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:mod:`shelve` --- Python object persistence
===========================================
.. module:: shelve
:synopsis: Python object persistence.
.. index:: module: pickle
A "shelf" is a persistent, dictionary-like object. The difference with "dbm"
databases is that the values (not the keys!) in a shelf can be essentially
arbitrary Python objects --- anything that the :mod:`pickle` module can handle.
This includes most class instances, recursive data types, and objects containing
lots of shared sub-objects. The keys are ordinary strings.
.. function:: open(filename[, flag='c'[, protocol=None[, writeback=False]]])
Open a persistent dictionary. The filename specified is the base filename for
the underlying database. As a side-effect, an extension may be added to the
filename and more than one file may be created. By default, the underlying
database file is opened for reading and writing. The optional *flag* parameter
has the same interpretation as the *flag* parameter of :func:`anydbm.open`.
By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. The version of the
pickle protocol can be specified with the *protocol* parameter.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
The *protocol* parameter was added.
Because of Python semantics, a shelf cannot know when a mutable
persistent-dictionary entry is modified. By default modified objects are
written only when assigned to the shelf (see :ref:`shelve-example`). If
the optional *writeback* parameter is set to *True*, all entries accessed
are cached in memory, and written back at close time; this can make it
handier to mutate mutable entries in the persistent dictionary, but, if
many entries are accessed, it can consume vast amounts of memory for the
cache, and it can make the close operation very slow since all accessed
entries are written back (there is no way to determine which accessed
entries are mutable, nor which ones were actually mutated).
Shelf objects support all methods supported by dictionaries. This eases the
transition from dictionary based scripts to those requiring persistent storage.
One additional method is supported:
.. method:: Shelf.sync()
Write back all entries in the cache if the shelf was opened with *writeback* set
to *True*. Also empty the cache and synchronize the persistent dictionary on
disk, if feasible. This is called automatically when the shelf is closed with
:meth:`close`.
.. seealso::
`Persistent dictionary recipe <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576642/>`_
with widely supported storage formats and having the speed of native
dictionaries.
Restrictions
------------
.. index::
module: dbm
module: gdbm
module: bsddb
* The choice of which database package will be used (such as :mod:`dbm`,
:mod:`gdbm` or :mod:`bsddb`) depends on which interface is available. Therefore
it is not safe to open the database directly using :mod:`dbm`. The database is
also (unfortunately) subject to the limitations of :mod:`dbm`, if it is used ---
this means that (the pickled representation of) the objects stored in the
database should be fairly small, and in rare cases key collisions may cause the
database to refuse updates.
* Depending on the implementation, closing a persistent dictionary may or may
not be necessary to flush changes to disk. The :meth:`__del__` method of the
:class:`Shelf` class calls the :meth:`close` method, so the programmer generally
need not do this explicitly.
* The :mod:`shelve` module does not support *concurrent* read/write access to
shelved objects. (Multiple simultaneous read accesses are safe.) When a
program has a shelf open for writing, no other program should have it open for
reading or writing. Unix file locking can be used to solve this, but this
differs across Unix versions and requires knowledge about the database
implementation used.
.. class:: Shelf(dict[, protocol=None[, writeback=False]])
A subclass of :class:`UserDict.DictMixin` which stores pickled values in the
*dict* object.
By default, version 0 pickles are used to serialize values. The version of the
pickle protocol can be specified with the *protocol* parameter. See the
:mod:`pickle` documentation for a discussion of the pickle protocols.
.. versionchanged:: 2.3
The *protocol* parameter was added.
If the *writeback* parameter is ``True``, the object will hold a cache of all
entries accessed and write them back to the *dict* at sync and close times.
This allows natural operations on mutable entries, but can consume much more
memory and make sync and close take a long time.
.. class:: BsdDbShelf(dict[, protocol=None[, writeback=False]])
A subclass of :class:`Shelf` which exposes :meth:`first`, :meth:`!next`,
:meth:`previous`, :meth:`last` and :meth:`set_location` which are available in
the :mod:`bsddb` module but not in other database modules. The *dict* object
passed to the constructor must support those methods. This is generally
accomplished by calling one of :func:`bsddb.hashopen`, :func:`bsddb.btopen` or
:func:`bsddb.rnopen`. The optional *protocol* and *writeback* parameters have
the same interpretation as for the :class:`Shelf` class.
.. class:: DbfilenameShelf(filename[, flag='c'[, protocol=None[, writeback=False]]])
A subclass of :class:`Shelf` which accepts a *filename* instead of a dict-like
object. The underlying file will be opened using :func:`anydbm.open`. By
default, the file will be created and opened for both read and write. The
optional *flag* parameter has the same interpretation as for the :func:`.open`
function. The optional *protocol* and *writeback* parameters have the same
interpretation as for the :class:`Shelf` class.
.. _shelve-example:
Example
-------
To summarize the interface (``key`` is a string, ``data`` is an arbitrary
object)::
import shelve
d = shelve.open(filename) # open -- file may get suffix added by low-level
# library
d[key] = data # store data at key (overwrites old data if
# using an existing key)
data = d[key] # retrieve a COPY of data at key (raise KeyError if no
# such key)
del d[key] # delete data stored at key (raises KeyError
# if no such key)
flag = d.has_key(key) # true if the key exists
klist = d.keys() # a list of all existing keys (slow!)
# as d was opened WITHOUT writeback=True, beware:
d['xx'] = range(4) # this works as expected, but...
d['xx'].append(5) # *this doesn't!* -- d['xx'] is STILL range(4)!
# having opened d without writeback=True, you need to code carefully:
temp = d['xx'] # extracts the copy
temp.append(5) # mutates the copy
d['xx'] = temp # stores the copy right back, to persist it
# or, d=shelve.open(filename,writeback=True) would let you just code
# d['xx'].append(5) and have it work as expected, BUT it would also
# consume more memory and make the d.close() operation slower.
d.close() # close it
.. seealso::
Module :mod:`anydbm`
Generic interface to ``dbm``\ -style databases.
Module :mod:`bsddb`
BSD ``db`` database interface.
Module :mod:`dbhash`
Thin layer around the :mod:`bsddb` which provides an :func:`~dbhash.open`
function like the other database modules.
Module :mod:`dbm`
Standard Unix database interface.
Module :mod:`dumbdbm`
Portable implementation of the ``dbm`` interface.
Module :mod:`gdbm`
GNU database interface, based on the ``dbm`` interface.
Module :mod:`pickle`
Object serialization used by :mod:`shelve`.
Module :mod:`cPickle`
High-performance version of :mod:`pickle`.
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