summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/Lib/ftplib.py
blob: 885b5cdfa2d69c1a18186300d8bf754e7fa1d7ff (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
"""An FTP client class and some helper functions.

Based on RFC 959: File Transfer Protocol (FTP), by J. Postel and J. Reynolds

Example:

>>> from ftplib import FTP
>>> ftp = FTP('ftp.python.org') # connect to host, default port
>>> ftp.login() # default, i.e.: user anonymous, passwd user@hostname
'230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.'
>>> ftp.retrlines('LIST') # list directory contents
total 9
drwxr-xr-x   8 root     wheel        1024 Jan  3  1994 .
drwxr-xr-x   8 root     wheel        1024 Jan  3  1994 ..
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     wheel        1024 Jan  3  1994 bin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     wheel        1024 Jan  3  1994 etc
d-wxrwxr-x   2 ftp      wheel        1024 Sep  5 13:43 incoming
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     wheel        1024 Nov 17  1993 lib
drwxr-xr-x   6 1094     wheel        1024 Sep 13 19:07 pub
drwxr-xr-x   3 root     wheel        1024 Jan  3  1994 usr
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          312 Aug  1  1994 welcome.msg
'226 Transfer complete.'
>>> ftp.quit()
'221 Goodbye.'
>>>

A nice test that reveals some of the network dialogue would be:
python ftplib.py -d localhost -l -p -l
"""

#
# Changes and improvements suggested by Steve Majewski.
# Modified by Jack to work on the mac.
# Modified by Siebren to support docstrings and PASV.
#

import os
import sys
import string

# Import SOCKS module if it exists, else standard socket module socket
try:
    import SOCKS; socket = SOCKS; del SOCKS # import SOCKS as socket
    from socket import getfqdn; socket.getfqdn = getfqdn; del getfqdn
except ImportError:
    import socket

__all__ = ["FTP","Netrc"]

# Magic number from <socket.h>
MSG_OOB = 0x1                           # Process data out of band


# The standard FTP server control port
FTP_PORT = 21


# Exception raised when an error or invalid response is received
class Error(Exception): pass
class error_reply(Error): pass          # unexpected [123]xx reply
class error_temp(Error): pass           # 4xx errors
class error_perm(Error): pass           # 5xx errors
class error_proto(Error): pass          # response does not begin with [1-5]


# All exceptions (hopefully) that may be raised here and that aren't
# (always) programming errors on our side
all_errors = (Error, socket.error, IOError, EOFError)


# Line terminators (we always output CRLF, but accept any of CRLF, CR, LF)
CRLF = '\r\n'


# The class itself
class FTP:

    '''An FTP client class.

    To create a connection, call the class using these argument:
            host, user, passwd, acct
    These are all strings, and have default value ''.
    Then use self.connect() with optional host and port argument.

    To download a file, use ftp.retrlines('RETR ' + filename),
    or ftp.retrbinary() with slightly different arguments.
    To upload a file, use ftp.storlines() or ftp.storbinary(),
    which have an open file as argument (see their definitions
    below for details).
    The download/upload functions first issue appropriate TYPE
    and PORT or PASV commands.
'''

    debugging = 0
    host = ''
    port = FTP_PORT
    sock = None
    file = None
    welcome = None
    passiveserver = 1

    # Initialization method (called by class instantiation).
    # Initialize host to localhost, port to standard ftp port
    # Optional arguments are host (for connect()),
    # and user, passwd, acct (for login())
    def __init__(self, host='', user='', passwd='', acct=''):
        if host:
            self.connect(host)
            if user: self.login(user, passwd, acct)

    def connect(self, host = '', port = 0):
        '''Connect to host.  Arguments are:
        - host: hostname to connect to (string, default previous host)
        - port: port to connect to (integer, default previous port)'''
        if host: self.host = host
        if port: self.port = port
        self.passiveserver = 0
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(self.host, self.port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            try:
                self.sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
                self.sock.connect(sa)
            except socket.error, msg:
                self.sock.close()
                self.sock = None
                continue
            break
        if not self.sock:
            raise socket.error, msg
        self.af = af
        self.file = self.sock.makefile('rb')
        self.welcome = self.getresp()
        return self.welcome

    def getwelcome(self):
        '''Get the welcome message from the server.
        (this is read and squirreled away by connect())'''
        if self.debugging:
            print '*welcome*', self.sanitize(self.welcome)
        return self.welcome

    def set_debuglevel(self, level):
        '''Set the debugging level.
        The required argument level means:
        0: no debugging output (default)
        1: print commands and responses but not body text etc.
        2: also print raw lines read and sent before stripping CR/LF'''
        self.debugging = level
    debug = set_debuglevel

    def set_pasv(self, val):
        '''Use passive or active mode for data transfers.
        With a false argument, use the normal PORT mode,
        With a true argument, use the PASV command.'''
        self.passiveserver = val

    # Internal: "sanitize" a string for printing
    def sanitize(self, s):
        if s[:5] == 'pass ' or s[:5] == 'PASS ':
            i = len(s)
            while i > 5 and s[i-1] in '\r\n':
                i = i-1
            s = s[:5] + '*'*(i-5) + s[i:]
        return `s`

    # Internal: send one line to the server, appending CRLF
    def putline(self, line):
        line = line + CRLF
        if self.debugging > 1: print '*put*', self.sanitize(line)
        self.sock.send(line)

    # Internal: send one command to the server (through putline())
    def putcmd(self, line):
        if self.debugging: print '*cmd*', self.sanitize(line)
        self.putline(line)

    # Internal: return one line from the server, stripping CRLF.
    # Raise EOFError if the connection is closed
    def getline(self):
        line = self.file.readline()
        if self.debugging > 1:
            print '*get*', self.sanitize(line)
        if not line: raise EOFError
        if line[-2:] == CRLF: line = line[:-2]
        elif line[-1:] in CRLF: line = line[:-1]
        return line

    # Internal: get a response from the server, which may possibly
    # consist of multiple lines.  Return a single string with no
    # trailing CRLF.  If the response consists of multiple lines,
    # these are separated by '\n' characters in the string
    def getmultiline(self):
        line = self.getline()
        if line[3:4] == '-':
            code = line[:3]
            while 1:
                nextline = self.getline()
                line = line + ('\n' + nextline)
                if nextline[:3] == code and \
                        nextline[3:4] != '-':
                    break
        return line

    # Internal: get a response from the server.
    # Raise various errors if the response indicates an error
    def getresp(self):
        resp = self.getmultiline()
        if self.debugging: print '*resp*', self.sanitize(resp)
        self.lastresp = resp[:3]
        c = resp[:1]
        if c == '4':
            raise error_temp, resp
        if c == '5':
            raise error_perm, resp
        if c not in '123':
            raise error_proto, resp
        return resp

    def voidresp(self):
        """Expect a response beginning with '2'."""
        resp = self.getresp()
        if resp[0] != '2':
            raise error_reply, resp
        return resp

    def abort(self):
        '''Abort a file transfer.  Uses out-of-band data.
        This does not follow the procedure from the RFC to send Telnet
        IP and Synch; that doesn't seem to work with the servers I've
        tried.  Instead, just send the ABOR command as OOB data.'''
        line = 'ABOR' + CRLF
        if self.debugging > 1: print '*put urgent*', self.sanitize(line)
        self.sock.send(line, MSG_OOB)
        resp = self.getmultiline()
        if resp[:3] not in ('426', '226'):
            raise error_proto, resp

    def sendcmd(self, cmd):
        '''Send a command and return the response.'''
        self.putcmd(cmd)
        return self.getresp()

    def voidcmd(self, cmd):
        """Send a command and expect a response beginning with '2'."""
        self.putcmd(cmd)
        return self.voidresp()

    def sendport(self, host, port):
        '''Send a PORT command with the current host and the given
        port number.
        '''
        hbytes = host.split('.')
        pbytes = [`port/256`, `port%256`]
        bytes = hbytes + pbytes
        cmd = 'PORT ' + ','.join(bytes)
        return self.voidcmd(cmd)

    def sendeprt(self, host, port):
        '''Send a EPRT command with the current host and the given port number.'''
        af = 0
        if self.af == socket.AF_INET:
            af = 1
        if self.af == socket.AF_INET6:
            af = 2
        if af == 0:
            raise error_proto, 'unsupported address family'
        fields = ['', `af`, host, `port`, '']
        cmd = 'EPRT ' + string.joinfields(fields, '|')
        return self.voidcmd(cmd)

    def makeport(self):
        '''Create a new socket and send a PORT command for it.'''
        for res in socket.getaddrinfo(None, 0, self.af, socket.SOCK_STREAM, 0, socket.AI_PASSIVE):
            af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
            try:
                sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
                sock.bind(sa)
            except socket.error, msg:
                sock.close()
                sock = None
                continue
            break
        if not sock:
            raise socket.error, msg
        sock.listen(1)
        port = sock.getsockname()[1] # Get proper port
        host = self.sock.getsockname()[0] # Get proper host
        if self.af == socket.AF_INET:
            resp = self.sendport(host, port)
        else:
            resp = self.sendeprt(host, port)
        return sock

    def makepasv(self):
        if self.af == socket.AF_INET:
            host, port = parse227(self.sendcmd('PASV'))
        else:
            host, port = parse229(self.sendcmd('EPSV'), self.sock.getpeername())
        return host, port

    def ntransfercmd(self, cmd, rest=None):
        """Initiate a transfer over the data connection.

        If the transfer is active, send a port command and the
        transfer command, and accept the connection.  If the server is
        passive, send a pasv command, connect to it, and start the
        transfer command.  Either way, return the socket for the
        connection and the expected size of the transfer.  The
        expected size may be None if it could not be determined.

        Optional `rest' argument can be a string that is sent as the
        argument to a RESTART command.  This is essentially a server
        marker used to tell the server to skip over any data up to the
        given marker.
        """
        size = None
        if self.passiveserver:
            host, port = self.makepasv()
            af, socktype, proto, canon, sa = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM)[0]
            conn = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
            conn.connect(sa)
            if rest is not None:
                self.sendcmd("REST %s" % rest)
            resp = self.sendcmd(cmd)
            if resp[0] != '1':
                raise error_reply, resp
        else:
            sock = self.makeport()
            if rest is not None:
                self.sendcmd("REST %s" % rest)
            resp = self.sendcmd(cmd)
            if resp[0] != '1':
                raise error_reply, resp
            conn, sockaddr = sock.accept()
        if resp[:3] == '150':
            # this is conditional in case we received a 125
            size = parse150(resp)
        return conn, size

    def transfercmd(self, cmd, rest=None):
        """Like nstransfercmd() but returns only the socket."""
        return self.ntransfercmd(cmd, rest)[0]

    def login(self, user = '', passwd = '', acct = ''):
        '''Login, default anonymous.'''
        if not user: user = 'anonymous'
        if not passwd: passwd = ''
        if not acct: acct = ''
        if user == 'anonymous' and passwd in ('', '-'):
            # get fully qualified domain name of local host
            thishost = socket.getfqdn()
            try:
                if os.environ.has_key('LOGNAME'):
                    realuser = os.environ['LOGNAME']
                elif os.environ.has_key('USER'):
                    realuser = os.environ['USER']
                else:
                    realuser = 'anonymous'
            except AttributeError:
                # Not all systems have os.environ....
                realuser = 'anonymous'
            passwd = passwd + realuser + '@' + thishost
        resp = self.sendcmd('USER ' + user)
        if resp[0] == '3': resp = self.sendcmd('PASS ' + passwd)
        if resp[0] == '3': resp = self.sendcmd('ACCT ' + acct)
        if resp[0] != '2':
            raise error_reply, resp
        return resp

    def retrbinary(self, cmd, callback, blocksize=8192, rest=None):
        """Retrieve data in binary mode.

        `cmd' is a RETR command.  `callback' is a callback function is
        called for each block.  No more than `blocksize' number of
        bytes will be read from the socket.  Optional `rest' is passed
        to transfercmd().

        A new port is created for you.  Return the response code.
        """
        self.voidcmd('TYPE I')
        conn = self.transfercmd(cmd, rest)
        while 1:
            data = conn.recv(blocksize)
            if not data:
                break
            callback(data)
        conn.close()
        return self.voidresp()

    def retrlines(self, cmd, callback = None):
        '''Retrieve data in line mode.
        The argument is a RETR or LIST command.
        The callback function (2nd argument) is called for each line,
        with trailing CRLF stripped.  This creates a new port for you.
        print_line() is the default callback.'''
        if not callback: callback = print_line
        resp = self.sendcmd('TYPE A')
        conn = self.transfercmd(cmd)
        fp = conn.makefile('rb')
        while 1:
            line = fp.readline()
            if self.debugging > 2: print '*retr*', `line`
            if not line:
                break
            if line[-2:] == CRLF:
                line = line[:-2]
            elif line[-1:] == '\n':
                line = line[:-1]
            callback(line)
        fp.close()
        conn.close()
        return self.voidresp()

    def storbinary(self, cmd, fp, blocksize=8192):
        '''Store a file in binary mode.'''
        self.voidcmd('TYPE I')
        conn = self.transfercmd(cmd)
        while 1:
            buf = fp.read(blocksize)
            if not buf: break
            conn.send(buf)
        conn.close()
        return self.voidresp()

    def storlines(self, cmd, fp):
        '''Store a file in line mode.'''
        self.voidcmd('TYPE A')
        conn = self.transfercmd(cmd)
        while 1:
            buf = fp.readline()
            if not buf: break
            if buf[-2:] != CRLF:
                if buf[-1] in CRLF: buf = buf[:-1]
                buf = buf + CRLF
            conn.send(buf)
        conn.close()
        return self.voidresp()

    def acct(self, password):
        '''Send new account name.'''
        cmd = 'ACCT ' + password
        return self.voidcmd(cmd)

    def nlst(self, *args):
        '''Return a list of files in a given directory (default the current).'''
        cmd = 'NLST'
        for arg in args:
            cmd = cmd + (' ' + arg)
        files = []
        self.retrlines(cmd, files.append)
        return files

    def dir(self, *args):
        '''List a directory in long form.
        By default list current directory to stdout.
        Optional last argument is callback function; all
        non-empty arguments before it are concatenated to the
        LIST command.  (This *should* only be used for a pathname.)'''
        cmd = 'LIST'
        func = None
        if args[-1:] and type(args[-1]) != type(''):
            args, func = args[:-1], args[-1]
        for arg in args:
            if arg:
                cmd = cmd + (' ' + arg)
        self.retrlines(cmd, func)

    def rename(self, fromname, toname):
        '''Rename a file.'''
        resp = self.sendcmd('RNFR ' + fromname)
        if resp[0] != '3':
            raise error_reply, resp
        return self.voidcmd('RNTO ' + toname)

    def delete(self, filename):
        '''Delete a file.'''
        resp = self.sendcmd('DELE ' + filename)
        if resp[:3] in ('250', '200'):
            return resp
        elif resp[:1] == '5':
            raise error_perm, resp
        else:
            raise error_reply, resp

    def cwd(self, dirname):
        '''Change to a directory.'''
        if dirname == '..':
            try:
                return self.voidcmd('CDUP')
            except error_perm, msg:
                if msg[:3] != '500':
                    raise error_perm, msg
        elif dirname == '':
            dirname = '.'  # does nothing, but could return error
        cmd = 'CWD ' + dirname
        return self.voidcmd(cmd)

    def size(self, filename):
        '''Retrieve the size of a file.'''
        # Note that the RFC doesn't say anything about 'SIZE'
        resp = self.sendcmd('SIZE ' + filename)
        if resp[:3] == '213':
            return int(resp[3:].strip())

    def mkd(self, dirname):
        '''Make a directory, return its full pathname.'''
        resp = self.sendcmd('MKD ' + dirname)
        return parse257(resp)

    def rmd(self, dirname):
        '''Remove a directory.'''
        return self.voidcmd('RMD ' + dirname)

    def pwd(self):
        '''Return current working directory.'''
        resp = self.sendcmd('PWD')
        return parse257(resp)

    def quit(self):
        '''Quit, and close the connection.'''
        resp = self.voidcmd('QUIT')
        self.close()
        return resp

    def close(self):
        '''Close the connection without assuming anything about it.'''
        if self.file:
            self.file.close()
            self.sock.close()
            self.file = self.sock = None


_150_re = None

def parse150(resp):
    '''Parse the '150' response for a RETR request.
    Returns the expected transfer size or None; size is not guaranteed to
    be present in the 150 message.
    '''
    if resp[:3] != '150':
        raise error_reply, resp
    global _150_re
    if _150_re is None:
        import re
        _150_re = re.compile("150 .* \((\d+) bytes\)", re.IGNORECASE)
    m = _150_re.match(resp)
    if m:
        return int(m.group(1))
    return None


def parse227(resp):
    '''Parse the '227' response for a PASV request.
    Raises error_proto if it does not contain '(h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2)'
    Return ('host.addr.as.numbers', port#) tuple.'''

    if resp[:3] != '227':
        raise error_reply, resp
    left = resp.find('(')
    if left < 0: raise error_proto, resp
    right = resp.find(')', left + 1)
    if right < 0:
        raise error_proto, resp # should contain '(h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2)'
    numbers = resp[left+1:right].split(',')
    if len(numbers) != 6:
        raise error_proto, resp
    host = '.'.join(numbers[:4])
    port = (int(numbers[4]) << 8) + int(numbers[5])
    return host, port


def parse229(resp, peer):
    '''Parse the '229' response for a EPSV request.
    Raises error_proto if it does not contain '(|||port|)'
    Return ('host.addr.as.numbers', port#) tuple.'''

    if resp[:3] <> '229':
        raise error_reply, resp
    left = string.find(resp, '(')
    if left < 0: raise error_proto, resp
    right = string.find(resp, ')', left + 1)
    if right < 0:
        raise error_proto, resp # should contain '(|||port|)'
    if resp[left + 1] <> resp[right - 1]:
        raise error_proto, resp
    parts = string.split(resp[left + 1:right], resp[left+1])
    if len(parts) <> 5:
        raise error_proto, resp
    host = peer[0]
    port = string.atoi(parts[3])
    return host, port


def parse257(resp):
    '''Parse the '257' response for a MKD or PWD request.
    This is a response to a MKD or PWD request: a directory name.
    Returns the directoryname in the 257 reply.'''

    if resp[:3] != '257':
        raise error_reply, resp
    if resp[3:5] != ' "':
        return '' # Not compliant to RFC 959, but UNIX ftpd does this
    dirname = ''
    i = 5
    n = len(resp)
    while i < n:
        c = resp[i]
        i = i+1
        if c == '"':
            if i >= n or resp[i] != '"':
                break
            i = i+1
        dirname = dirname + c
    return dirname


def print_line(line):
    '''Default retrlines callback to print a line.'''
    print line


def ftpcp(source, sourcename, target, targetname = '', type = 'I'):
    '''Copy file from one FTP-instance to another.'''
    if not targetname: targetname = sourcename
    type = 'TYPE ' + type
    source.voidcmd(type)
    target.voidcmd(type)
    sourcehost, sourceport = parse227(source.sendcmd('PASV'))
    target.sendport(sourcehost, sourceport)
    # RFC 959: the user must "listen" [...] BEFORE sending the
    # transfer request.
    # So: STOR before RETR, because here the target is a "user".
    treply = target.sendcmd('STOR ' + targetname)
    if treply[:3] not in ('125', '150'): raise error_proto  # RFC 959
    sreply = source.sendcmd('RETR ' + sourcename)
    if sreply[:3] not in ('125', '150'): raise error_proto  # RFC 959
    source.voidresp()
    target.voidresp()


class Netrc:
    """Class to parse & provide access to 'netrc' format files.

    See the netrc(4) man page for information on the file format.

    WARNING: This class is obsolete -- use module netrc instead.

    """
    __defuser = None
    __defpasswd = None
    __defacct = None

    def __init__(self, filename=None):
        if not filename:
            if os.environ.has_key("HOME"):
                filename = os.path.join(os.environ["HOME"],
                                        ".netrc")
            else:
                raise IOError, \
                      "specify file to load or set $HOME"
        self.__hosts = {}
        self.__macros = {}
        fp = open(filename, "r")
        in_macro = 0
        while 1:
            line = fp.readline()
            if not line: break
            if in_macro and line.strip():
                macro_lines.append(line)
                continue
            elif in_macro:
                self.__macros[macro_name] = tuple(macro_lines)
                in_macro = 0
            words = line.split()
            host = user = passwd = acct = None
            default = 0
            i = 0
            while i < len(words):
                w1 = words[i]
                if i+1 < len(words):
                    w2 = words[i + 1]
                else:
                    w2 = None
                if w1 == 'default':
                    default = 1
                elif w1 == 'machine' and w2:
                    host = w2.lower()
                    i = i + 1
                elif w1 == 'login' and w2:
                    user = w2
                    i = i + 1
                elif w1 == 'password' and w2:
                    passwd = w2
                    i = i + 1
                elif w1 == 'account' and w2:
                    acct = w2
                    i = i + 1
                elif w1 == 'macdef' and w2:
                    macro_name = w2
                    macro_lines = []
                    in_macro = 1
                    break
                i = i + 1
            if default:
                self.__defuser = user or self.__defuser
                self.__defpasswd = passwd or self.__defpasswd
                self.__defacct = acct or self.__defacct
            if host:
                if self.__hosts.has_key(host):
                    ouser, opasswd, oacct = \
                           self.__hosts[host]
                    user = user or ouser
                    passwd = passwd or opasswd
                    acct = acct or oacct
                self.__hosts[host] = user, passwd, acct
        fp.close()

    def get_hosts(self):
        """Return a list of hosts mentioned in the .netrc file."""
        return self.__hosts.keys()

    def get_account(self, host):
        """Returns login information for the named host.

        The return value is a triple containing userid,
        password, and the accounting field.

        """
        host = host.lower()
        user = passwd = acct = None
        if self.__hosts.has_key(host):
            user, passwd, acct = self.__hosts[host]
        user = user or self.__defuser
        passwd = passwd or self.__defpasswd
        acct = acct or self.__defacct
        return user, passwd, acct

    def get_macros(self):
        """Return a list of all defined macro names."""
        return self.__macros.keys()

    def get_macro(self, macro):
        """Return a sequence of lines which define a named macro."""
        return self.__macros[macro]



def test():
    '''Test program.
    Usage: ftp [-d] [-r[file]] host [-l[dir]] [-d[dir]] [-p] [file] ...'''

    debugging = 0
    rcfile = None
    while sys.argv[1] == '-d':
        debugging = debugging+1
        del sys.argv[1]
    if sys.argv[1][:2] == '-r':
        # get name of alternate ~/.netrc file:
        rcfile = sys.argv[1][2:]
        del sys.argv[1]
    host = sys.argv[1]
    ftp = FTP(host)
    ftp.set_debuglevel(debugging)
    userid = passwd = acct = ''
    try:
        netrc = Netrc(rcfile)
    except IOError:
        if rcfile is not None:
            sys.stderr.write("Could not open account file"
                             " -- using anonymous login.")
    else:
        try:
            userid, passwd, acct = netrc.get_account(host)
        except KeyError:
            # no account for host
            sys.stderr.write(
                    "No account -- using anonymous login.")
    ftp.login(userid, passwd, acct)
    for file in sys.argv[2:]:
        if file[:2] == '-l':
            ftp.dir(file[2:])
        elif file[:2] == '-d':
            cmd = 'CWD'
            if file[2:]: cmd = cmd + ' ' + file[2:]
            resp = ftp.sendcmd(cmd)
        elif file == '-p':
            ftp.set_pasv(not ftp.passiveserver)
        else:
            ftp.retrbinary('RETR ' + file, \
                           sys.stdout.write, 1024)
    ftp.quit()


if __name__ == '__main__':
    test()