summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/Doc/reference/expressions.rst
blob: 9624b601b97d0de7878ca828e4daa60426c2e138 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384

.. _expressions:

***********
Expressions
***********

.. index:: expression, BNF

This chapter explains the meaning of the elements of expressions in Python.

**Syntax Notes:** In this and the following chapters, extended BNF notation will
be used to describe syntax, not lexical analysis.  When (one alternative of) a
syntax rule has the form

.. productionlist:: *
   name: `othername`

and no semantics are given, the semantics of this form of ``name`` are the same
as for ``othername``.


.. _conversions:

Arithmetic conversions
======================

.. index:: pair: arithmetic; conversion

When a description of an arithmetic operator below uses the phrase "the numeric
arguments are converted to a common type," this means that the operator
implementation for built-in types works that way:

* If either argument is a complex number, the other is converted to complex;

* otherwise, if either argument is a floating point number, the other is
  converted to floating point;

* otherwise, both must be integers and no conversion is necessary.

Some additional rules apply for certain operators (e.g., a string left argument
to the '%' operator).  Extensions must define their own conversion behavior.


.. _atoms:

Atoms
=====

.. index:: atom

Atoms are the most basic elements of expressions.  The simplest atoms are
identifiers or literals.  Forms enclosed in parentheses, brackets or braces are
also categorized syntactically as atoms.  The syntax for atoms is:

.. productionlist::
   atom: `identifier` | `literal` | `enclosure`
   enclosure: `parenth_form` | `list_display` | `dict_display` | `set_display`
            : | `generator_expression` | `yield_atom`


.. _atom-identifiers:

Identifiers (Names)
-------------------

.. index:: name, identifier

An identifier occurring as an atom is a name.  See section :ref:`identifiers`
for lexical definition and section :ref:`naming` for documentation of naming and
binding.

.. index:: exception: NameError

When the name is bound to an object, evaluation of the atom yields that object.
When a name is not bound, an attempt to evaluate it raises a :exc:`NameError`
exception.

.. index::
   pair: name; mangling
   pair: private; names

**Private name mangling:** When an identifier that textually occurs in a class
definition begins with two or more underscore characters and does not end in two
or more underscores, it is considered a :dfn:`private name` of that class.
Private names are transformed to a longer form before code is generated for
them.  The transformation inserts the class name in front of the name, with
leading underscores removed, and a single underscore inserted in front of the
class name.  For example, the identifier ``__spam`` occurring in a class named
``Ham`` will be transformed to ``_Ham__spam``.  This transformation is
independent of the syntactical context in which the identifier is used.  If the
transformed name is extremely long (longer than 255 characters), implementation
defined truncation may happen.  If the class name consists only of underscores,
no transformation is done.


.. _atom-literals:

Literals
--------

.. index:: single: literal

Python supports string and bytes literals and various numeric literals:

.. productionlist::
   literal: `stringliteral` | `bytesliteral`
          : | `integer` | `floatnumber` | `imagnumber`

Evaluation of a literal yields an object of the given type (string, bytes,
integer, floating point number, complex number) with the given value.  The value
may be approximated in the case of floating point and imaginary (complex)
literals.  See section :ref:`literals` for details.

.. index::
   triple: immutable; data; type
   pair: immutable; object

All literals correspond to immutable data types, and hence the object's identity
is less important than its value.  Multiple evaluations of literals with the
same value (either the same occurrence in the program text or a different
occurrence) may obtain the same object or a different object with the same
value.


.. _parenthesized:

Parenthesized forms
-------------------

.. index:: single: parenthesized form

A parenthesized form is an optional expression list enclosed in parentheses:

.. productionlist::
   parenth_form: "(" [`expression_list`] ")"

A parenthesized expression list yields whatever that expression list yields: if
the list contains at least one comma, it yields a tuple; otherwise, it yields
the single expression that makes up the expression list.

.. index:: pair: empty; tuple

An empty pair of parentheses yields an empty tuple object.  Since tuples are
immutable, the rules for literals apply (i.e., two occurrences of the empty
tuple may or may not yield the same object).

.. index::
   single: comma
   pair: tuple; display

Note that tuples are not formed by the parentheses, but rather by use of the
comma operator.  The exception is the empty tuple, for which parentheses *are*
required --- allowing unparenthesized "nothing" in expressions would cause
ambiguities and allow common typos to pass uncaught.


.. _comprehensions:

Displays for lists, sets and dictionaries
-----------------------------------------

For constructing a list, a set or a dictionary Python provides special syntax
called "displays", each of them in two flavors:

* either the container contents are listed explicitly, or

* they are computed via a set of looping and filtering instructions, called a
  :dfn:`comprehension`.

Common syntax elements for comprehensions are:

.. productionlist::
   comprehension: `expression` `comp_for`
   comp_for: "for" `target_list` "in" `or_test` [`comp_iter`]
   comp_iter: `comp_for` | `comp_if`
   comp_if: "if" `expression_nocond` [`comp_iter`]

The comprehension consists of a single expression followed by at least one
:keyword:`for` clause and zero or more :keyword:`for` or :keyword:`if` clauses.
In this case, the elements of the new container are those that would be produced
by considering each of the :keyword:`for` or :keyword:`if` clauses a block,
nesting from left to right, and evaluating the expression to produce an element
each time the innermost block is reached.

Note that the comprehension is executed in a separate scope, so names assigned
to in the target list don't "leak" in the enclosing scope.


.. _lists:

List displays
-------------

.. index::
   pair: list; display
   pair: list; comprehensions
   pair: empty; list
   object: list

A list display is a possibly empty series of expressions enclosed in square
brackets:

.. productionlist::
   list_display: "[" [`expression_list` | `comprehension`] "]"

A list display yields a new list object, the contents being specified by either
a list of expressions or a comprehension.  When a comma-separated list of
expressions is supplied, its elements are evaluated from left to right and
placed into the list object in that order.  When a comprehension is supplied,
the list is constructed from the elements resulting from the comprehension.


.. _set:

Set displays
------------

.. index:: pair: set; display
           object: set

A set display is denoted by curly braces and distinguishable from dictionary
displays by the lack of colons separating keys and values:

.. productionlist::
   set_display: "{" (`expression_list` | `comprehension`) "}"

A set display yields a new mutable set object, the contents being specified by
either a sequence of expressions or a comprehension.  When a comma-separated
list of expressions is supplied, its elements are evaluated from left to right
and added to the set object.  When a comprehension is supplied, the set is
constructed from the elements resulting from the comprehension.

An empty set cannot be constructed with ``{}``; this literal constructs an empty
dictionary.


.. _dict:

Dictionary displays
-------------------

.. index:: pair: dictionary; display
           key, datum, key/datum pair
           object: dictionary

A dictionary display is a possibly empty series of key/datum pairs enclosed in
curly braces:

.. productionlist::
   dict_display: "{" [`key_datum_list` | `dict_comprehension`] "}"
   key_datum_list: `key_datum` ("," `key_datum`)* [","]
   key_datum: `expression` ":" `expression`
   dict_comprehension: `expression` ":" `expression` `comp_for`

A dictionary display yields a new dictionary object.

If a comma-separated sequence of key/datum pairs is given, they are evaluated
from left to right to define the entries of the dictionary: each key object is
used as a key into the dictionary to store the corresponding datum.  This means
that you can specify the same key multiple times in the key/datum list, and the
final dictionary's value for that key will be the last one given.

A dict comprehension, in contrast to list and set comprehensions, needs two
expressions separated with a colon followed by the usual "for" and "if" clauses.
When the comprehension is run, the resulting key and value elements are inserted
in the new dictionary in the order they are produced.

.. index:: pair: immutable; object
           hashable

Restrictions on the types of the key values are listed earlier in section
:ref:`types`.  (To summarize, the key type should be :term:`hashable`, which excludes
all mutable objects.)  Clashes between duplicate keys are not detected; the last
datum (textually rightmost in the display) stored for a given key value
prevails.


.. _genexpr:

Generator expressions
---------------------

.. index:: pair: generator; expression
           object: generator

A generator expression is a compact generator notation in parentheses:

.. productionlist::
   generator_expression: "(" `expression` `comp_for` ")"

A generator expression yields a new generator object.  Its syntax is the same as
for comprehensions, except that it is enclosed in parentheses instead of
brackets or curly braces.

Variables used in the generator expression are evaluated lazily when the
:meth:`__next__` method is called for generator object (in the same fashion as
normal generators).  However, the leftmost :keyword:`for` clause is immediately
evaluated, so that an error produced by it can be seen before any other possible
error in the code that handles the generator expression.  Subsequent
:keyword:`for` clauses cannot be evaluated immediately since they may depend on
the previous :keyword:`for` loop. For example: ``(x*y for x in range(10) for y
in bar(x))``.

The parentheses can be omitted on calls with only one argument.  See section
:ref:`calls` for the detail.


.. _yieldexpr:

Yield expressions
-----------------

.. index::
   keyword: yield
   pair: yield; expression
   pair: generator; function

.. productionlist::
   yield_atom: "(" `yield_expression` ")"
   yield_expression: "yield" [`expression_list` | "from" `expression`]

The :keyword:`yield` expression is only used when defining a generator function,
and can only be used in the body of a function definition.  Using a
:keyword:`yield` expression in a function definition is sufficient to cause that
definition to create a generator function instead of a normal function.

When a generator function is called, it returns an iterator known as a
generator.  That generator then controls the execution of a generator function.
The execution starts when one of the generator's methods is called.  At that
time, the execution proceeds to the first :keyword:`yield` expression, where it
is suspended again, returning the value of :token:`expression_list` to
generator's caller.  By suspended we mean that all local state is retained,
including the current bindings of local variables, the instruction pointer, and
the internal evaluation stack.  When the execution is resumed by calling one of
the generator's methods, the function can proceed exactly as if the
:keyword:`yield` expression was just another external call.  The value of the
:keyword:`yield` expression after resuming depends on the method which resumed
the execution. If :meth:`__next__` is used (typically via either a
:keyword:`for` or the :func:`next` builtin) then the result is :const:`None`,
otherwise, if :meth:`send` is used, then the result will be the value passed
in to that method.

.. index:: single: coroutine

All of this makes generator functions quite similar to coroutines; they yield
multiple times, they have more than one entry point and their execution can be
suspended.  The only difference is that a generator function cannot control
where should the execution continue after it yields; the control is always
transferred to the generator's caller.

:keyword:`yield` expressions are allowed in the :keyword:`try` clause of a
:keyword:`try` ...  :keyword:`finally` construct.  If the generator is not
resumed before it is finalized (by reaching a zero reference count or by being
garbage collected), the generator-iterator's :meth:`close` method will be
called, allowing any pending :keyword:`finally` clauses to execute.

When ``yield from <expr>`` is used, it treats the supplied expression as
a subiterator. All values produced by that subiterator are passed directly
to the caller of the current generator's methods. Any values passed in with
:meth:`send` and any exceptions passed in with :meth:`throw` are passed to
the underlying iterator if it has the appropriate methods. If this is not the
case, then :meth:`send` will raise :exc:`AttributeError` or :exc:`TypeError`,
while :meth:`throw` will just raise the passed in exception immediately.

When the underlying iterator is complete, the :attr:`~StopIteration.value`
attribute of the raised :exc:`StopIteration` instance becomes the value of
the yield expression. It can be either set explicitly when raising
:exc:`StopIteration`, or automatically when the sub-iterator is a generator
(by returning a value from the sub-generator).

   .. versionchanged:: 3.3
      Added ``yield from <expr>`` to delegate control flow to a subiterator

The parentheses can be omitted when the :keyword:`yield` expression is the
sole expression on the right hand side of an assignment statement.

.. index:: object: generator

The following generator's methods can be used to control the execution of a
generator function:

.. index:: exception: StopIteration


.. method:: generator.__next__()

   Starts the execution of a generator function or resumes it at the last
   executed :keyword:`yield` expression.  When a generator function is resumed
   with a :meth:`__next__` method, the current :keyword:`yield` expression
   always evaluates to :const:`None`.  The execution then continues to the next
   :keyword:`yield` expression, where the generator is suspended again, and the
   value of the :token:`expression_list` is returned to :meth:`next`'s caller.
   If the generator exits without yielding another value, a :exc:`StopIteration`
   exception is raised.

   This method is normally called implicitly, e.g. by a :keyword:`for` loop, or
   by the built-in :func:`next` function.


.. method:: generator.send(value)

   Resumes the execution and "sends" a value into the generator function.  The
   ``value`` argument becomes the result of the current :keyword:`yield`
   expression.  The :meth:`send` method returns the next value yielded by the
   generator, or raises :exc:`StopIteration` if the generator exits without
   yielding another value.  When :meth:`send` is called to start the generator,
   it must be called with :const:`None` as the argument, because there is no
   :keyword:`yield` expression that could receive the value.


.. method:: generator.throw(type[, value[, traceback]])

   Raises an exception of type ``type`` at the point where generator was paused,
   and returns the next value yielded by the generator function.  If the generator
   exits without yielding another value, a :exc:`StopIteration` exception is
   raised.  If the generator function does not catch the passed-in exception, or
   raises a different exception, then that exception propagates to the caller.

.. index:: exception: GeneratorExit


.. method:: generator.close()

   Raises a :exc:`GeneratorExit` at the point where the generator function was
   paused.  If the generator function then raises :exc:`StopIteration` (by
   exiting normally, or due to already being closed) or :exc:`GeneratorExit` (by
   not catching the exception), close returns to its caller.  If the generator
   yields a value, a :exc:`RuntimeError` is raised.  If the generator raises any
   other exception, it is propagated to the caller.  :meth:`close` does nothing
   if the generator has already exited due to an exception or normal exit.

Here is a simple example that demonstrates the behavior of generators and
generator functions::

   >>> def echo(value=None):
   ...     print("Execution starts when 'next()' is called for the first time.")
   ...     try:
   ...         while True:
   ...             try:
   ...                 value = (yield value)
   ...             except Exception as e:
   ...                 value = e
   ...     finally:
   ...         print("Don't forget to clean up when 'close()' is called.")
   ...
   >>> generator = echo(1)
   >>> print(next(generator))
   Execution starts when 'next()' is called for the first time.
   1
   >>> print(next(generator))
   None
   >>> print(generator.send(2))
   2
   >>> generator.throw(TypeError, "spam")
   TypeError('spam',)
   >>> generator.close()
   Don't forget to clean up when 'close()' is called.


.. seealso::

   :pep:`0255` - Simple Generators
      The proposal for adding generators and the :keyword:`yield` statement to Python.

   :pep:`0342` - Coroutines via Enhanced Generators
      The proposal to enhance the API and syntax of generators, making them
      usable as simple coroutines.

   :pep:`0380` - Syntax for Delegating to a Subgenerator
      The proposal to introduce the :token:`yield_from` syntax, making delegation
      to sub-generators easy.


.. _primaries:

Primaries
=========

.. index:: single: primary

Primaries represent the most tightly bound operations of the language. Their
syntax is:

.. productionlist::
   primary: `atom` | `attributeref` | `subscription` | `slicing` | `call`


.. _attribute-references:

Attribute references
--------------------

.. index:: pair: attribute; reference

An attribute reference is a primary followed by a period and a name:

.. productionlist::
   attributeref: `primary` "." `identifier`

.. index::
   exception: AttributeError
   object: module
   object: list

The primary must evaluate to an object of a type that supports attribute
references, which most objects do.  This object is then asked to produce the
attribute whose name is the identifier (which can be customized by overriding
the :meth:`__getattr__` method).  If this attribute is not available, the
exception :exc:`AttributeError` is raised.  Otherwise, the type and value of the
object produced is determined by the object.  Multiple evaluations of the same
attribute reference may yield different objects.


.. _subscriptions:

Subscriptions
-------------

.. index:: single: subscription

.. index::
   object: sequence
   object: mapping
   object: string
   object: tuple
   object: list
   object: dictionary
   pair: sequence; item

A subscription selects an item of a sequence (string, tuple or list) or mapping
(dictionary) object:

.. productionlist::
   subscription: `primary` "[" `expression_list` "]"

The primary must evaluate to an object that supports subscription, e.g. a list
or dictionary.  User-defined objects can support subscription by defining a
:meth:`__getitem__` method.

For built-in objects, there are two types of objects that support subscription:

If the primary is a mapping, the expression list must evaluate to an object
whose value is one of the keys of the mapping, and the subscription selects the
value in the mapping that corresponds to that key.  (The expression list is a
tuple except if it has exactly one item.)

If the primary is a sequence, the expression (list) must evaluate to an integer
or a slice (as discussed in the following section).

The formal syntax makes no special provision for negative indices in
sequences; however, built-in sequences all provide a :meth:`__getitem__`
method that interprets negative indices by adding the length of the sequence
to the index (so that ``x[-1]`` selects the last item of ``x``).  The
resulting value must be a nonnegative integer less than the number of items in
the sequence, and the subscription selects the item whose index is that value
(counting from zero). Since the support for negative indices and slicing
occurs in the object's :meth:`__getitem__` method, subclasses overriding
this method will need to explicitly add that support.

.. index::
   single: character
   pair: string; item

A string's items are characters.  A character is not a separate data type but a
string of exactly one character.


.. _slicings:

Slicings
--------

.. index::
   single: slicing
   single: slice

.. index::
   object: sequence
   object: string
   object: tuple
   object: list

A slicing selects a range of items in a sequence object (e.g., a string, tuple
or list).  Slicings may be used as expressions or as targets in assignment or
:keyword:`del` statements.  The syntax for a slicing:

.. productionlist::
   slicing: `primary` "[" `slice_list` "]"
   slice_list: `slice_item` ("," `slice_item`)* [","]
   slice_item: `expression` | `proper_slice`
   proper_slice: [`lower_bound`] ":" [`upper_bound`] [ ":" [`stride`] ]
   lower_bound: `expression`
   upper_bound: `expression`
   stride: `expression`

There is ambiguity in the formal syntax here: anything that looks like an
expression list also looks like a slice list, so any subscription can be
interpreted as a slicing.  Rather than further complicating the syntax, this is
disambiguated by defining that in this case the interpretation as a subscription
takes priority over the interpretation as a slicing (this is the case if the
slice list contains no proper slice).

.. index::
   single: start (slice object attribute)
   single: stop (slice object attribute)
   single: step (slice object attribute)

The semantics for a slicing are as follows.  The primary must evaluate to a
mapping object, and it is indexed (using the same :meth:`__getitem__` method as
normal subscription) with a key that is constructed from the slice list, as
follows.  If the slice list contains at least one comma, the key is a tuple
containing the conversion of the slice items; otherwise, the conversion of the
lone slice item is the key.  The conversion of a slice item that is an
expression is that expression.  The conversion of a proper slice is a slice
object (see section :ref:`types`) whose :attr:`start`, :attr:`stop` and
:attr:`step` attributes are the values of the expressions given as lower bound,
upper bound and stride, respectively, substituting ``None`` for missing
expressions.


.. _calls:

Calls
-----

.. index:: single: call

.. index:: object: callable

A call calls a callable object (e.g., a function) with a possibly empty series
of arguments:

.. productionlist::
   call: `primary` "(" [`argument_list` [","] | `comprehension`] ")"
   argument_list: `positional_arguments` ["," `keyword_arguments`]
                :   ["," "*" `expression`] ["," `keyword_arguments`]
                :   ["," "**" `expression`]
                : | `keyword_arguments` ["," "*" `expression`]
                :   ["," `keyword_arguments`] ["," "**" `expression`]
                : | "*" `expression` ["," `keyword_arguments`] ["," "**" `expression`]
                : | "**" `expression`
   positional_arguments: `expression` ("," `expression`)*
   keyword_arguments: `keyword_item` ("," `keyword_item`)*
   keyword_item: `identifier` "=" `expression`

A trailing comma may be present after the positional and keyword arguments but
does not affect the semantics.

The primary must evaluate to a callable object (user-defined functions, built-in
functions, methods of built-in objects, class objects, methods of class
instances, and all objects having a :meth:`__call__` method are callable).  All
argument expressions are evaluated before the call is attempted.  Please refer
to section :ref:`function` for the syntax of formal parameter lists.

.. XXX update with kwonly args PEP

If keyword arguments are present, they are first converted to positional
arguments, as follows.  First, a list of unfilled slots is created for the
formal parameters.  If there are N positional arguments, they are placed in the
first N slots.  Next, for each keyword argument, the identifier is used to
determine the corresponding slot (if the identifier is the same as the first
formal parameter name, the first slot is used, and so on).  If the slot is
already filled, a :exc:`TypeError` exception is raised. Otherwise, the value of
the argument is placed in the slot, filling it (even if the expression is
``None``, it fills the slot).  When all arguments have been processed, the slots
that are still unfilled are filled with the corresponding default value from the
function definition.  (Default values are calculated, once, when the function is
defined; thus, a mutable object such as a list or dictionary used as default
value will be shared by all calls that don't specify an argument value for the
corresponding slot; this should usually be avoided.)  If there are any unfilled
slots for which no default value is specified, a :exc:`TypeError` exception is
raised.  Otherwise, the list of filled slots is used as the argument list for
the call.

.. impl-detail::

   An implementation may provide built-in functions whose positional parameters
   do not have names, even if they are 'named' for the purpose of documentation,
   and which therefore cannot be supplied by keyword.  In CPython, this is the
   case for functions implemented in C that use :c:func:`PyArg_ParseTuple` to
   parse their arguments.

If there are more positional arguments than there are formal parameter slots, a
:exc:`TypeError` exception is raised, unless a formal parameter using the syntax
``*identifier`` is present; in this case, that formal parameter receives a tuple
containing the excess positional arguments (or an empty tuple if there were no
excess positional arguments).

If any keyword argument does not correspond to a formal parameter name, a
:exc:`TypeError` exception is raised, unless a formal parameter using the syntax
``**identifier`` is present; in this case, that formal parameter receives a
dictionary containing the excess keyword arguments (using the keywords as keys
and the argument values as corresponding values), or a (new) empty dictionary if
there were no excess keyword arguments.

.. index::
   single: *; in function calls

If the syntax ``*expression`` appears in the function call, ``expression`` must
evaluate to an iterable.  Elements from this iterable are treated as if they
were additional positional arguments; if there are positional arguments
*x1*, ..., *xN*, and ``expression`` evaluates to a sequence *y1*, ..., *yM*,
this is equivalent to a call with M+N positional arguments *x1*, ..., *xN*,
*y1*, ..., *yM*.

A consequence of this is that although the ``*expression`` syntax may appear
*after* some keyword arguments, it is processed *before* the keyword arguments
(and the ``**expression`` argument, if any -- see below).  So::

   >>> def f(a, b):
   ...  print(a, b)
   ...
   >>> f(b=1, *(2,))
   2 1
   >>> f(a=1, *(2,))
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<stdin>", line 1, in ?
   TypeError: f() got multiple values for keyword argument 'a'
   >>> f(1, *(2,))
   1 2

It is unusual for both keyword arguments and the ``*expression`` syntax to be
used in the same call, so in practice this confusion does not arise.

.. index::
   single: **; in function calls

If the syntax ``**expression`` appears in the function call, ``expression`` must
evaluate to a mapping, the contents of which are treated as additional keyword
arguments.  In the case of a keyword appearing in both ``expression`` and as an
explicit keyword argument, a :exc:`TypeError` exception is raised.

Formal parameters using the syntax ``*identifier`` or ``**identifier`` cannot be
used as positional argument slots or as keyword argument names.

A call always returns some value, possibly ``None``, unless it raises an
exception.  How this value is computed depends on the type of the callable
object.

If it is---

a user-defined function:
   .. index::
      pair: function; call
      triple: user-defined; function; call
      object: user-defined function
      object: function

   The code block for the function is executed, passing it the argument list.  The
   first thing the code block will do is bind the formal parameters to the
   arguments; this is described in section :ref:`function`.  When the code block
   executes a :keyword:`return` statement, this specifies the return value of the
   function call.

a built-in function or method:
   .. index::
      pair: function; call
      pair: built-in function; call
      pair: method; call
      pair: built-in method; call
      object: built-in method
      object: built-in function
      object: method
      object: function

   The result is up to the interpreter; see :ref:`built-in-funcs` for the
   descriptions of built-in functions and methods.

a class object:
   .. index::
      object: class
      pair: class object; call

   A new instance of that class is returned.

a class instance method:
   .. index::
      object: class instance
      object: instance
      pair: class instance; call

   The corresponding user-defined function is called, with an argument list that is
   one longer than the argument list of the call: the instance becomes the first
   argument.

a class instance:
   .. index::
      pair: instance; call
      single: __call__() (object method)

   The class must define a :meth:`__call__` method; the effect is then the same as
   if that method was called.


.. _power:

The power operator
==================

The power operator binds more tightly than unary operators on its left; it binds
less tightly than unary operators on its right.  The syntax is:

.. productionlist::
   power: `primary` ["**" `u_expr`]

Thus, in an unparenthesized sequence of power and unary operators, the operators
are evaluated from right to left (this does not constrain the evaluation order
for the operands): ``-1**2`` results in ``-1``.

The power operator has the same semantics as the built-in :func:`pow` function,
when called with two arguments: it yields its left argument raised to the power
of its right argument.  The numeric arguments are first converted to a common
type, and the result is of that type.

For int operands, the result has the same type as the operands unless the second
argument is negative; in that case, all arguments are converted to float and a
float result is delivered. For example, ``10**2`` returns ``100``, but
``10**-2`` returns ``0.01``.

Raising ``0.0`` to a negative power results in a :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`.
Raising a negative number to a fractional power results in a :class:`complex`
number. (In earlier versions it raised a :exc:`ValueError`.)


.. _unary:

Unary arithmetic and bitwise operations
=======================================

.. index::
   triple: unary; arithmetic; operation
   triple: unary; bitwise; operation

All unary arithmetic and bitwise operations have the same priority:

.. productionlist::
   u_expr: `power` | "-" `u_expr` | "+" `u_expr` | "~" `u_expr`

.. index::
   single: negation
   single: minus

The unary ``-`` (minus) operator yields the negation of its numeric argument.

.. index:: single: plus

The unary ``+`` (plus) operator yields its numeric argument unchanged.

.. index:: single: inversion


The unary ``~`` (invert) operator yields the bitwise inversion of its integer
argument.  The bitwise inversion of ``x`` is defined as ``-(x+1)``.  It only
applies to integral numbers.

.. index:: exception: TypeError

In all three cases, if the argument does not have the proper type, a
:exc:`TypeError` exception is raised.


.. _binary:

Binary arithmetic operations
============================

.. index:: triple: binary; arithmetic; operation

The binary arithmetic operations have the conventional priority levels.  Note
that some of these operations also apply to certain non-numeric types.  Apart
from the power operator, there are only two levels, one for multiplicative
operators and one for additive operators:

.. productionlist::
   m_expr: `u_expr` | `m_expr` "*" `u_expr` | `m_expr` "//" `u_expr` | `m_expr` "/" `u_expr`
         : | `m_expr` "%" `u_expr`
   a_expr: `m_expr` | `a_expr` "+" `m_expr` | `a_expr` "-" `m_expr`

.. index:: single: multiplication

The ``*`` (multiplication) operator yields the product of its arguments.  The
arguments must either both be numbers, or one argument must be an integer and
the other must be a sequence. In the former case, the numbers are converted to a
common type and then multiplied together.  In the latter case, sequence
repetition is performed; a negative repetition factor yields an empty sequence.

.. index::
   exception: ZeroDivisionError
   single: division

The ``/`` (division) and ``//`` (floor division) operators yield the quotient of
their arguments.  The numeric arguments are first converted to a common type.
Integer division yields a float, while floor division of integers results in an
integer; the result is that of mathematical division with the 'floor' function
applied to the result.  Division by zero raises the :exc:`ZeroDivisionError`
exception.

.. index:: single: modulo

The ``%`` (modulo) operator yields the remainder from the division of the first
argument by the second.  The numeric arguments are first converted to a common
type.  A zero right argument raises the :exc:`ZeroDivisionError` exception.  The
arguments may be floating point numbers, e.g., ``3.14%0.7`` equals ``0.34``
(since ``3.14`` equals ``4*0.7 + 0.34``.)  The modulo operator always yields a
result with the same sign as its second operand (or zero); the absolute value of
the result is strictly smaller than the absolute value of the second operand
[#]_.

The floor division and modulo operators are connected by the following
identity: ``x == (x//y)*y + (x%y)``.  Floor division and modulo are also
connected with the built-in function :func:`divmod`: ``divmod(x, y) == (x//y,
x%y)``. [#]_.

In addition to performing the modulo operation on numbers, the ``%`` operator is
also overloaded by string objects to perform old-style string formatting (also
known as interpolation).  The syntax for string formatting is described in the
Python Library Reference, section :ref:`old-string-formatting`.

The floor division operator, the modulo operator, and the :func:`divmod`
function are not defined for complex numbers.  Instead, convert to a floating
point number using the :func:`abs` function if appropriate.

.. index:: single: addition

The ``+`` (addition) operator yields the sum of its arguments.  The arguments
must either both be numbers or both sequences of the same type.  In the former
case, the numbers are converted to a common type and then added together.  In
the latter case, the sequences are concatenated.

.. index:: single: subtraction

The ``-`` (subtraction) operator yields the difference of its arguments.  The
numeric arguments are first converted to a common type.


.. _shifting:

Shifting operations
===================

.. index:: pair: shifting; operation

The shifting operations have lower priority than the arithmetic operations:

.. productionlist::
   shift_expr: `a_expr` | `shift_expr` ( "<<" | ">>" ) `a_expr`

These operators accept integers as arguments.  They shift the first argument to
the left or right by the number of bits given by the second argument.

.. index:: exception: ValueError

A right shift by *n* bits is defined as division by ``pow(2,n)``.  A left shift
by *n* bits is defined as multiplication with ``pow(2,n)``.

.. note::

   In the current implementation, the right-hand operand is required
   to be at most :attr:`sys.maxsize`.  If the right-hand operand is larger than
   :attr:`sys.maxsize` an :exc:`OverflowError` exception is raised.

.. _bitwise:

Binary bitwise operations
=========================

.. index:: triple: binary; bitwise; operation

Each of the three bitwise operations has a different priority level:

.. productionlist::
   and_expr: `shift_expr` | `and_expr` "&" `shift_expr`
   xor_expr: `and_expr` | `xor_expr` "^" `and_expr`
   or_expr: `xor_expr` | `or_expr` "|" `xor_expr`

.. index:: pair: bitwise; and

The ``&`` operator yields the bitwise AND of its arguments, which must be
integers.

.. index::
   pair: bitwise; xor
   pair: exclusive; or

The ``^`` operator yields the bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) of its arguments, which
must be integers.

.. index::
   pair: bitwise; or
   pair: inclusive; or

The ``|`` operator yields the bitwise (inclusive) OR of its arguments, which
must be integers.


.. _comparisons:
.. _is:
.. _is not:
.. _in:
.. _not in:

Comparisons
===========

.. index:: single: comparison

.. index:: pair: C; language

Unlike C, all comparison operations in Python have the same priority, which is
lower than that of any arithmetic, shifting or bitwise operation.  Also unlike
C, expressions like ``a < b < c`` have the interpretation that is conventional
in mathematics:

.. productionlist::
   comparison: `or_expr` ( `comp_operator` `or_expr` )*
   comp_operator: "<" | ">" | "==" | ">=" | "<=" | "!="
                : | "is" ["not"] | ["not"] "in"

Comparisons yield boolean values: ``True`` or ``False``.

.. index:: pair: chaining; comparisons

Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily, e.g., ``x < y <= z`` is equivalent to
``x < y and y <= z``, except that ``y`` is evaluated only once (but in both
cases ``z`` is not evaluated at all when ``x < y`` is found to be false).

Formally, if *a*, *b*, *c*, ..., *y*, *z* are expressions and *op1*, *op2*, ...,
*opN* are comparison operators, then ``a op1 b op2 c ... y opN z`` is equivalent
to ``a op1 b and b op2 c and ... y opN z``, except that each expression is
evaluated at most once.

Note that ``a op1 b op2 c`` doesn't imply any kind of comparison between *a* and
*c*, so that, e.g., ``x < y > z`` is perfectly legal (though perhaps not
pretty).

The operators ``<``, ``>``, ``==``, ``>=``, ``<=``, and ``!=`` compare the
values of two objects.  The objects need not have the same type. If both are
numbers, they are converted to a common type.  Otherwise, the ``==`` and ``!=``
operators *always* consider objects of different types to be unequal, while the
``<``, ``>``, ``>=`` and ``<=`` operators raise a :exc:`TypeError` when
comparing objects of different types that do not implement these operators for
the given pair of types.  You can control comparison behavior of objects of
non-built-in types by defining rich comparison methods like :meth:`__gt__`,
described in section :ref:`customization`.

Comparison of objects of the same type depends on the type:

* Numbers are compared arithmetically.

* The values :const:`float('NaN')` and :const:`Decimal('NaN')` are special.
  The are identical to themselves, ``x is x`` but are not equal to themselves,
  ``x != x``.  Additionally, comparing any value to a not-a-number value
  will return ``False``.  For example, both ``3 < float('NaN')`` and
  ``float('NaN') < 3`` will return ``False``.

* Bytes objects are compared lexicographically using the numeric values of their
  elements.

* Strings are compared lexicographically using the numeric equivalents (the
  result of the built-in function :func:`ord`) of their characters. [#]_ String
  and bytes object can't be compared!

* Tuples and lists are compared lexicographically using comparison of
  corresponding elements.  This means that to compare equal, each element must
  compare equal and the two sequences must be of the same type and have the same
  length.

  If not equal, the sequences are ordered the same as their first differing
  elements.  For example, ``[1,2,x] <= [1,2,y]`` has the same value as
  ``x <= y``.  If the corresponding element does not exist, the shorter
  sequence is ordered first (for example, ``[1,2] < [1,2,3]``).

* Mappings (dictionaries) compare equal if and only if they have the same
  ``(key, value)`` pairs. Order comparisons ``('<', '<=', '>=', '>')``
  raise :exc:`TypeError`.

* Sets and frozensets define comparison operators to mean subset and superset
  tests.  Those relations do not define total orderings (the two sets ``{1,2}``
  and {2,3} are not equal, nor subsets of one another, nor supersets of one
  another).  Accordingly, sets are not appropriate arguments for functions
  which depend on total ordering.  For example, :func:`min`, :func:`max`, and
  :func:`sorted` produce undefined results given a list of sets as inputs.

* Most other objects of built-in types compare unequal unless they are the same
  object; the choice whether one object is considered smaller or larger than
  another one is made arbitrarily but consistently within one execution of a
  program.

Comparison of objects of the differing types depends on whether either
of the types provide explicit support for the comparison.  Most numeric types
can be compared with one another, but comparisons of :class:`float` and
:class:`Decimal` are not supported to avoid the inevitable confusion arising
from representation issues such as ``float('1.1')`` being inexactly represented
and therefore not exactly equal to ``Decimal('1.1')`` which is.  When
cross-type comparison is not supported, the comparison method returns
``NotImplemented``.  This can create the illusion of non-transitivity between
supported cross-type comparisons and unsupported comparisons.  For example,
``Decimal(2) == 2`` and ``2 == float(2)`` but ``Decimal(2) != float(2)``.

.. _membership-test-details:

The operators :keyword:`in` and :keyword:`not in` test for membership.  ``x in
s`` evaluates to true if *x* is a member of *s*, and false otherwise.  ``x not
in s`` returns the negation of ``x in s``.  All built-in sequences and set types
support this as well as dictionary, for which :keyword:`in` tests whether a the
dictionary has a given key. For container types such as list, tuple, set,
frozenset, dict, or collections.deque, the expression ``x in y`` is equivalent
to ``any(x is e or x == e for e in y)``.

For the string and bytes types, ``x in y`` is true if and only if *x* is a
substring of *y*.  An equivalent test is ``y.find(x) != -1``.  Empty strings are
always considered to be a substring of any other string, so ``"" in "abc"`` will
return ``True``.

For user-defined classes which define the :meth:`__contains__` method, ``x in
y`` is true if and only if ``y.__contains__(x)`` is true.

For user-defined classes which do not define :meth:`__contains__` but do define
:meth:`__iter__`, ``x in y`` is true if some value ``z`` with ``x == z`` is
produced while iterating over ``y``.  If an exception is raised during the
iteration, it is as if :keyword:`in` raised that exception.

Lastly, the old-style iteration protocol is tried: if a class defines
:meth:`__getitem__`, ``x in y`` is true if and only if there is a non-negative
integer index *i* such that ``x == y[i]``, and all lower integer indices do not
raise :exc:`IndexError` exception.  (If any other exception is raised, it is as
if :keyword:`in` raised that exception).

.. index::
   operator: in
   operator: not in
   pair: membership; test
   object: sequence

The operator :keyword:`not in` is defined to have the inverse true value of
:keyword:`in`.

.. index::
   operator: is
   operator: is not
   pair: identity; test

The operators :keyword:`is` and :keyword:`is not` test for object identity: ``x
is y`` is true if and only if *x* and *y* are the same object.  ``x is not y``
yields the inverse truth value. [#]_


.. _booleans:
.. _and:
.. _or:
.. _not:

Boolean operations
==================

.. index::
   pair: Conditional; expression
   pair: Boolean; operation

.. productionlist::
   or_test: `and_test` | `or_test` "or" `and_test`
   and_test: `not_test` | `and_test` "and" `not_test`
   not_test: `comparison` | "not" `not_test`

In the context of Boolean operations, and also when expressions are used by
control flow statements, the following values are interpreted as false:
``False``, ``None``, numeric zero of all types, and empty strings and containers
(including strings, tuples, lists, dictionaries, sets and frozensets).  All
other values are interpreted as true.  User-defined objects can customize their
truth value by providing a :meth:`__bool__` method.

.. index:: operator: not

The operator :keyword:`not` yields ``True`` if its argument is false, ``False``
otherwise.

.. index:: operator: and

The expression ``x and y`` first evaluates *x*; if *x* is false, its value is
returned; otherwise, *y* is evaluated and the resulting value is returned.

.. index:: operator: or

The expression ``x or y`` first evaluates *x*; if *x* is true, its value is
returned; otherwise, *y* is evaluated and the resulting value is returned.

(Note that neither :keyword:`and` nor :keyword:`or` restrict the value and type
they return to ``False`` and ``True``, but rather return the last evaluated
argument.  This is sometimes useful, e.g., if ``s`` is a string that should be
replaced by a default value if it is empty, the expression ``s or 'foo'`` yields
the desired value.  Because :keyword:`not` has to invent a value anyway, it does
not bother to return a value of the same type as its argument, so e.g., ``not
'foo'`` yields ``False``, not ``''``.)


Conditional expressions
=======================

.. index::
   pair: conditional; expression
   pair: ternary; operator

.. productionlist::
   conditional_expression: `or_test` ["if" `or_test` "else" `expression`]
   expression: `conditional_expression` | `lambda_form`
   expression_nocond: `or_test` | `lambda_form_nocond`

Conditional expressions (sometimes called a "ternary operator") have the lowest
priority of all Python operations.

The expression ``x if C else y`` first evaluates the condition, *C* (*not* *x*);
if *C* is true, *x* is evaluated and its value is returned; otherwise, *y* is
evaluated and its value is returned.

See :pep:`308` for more details about conditional expressions.


.. _lambdas:
.. _lambda:

Lambdas
=======

.. index::
   pair: lambda; expression
   pair: lambda; form
   pair: anonymous; function

.. productionlist::
   lambda_form: "lambda" [`parameter_list`]: `expression`
   lambda_form_nocond: "lambda" [`parameter_list`]: `expression_nocond`

Lambda forms (lambda expressions) have the same syntactic position as
expressions.  They are a shorthand to create anonymous functions; the expression
``lambda arguments: expression`` yields a function object.  The unnamed object
behaves like a function object defined with ::

   def <lambda>(arguments):
       return expression

See section :ref:`function` for the syntax of parameter lists.  Note that
functions created with lambda forms cannot contain statements or annotations.


.. _exprlists:

Expression lists
================

.. index:: pair: expression; list

.. productionlist::
   expression_list: `expression` ( "," `expression` )* [","]

.. index:: object: tuple

An expression list containing at least one comma yields a tuple.  The length of
the tuple is the number of expressions in the list.  The expressions are
evaluated from left to right.

.. index:: pair: trailing; comma

The trailing comma is required only to create a single tuple (a.k.a. a
*singleton*); it is optional in all other cases.  A single expression without a
trailing comma doesn't create a tuple, but rather yields the value of that
expression. (To create an empty tuple, use an empty pair of parentheses:
``()``.)


.. _evalorder:

Evaluation order
================

.. index:: pair: evaluation; order

Python evaluates expressions from left to right.  Notice that while evaluating
an assignment, the right-hand side is evaluated before the left-hand side.

In the following lines, expressions will be evaluated in the arithmetic order of
their suffixes::

   expr1, expr2, expr3, expr4
   (expr1, expr2, expr3, expr4)
   {expr1: expr2, expr3: expr4}
   expr1 + expr2 * (expr3 - expr4)
   expr1(expr2, expr3, *expr4, **expr5)
   expr3, expr4 = expr1, expr2


.. _operator-summary:

Summary
=======

.. index:: pair: operator; precedence

The following table summarizes the operator precedences in Python, from lowest
precedence (least binding) to highest precedence (most binding).  Operators in
the same box have the same precedence.  Unless the syntax is explicitly given,
operators are binary.  Operators in the same box group left to right (except for
comparisons, including tests, which all have the same precedence and chain from
left to right --- see section :ref:`comparisons` --- and exponentiation, which
groups from right to left).


+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| Operator                                      | Description                         |
+===============================================+=====================================+
| :keyword:`lambda`                             | Lambda expression                   |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| :keyword:`if` -- :keyword:`else`              | Conditional expression              |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| :keyword:`or`                                 | Boolean OR                          |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| :keyword:`and`                                | Boolean AND                         |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| :keyword:`not` *x*                            | Boolean NOT                         |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| :keyword:`in`, :keyword:`not` :keyword:`in`,  | Comparisons, including membership   |
| :keyword:`is`, :keyword:`is not`, ``<``,      | tests and identity tests,           |
| ``<=``, ``>``, ``>=``, ``!=``, ``==``         |                                     |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``|``                                         | Bitwise OR                          |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``^``                                         | Bitwise XOR                         |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``&``                                         | Bitwise AND                         |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``<<``, ``>>``                                | Shifts                              |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``+``, ``-``                                  | Addition and subtraction            |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``*``, ``/``, ``//``, ``%``                   | Multiplication, division, remainder |
|                                               | [#]_                                |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``+x``, ``-x``, ``~x``                        | Positive, negative, bitwise NOT     |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``**``                                        | Exponentiation [#]_                 |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``x[index]``, ``x[index:index]``,             | Subscription, slicing,              |
| ``x(arguments...)``, ``x.attribute``          | call, attribute reference           |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+
| ``(expressions...)``,                         | Binding or tuple display,           |
| ``[expressions...]``,                         | list display,                       |
| ``{key:datum...}``,                           | dictionary display,                 |
| ``{expressions...}``                          | set display                         |
+-----------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+


.. rubric:: Footnotes

.. [#] While ``abs(x%y) < abs(y)`` is true mathematically, for floats it may not be
   true numerically due to roundoff.  For example, and assuming a platform on which
   a Python float is an IEEE 754 double-precision number, in order that ``-1e-100 %
   1e100`` have the same sign as ``1e100``, the computed result is ``-1e-100 +
   1e100``, which is numerically exactly equal to ``1e100``.  The function
   :func:`math.fmod` returns a result whose sign matches the sign of the
   first argument instead, and so returns ``-1e-100`` in this case. Which approach
   is more appropriate depends on the application.

.. [#] If x is very close to an exact integer multiple of y, it's possible for
   ``x//y`` to be one larger than ``(x-x%y)//y`` due to rounding.  In such
   cases, Python returns the latter result, in order to preserve that
   ``divmod(x,y)[0] * y + x % y`` be very close to ``x``.

.. [#] While comparisons between strings make sense at the byte level, they may
   be counter-intuitive to users.  For example, the strings ``"\u00C7"`` and
   ``"\u0327\u0043"`` compare differently, even though they both represent the
   same unicode character (LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA).  To compare
   strings in a human recognizable way, compare using
   :func:`unicodedata.normalize`.

.. [#] Due to automatic garbage-collection, free lists, and the dynamic nature of
   descriptors, you may notice seemingly unusual behaviour in certain uses of
   the :keyword:`is` operator, like those involving comparisons between instance
   methods, or constants.  Check their documentation for more info.

.. [#] The ``%`` operator is also used for string formatting; the same
   precedence applies.

.. [#] The power operator ``**`` binds less tightly than an arithmetic or
   bitwise unary operator on its right, that is, ``2**-1`` is ``0.5``.