatim}

  \begin{macrodesc}{declaremodule}{\op{key}\p{type}\p{name}}
    Requires two parameters: module type (\samp{standard},
    \samp{builtin}, \samp{extension}, or \samp{}), and the module
    name.  An optional parameter should be given as the basis for the
    module's ``key'' used for linking to or referencing the section.
    The ``key'' should only be given if the module's name contains any
    underscores, and should be the name with the underscores stripped.
    Note that the \var{type} parameter must be one of the values
    listed above or an error will be printed.  For modules which are
    contained in packages, the fully-qualified name should be given as
    \var{name} parameter.  This should be the first thing after the
    \macro{section} used to introduce the module.
  \end{macrodesc}

  \begin{macrodesc}{platform}{\p{specifier}}
    Specifies the portability of the module.  \var{specifier} is a
    comma-separated list of keys that specify what platforms the
    module is available on.  The keys are short identifiers;
    examples that are in use include \samp{IRIX}, \samp{Mac},
    \samp{Windows}, and \samp{Unix}.  It is important to use a key
    which has already been used when applicable.  This is used to
    provide annotations in the Module Index and the HTML and GNU info
    output.
  \end{macrodesc}

  \begin{macrodesc}{modulesynopsis}{\p{text}}
    The \var{text} is a short, ``one line'' description of the
    module that can be used as part of the chapter introduction.
    This is must be placed after \macro{declaremodule}.
    The synopsis is used in building the contents of the table
    inserted as the \macro{localmoduletable}.  No text is
    produced at the point of the markup.
  \end{macrodesc}

  \begin{macrodesc}{moduleauthor}{\p{name}\p{email}}
    This macro is used to encode information about who authored a
    module.  This is currently not used to generate output, but can be
    used to help determine the origin of the module.
  \end{macrodesc}


  \subsection{Library-level Markup}

    This markup is used when describing a selection of modules.  For
    example, the \citetitle[../mac/mac.html]{Macintosh Library
    Modules} document uses this to help provide an overview of the
    modules in the collection, and many chapters in the
    \citetitle[../lib/lib.html]{Python Library Reference} use it for
    the same purpose.

  \begin{macrodesc}{localmoduletable}{}
    If a \file{.syn} file exists for the current
    chapter (or for the entire document in \code{howto} documents), a
    \env{synopsistable} is created with the contents loaded from the
    \file{.syn} file.
  \end{macrodesc}


  \subsection{Table Markup}

    There are three general-purpose table environments defined which
    should be used whenever possible.  These environments are defined
    to provide tables of specific widths and some convenience for
    formatting.  These environments are not meant to be general
    replacements for the standard \LaTeX{} table environments, but can
    be used for an advantage when the documents are processed using
    the tools for Python documentation processing.  In particular, the
    generated HTML looks good!  There is also an advantage for the
    eventual conversion of the documentation to SGML (see section
    \ref{futures}, ``Future Directions'').

    Each environment is named \env{table\var{cols}}, where \var{cols}
    is the number of columns in the table specified in lower-case
    Roman numerals.  Within each of these environments, an additional
    macro, \macro{line\var{cols}}, is defined, where \var{cols}
    matches the \var{cols} value of the corresponding table
    environment.  These are supported for \var{cols} values of
    \code{ii}, \code{iii}, and \code{iv}.  These environments are all
    built on top of the \env{tabular} environment.

    \begin{envdesc}{tableii}{\p{colspec}\p{col1font}\p{heading1}\p{heading2}}
      Create a two-column table using the \LaTeX{} column specifier
      \var{colspec}.  The column specifier should indicate vertical
      bars between columns as appropriate for the specific table, but
      should not specify vertical bars on the outside of the table
      (that is considered a stylesheet issue).  The \var{col1font}
      parameter is used as a stylistic treatment of the first column
      of the table: the first column is presented as
      \code{\e\var{col1font}\{column1\}}.  To avoid treating the first
      column specially, \var{col1font} may be \samp{textrm}.  The
      column headings are taken from the values \var{heading1} and
      \var{heading2}.
    \end{envdesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{lineii}{\p{column1}\p{column2}}
      Create a single table row within a \env{tableii} environment.
      The text for the first column will be generated by applying the
      macro named by the \var{col1font} value when the \env{tableii}
      was opened.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{envdesc}{tableiii}{\p{colspec}\p{col1font}\p{heading1}\p{heading2}\p{heading3}}
      Like the \env{tableii} environment, but with a third column.
      The heading for the third column is given by \var{heading3}.
    \end{envdesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{lineiii}{\p{column1}\p{column2}\p{column3}}
      Like the \macro{lineii} macro, but with a third column.  The
      text for the third column is given by \var{column3}.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{envdesc}{tableiv}{\p{colspec}\p{col1font}\p{heading1}\p{heading2}\p{heading3}\p{heading4}}
      Like the \env{tableiii} environment, but with a fourth column.
      The heading for the fourth column is given by \var{heading4}.
    \end{envdesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{lineiv}{\p{column1}\p{column2}\p{column3}\p{column4}}
      Like the \macro{lineiii} macro, but with a fourth column.  The
      text for the fourth column is given by \var{column4}.
    \end{macrodesc}


    An additional table-like environment is \env{synopsistable}.  The
    table generated by this environment contains two columns, and each
    row is defined by an alternate definition of
    \macro{modulesynopsis}.  This environment is not normally use by
    the user, but is created by the \macro{localmoduletable} macro.


  \subsection{Reference List Markup \label{references}}

    Many sections include a list of references to module documentation
    or external documents.  These lists are created using the
    \env{seealso} environment.  This environment defines some
    additional macros to support creating reference entries in a
    reasonable manner.

    \begin{envdesc}{seealso}{}
      This environment creates a ``See also:'' heading and defines the
      markup used to describe individual references.
    \end{envdesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{seemodule}{\op{key}\p{name}\p{why}}
      Refer to another module.  \var{why} should be a brief
      explanation of why the reference may be interesting.  The module
      name is given in \var{name}, with the link key given in
      \var{key} if necessary.  In the HTML and PDF conversions, the
      module name will be a hyperlink to the referred-to module.
      \strong{Note:}  The module must be documented in the same
      document (the corresponding \macro{declaremodule} is required).
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{seetext}{\p{text}}
      Add arbitrary text \var{text} to the ``See also:'' list.  This
      can be used to refer to off-line materials or on-line materials
      using the \macro{url} macro.
    \end{macrodesc}


  \subsection{Index-generating Markup \label{indexing}}

    Effective index generation for technical documents can be very
    difficult, especially for someone familliar with the topic but not
    the creation of indexes.  Much of the difficulty arises in the
    area of terminology: including the terms an expert would use for a
    concept is not sufficient.  Coming up with the terms that a novice
    would look up is fairly difficult for an author who, typically, is
    an expert in the area she is writing on.

    The truly difficult aspects of index generation are not areas with
    which the documentation tools can help.  However, ease
    of producing the index once content decisions are make is within
    the scope of the tools.  Markup is provided which the processing
    software is able to use to generate a variety of kinds of index
    entry with minimal effort.  Additionally, many of the environments
    described in section \ref{info-units}, ``Information Units,'' will
    generate appropriate entries into the general and module indexes.

    The following macro can be used to control the generation of index
    data, and should be used in the document preamble:

    \begin{macrodesc}{makemodindex}{}
      This should be used in the document preamble if a ``Module
      Index'' is desired for a document containing reference material
      on many modules.  This causes a data file
      \code{lib\var{jobname}.idx} to be created from the
      \macro{declaremodule} macros.  This file can be processed by the
      \program{makeindex} program to generate a file which can be
      \macro{input} into the document at the desired location of the
      module index.
    \end{macrodesc}

    There are a number of macros that are useful for adding index
    entries for particular concepts, many of which are specific to
    programming languages or even Python.

    \begin{macrodesc}{bifuncindex}{\p{name}}
      Add an index entry referring to a built-in function named
      \var{name}; parentheses should not be included after
      \var{name}.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{exindex}{\p{exception}}
      Add a reference to an exception named \var{exception}.  The
      exception may be either string- or class-based.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{kwindex}{\p{keyword}}
      Add a reference to a language keyword (not a keyword parameter
      in a function or method call).
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{obindex}{\p{object type}}
      Add an index entry for a built-in object type.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{opindex}{\p{operator}}
      Add a reference to an operator, such as \samp{+}.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{refmodindex}{\op{key}\p{module}}
      Add an index entry for module \var{module}; if \var{module}
      contains an underscore, the optional parameter \var{key} should
      be provided as the same string with underscores removed.  An
      index entry ``\var{module} (module)'' will be generated.  This
      is intended for use with non-standard modules implemented in
      Python.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{refexmodindex}{\op{key}\p{module}}
      As for \macro{refmodindex}, but the index entry will be
      ``\var{module} (extension module).''  This is intended for use
      with non-standard modules not implemented in Python.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{refbimodindex}{\op{key}\p{module}}
      As for \macro{refmodindex}, but the index entry will be
      ``\var{module} (built-in module).''  This is intended for use
      with standard modules not implemented in Python.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{refstmodindex}{\op{key}\p{module}}
      As for \macro{refmodindex}, but the index entry will be
      ``\var{module} (standard module).''  This is intended for use
      with standard modules implemented in Python.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{stindex}{\p{statement}}
      Add an index entry for a statement type, such as \keyword{print}
      or \keyword{try}/\keyword{finally}.

      XXX Need better examples of difference from \macro{kwindex}.
    \end{macrodesc}


    Additional macros are provided which are useful for conveniently
    creating general index entries which should appear at many places
    in the index by rotating a list of words.  These are simple macros
    that simply use \macro{index} to build some number of index
    entries.  Index entries build using these macros contain both
    primary and secondary text.

    \begin{macrodesc}{indexii}{\p{word1}\p{word2}}
      Build two index entries.  This is exactly equivalent to using
      \code{\e index\{\var{word1}!\var{word2}\}} and 
      \code{\e index\{\var{word2}!\var{word1}\}}.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{indexiii}{\p{word1}\p{word2}\p{word3}}
      Build three index entries.  This is exactly equivalent to using
      \code{\e index\{\var{word1}!\var{word2} \var{word3}\}},
      \code{\e index\{\var{word2}!\var{word3}, \var{word1}\}}, and
      \code{\e index\{\var{word3}!\var{word1} \var{word2}\}}.
    \end{macrodesc}

    \begin{macrodesc}{indexiv}{\p{word1}\p{word2}\p{word3}\p{word4}}
      Build four index entries.  This is exactly equivalent to using
      \code{\e index\{\var{word1}!\var{word2} \var{word3} \var{word4}\}},
      \code{\e index\{\var{word2}!\var{word3} \var{word4}, \var{word1}\}},
      \code{\e index\{\var{word3}!\var{word4}, \var{word1} \var{word2}\}},
      and
      \code{\e index\{\var{word4}!\var{word1} \var{word2} \var{word3}\}}.
    \end{macrodesc}


\section{Special Names}

  Many special names are used in the Python documentation, including
  the names of operating systems, programming languages, standards
  bodies, and the like.  Many of these were assigned \LaTeX{} macros
  at some point in the distant past, and these macros lived on long
  past their usefulness.  In the current markup, these entities are
  not assigned any special markup, but the preferred spellings are
  given here to aid authors in maintaining the consistency of
  presentation in the Python documentation.

  \begin{description}
    \item[POSIX]
	The name assigned to a particular group of standards.  This is
	always uppercase.

    \item[Python]
	The name of our favorite programming language is always
	capitalized.
  \end{description}


\section{Processing Tools}

  \subsection{External Tools}

    Many tools are needed to be able to process the Python
    documentation if all supported formats are required.  This
    section lists the tools used and when each is required.  Consult
    the \file{Doc/README} file to see if there are specific version
    requirements for any of these.

    \begin{description}
      \item[\program{dvips}]
        This program is a typical part of \TeX{} installations.  It is
        used to generate PostScript from the ``device independent''
        \file{.dvi} files.  It is needed for the conversion to
        PostScript.

      \item[\program{emacs}]
        Emacs is the kitchen sink of programmers' editors, and a damn
        fine kitchen sink it is.  It also comes with some of the
        processing needed to support the proper menu structures for
        Texinfo documents when an info conversion is desired.  This is
        needed for the info conversion.  Using \program{xemacs}
        instead of FSF \program{emacs} may lead to instability in the
        conversion, but that's because nobody seems to maintain the
        Emacs Texinfo code in a portable manner.

      \item[\program{latex}]
        This is a world-class typesetter by Donald Knuth.  It is used
        for the conversion to PostScript, and is needed for the HTML
        conversion as well (\LaTeX2HTML requires one of the
        intermediate files it creates).

      \item[\program{latex2html}]
        Probably the longest Perl script anyone ever attempted to
        maintain.  This converts \LaTeX{} documents to HTML documents,
        and does a pretty reasonable job.  It is required for the
        conversions to HTML and GNU info.

      \item[\program{lynx}]
        This is a text-mode Web browser which includes an
        HTML-to-plain text conversion.  This is used to convert
        \code{howto} documents to text.

      \item[\program{make}]
        Just about any version should work for the standard documents,
        but GNU \program{make} is required for the experimental
        processes in \file{Doc/tools/sgmlconv/}, at least while
        they're experimental.

      \item[\program{makeindex}]
        This is a standard program for converting \LaTeX{} index data
        to a formatted index; it should be included with all \LaTeX{}
        installations.  It is needed for the PDF and PostScript
        conversions.

      \item[\program{makeinfo}]
        GNU \program{makeinfo} is used to convert Texinfo documents to
        GNU info files.  Since Texinfo is used as an intermediate
        format in the info conversion, this program is needed in that
        conversion.

      \item[\program{pdflatex}]
        pdf\TeX{} is a relatively new variant of \TeX, and is used to
        generate the PDF version of the manuals.  It is typically
        installed as part of most of the large \TeX{} distributions.
        \program{pdflatex} is pdf\TeX{} using the \LaTeX{} format.

      \item[\program{perl}]
        Perl is required for \LaTeX2HTML{} and one of the scripts used
        to post-process \LaTeX2HTML output, as well as the
        HTML-to-Texinfo conversion.  This is required for
        the HTML and GNU info conversions.

      \item[\program{python}]
        Python is used for many of the scripts in the
        \file{Doc/tools/} directory; it is required for all
        conversions.  This shouldn't be a problem if you're interested
        in writing documentation for Python!
    \end{description}


  \subsection{Internal Tools}

    This section describes the various scripts that are used to
    implement various stages of document processing or to orchestrate
    entire build sequences.  Most of these tools are only useful
    in the context of building the standard documentation, but some
    are more general.

    \begin{description}
      \item[\program{mkhowto}]
        This is the primary script used to format third-party
	documents.  It contains all the logic needed to ``get it
	right.''  The proper way to use this script is to make a
	symbolic link to it or run it in place; the actual script file 
	must be stored as part of the documentation source tree,
	though it may be used to format documents outside the
	tree.  Use \program{mkhowto} \programopt{-}\programopt{-help}
        for a list of
        command line options.

        \program{mkhowto} can be used for both \code{howto} and
        \code{manual} class documents.  (For the later, be sure to get 
	the latest version from the Python CVS repository rather than
        the version distributed in the \file{latex-1.5.2.tgz} source
	archive.)

	XXX  Need more here.
    \end{description}


\section{Future Directions \label{futures}}

  The history of the Python documentation is full of changes, most of
  which have been fairly small and evolutionary.  There has been a
  great deal of discussion about making large changes in the markup
  languages and tools used to process the documentation.  This section
  deals with the nature of the changes and what appears to be the most
  likely path of future development.

  \subsection{Structured Documentation \label{structured}}

    Most of the small changes to the \LaTeX{} markup have been made
    with an eye to divorcing the markup from the presentation, making
    both a bit more maintainable.  Over the course of 1998, a large
    number of changes were made with exactly this in mind; previously,
    changes had been made but in a less systematic manner and with
    more concern for not needing to update the existing content.  The
    result has been a highly structured and semantically loaded markup
    language implemented in \LaTeX.  With almost no basic \TeX{} or
    \LaTeX{} markup in use, however, the markup syntax is about the
    only evidence of \LaTeX{} in the actual document sources.

    One side effect of this is that while we've been able to use
    standard ``engines'' for manipulating the documents, such as
    \LaTeX{} and \LaTeX2HTML, most of the actual transformations have
    been created specifically for Python.  The \LaTeX{} document
    classes and \LaTeX2HTML support are both complete implementations
    of the specific markup designed for these documents.

    Combining highly customized markup with the somewhat esoteric
    systems used to process the documents leads us to ask some
    questions:  Can we do this more easily?  and, Can we do this
    better?  After a great deal of discussion with the community, we
    have determined that actively pursuing modern structured
    documentation systems is worth some investment of time.

    There appear to be two real contenders in this arena: the Standard
    General Markup Language (SGML), and the Extensible Markup Language
    (XML).  Both of these standards have advantages and disadvantages,
    and many advantages are shared.

    SGML offers advantages which may appeal most to authors,
    especially those using ordinary text editors.  There are also
    additional abilities to define content models.  A number of
    high-quality tools with demonstrated maturity is available, but
    most are not free; for those which are, portability issues remain
    a problem.

    The advantages of XML include the availability of a large number
    of evolving tools.  Unfortunately, many of the associated
    standards are still evolving, and the tools will have to follow
    along.  This means that developing a robust tool set that uses
    more than the basic XML 1.0 recommendation is not possible in the
    short term.  The promised availability of a wide variety of
    high-quality tools which support some of the most important
    related standards is not immediate.  Many tools are likely to be
    free.

    XXX Eventual migration to SGML/XML.

  \subsection{Discussion Forums \label{discussion}}

    Discussion of the future of the Python documentation and related
    topics takes place in the Documentation Special Interest Group, or
    ``Doc-SIG.''  Information on the group, including mailing list
    archives and subscription information, is available at
    \url{http://www.python.org/sigs/doc-sig/}.  The SIG is open to all
    interested parties.

    Comments and bug reports on the standard documents should be sent
    to \email{python-docs@python.org}.  This may include comments
    about formatting, content, grammatical and spelling errors, or
    this document.  You can also send comments on this document
    directly to the author at \email{fdrake@acm.org}.

\end{document}