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****************************
What's New In Python 3.2
****************************
:Author: Raymond Hettinger
:Release: |release|
:Date: |today|
.. $Id$
Rules for maintenance:
* Anyone can add text to this document. Do not spend very much time
on the wording of your changes, because your text will probably
get rewritten to some degree.
* The maintainer will go through Misc/NEWS periodically and add
changes; it's therefore more important to add your changes to
Misc/NEWS than to this file.
* This is not a complete list of every single change; completeness
is the purpose of Misc/NEWS. Some changes I consider too small
or esoteric to include. If such a change is added to the text,
I'll just remove it. (This is another reason you shouldn't spend
too much time on writing your addition.)
* If you want to draw your new text to the attention of the
maintainer, add 'XXX' to the beginning of the paragraph or
section.
* It's OK to just add a fragmentary note about a change. For
example: "XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the
socket module." The maintainer will research the change and
write the necessary text.
* You can comment out your additions if you like, but it's not
necessary (especially when a final release is some months away).
* Credit the author of a patch or bugfix. Just the name is
sufficient; the e-mail address isn't necessary.
* It's helpful to add the bug/patch number as a comment:
% Patch 12345
XXX Describe the transmogrify() function added to the socket
module.
(Contributed by P.Y. Developer.)
This saves the maintainer the effort of going through the SVN log
when researching a change.
This article explains the new features in Python 3.2, compared to 3.1.
PEP XXX: Stub
=============
Other Language Changes
======================
Some smaller changes made to the core Python language are:
* Stub
New, Improved, and Deprecated Modules
=====================================
* The :class:`ftplib.FTP` class now supports the context manager protocol
(Contributed by Tarek Ziadé and Giampaolo Rodolà; :issue:`4972`.)
* The :mod:`ssl` module has a new class, :class:`~ssl.SSLContext` which
serves as a container for various persistent SSL data, such as protocol
settings, certificates, private keys, and various other options.
The :meth:`~ssl.SSLContext.wrap_socket` method allows to create an
SSL socket from such an SSL context.
(Added by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8550`.)
The :func:`ssl.wrap_socket` constructor function now takes a
*ciphers* argument that's a string listing the encryption algorithms
to be allowed; the format of the string is described
`in the OpenSSL documentation
<http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER_LIST_FORMAT>`__.
(Added by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8322`.)
Various options have been added to the :mod:`ssl` module, such as
:data:`~ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2` which allows to force disabling of the insecure
and obsolete SSLv2 protocol.
(Added by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`4870`.)
Another change makes the extension load all of OpenSSL's ciphers and
digest algorithms so that they're all available. Some SSL
certificates couldn't be verified, reporting an "unknown algorithm"
error. (Reported by Beda Kosata, and fixed by Antoine Pitrou;
:issue:`8484`.)
The version of OpenSSL being used is now available as the module
attributes :data:`ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION` (a string),
:data:`ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_INFO` (a 5-tuple), and
:data:`ssl.OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER` (an integer). (Added by Antoine
Pitrou; :issue:`8321`.)
* The previously deprecated :func:`string.maketrans` function has been
removed in favor of the static methods, :meth:`bytes.maketrans` and
:meth:`bytearray.maketrans`. This change solves the confusion around which
types were supported by the :mod:`string` module. Now, :class:`str`,
:class:`bytes`, and :class:`bytearray` each have their own **maketrans** and
**translate** methods with intermediate translation tables of the
appropriate type.
(Contributed by Georg Brandl; :issue:`5675`.)
* The previously deprecated :func:`contextlib.nested` function has been
removed in favor of a plain :keyword:`with` statement which can
accept multiple context managers. The latter technique is faster
(because it is built-in), and it does a better job finalizing multiple
context managers when one of them raises an exception.
(Contributed by Georg Brandl and Mattias Brändström;
`appspot issue 53094 <http://codereview.appspot.com/53094>`_.)
* The :func:`shutil.copytree` function has two new options:
* *ignore_dangling_symlinks*: when ``symlinks=False`` (meaning that the
function copies the file pointed to by the symlink, not the symlink
itself) this option will silence the error thrown if the file doesn't
exist.
* *copy_function*: a callable that will be used to copy files.
:func:`shutil.copy2` is used by default.
(Contributed by Tarek Ziade.)
* The *sqlite3* module has some new features:
* XXX *enable_load_extension*
* XXX *load_extension*
* New :class:`~sqlite3.Connection` attribute
:attr:`~sqlite3.Connection.in_transaction` is :const:`True` when there
are uncommitted changes, and :const:`False` otherwise. (Contributed
by R. David Murray and Shashwat Anand, :issue:`8845`.)
Multi-threading
===============
* The mechanism for serializing execution of concurrently running Python
threads (generally known as the GIL or Global Interpreter Lock) has been
rewritten. Among the objectives were more predictable switching intervals
and reduced overhead due to lock contention and the number of ensuing
system calls. The notion of a "check interval" to allow thread switches
has been abandoned and replaced by an absolute duration expressed in
seconds. This parameter is tunable through :func:`sys.setswitchinterval()`.
It currently defaults to 5 milliseconds.
Additional details about the implementation can be read from a `python-dev
mailing-list message
<http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2009-October/093321.html>`_
(however, "priority requests" as exposed in this message have not been
kept for inclusion).
(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou.)
* Recursive locks (created with the :func:`threading.RLock` API) now benefit
from a C implementation which makes them as fast as regular locks, and
between 10x and 15x faster than their previous pure Python implementation.
(Contributed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`3001`.)
* Regular and recursive locks now accept an optional *timeout* argument
to their ``acquire`` method. (Contributed by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`7316`)
Similarly, :meth:`threading.Semaphore.acquire` also gains a *timeout*
argument. (Contributed by Torsten Landschoff; :issue:`850728`.)
Optimizations
=============
Major performance enhancements have been added:
* Stub
IDLE
====
* Stub
Build and C API Changes
=======================
Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
* Stub
Porting to Python 3.2
=====================
This section lists previously described changes and other bugfixes
that may require changes to your code:
* bytearray objects cannot be used anymore as filenames: convert them to bytes
* PyArg_Parse*() functions:
* "t#" format has been removed: use "s#" or "s*" instead
* "w" and "w#" formats has been removed: use "w*" instead
|
