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:mod:`email`: Generating MIME documents
---------------------------------------
.. module:: email.generator
:synopsis: Generate flat text email messages from a message structure.
One of the most common tasks is to generate the flat text of the email message
represented by a message object structure. You will need to do this if you want
to send your message via the :mod:`smtplib` module or the :mod:`nntplib` module,
or print the message on the console. Taking a message object structure and
producing a flat text document is the job of the :class:`Generator` class.
Again, as with the :mod:`email.parser` module, you aren't limited to the
functionality of the bundled generator; you could write one from scratch
yourself. However the bundled generator knows how to generate most email in a
standards-compliant way, should handle MIME and non-MIME email messages just
fine, and is designed so that the transformation from flat text, to a message
structure via the :class:`~email.parser.Parser` class, and back to flat text,
is idempotent (the input is identical to the output). On the other hand, using
the Generator on a :class:`~email.message.Message` constructed by program may
result in changes to the :class:`~email.message.Message` object as defaults are
filled in.
:class:`bytes` output can be generated using the :class:`BytesGenerator` class.
If the message object structure contains non-ASCII bytes, this generator's
:meth:`~BytesGenerator.flatten` method will emit the original bytes. Parsing a
binary message and then flattening it with :class:`BytesGenerator` should be
idempotent for standards compliant messages.
Here are the public methods of the :class:`Generator` class, imported from the
:mod:`email.generator` module:
.. class:: Generator(outfp, mangle_from_=True, maxheaderlen=78)
The constructor for the :class:`Generator` class takes a :term:`file-like object`
called *outfp* for an argument. *outfp* must support the :meth:`write` method
and be usable as the output file for the :func:`print` function.
Optional *mangle_from_* is a flag that, when ``True``, puts a ``>`` character in
front of any line in the body that starts exactly as ``From``, i.e. ``From``
followed by a space at the beginning of the line. This is the only guaranteed
portable way to avoid having such lines be mistaken for a Unix mailbox format
envelope header separator (see `WHY THE CONTENT-LENGTH FORMAT IS BAD
<http://www.jwz.org/doc/content-length.html>`_ for details). *mangle_from_*
defaults to ``True``, but you might want to set this to ``False`` if you are not
writing Unix mailbox format files.
Optional *maxheaderlen* specifies the longest length for a non-continued header.
When a header line is longer than *maxheaderlen* (in characters, with tabs
expanded to 8 spaces), the header will be split as defined in the
:class:`~email.header.Header` class. Set to zero to disable header wrapping.
The default is 78, as recommended (but not required) by :rfc:`2822`.
The other public :class:`Generator` methods are:
.. method:: flatten(msg, unixfrom=False)
Print the textual representation of the message object structure rooted at
*msg* to the output file specified when the :class:`Generator` instance
was created. Subparts are visited depth-first and the resulting text will
be properly MIME encoded.
Optional *unixfrom* is a flag that forces the printing of the envelope
header delimiter before the first :rfc:`2822` header of the root message
object. If the root object has no envelope header, a standard one is
crafted. By default, this is set to ``False`` to inhibit the printing of
the envelope delimiter.
Note that for subparts, no envelope header is ever printed.
Messages parsed with a Bytes parser that have a
:mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` of 8bit will be converted to a
use a 7bit Content-Transfer-Encoding. Any other non-ASCII bytes in the
message structure will be converted to '?' characters.
.. versionchanged:: 3.2 added support for re-encoding 8bit message bodies.
.. method:: clone(fp)
Return an independent clone of this :class:`Generator` instance with the
exact same options.
.. method:: write(s)
Write the string *s* to the underlying file object, i.e. *outfp* passed to
:class:`Generator`'s constructor. This provides just enough file-like API
for :class:`Generator` instances to be used in the :func:`print` function.
As a convenience, see the :class:`~email.message.Message` methods
:meth:`~email.message.Message.as_string` and ``str(aMessage)``, a.k.a.
:meth:`~email.message.Message.__str__`, which simplify the generation of a
formatted string representation of a message object. For more detail, see
:mod:`email.message`.
.. class:: BytesGenerator(outfp, mangle_from_=True, maxheaderlen=78)
This class has the same API as the :class:`Generator` class, except that
*outfp* must be a file like object that will accept :class`bytes` input to
its ``write`` method. If the message object structure contains non-ASCII
bytes, this generator's :meth:`~BytesGenerator.flatten` method will produce
them as-is, including preserving parts with a
:mailheader:`Content-Transfer-Encoding` of ``8bit``.
Note that even the :meth:`write` method API is identical: it expects
strings as input, and converts them to bytes by encoding them using
the ASCII codec.
.. versionadded:: 3.2
The :mod:`email.generator` module also provides a derived class, called
:class:`DecodedGenerator` which is like the :class:`Generator` base class,
except that non-\ :mimetype:`text` parts are substituted with a format string
representing the part.
.. class:: DecodedGenerator(outfp[, mangle_from_=True, maxheaderlen=78, fmt=None)
This class, derived from :class:`Generator` walks through all the subparts of a
message. If the subpart is of main type :mimetype:`text`, then it prints the
decoded payload of the subpart. Optional *_mangle_from_* and *maxheaderlen* are
as with the :class:`Generator` base class.
If the subpart is not of main type :mimetype:`text`, optional *fmt* is a format
string that is used instead of the message payload. *fmt* is expanded with the
following keywords, ``%(keyword)s`` format:
* ``type`` -- Full MIME type of the non-\ :mimetype:`text` part
* ``maintype`` -- Main MIME type of the non-\ :mimetype:`text` part
* ``subtype`` -- Sub-MIME type of the non-\ :mimetype:`text` part
* ``filename`` -- Filename of the non-\ :mimetype:`text` part
* ``description`` -- Description associated with the non-\ :mimetype:`text` part
* ``encoding`` -- Content transfer encoding of the non-\ :mimetype:`text` part
The default value for *fmt* is ``None``, meaning ::
[Non-text (%(type)s) part of message omitted, filename %(filename)s]
|
