path: root/Include/abstract.h

#ifndef Py_ABSTRACTOBJECT_H
#define Py_ABSTRACTOBJECT_H
#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

#ifdef PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
#define PyObject_CallFunction _PyObject_CallFunction_SizeT
#define PyObject_CallMethod _PyObject_CallMethod_SizeT
#define _PyObject_CallMethodId _PyObject_CallMethodId_SizeT
#endif

/* Abstract Object Interface (many thanks to Jim Fulton) */

/*
   PROPOSAL: A Generic Python Object Interface for Python C Modules

Problem

  Python modules written in C that must access Python objects must do
  so through routines whose interfaces are described by a set of
  include files.  Unfortunately, these routines vary according to the
  object accessed.  To use these routines, the C programmer must check
  the type of the object being used and must call a routine based on
  the object type.  For example, to access an element of a sequence,
  the programmer must determine whether the sequence is a list or a
  tuple:

    if(is_tupleobject(o))
      e=gettupleitem(o,i)
    else if(is_listitem(o))
      e=getlistitem(o,i)

  If the programmer wants to get an item from another type of object
  that provides sequence behavior, there is no clear way to do it
  correctly.

  The persistent programmer may peruse object.h and find that the
  _typeobject structure provides a means of invoking up to (currently
  about) 41 special operators.  So, for example, a routine can get an
  item from any object that provides sequence behavior. However, to
  use this mechanism, the programmer must make their code dependent on
  the current Python implementation.

  Also, certain semantics, especially memory management semantics, may
  differ by the type of object being used.  Unfortunately, these
  semantics are not clearly described in the current include files.
  An abstract interface providing more consistent semantics is needed.

Proposal

  I propose the creation of a standard interface (with an associated
  library of routines and/or macros) for generically obtaining the
  services of Python objects.  This proposal can be viewed as one
  components of a Python C interface consisting of several components.

  From the viewpoint of C access to Python services, we have (as
  suggested by Guido in off-line discussions):

  - "Very high level layer": two or three functions that let you exec or
    eval arbitrary Python code given as a string in a module whose name is
    given, passing C values in and getting C values out using
    mkvalue/getargs style format strings.  This does not require the user
    to declare any variables of type "PyObject *".  This should be enough
    to write a simple application that gets Python code from the user,
    execs it, and returns the output or errors.  (Error handling must also
    be part of this API.)

  - "Abstract objects layer": which is the subject of this proposal.
    It has many functions operating on objects, and lest you do many
    things from C that you can also write in Python, without going
    through the Python parser.

  - "Concrete objects layer": This is the public type-dependent
    interface provided by the standard built-in types, such as floats,
    strings, and lists.  This interface exists and is currently
    documented by the collection of include files provided with the
    Python distributions.

  From the point of view of Python accessing services provided by C
  modules:

  - "Python module interface": this interface consist of the basic
    routines used to define modules and their members.  Most of the
    current extensions-writing guide deals with this interface.

  - "Built-in object interface": this is the interface that a new
    built-in type must provide and the mechanisms and rules that a
    developer of a new built-in type must use and follow.

  This proposal is a "first-cut" that is intended to spur
  discussion. See especially the lists of notes.

  The Python C object interface will provide four protocols: object,
  numeric, sequence, and mapping.  Each protocol consists of a
  collection of related operations.  If an operation that is not
  provided by a particular type is invoked, then a standard exception,
  NotImplementedError is raised with a operation name as an argument.
  In addition, for convenience this interface defines a set of
  constructors for building objects of built-in types.  This is needed
  so new objects can be returned from C functions that otherwise treat
  objects generically.

Memory Management

  For all of the functions described in this proposal, if a function
  retains a reference to a Python object passed as an argument, then the
  function will increase the reference count of the object.  It is
  unnecessary for the caller to increase the reference count of an
  argument in anticipation of the object's retention.

  All Python objects returned from functions should be treated as new
  objects.  Functions that return objects assume that the caller will
  retain a reference and the reference count of the object has already
  been incremented to account for this fact.  A caller that does not
  retain a reference to an object that is returned from a function
  must decrement the reference count of the object (using
  DECREF(object)) to prevent memory leaks.

  Note that the behavior mentioned here is different from the current
  behavior for some objects (e.g. lists and tuples) when certain
  type-specific routines are called directly (e.g. setlistitem).  The
  proposed abstraction layer will provide a consistent memory
  management interface, correcting for inconsistent behavior for some
  built-in types.

Protocols

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx*/

/*  Object Protocol: */

     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     int PyObject_Print(PyObject *o, FILE *fp, int flags);

     Print an object, o, on file, fp.  Returns -1 on
     error.  The flags argument is used to enable certain printing
     options. The only option currently supported is Py_Print_RAW.

     (What should be said about Py_Print_RAW?)

       */

     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     int PyObject_HasAttrString(PyObject *o, char *attr_name);

     Returns 1 if o has the attribute attr_name, and 0 otherwise.
     This is equivalent to the Python expression:
     hasattr(o,attr_name).

     This function always succeeds.

       */

     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     PyObject* PyObject_GetAttrString(PyObject *o, char *attr_name);

     Retrieve an attributed named attr_name form object o.
     Returns the attribute value on success, or NULL on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression: o.attr_name.

       */

     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     int PyObject_HasAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name);

     Returns 1 if o has the attribute attr_name, and 0 otherwise.
     This is equivalent to the Python expression:
     hasattr(o,attr_name).

     This function always succeeds.

       */

     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     PyObject* PyObject_GetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name);

     Retrieve an attributed named attr_name form object o.
     Returns the attribute value on success, or NULL on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression: o.attr_name.

       */


     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     int PyObject_SetAttrString(PyObject *o, char *attr_name, PyObject *v);

     Set the value of the attribute named attr_name, for object o,
     to the value, v. Returns -1 on failure.  This is
     the equivalent of the Python statement: o.attr_name=v.

       */

     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     int PyObject_SetAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name, PyObject *v);

     Set the value of the attribute named attr_name, for object o,
     to the value, v. Returns -1 on failure.  This is
     the equivalent of the Python statement: o.attr_name=v.

       */

     /* implemented as a macro:

     int PyObject_DelAttrString(PyObject *o, char *attr_name);

     Delete attribute named attr_name, for object o. Returns
     -1 on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     statement: del o.attr_name.

       */
#define  PyObject_DelAttrString(O,A) PyObject_SetAttrString((O),(A),NULL)

     /* implemented as a macro:

     int PyObject_DelAttr(PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name);

     Delete attribute named attr_name, for object o. Returns -1
     on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     statement: del o.attr_name.

       */
#define  PyObject_DelAttr(O,A) PyObject_SetAttr((O),(A),NULL)

     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     PyObject *PyObject_Repr(PyObject *o);

     Compute the string representation of object, o.  Returns the
     string representation on success, NULL on failure.  This is
     the equivalent of the Python expression: repr(o).

     Called by the repr() built-in function.

       */

     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     PyObject *PyObject_Str(PyObject *o);

     Compute the string representation of object, o.  Returns the
     string representation on success, NULL on failure.  This is
     the equivalent of the Python expression: str(o).)

     Called by the str() and print() built-in functions.

       */

       /* Declared elsewhere

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyCallable_Check(PyObject *o);

     Determine if the object, o, is callable.  Return 1 if the
     object is callable and 0 otherwise.

     This function always succeeds.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_Call(PyObject *callable_object,
                                          PyObject *args, PyObject *kw);

       /*
     Call a callable Python object, callable_object, with
     arguments and keywords arguments.  The 'args' argument can not be
     NULL, but the 'kw' argument can be NULL.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_CallObject(PyObject *callable_object,
                                                PyObject *args);

       /*
     Call a callable Python object, callable_object, with
     arguments given by the tuple, args.  If no arguments are
     needed, then args may be NULL.  Returns the result of the
     call on success, or NULL on failure.  This is the equivalent
     of the Python expression: o(*args).
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_CallFunction(PyObject *callable_object,
                                                  char *format, ...);

       /*
     Call a callable Python object, callable_object, with a
     variable number of C arguments. The C arguments are described
     using a mkvalue-style format string. The format may be NULL,
     indicating that no arguments are provided.  Returns the
     result of the call on success, or NULL on failure.  This is
     the equivalent of the Python expression: o(*args).
       */


     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_CallMethod(PyObject *o, char *method,
                                                char *format, ...);

       /*
     Call the method named m of object o with a variable number of
     C arguments.  The C arguments are described by a mkvalue
     format string.  The format may be NULL, indicating that no
     arguments are provided. Returns the result of the call on
     success, or NULL on failure.  This is the equivalent of the
     Python expression: o.method(args).
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_CallMethodId(PyObject *o, _Py_Identifier *method,
                                                  char *format, ...);

       /*
         Like PyObject_CallMethod, but expect a _Py_Identifier* as the
         method name.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_CallFunction_SizeT(PyObject *callable,
                                                         char *format, ...);
     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_CallMethod_SizeT(PyObject *o,
                                                       char *name,
                                                       char *format, ...);
     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_CallMethodId_SizeT(PyObject *o,
                                                       _Py_Identifier *name,
                                                       char *format, ...);

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs(PyObject *callable,
                                                         ...);

       /*
     Call a callable Python object, callable_object, with a
     variable number of C arguments.  The C arguments are provided
     as PyObject * values, terminated by a NULL.  Returns the
     result of the call on success, or NULL on failure.  This is
     the equivalent of the Python expression: o(*args).
       */


     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs(PyObject *o,
                                                       PyObject *method, ...);
     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _PyObject_CallMethodObjIdArgs(PyObject *o,
                                               struct _Py_Identifier *method,
                                               ...);


       /*
     Call the method named m of object o with a variable number of
     C arguments.  The C arguments are provided as PyObject *
     values, terminated by NULL.  Returns the result of the call
     on success, or NULL on failure.  This is the equivalent of
     the Python expression: o.method(args).
       */


     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     long PyObject_Hash(PyObject *o);

     Compute and return the hash, hash_value, of an object, o.  On
     failure, return -1.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: hash(o).
       */


     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     int PyObject_IsTrue(PyObject *o);

     Returns 1 if the object, o, is considered to be true, 0 if o is
     considered to be false and -1 on failure. This is equivalent to the
     Python expression: not not o
       */

     /* Implemented elsewhere:

     int PyObject_Not(PyObject *o);

     Returns 0 if the object, o, is considered to be true, 1 if o is
     considered to be false and -1 on failure. This is equivalent to the
     Python expression: not o
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_Type(PyObject *o);

       /*
     On success, returns a type object corresponding to the object
     type of object o. On failure, returns NULL.  This is
     equivalent to the Python expression: type(o).
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) PyObject_Size(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Return the size of object o.  If the object, o, provides
     both sequence and mapping protocols, the sequence size is
     returned. On error, -1 is returned.  This is the equivalent
     to the Python expression: len(o).
       */

       /* For DLL compatibility */
#undef PyObject_Length
     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) PyObject_Length(PyObject *o);
#define PyObject_Length PyObject_Size

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) _PyObject_LengthHint(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t);
#endif

       /*
     Guess the size of object o using len(o) or o.__length_hint__().
     If neither of those return a non-negative value, then return the
     default value.  If one of the calls fails, this function returns -1.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_GetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key);

       /*
     Return element of o corresponding to the object, key, or NULL
     on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o[key].
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_SetItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key, PyObject *v);

       /*
     Map the object, key, to the value, v.  Returns
     -1 on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     statement: o[key]=v.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_DelItemString(PyObject *o, char *key);

       /*
     Remove the mapping for object, key, from the object *o.
     Returns -1 on failure.  This is equivalent to
     the Python statement: del o[key].
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_DelItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key);

       /*
     Delete the mapping for key from *o.  Returns -1 on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python statement: del o[key].
       */

    /* old buffer API
       FIXME:  usage of these should all be replaced in Python itself
       but for backwards compatibility we will implement them.
       Their usage without a corresponding "unlock" mechansim
       may create issues (but they would already be there). */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_AsCharBuffer(PyObject *obj,
                                           const char **buffer,
                                           Py_ssize_t *buffer_len);

       /*
      Takes an arbitrary object which must support the (character,
      single segment) buffer interface and returns a pointer to a
      read-only memory location useable as character based input
      for subsequent processing.

      0 is returned on success.  buffer and buffer_len are only
      set in case no error occurs. Otherwise, -1 is returned and
      an exception set.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_CheckReadBuffer(PyObject *obj);

      /*
      Checks whether an arbitrary object supports the (character,
      single segment) buffer interface.  Returns 1 on success, 0
      on failure.
      */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_AsReadBuffer(PyObject *obj,
                                           const void **buffer,
                                           Py_ssize_t *buffer_len);

       /*
      Same as PyObject_AsCharBuffer() except that this API expects
      (readable, single segment) buffer interface and returns a
      pointer to a read-only memory location which can contain
      arbitrary data.

      0 is returned on success.  buffer and buffer_len are only
      set in case no error occurs.  Otherwise, -1 is returned and
      an exception set.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_AsWriteBuffer(PyObject *obj,
                                            void **buffer,
                                            Py_ssize_t *buffer_len);

       /*
      Takes an arbitrary object which must support the (writable,
      single segment) buffer interface and returns a pointer to a
      writable memory location in buffer of size buffer_len.

      0 is returned on success.  buffer and buffer_len are only
      set in case no error occurs. Otherwise, -1 is returned and
      an exception set.
       */

    /* new buffer API */

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
#define PyObject_CheckBuffer(obj) \
    (((obj)->ob_type->tp_as_buffer != NULL) &&  \
     ((obj)->ob_type->tp_as_buffer->bf_getbuffer != NULL))

    /* Return 1 if the getbuffer function is available, otherwise
       return 0 */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_GetBuffer(PyObject *obj, Py_buffer *view,
                                        int flags);

    /* This is a C-API version of the getbuffer function call.  It checks
       to make sure object has the required function pointer and issues the
       call.  Returns -1 and raises an error on failure and returns 0 on
       success
    */


     PyAPI_FUNC(void *) PyBuffer_GetPointer(Py_buffer *view, Py_ssize_t *indices);

    /* Get the memory area pointed to by the indices for the buffer given.
       Note that view->ndim is the assumed size of indices
    */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyBuffer_SizeFromFormat(const char *);

    /* Return the implied itemsize of the data-format area from a
       struct-style description */



     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyBuffer_ToContiguous(void *buf, Py_buffer *view,
                                           Py_ssize_t len, char fort);

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyBuffer_FromContiguous(Py_buffer *view, void *buf,
                                             Py_ssize_t len, char fort);


    /* Copy len bytes of data from the contiguous chunk of memory
       pointed to by buf into the buffer exported by obj.  Return
       0 on success and return -1 and raise a PyBuffer_Error on
       error (i.e. the object does not have a buffer interface or
       it is not working).

       If fort is 'F', then if the object is multi-dimensional,
       then the data will be copied into the array in
       Fortran-style (first dimension varies the fastest).  If
       fort is 'C', then the data will be copied into the array
       in C-style (last dimension varies the fastest).  If fort
       is 'A', then it does not matter and the copy will be made
       in whatever way is more efficient.

    */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_CopyData(PyObject *dest, PyObject *src);

    /* Copy the data from the src buffer to the buffer of destination
     */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyBuffer_IsContiguous(const Py_buffer *view, char fort);


     PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyBuffer_FillContiguousStrides(int ndims,
                                                    Py_ssize_t *shape,
                                                    Py_ssize_t *strides,
                                                    int itemsize,
                                                    char fort);

    /*  Fill the strides array with byte-strides of a contiguous
        (Fortran-style if fort is 'F' or C-style otherwise)
        array of the given shape with the given number of bytes
        per element.
    */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyBuffer_FillInfo(Py_buffer *view, PyObject *o, void *buf,
                                       Py_ssize_t len, int readonly,
                                       int flags);

    /* Fills in a buffer-info structure correctly for an exporter
       that can only share a contiguous chunk of memory of
       "unsigned bytes" of the given length. Returns 0 on success
       and -1 (with raising an error) on error.
     */

     PyAPI_FUNC(void) PyBuffer_Release(Py_buffer *view);

       /* Releases a Py_buffer obtained from getbuffer ParseTuple's s*.
    */
#endif /* Py_LIMITED_API */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_Format(PyObject* obj,
                                            PyObject *format_spec);
       /*
     Takes an arbitrary object and returns the result of
     calling obj.__format__(format_spec).
       */

/* Iterators */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyObject_GetIter(PyObject *);
     /* Takes an object and returns an iterator for it.
    This is typically a new iterator but if the argument
    is an iterator, this returns itself. */

#define PyIter_Check(obj) \
    ((obj)->ob_type->tp_iternext != NULL && \
     (obj)->ob_type->tp_iternext != &_PyObject_NextNotImplemented)

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyIter_Next(PyObject *);
     /* Takes an iterator object and calls its tp_iternext slot,
    returning the next value.  If the iterator is exhausted,
    this returns NULL without setting an exception.
    NULL with an exception means an error occurred. */

/*  Number Protocol:*/

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyNumber_Check(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Returns 1 if the object, o, provides numeric protocols, and
     false otherwise.

     This function always succeeds.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Add(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of adding o1 and o2, or null on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression: o1+o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Subtract(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of subtracting o2 from o1, or null on
     failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1-o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Multiply(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of multiplying o1 and o2, or null on
     failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1*o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_FloorDivide(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of dividing o1 by o2 giving an integral result,
     or null on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression: o1//o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_TrueDivide(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of dividing o1 by o2 giving a float result,
     or null on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression: o1/o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Remainder(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the remainder of dividing o1 by o2, or null on
     failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1%o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Divmod(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     See the built-in function divmod.  Returns NULL on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     divmod(o1,o2).
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Power(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2,
                                           PyObject *o3);

       /*
     See the built-in function pow.  Returns NULL on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     pow(o1,o2,o3), where o3 is optional.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Negative(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Returns the negation of o on success, or null on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression: -o.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Positive(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Returns the (what?) of o on success, or NULL on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression: +o.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Absolute(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Returns the absolute value of o, or null on failure.  This is
     the equivalent of the Python expression: abs(o).
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Invert(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Returns the bitwise negation of o on success, or NULL on
     failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     ~o.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Lshift(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of left shifting o1 by o2 on success, or
     NULL on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o1 << o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Rshift(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of right shifting o1 by o2 on success, or
     NULL on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o1 >> o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_And(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of bitwise and of o1 and o2 on success, or
     NULL on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o1&o2.

       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Xor(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the bitwise exclusive or of o1 by o2 on success, or
     NULL on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o1^o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Or(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of bitwise or on o1 and o2 on success, or
     NULL on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o1|o2.
       */

#define PyIndex_Check(obj) \
   ((obj)->ob_type->tp_as_number != NULL && \
    (obj)->ob_type->tp_as_number->nb_index != NULL)

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Index(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Returns the object converted to a Python long or int
     or NULL with an error raised on failure.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) PyNumber_AsSsize_t(PyObject *o, PyObject *exc);

       /*
    Returns the object converted to Py_ssize_t by going through
    PyNumber_Index first.  If an overflow error occurs while
    converting the int-or-long to Py_ssize_t, then the second argument
    is the error-type to return.  If it is NULL, then the overflow error
    is cleared and the value is clipped.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Long(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Returns the o converted to an integer object on success, or
     NULL on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: int(o).
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_Float(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Returns the o converted to a float object on success, or NULL
     on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     float(o).
       */

/*  In-place variants of (some of) the above number protocol functions */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceAdd(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of adding o2 to o1, possibly in-place, or null
     on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1 += o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of subtracting o2 from o1, possibly in-place or
     null on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1 -= o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of multiplying o1 by o2, possibly in-place, or
     null on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1 *= o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide(PyObject *o1,
                                                        PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of dividing o1 by o2 giving an integral result,
     possibly in-place, or null on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1 /= o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide(PyObject *o1,
                                                       PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of dividing o1 by o2 giving a float result,
     possibly in-place, or null on failure.
     This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1 /= o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the remainder of dividing o1 by o2, possibly in-place, or
     null on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1 %= o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlacePower(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2,
                                                  PyObject *o3);

       /*
     Returns the result of raising o1 to the power of o2, possibly
     in-place, or null on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o1 **= o2, or pow(o1, o2, o3) if o3 is present.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceLshift(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of left shifting o1 by o2, possibly in-place, or
     null on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1 <<= o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceRshift(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of right shifting o1 by o2, possibly in-place or
     null on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1 >>= o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceAnd(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of bitwise and of o1 and o2, possibly in-place,
     or null on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o1 &= o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceXor(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the bitwise exclusive or of o1 by o2, possibly in-place, or
     null on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o1 ^= o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_InPlaceOr(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Returns the result of bitwise or of o1 and o2, possibly in-place,
     or null on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o1 |= o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyNumber_ToBase(PyObject *n, int base);

       /*
     Returns the integer n converted to a string with a base, with a base
     marker of 0b, 0o or 0x prefixed if applicable.
     If n is not an int object, it is converted with PyNumber_Index first.
       */


/*  Sequence protocol:*/

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PySequence_Check(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Return 1 if the object provides sequence protocol, and zero
     otherwise.

     This function always succeeds.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) PySequence_Size(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Return the size of sequence object o, or -1 on failure.
       */

       /* For DLL compatibility */
#undef PySequence_Length
     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) PySequence_Length(PyObject *o);
#define PySequence_Length PySequence_Size


     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PySequence_Concat(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Return the concatenation of o1 and o2 on success, and NULL on
     failure.   This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o1+o2.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PySequence_Repeat(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t count);

       /*
     Return the result of repeating sequence object o count times,
     or NULL on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o1*count.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PySequence_GetItem(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i);

       /*
     Return the ith element of o, or NULL on failure. This is the
     equivalent of the Python expression: o[i].
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PySequence_GetSlice(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i1, Py_ssize_t i2);

       /*
     Return the slice of sequence object o between i1 and i2, or
     NULL on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
     expression: o[i1:i2].
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PySequence_SetItem(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i, PyObject *v);

       /*
     Assign object v to the ith element of o.  Returns
     -1 on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     statement: o[i]=v.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PySequence_DelItem(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i);

       /*
     Delete the ith element of object v.  Returns
     -1 on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     statement: del o[i].
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PySequence_SetSlice(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i1, Py_ssize_t i2,
                                         PyObject *v);

       /*
     Assign the sequence object, v, to the slice in sequence
     object, o, from i1 to i2.  Returns -1 on failure. This is the
     equivalent of the Python statement: o[i1:i2]=v.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PySequence_DelSlice(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t i1, Py_ssize_t i2);

       /*
     Delete the slice in sequence object, o, from i1 to i2.
     Returns -1 on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
     statement: del o[i1:i2].
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PySequence_Tuple(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Returns the sequence, o, as a tuple on success, and NULL on failure.
     This is equivalent to the Python expression: tuple(o)
       */


     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PySequence_List(PyObject *o);
       /*
     Returns the sequence, o, as a list on success, and NULL on failure.
     This is equivalent to the Python expression: list(o)
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PySequence_Fast(PyObject *o, const char* m);
       /*
     Returns the sequence, o, as a list, unless it's already a
     tuple or list.  Use PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM to access the
     members of this list, and PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE to get its length.

     Returns NULL on failure.  If the object does not support iteration,
     raises a TypeError exception with m as the message text.
       */

#define PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE(o) \
    (PyList_Check(o) ? PyList_GET_SIZE(o) : PyTuple_GET_SIZE(o))
       /*
     Return the size of o, assuming that o was returned by
     PySequence_Fast and is not NULL.
       */

#define PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM(o, i)\
     (PyList_Check(o) ? PyList_GET_ITEM(o, i) : PyTuple_GET_ITEM(o, i))
       /*
     Return the ith element of o, assuming that o was returned by
     PySequence_Fast, and that i is within bounds.
       */

#define PySequence_ITEM(o, i)\
    ( Py_TYPE(o)->tp_as_sequence->sq_item(o, i) )
       /* Assume tp_as_sequence and sq_item exist and that i does not
      need to be corrected for a negative index
       */

#define PySequence_Fast_ITEMS(sf) \
    (PyList_Check(sf) ? ((PyListObject *)(sf))->ob_item \
                      : ((PyTupleObject *)(sf))->ob_item)
    /* Return a pointer to the underlying item array for
       an object retured by PySequence_Fast */

     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) PySequence_Count(PyObject *o, PyObject *value);

       /*
     Return the number of occurrences on value on o, that is,
     return the number of keys for which o[key]==value.  On
     failure, return -1.  This is equivalent to the Python
     expression: o.count(value).
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PySequence_Contains(PyObject *seq, PyObject *ob);
       /*
     Return -1 if error; 1 if ob in seq; 0 if ob not in seq.
     Use __contains__ if possible, else _PySequence_IterSearch().
       */

#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
#define PY_ITERSEARCH_COUNT    1
#define PY_ITERSEARCH_INDEX    2
#define PY_ITERSEARCH_CONTAINS 3
     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) _PySequence_IterSearch(PyObject *seq,
                                        PyObject *obj, int operation);
#endif
    /*
      Iterate over seq.  Result depends on the operation:
      PY_ITERSEARCH_COUNT:  return # of times obj appears in seq; -1 if
        error.
      PY_ITERSEARCH_INDEX:  return 0-based index of first occurrence of
        obj in seq; set ValueError and return -1 if none found;
        also return -1 on error.
      PY_ITERSEARCH_CONTAINS:  return 1 if obj in seq, else 0; -1 on
        error.
    */

/* For DLL-level backwards compatibility */
#undef PySequence_In
     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PySequence_In(PyObject *o, PyObject *value);

/* For source-level backwards compatibility */
#define PySequence_In PySequence_Contains

       /*
     Determine if o contains value.  If an item in o is equal to
     X, return 1, otherwise return 0.  On error, return -1.  This
     is equivalent to the Python expression: value in o.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) PySequence_Index(PyObject *o, PyObject *value);

       /*
     Return the first index for which o[i]=value.  On error,
     return -1.    This is equivalent to the Python
     expression: o.index(value).
       */

/* In-place versions of some of the above Sequence functions. */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PySequence_InPlaceConcat(PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2);

       /*
     Append o2 to o1, in-place when possible. Return the resulting
     object, which could be o1, or NULL on failure.  This is the
     equivalent of the Python expression: o1 += o2.

       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PySequence_InPlaceRepeat(PyObject *o, Py_ssize_t count);

       /*
     Repeat o1 by count, in-place when possible. Return the resulting
     object, which could be o1, or NULL on failure.  This is the
     equivalent of the Python expression: o1 *= count.

       */

/*  Mapping protocol:*/

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyMapping_Check(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Return 1 if the object provides mapping protocol, and zero
     otherwise.

     This function always succeeds.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) PyMapping_Size(PyObject *o);

       /*
     Returns the number of keys in object o on success, and -1 on
     failure.  For objects that do not provide sequence protocol,
     this is equivalent to the Python expression: len(o).
       */

       /* For DLL compatibility */
#undef PyMapping_Length
     PyAPI_FUNC(Py_ssize_t) PyMapping_Length(PyObject *o);
#define PyMapping_Length PyMapping_Size


     /* implemented as a macro:

     int PyMapping_DelItemString(PyObject *o, char *key);

     Remove the mapping for object, key, from the object *o.
     Returns -1 on failure.  This is equivalent to
     the Python statement: del o[key].
       */
#define PyMapping_DelItemString(O,K) PyObject_DelItemString((O),(K))

     /* implemented as a macro:

     int PyMapping_DelItem(PyObject *o, PyObject *key);

     Remove the mapping for object, key, from the object *o.
     Returns -1 on failure.  This is equivalent to
     the Python statement: del o[key].
       */
#define PyMapping_DelItem(O,K) PyObject_DelItem((O),(K))

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyMapping_HasKeyString(PyObject *o, char *key);

       /*
     On success, return 1 if the mapping object has the key, key,
     and 0 otherwise.  This is equivalent to the Python expression:
     key in o.

     This function always succeeds.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyMapping_HasKey(PyObject *o, PyObject *key);

       /*
     Return 1 if the mapping object has the key, key,
     and 0 otherwise.  This is equivalent to the Python expression:
     key in o.

     This function always succeeds.

       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyMapping_Keys(PyObject *o);

       /*
     On success, return a list or tuple of the keys in object o.
     On failure, return NULL.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyMapping_Values(PyObject *o);

       /*
     On success, return a list or tuple of the values in object o.
     On failure, return NULL.
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyMapping_Items(PyObject *o);

       /*
     On success, return a list or tuple of the items in object o,
     where each item is a tuple containing a key-value pair.
     On failure, return NULL.

       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) PyMapping_GetItemString(PyObject *o, char *key);

       /*
     Return element of o corresponding to the object, key, or NULL
     on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression:
     o[key].
       */

     PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyMapping_SetItemString(PyObject *o, char *key,
                                            PyObject *value);

       /*
     Map the object, key, to the value, v.  Returns
     -1 on failure.  This is the equivalent of the Python
     statement: o[key]=v.
      */


PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_IsInstance(PyObject *object, PyObject *typeorclass);
      /* isinstance(object, typeorclass) */

PyAPI_FUNC(int) PyObject_IsSubclass(PyObject *object, PyObject *typeorclass);
      /* issubclass(object, typeorclass) */


#ifndef Py_LIMITED_API
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_RealIsInstance(PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyObject_RealIsSubclass(PyObject *derived, PyObject *cls);

PyAPI_FUNC(char *const *) _PySequence_BytesToCharpArray(PyObject* self);

PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_FreeCharPArray(char *const array[]);
#endif

/* For internal use by buffer API functions */
PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_add_one_to_index_F(int nd, Py_ssize_t *index,
                                        const Py_ssize_t *shape);
PyAPI_FUNC(void) _Py_add_one_to_index_C(int nd, Py_ssize_t *index,
                                        const Py_ssize_t *shape);


#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif
#endif /* Py_ABSTRACTOBJECT_H */