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:mod:`__future__` --- Future statement definitions
==================================================
.. module:: __future__
:synopsis: Future statement definitions
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/__future__.py`
--------------
Imports of the form ``from __future__ import feature`` are called
:ref:`future statements <future>`. These are special-cased by the Python compiler
to allow the use of new Python features in modules containing the future statement
before the release in which the feature becomes standard.
While these future statements are given additional special meaning by the
Python compiler, they are still executed like any other import statement and
the :mod:`__future__` exists and is handled by the import system the same way
any other Python module would be. This design serves three purposes:
* To avoid confusing existing tools that analyze import statements and expect to
find the modules they're importing.
* To document when incompatible changes were introduced, and when they will be
--- or were --- made mandatory. This is a form of executable documentation, and
can be inspected programmatically via importing :mod:`__future__` and examining
its contents.
* To ensure that :ref:`future statements <future>` run under releases prior to
Python 2.1 at least yield runtime exceptions (the import of :mod:`__future__`
will fail, because there was no module of that name prior to 2.1).
Module Contents
---------------
No feature description will ever be deleted from :mod:`__future__`. Since its
introduction in Python 2.1 the following features have found their way into the
language using this mechanism:
+------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| feature | optional in | mandatory in | effect |
+==================+=============+==============+=============================================+
| nested_scopes | 2.1.0b1 | 2.2 | :pep:`227`: |
| | | | *Statically Nested Scopes* |
+------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| generators | 2.2.0a1 | 2.3 | :pep:`255`: |
| | | | *Simple Generators* |
+------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| division | 2.2.0a2 | 3.0 | :pep:`238`: |
| | | | *Changing the Division Operator* |
+------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| absolute_import | 2.5.0a1 | 3.0 | :pep:`328`: |
| | | | *Imports: Multi-Line and Absolute/Relative* |
+------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| with_statement | 2.5.0a1 | 2.6 | :pep:`343`: |
| | | | *The "with" Statement* |
+------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| print_function | 2.6.0a2 | 3.0 | :pep:`3105`: |
| | | | *Make print a function* |
+------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| unicode_literals | 2.6.0a2 | 3.0 | :pep:`3112`: |
| | | | *Bytes literals in Python 3000* |
+------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| generator_stop | 3.5.0b1 | 3.7 | :pep:`479`: |
| | | | *StopIteration handling inside generators* |
+------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| annotations | 3.7.0b1 | TBD [1]_ | :pep:`563`: |
| | | | *Postponed evaluation of annotations* |
+------------------+-------------+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
.. XXX Adding a new entry? Remember to update simple_stmts.rst, too.
.. _future-classes:
.. class:: _Feature
Each statement in :file:`__future__.py` is of the form::
FeatureName = _Feature(OptionalRelease, MandatoryRelease,
CompilerFlag)
where, normally, *OptionalRelease* is less than *MandatoryRelease*, and both are
5-tuples of the same form as :data:`sys.version_info`::
(PY_MAJOR_VERSION, # the 2 in 2.1.0a3; an int
PY_MINOR_VERSION, # the 1; an int
PY_MICRO_VERSION, # the 0; an int
PY_RELEASE_LEVEL, # "alpha", "beta", "candidate" or "final"; string
PY_RELEASE_SERIAL # the 3; an int
)
.. method:: _Feature.getOptionalRelease()
*OptionalRelease* records the first release in which the feature was accepted.
.. method:: _Feature.getMandatoryRelease()
In the case of a *MandatoryRelease* that has not yet occurred,
*MandatoryRelease* predicts the release in which the feature will become part of
the language.
Else *MandatoryRelease* records when the feature became part of the language; in
releases at or after that, modules no longer need a future statement to use the
feature in question, but may continue to use such imports.
*MandatoryRelease* may also be ``None``, meaning that a planned feature got
dropped or that it is not yet decided.
.. attribute:: _Feature.compiler_flag
*CompilerFlag* is the (bitfield) flag that should be passed in the fourth
argument to the built-in function :func:`compile` to enable the feature in
dynamically compiled code. This flag is stored in the :attr:`_Feature.compiler_flag`
attribute on :class:`_Feature` instances.
.. [1]
``from __future__ import annotations`` was previously scheduled to
become mandatory in Python 3.10, but the Python Steering Council
twice decided to delay the change
(`announcement for Python 3.10 <https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/message/CLVXXPQ2T2LQ5MP2Y53VVQFCXYWQJHKZ/>`__;
`announcement for Python 3.11 <https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/message/VIZEBX5EYMSYIJNDBF6DMUMZOCWHARSO/>`__).
No final decision has been made yet. See also :pep:`563` and :pep:`649`.
.. seealso::
:ref:`future`
How the compiler treats future imports.
:pep:`236` - Back to the __future__
The original proposal for the __future__ mechanism.
|
