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.. _xml:
XML Processing Modules
======================
.. module:: xml
:synopsis: Package containing XML processing modules
.. sectionauthor:: Christian Heimes <christian@python.org>
.. sectionauthor:: Georg Brandl <georg@python.org>
Python's interfaces for processing XML are grouped in the ``xml`` package.
.. warning::
The XML modules are not secure against erroneous or maliciously
constructed data. If you need to parse untrusted or unauthenticated data see
:ref:`xml-vulnerabilities`.
It is important to note that modules in the :mod:`xml` package require that
there be at least one SAX-compliant XML parser available. The Expat parser is
included with Python, so the :mod:`xml.parsers.expat` module will always be
available.
The documentation for the :mod:`xml.dom` and :mod:`xml.sax` packages are the
definition of the Python bindings for the DOM and SAX interfaces.
The XML handling submodules are:
* :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree`: the ElementTree API, a simple and lightweight
..
* :mod:`xml.dom`: the DOM API definition
* :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`: a lightweight DOM implementation
* :mod:`xml.dom.pulldom`: support for building partial DOM trees
..
* :mod:`xml.sax`: SAX2 base classes and convenience functions
* :mod:`xml.parsers.expat`: the Expat parser binding
.. _xml-vulnerabilities:
XML vulnerabilities
===================
The XML processing modules are not secure against maliciously constructed data.
An attacker can abuse vulnerabilities for e.g. denial of service attacks, to
access local files, to generate network connections to other machines, or
to or circumvent firewalls. The attacks on XML abuse unfamiliar features
like inline `DTD`_ (document type definition) with entities.
========================= ======== ========= ========= ======== =========
kind sax etree minidom pulldom xmlrpc
========================= ======== ========= ========= ======== =========
billion laughs **True** **True** **True** **True** **True**
quadratic blowup **True** **True** **True** **True** **True**
external entity expansion **True** False (1) False (2) **True** False (3)
DTD retrieval **True** False False **True** False
decompression bomb False False False False **True**
========================= ======== ========= ========= ======== =========
1. :mod:`xml.etree.ElementTree` doesn't expand external entities and raises a
ParserError when an entity occurs.
2. :mod:`xml.dom.minidom` doesn't expand external entities and simply returns
the unexpanded entity verbatim.
3. :mod:`xmlrpclib` doesn't expand external entities and omits them.
billion laughs / exponential entity expansion
The `Billion Laughs`_ attack -- also known as exponential entity expansion --
uses multiple levels of nested entities. Each entity refers to another entity
several times, the final entity definition contains a small string. Eventually
the small string is expanded to several gigabytes. The exponential expansion
consumes lots of CPU time, too.
quadratic blowup entity expansion
A quadratic blowup attack is similar to a `Billion Laughs`_ attack; it abuses
entity expansion, too. Instead of nested entities it repeats one large entity
with a couple of thousand chars over and over again. The attack isn't as
efficient as the exponential case but it avoids triggering countermeasures of
parsers against heavily nested entities.
external entity expansion
Entity declarations can contain more than just text for replacement. They can
also point to external resources by public identifiers or system identifiers.
System identifiers are standard URIs or can refer to local files. The XML
parser retrieves the resource with e.g. HTTP or FTP requests and embeds the
content into the XML document.
DTD retrieval
Some XML libraries like Python's mod:'xml.dom.pulldom' retrieve document type
definitions from remote or local locations. The feature has similar
implications as the external entity expansion issue.
decompression bomb
The issue of decompression bombs (aka `ZIP bomb`_) apply to all XML libraries
that can parse compressed XML stream like gzipped HTTP streams or LZMA-ed
files. For an attacker it can reduce the amount of transmitted data by three
magnitudes or more.
The documentation of `defusedxml`_ on PyPI has further information about
all known attack vectors with examples and references.
defused packages
----------------
`defusedxml`_ is a pure Python package with modified subclasses of all stdlib
XML parsers that prevent any potentially malicious operation. The courses of
action are recommended for any server code that parses untrusted XML data. The
package also ships with example exploits and an extended documentation on more
XML exploits like xpath injection.
`defusedexpat`_ provides a modified libexpat and patched replacment
:mod:`pyexpat` extension module with countermeasures against entity expansion
DoS attacks. Defusedexpat still allows a sane and configurable amount of entity
expansions. The modifications will be merged into future releases of Python.
The workarounds and modifications are not included in patch releases as they
break backward compatibility. After all inline DTD and entity expansion are
well-definied XML features.
.. _defusedxml: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/defusedxml/
.. _defusedexpat: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/defusedexpat/
.. _Billion Laughs: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion_laughs
.. _ZIP bomb: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_bomb
.. _DTD: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Document_Type_Definition
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