summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/Lib/test/support.py
blob: 8d8e18735ebbae0db966e7b9ad1dc1d2a42f16ad (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
"""Supporting definitions for the Python regression tests."""

if __name__ != 'test.support':
    raise ImportError('support must be imported from the test package')

import contextlib
import errno
import functools
import gc
import socket
import sys
import os
import platform
import shutil
import warnings
import unittest
import importlib
import collections
import re
import subprocess
import imp
import time
import sysconfig
import logging.handlers

try:
    import _thread
except ImportError:
    _thread = None

__all__ = [
    "Error", "TestFailed", "ResourceDenied", "import_module",
    "verbose", "use_resources", "max_memuse", "record_original_stdout",
    "get_original_stdout", "unload", "unlink", "rmtree", "forget",
    "is_resource_enabled", "requires", "find_unused_port", "bind_port",
    "fcmp", "is_jython", "TESTFN", "HOST", "FUZZ", "SAVEDCWD", "temp_cwd",
    "findfile", "sortdict", "check_syntax_error", "open_urlresource",
    "check_warnings", "CleanImport", "EnvironmentVarGuard",
    "TransientResource", "captured_output", "captured_stdout",
    "time_out", "socket_peer_reset", "ioerror_peer_reset",
    "run_with_locale", 'temp_umask', "transient_internet",
    "set_memlimit", "bigmemtest", "bigaddrspacetest", "BasicTestRunner",
    "run_unittest", "run_doctest", "threading_setup", "threading_cleanup",
    "reap_children", "cpython_only", "check_impl_detail", "get_attribute",
    "swap_item", "swap_attr", "requires_IEEE_754",
    "TestHandler", "Matcher", "can_symlink", "skip_unless_symlink"]


class Error(Exception):
    """Base class for regression test exceptions."""

class TestFailed(Error):
    """Test failed."""

class ResourceDenied(unittest.SkipTest):
    """Test skipped because it requested a disallowed resource.

    This is raised when a test calls requires() for a resource that
    has not be enabled.  It is used to distinguish between expected
    and unexpected skips.
    """

@contextlib.contextmanager
def _ignore_deprecated_imports(ignore=True):
    """Context manager to suppress package and module deprecation
    warnings when importing them.

    If ignore is False, this context manager has no effect."""
    if ignore:
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", ".+ (module|package)",
                                    DeprecationWarning)
            yield
    else:
        yield


def import_module(name, deprecated=False):
    """Import and return the module to be tested, raising SkipTest if
    it is not available.

    If deprecated is True, any module or package deprecation messages
    will be suppressed."""
    with _ignore_deprecated_imports(deprecated):
        try:
            return importlib.import_module(name)
        except ImportError as msg:
            raise unittest.SkipTest(str(msg))


def _save_and_remove_module(name, orig_modules):
    """Helper function to save and remove a module from sys.modules

       Return value is True if the module was in sys.modules and
       False otherwise."""
    saved = True
    try:
        orig_modules[name] = sys.modules[name]
    except KeyError:
        saved = False
    else:
        del sys.modules[name]
    return saved


def _save_and_block_module(name, orig_modules):
    """Helper function to save and block a module in sys.modules

       Return value is True if the module was in sys.modules and
       False otherwise."""
    saved = True
    try:
        orig_modules[name] = sys.modules[name]
    except KeyError:
        saved = False
    sys.modules[name] = None
    return saved


def import_fresh_module(name, fresh=(), blocked=(), deprecated=False):
    """Imports and returns a module, deliberately bypassing the sys.modules cache
    and importing a fresh copy of the module. Once the import is complete,
    the sys.modules cache is restored to its original state.

    Modules named in fresh are also imported anew if needed by the import.

    Importing of modules named in blocked is prevented while the fresh import
    takes place.

    If deprecated is True, any module or package deprecation messages
    will be suppressed."""
    # NOTE: test_heapq and test_warnings include extra sanity checks to make
    # sure that this utility function is working as expected
    with _ignore_deprecated_imports(deprecated):
        # Keep track of modules saved for later restoration as well
        # as those which just need a blocking entry removed
        orig_modules = {}
        names_to_remove = []
        _save_and_remove_module(name, orig_modules)
        try:
            for fresh_name in fresh:
                _save_and_remove_module(fresh_name, orig_modules)
            for blocked_name in blocked:
                if not _save_and_block_module(blocked_name, orig_modules):
                    names_to_remove.append(blocked_name)
            fresh_module = importlib.import_module(name)
        finally:
            for orig_name, module in orig_modules.items():
                sys.modules[orig_name] = module
            for name_to_remove in names_to_remove:
                del sys.modules[name_to_remove]
        return fresh_module


def get_attribute(obj, name):
    """Get an attribute, raising SkipTest if AttributeError is raised."""
    try:
        attribute = getattr(obj, name)
    except AttributeError:
        raise unittest.SkipTest("module %s has no attribute %s" % (
            obj.__name__, name))
    else:
        return attribute

verbose = 1              # Flag set to 0 by regrtest.py
use_resources = None     # Flag set to [] by regrtest.py
max_memuse = 0           # Disable bigmem tests (they will still be run with
                         # small sizes, to make sure they work.)
real_max_memuse = 0

# _original_stdout is meant to hold stdout at the time regrtest began.
# This may be "the real" stdout, or IDLE's emulation of stdout, or whatever.
# The point is to have some flavor of stdout the user can actually see.
_original_stdout = None
def record_original_stdout(stdout):
    global _original_stdout
    _original_stdout = stdout

def get_original_stdout():
    return _original_stdout or sys.stdout

def unload(name):
    try:
        del sys.modules[name]
    except KeyError:
        pass

def unlink(filename):
    try:
        os.unlink(filename)
    except OSError as error:
        # The filename need not exist.
        if error.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ENOTDIR):
            raise

def rmtree(path):
    try:
        shutil.rmtree(path)
    except OSError as error:
        # Unix returns ENOENT, Windows returns ESRCH.
        if error.errno not in (errno.ENOENT, errno.ESRCH):
            raise

def make_legacy_pyc(source):
    """Move a PEP 3147 pyc/pyo file to its legacy pyc/pyo location.

    The choice of .pyc or .pyo extension is done based on the __debug__ flag
    value.

    :param source: The file system path to the source file.  The source file
        does not need to exist, however the PEP 3147 pyc file must exist.
    :return: The file system path to the legacy pyc file.
    """
    pyc_file = imp.cache_from_source(source)
    up_one = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(source))
    legacy_pyc = os.path.join(up_one, source + ('c' if __debug__ else 'o'))
    os.rename(pyc_file, legacy_pyc)
    return legacy_pyc

def forget(modname):
    """'Forget' a module was ever imported.

    This removes the module from sys.modules and deletes any PEP 3147 or
    legacy .pyc and .pyo files.
    """
    unload(modname)
    for dirname in sys.path:
        source = os.path.join(dirname, modname + '.py')
        # It doesn't matter if they exist or not, unlink all possible
        # combinations of PEP 3147 and legacy pyc and pyo files.
        unlink(source + 'c')
        unlink(source + 'o')
        unlink(imp.cache_from_source(source, debug_override=True))
        unlink(imp.cache_from_source(source, debug_override=False))

# On some platforms, should not run gui test even if it is allowed
# in `use_resources'.
if sys.platform.startswith('win'):
    import ctypes
    import ctypes.wintypes
    def _is_gui_available():
        UOI_FLAGS = 1
        WSF_VISIBLE = 0x0001
        class USEROBJECTFLAGS(ctypes.Structure):
            _fields_ = [("fInherit", ctypes.wintypes.BOOL),
                        ("fReserved", ctypes.wintypes.BOOL),
                        ("dwFlags", ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)]
        dll = ctypes.windll.user32
        h = dll.GetProcessWindowStation()
        if not h:
            raise ctypes.WinError()
        uof = USEROBJECTFLAGS()
        needed = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD()
        res = dll.GetUserObjectInformationW(h,
            UOI_FLAGS,
            ctypes.byref(uof),
            ctypes.sizeof(uof),
            ctypes.byref(needed))
        if not res:
            raise ctypes.WinError()
        return bool(uof.dwFlags & WSF_VISIBLE)
else:
    def _is_gui_available():
        return True

def is_resource_enabled(resource):
    """Test whether a resource is enabled.  Known resources are set by
    regrtest.py."""
    return use_resources is not None and resource in use_resources

def requires(resource, msg=None):
    """Raise ResourceDenied if the specified resource is not available.

    If the caller's module is __main__ then automatically return True.  The
    possibility of False being returned occurs when regrtest.py is
    executing.
    """
    if resource == 'gui' and not _is_gui_available():
        raise unittest.SkipTest("Cannot use the 'gui' resource")
    # see if the caller's module is __main__ - if so, treat as if
    # the resource was set
    if sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get("__name__") == "__main__":
        return
    if not is_resource_enabled(resource):
        if msg is None:
            msg = "Use of the `%s' resource not enabled" % resource
        raise ResourceDenied(msg)

HOST = 'localhost'

def find_unused_port(family=socket.AF_INET, socktype=socket.SOCK_STREAM):
    """Returns an unused port that should be suitable for binding.  This is
    achieved by creating a temporary socket with the same family and type as
    the 'sock' parameter (default is AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM), and binding it to
    the specified host address (defaults to 0.0.0.0) with the port set to 0,
    eliciting an unused ephemeral port from the OS.  The temporary socket is
    then closed and deleted, and the ephemeral port is returned.

    Either this method or bind_port() should be used for any tests where a
    server socket needs to be bound to a particular port for the duration of
    the test.  Which one to use depends on whether the calling code is creating
    a python socket, or if an unused port needs to be provided in a constructor
    or passed to an external program (i.e. the -accept argument to openssl's
    s_server mode).  Always prefer bind_port() over find_unused_port() where
    possible.  Hard coded ports should *NEVER* be used.  As soon as a server
    socket is bound to a hard coded port, the ability to run multiple instances
    of the test simultaneously on the same host is compromised, which makes the
    test a ticking time bomb in a buildbot environment. On Unix buildbots, this
    may simply manifest as a failed test, which can be recovered from without
    intervention in most cases, but on Windows, the entire python process can
    completely and utterly wedge, requiring someone to log in to the buildbot
    and manually kill the affected process.

    (This is easy to reproduce on Windows, unfortunately, and can be traced to
    the SO_REUSEADDR socket option having different semantics on Windows versus
    Unix/Linux.  On Unix, you can't have two AF_INET SOCK_STREAM sockets bind,
    listen and then accept connections on identical host/ports.  An EADDRINUSE
    socket.error will be raised at some point (depending on the platform and
    the order bind and listen were called on each socket).

    However, on Windows, if SO_REUSEADDR is set on the sockets, no EADDRINUSE
    will ever be raised when attempting to bind two identical host/ports. When
    accept() is called on each socket, the second caller's process will steal
    the port from the first caller, leaving them both in an awkwardly wedged
    state where they'll no longer respond to any signals or graceful kills, and
    must be forcibly killed via OpenProcess()/TerminateProcess().

    The solution on Windows is to use the SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE socket option
    instead of SO_REUSEADDR, which effectively affords the same semantics as
    SO_REUSEADDR on Unix.  Given the propensity of Unix developers in the Open
    Source world compared to Windows ones, this is a common mistake.  A quick
    look over OpenSSL's 0.9.8g source shows that they use SO_REUSEADDR when
    openssl.exe is called with the 's_server' option, for example. See
    http://bugs.python.org/issue2550 for more info.  The following site also
    has a very thorough description about the implications of both REUSEADDR
    and EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE on Windows:
    http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms740621(VS.85).aspx)

    XXX: although this approach is a vast improvement on previous attempts to
    elicit unused ports, it rests heavily on the assumption that the ephemeral
    port returned to us by the OS won't immediately be dished back out to some
    other process when we close and delete our temporary socket but before our
    calling code has a chance to bind the returned port.  We can deal with this
    issue if/when we come across it.
    """

    tempsock = socket.socket(family, socktype)
    port = bind_port(tempsock)
    tempsock.close()
    del tempsock
    return port

def bind_port(sock, host=HOST):
    """Bind the socket to a free port and return the port number.  Relies on
    ephemeral ports in order to ensure we are using an unbound port.  This is
    important as many tests may be running simultaneously, especially in a
    buildbot environment.  This method raises an exception if the sock.family
    is AF_INET and sock.type is SOCK_STREAM, *and* the socket has SO_REUSEADDR
    or SO_REUSEPORT set on it.  Tests should *never* set these socket options
    for TCP/IP sockets.  The only case for setting these options is testing
    multicasting via multiple UDP sockets.

    Additionally, if the SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE socket option is available (i.e.
    on Windows), it will be set on the socket.  This will prevent anyone else
    from bind()'ing to our host/port for the duration of the test.
    """

    if sock.family == socket.AF_INET and sock.type == socket.SOCK_STREAM:
        if hasattr(socket, 'SO_REUSEADDR'):
            if sock.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR) == 1:
                raise TestFailed("tests should never set the SO_REUSEADDR "   \
                                 "socket option on TCP/IP sockets!")
        if hasattr(socket, 'SO_REUSEPORT'):
            if sock.getsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEPORT) == 1:
                raise TestFailed("tests should never set the SO_REUSEPORT "   \
                                 "socket option on TCP/IP sockets!")
        if hasattr(socket, 'SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE'):
            sock.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE, 1)

    sock.bind((host, 0))
    port = sock.getsockname()[1]
    return port

FUZZ = 1e-6

def fcmp(x, y): # fuzzy comparison function
    if isinstance(x, float) or isinstance(y, float):
        try:
            fuzz = (abs(x) + abs(y)) * FUZZ
            if abs(x-y) <= fuzz:
                return 0
        except:
            pass
    elif type(x) == type(y) and isinstance(x, (tuple, list)):
        for i in range(min(len(x), len(y))):
            outcome = fcmp(x[i], y[i])
            if outcome != 0:
                return outcome
        return (len(x) > len(y)) - (len(x) < len(y))
    return (x > y) - (x < y)

# decorator for skipping tests on non-IEEE 754 platforms
requires_IEEE_754 = unittest.skipUnless(
    float.__getformat__("double").startswith("IEEE"),
    "test requires IEEE 754 doubles")

is_jython = sys.platform.startswith('java')

# Filename used for testing
if os.name == 'java':
    # Jython disallows @ in module names
    TESTFN = '$test'
else:
    TESTFN = '@test'

# Disambiguate TESTFN for parallel testing, while letting it remain a valid
# module name.
TESTFN = "{}_{}_tmp".format(TESTFN, os.getpid())


# TESTFN_UNICODE is a non-ascii filename
TESTFN_UNICODE = TESTFN + "-\xe0\xf2\u0258\u0141\u011f"
if sys.platform == 'darwin':
    # In Mac OS X's VFS API file names are, by definition, canonically
    # decomposed Unicode, encoded using UTF-8. See QA1173:
    # http://developer.apple.com/mac/library/qa/qa2001/qa1173.html
    import unicodedata
    TESTFN_UNICODE = unicodedata.normalize('NFD', TESTFN_UNICODE)
TESTFN_ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding()

# TESTFN_UNENCODABLE is a filename (str type) that should *not* be able to be
# encoded by the filesystem encoding (in strict mode). It can be None if we
# cannot generate such filename.
TESTFN_UNENCODABLE = None
if os.name in ('nt', 'ce'):
    # skip win32s (0) or Windows 9x/ME (1)
    if sys.getwindowsversion().platform >= 2:
        # Different kinds of characters from various languages to minimize the
        # probability that the whole name is encodable to MBCS (issue #9819)
        TESTFN_UNENCODABLE = TESTFN + "-\u5171\u0141\u2661\u0363\uDC80"
        try:
            TESTFN_UNENCODABLE.encode(TESTFN_ENCODING)
        except UnicodeEncodeError:
            pass
        else:
            print('WARNING: The filename %r CAN be encoded by the filesystem encoding (%s). '
                  'Unicode filename tests may not be effective'
                  % (TESTFN_UNENCODABLE, TESTFN_ENCODING))
            TESTFN_UNENCODABLE = None
# Mac OS X denies unencodable filenames (invalid utf-8)
elif sys.platform != 'darwin':
    try:
        # ascii and utf-8 cannot encode the byte 0xff
        b'\xff'.decode(TESTFN_ENCODING)
    except UnicodeDecodeError:
        # 0xff will be encoded using the surrogate character u+DCFF
        TESTFN_UNENCODABLE = TESTFN \
            + b'-\xff'.decode(TESTFN_ENCODING, 'surrogateescape')
    else:
        # File system encoding (eg. ISO-8859-* encodings) can encode
        # the byte 0xff. Skip some unicode filename tests.
        pass

# Save the initial cwd
SAVEDCWD = os.getcwd()

@contextlib.contextmanager
def temp_cwd(name='tempcwd', quiet=False, path=None):
    """
    Context manager that temporarily changes the CWD.

    An existing path may be provided as *path*, in which case this
    function makes no changes to the file system.

    Otherwise, the new CWD is created in the current directory and it's
    named *name*. If *quiet* is False (default) and it's not possible to
    create or change the CWD, an error is raised.  If it's True, only a
    warning is raised and the original CWD is used.
    """
    saved_dir = os.getcwd()
    is_temporary = False
    if path is None:
        path = name
        try:
            os.mkdir(name)
            is_temporary = True
        except OSError:
            if not quiet:
                raise
            warnings.warn('tests may fail, unable to create temp CWD ' + name,
                          RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=3)
    try:
        os.chdir(path)
    except OSError:
        if not quiet:
            raise
        warnings.warn('tests may fail, unable to change the CWD to ' + name,
                      RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=3)
    try:
        yield os.getcwd()
    finally:
        os.chdir(saved_dir)
        if is_temporary:
            rmtree(name)


@contextlib.contextmanager
def temp_umask(umask):
    """Context manager that temporarily sets the process umask."""
    oldmask = os.umask(umask)
    try:
        yield
    finally:
        os.umask(oldmask)


def findfile(file, here=__file__, subdir=None):
    """Try to find a file on sys.path and the working directory.  If it is not
    found the argument passed to the function is returned (this does not
    necessarily signal failure; could still be the legitimate path)."""
    if os.path.isabs(file):
        return file
    if subdir is not None:
        file = os.path.join(subdir, file)
    path = sys.path
    path = [os.path.dirname(here)] + path
    for dn in path:
        fn = os.path.join(dn, file)
        if os.path.exists(fn): return fn
    return file

def sortdict(dict):
    "Like repr(dict), but in sorted order."
    items = sorted(dict.items())
    reprpairs = ["%r: %r" % pair for pair in items]
    withcommas = ", ".join(reprpairs)
    return "{%s}" % withcommas

def make_bad_fd():
    """
    Create an invalid file descriptor by opening and closing a file and return
    its fd.
    """
    file = open(TESTFN, "wb")
    try:
        return file.fileno()
    finally:
        file.close()
        unlink(TESTFN)

def check_syntax_error(testcase, statement):
    testcase.assertRaises(SyntaxError, compile, statement,
                          '<test string>', 'exec')

def open_urlresource(url, *args, **kw):
    import urllib.request, urllib.parse

    check = kw.pop('check', None)

    filename = urllib.parse.urlparse(url)[2].split('/')[-1] # '/': it's URL!

    fn = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "data", filename)

    def check_valid_file(fn):
        f = open(fn, *args, **kw)
        if check is None:
            return f
        elif check(f):
            f.seek(0)
            return f
        f.close()

    if os.path.exists(fn):
        f = check_valid_file(fn)
        if f is not None:
            return f
        unlink(fn)

    # Verify the requirement before downloading the file
    requires('urlfetch')

    print('\tfetching %s ...' % url, file=get_original_stdout())
    f = urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=15)
    try:
        with open(fn, "wb") as out:
            s = f.read()
            while s:
                out.write(s)
                s = f.read()
    finally:
        f.close()

    f = check_valid_file(fn)
    if f is not None:
        return f
    raise TestFailed('invalid resource "%s"' % fn)


class WarningsRecorder(object):
    """Convenience wrapper for the warnings list returned on
       entry to the warnings.catch_warnings() context manager.
    """
    def __init__(self, warnings_list):
        self._warnings = warnings_list
        self._last = 0

    def __getattr__(self, attr):
        if len(self._warnings) > self._last:
            return getattr(self._warnings[-1], attr)
        elif attr in warnings.WarningMessage._WARNING_DETAILS:
            return None
        raise AttributeError("%r has no attribute %r" % (self, attr))

    @property
    def warnings(self):
        return self._warnings[self._last:]

    def reset(self):
        self._last = len(self._warnings)


def _filterwarnings(filters, quiet=False):
    """Catch the warnings, then check if all the expected
    warnings have been raised and re-raise unexpected warnings.
    If 'quiet' is True, only re-raise the unexpected warnings.
    """
    # Clear the warning registry of the calling module
    # in order to re-raise the warnings.
    frame = sys._getframe(2)
    registry = frame.f_globals.get('__warningregistry__')
    if registry:
        registry.clear()
    with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
        # Set filter "always" to record all warnings.  Because
        # test_warnings swap the module, we need to look up in
        # the sys.modules dictionary.
        sys.modules['warnings'].simplefilter("always")
        yield WarningsRecorder(w)
    # Filter the recorded warnings
    reraise = list(w)
    missing = []
    for msg, cat in filters:
        seen = False
        for w in reraise[:]:
            warning = w.message
            # Filter out the matching messages
            if (re.match(msg, str(warning), re.I) and
                issubclass(warning.__class__, cat)):
                seen = True
                reraise.remove(w)
        if not seen and not quiet:
            # This filter caught nothing
            missing.append((msg, cat.__name__))
    if reraise:
        raise AssertionError("unhandled warning %s" % reraise[0])
    if missing:
        raise AssertionError("filter (%r, %s) did not catch any warning" %
                             missing[0])


@contextlib.contextmanager
def check_warnings(*filters, **kwargs):
    """Context manager to silence warnings.

    Accept 2-tuples as positional arguments:
        ("message regexp", WarningCategory)

    Optional argument:
     - if 'quiet' is True, it does not fail if a filter catches nothing
        (default True without argument,
         default False if some filters are defined)

    Without argument, it defaults to:
        check_warnings(("", Warning), quiet=True)
    """
    quiet = kwargs.get('quiet')
    if not filters:
        filters = (("", Warning),)
        # Preserve backward compatibility
        if quiet is None:
            quiet = True
    return _filterwarnings(filters, quiet)


class CleanImport(object):
    """Context manager to force import to return a new module reference.

    This is useful for testing module-level behaviours, such as
    the emission of a DeprecationWarning on import.

    Use like this:

        with CleanImport("foo"):
            importlib.import_module("foo") # new reference
    """

    def __init__(self, *module_names):
        self.original_modules = sys.modules.copy()
        for module_name in module_names:
            if module_name in sys.modules:
                module = sys.modules[module_name]
                # It is possible that module_name is just an alias for
                # another module (e.g. stub for modules renamed in 3.x).
                # In that case, we also need delete the real module to clear
                # the import cache.
                if module.__name__ != module_name:
                    del sys.modules[module.__name__]
                del sys.modules[module_name]

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, *ignore_exc):
        sys.modules.update(self.original_modules)


class EnvironmentVarGuard(collections.MutableMapping):

    """Class to help protect the environment variable properly.  Can be used as
    a context manager."""

    def __init__(self):
        self._environ = os.environ
        self._changed = {}

    def __getitem__(self, envvar):
        return self._environ[envvar]

    def __setitem__(self, envvar, value):
        # Remember the initial value on the first access
        if envvar not in self._changed:
            self._changed[envvar] = self._environ.get(envvar)
        self._environ[envvar] = value

    def __delitem__(self, envvar):
        # Remember the initial value on the first access
        if envvar not in self._changed:
            self._changed[envvar] = self._environ.get(envvar)
        if envvar in self._environ:
            del self._environ[envvar]

    def keys(self):
        return self._environ.keys()

    def __iter__(self):
        return iter(self._environ)

    def __len__(self):
        return len(self._environ)

    def set(self, envvar, value):
        self[envvar] = value

    def unset(self, envvar):
        del self[envvar]

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, *ignore_exc):
        for (k, v) in self._changed.items():
            if v is None:
                if k in self._environ:
                    del self._environ[k]
            else:
                self._environ[k] = v
        os.environ = self._environ


class DirsOnSysPath(object):
    """Context manager to temporarily add directories to sys.path.

    This makes a copy of sys.path, appends any directories given
    as positional arguments, then reverts sys.path to the copied
    settings when the context ends.

    Note that *all* sys.path modifications in the body of the
    context manager, including replacement of the object,
    will be reverted at the end of the block.
    """

    def __init__(self, *paths):
        self.original_value = sys.path[:]
        self.original_object = sys.path
        sys.path.extend(paths)

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, *ignore_exc):
        sys.path = self.original_object
        sys.path[:] = self.original_value


class TransientResource(object):

    """Raise ResourceDenied if an exception is raised while the context manager
    is in effect that matches the specified exception and attributes."""

    def __init__(self, exc, **kwargs):
        self.exc = exc
        self.attrs = kwargs

    def __enter__(self):
        return self

    def __exit__(self, type_=None, value=None, traceback=None):
        """If type_ is a subclass of self.exc and value has attributes matching
        self.attrs, raise ResourceDenied.  Otherwise let the exception
        propagate (if any)."""
        if type_ is not None and issubclass(self.exc, type_):
            for attr, attr_value in self.attrs.items():
                if not hasattr(value, attr):
                    break
                if getattr(value, attr) != attr_value:
                    break
            else:
                raise ResourceDenied("an optional resource is not available")

# Context managers that raise ResourceDenied when various issues
# with the Internet connection manifest themselves as exceptions.
# XXX deprecate these and use transient_internet() instead
time_out = TransientResource(IOError, errno=errno.ETIMEDOUT)
socket_peer_reset = TransientResource(socket.error, errno=errno.ECONNRESET)
ioerror_peer_reset = TransientResource(IOError, errno=errno.ECONNRESET)


@contextlib.contextmanager
def transient_internet(resource_name, *, timeout=30.0, errnos=()):
    """Return a context manager that raises ResourceDenied when various issues
    with the Internet connection manifest themselves as exceptions."""
    default_errnos = [
        ('ECONNREFUSED', 111),
        ('ECONNRESET', 104),
        ('EHOSTUNREACH', 113),
        ('ENETUNREACH', 101),
        ('ETIMEDOUT', 110),
    ]
    default_gai_errnos = [
        ('EAI_NONAME', -2),
        ('EAI_NODATA', -5),
    ]

    denied = ResourceDenied("Resource '%s' is not available" % resource_name)
    captured_errnos = errnos
    gai_errnos = []
    if not captured_errnos:
        captured_errnos = [getattr(errno, name, num)
                           for (name, num) in default_errnos]
        gai_errnos = [getattr(socket, name, num)
                      for (name, num) in default_gai_errnos]

    def filter_error(err):
        n = getattr(err, 'errno', None)
        if (isinstance(err, socket.timeout) or
            (isinstance(err, socket.gaierror) and n in gai_errnos) or
            n in captured_errnos):
            if not verbose:
                sys.stderr.write(denied.args[0] + "\n")
            raise denied from err

    old_timeout = socket.getdefaulttimeout()
    try:
        if timeout is not None:
            socket.setdefaulttimeout(timeout)
        yield
    except IOError as err:
        # urllib can wrap original socket errors multiple times (!), we must
        # unwrap to get at the original error.
        while True:
            a = err.args
            if len(a) >= 1 and isinstance(a[0], IOError):
                err = a[0]
            # The error can also be wrapped as args[1]:
            #    except socket.error as msg:
            #        raise IOError('socket error', msg).with_traceback(sys.exc_info()[2])
            elif len(a) >= 2 and isinstance(a[1], IOError):
                err = a[1]
            else:
                break
        filter_error(err)
        raise
    # XXX should we catch generic exceptions and look for their
    # __cause__ or __context__?
    finally:
        socket.setdefaulttimeout(old_timeout)


@contextlib.contextmanager
def captured_output(stream_name):
    """Run the 'with' statement body using a StringIO object in place of a
    specific attribute on the sys module.
    Example use (with 'stream_name=stdout')::

       with captured_stdout() as s:
           print("hello")
       assert s.getvalue() == "hello"
    """
    import io
    orig_stdout = getattr(sys, stream_name)
    setattr(sys, stream_name, io.StringIO())
    try:
        yield getattr(sys, stream_name)
    finally:
        setattr(sys, stream_name, orig_stdout)

def captured_stdout():
    return captured_output("stdout")

def captured_stderr():
    return captured_output("stderr")

def captured_stdin():
    return captured_output("stdin")

def gc_collect():
    """Force as many objects as possible to be collected.

    In non-CPython implementations of Python, this is needed because timely
    deallocation is not guaranteed by the garbage collector.  (Even in CPython
    this can be the case in case of reference cycles.)  This means that __del__
    methods may be called later than expected and weakrefs may remain alive for
    longer than expected.  This function tries its best to force all garbage
    objects to disappear.
    """
    gc.collect()
    if is_jython:
        time.sleep(0.1)
    gc.collect()
    gc.collect()


def python_is_optimized():
    """Find if Python was built with optimizations."""
    cflags = sysconfig.get_config_var('PY_CFLAGS') or ''
    final_opt = ""
    for opt in cflags.split():
        if opt.startswith('-O'):
            final_opt = opt
    return final_opt and final_opt != '-O0'


#=======================================================================
# Decorator for running a function in a different locale, correctly resetting
# it afterwards.

def run_with_locale(catstr, *locales):
    def decorator(func):
        def inner(*args, **kwds):
            try:
                import locale
                category = getattr(locale, catstr)
                orig_locale = locale.setlocale(category)
            except AttributeError:
                # if the test author gives us an invalid category string
                raise
            except:
                # cannot retrieve original locale, so do nothing
                locale = orig_locale = None
            else:
                for loc in locales:
                    try:
                        locale.setlocale(category, loc)
                        break
                    except:
                        pass

            # now run the function, resetting the locale on exceptions
            try:
                return func(*args, **kwds)
            finally:
                if locale and orig_locale:
                    locale.setlocale(category, orig_locale)
        inner.__name__ = func.__name__
        inner.__doc__ = func.__doc__
        return inner
    return decorator

#=======================================================================
# Big-memory-test support. Separate from 'resources' because memory use
# should be configurable.

# Some handy shorthands. Note that these are used for byte-limits as well
# as size-limits, in the various bigmem tests
_1M = 1024*1024
_1G = 1024 * _1M
_2G = 2 * _1G
_4G = 4 * _1G

MAX_Py_ssize_t = sys.maxsize

def set_memlimit(limit):
    global max_memuse
    global real_max_memuse
    sizes = {
        'k': 1024,
        'm': _1M,
        'g': _1G,
        't': 1024*_1G,
    }
    m = re.match(r'(\d+(\.\d+)?) (K|M|G|T)b?$', limit,
                 re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
    if m is None:
        raise ValueError('Invalid memory limit %r' % (limit,))
    memlimit = int(float(m.group(1)) * sizes[m.group(3).lower()])
    real_max_memuse = memlimit
    if memlimit > MAX_Py_ssize_t:
        memlimit = MAX_Py_ssize_t
    if memlimit < _2G - 1:
        raise ValueError('Memory limit %r too low to be useful' % (limit,))
    max_memuse = memlimit

def bigmemtest(minsize, memuse):
    """Decorator for bigmem tests.

    'minsize' is the minimum useful size for the test (in arbitrary,
    test-interpreted units.) 'memuse' is the number of 'bytes per size' for
    the test, or a good estimate of it.

    The decorator tries to guess a good value for 'size' and passes it to
    the decorated test function. If minsize * memuse is more than the
    allowed memory use (as defined by max_memuse), the test is skipped.
    Otherwise, minsize is adjusted upward to use up to max_memuse.
    """
    def decorator(f):
        def wrapper(self):
            # Retrieve values in case someone decided to adjust them
            minsize = wrapper.minsize
            memuse = wrapper.memuse
            if not max_memuse:
                # If max_memuse is 0 (the default),
                # we still want to run the tests with size set to a few kb,
                # to make sure they work. We still want to avoid using
                # too much memory, though, but we do that noisily.
                maxsize = 5147
                self.assertFalse(maxsize * memuse > 20 * _1M)
            else:
                maxsize = int(max_memuse / memuse)
                if maxsize < minsize:
                    raise unittest.SkipTest(
                        "not enough memory: %.1fG minimum needed"
                        % (minsize * memuse / (1024 ** 3)))
            return f(self, maxsize)
        wrapper.minsize = minsize
        wrapper.memuse = memuse
        return wrapper
    return decorator

def precisionbigmemtest(size, memuse):
    def decorator(f):
        def wrapper(self):
            size = wrapper.size
            memuse = wrapper.memuse
            if not real_max_memuse:
                maxsize = 5147
            else:
                maxsize = size

                if real_max_memuse and real_max_memuse < maxsize * memuse:
                    raise unittest.SkipTest(
                        "not enough memory: %.1fG minimum needed"
                        % (size * memuse / (1024 ** 3)))

            return f(self, maxsize)
        wrapper.size = size
        wrapper.memuse = memuse
        return wrapper
    return decorator

def bigaddrspacetest(f):
    """Decorator for tests that fill the address space."""
    def wrapper(self):
        if max_memuse < MAX_Py_ssize_t:
            if MAX_Py_ssize_t >= 2**63 - 1 and max_memuse >= 2**31:
                raise unittest.SkipTest(
                    "not enough memory: try a 32-bit build instead")
            else:
                raise unittest.SkipTest(
                    "not enough memory: %.1fG minimum needed"
                    % (MAX_Py_ssize_t / (1024 ** 3)))
        else:
            return f(self)
    return wrapper

#=======================================================================
# unittest integration.

class BasicTestRunner:
    def run(self, test):
        result = unittest.TestResult()
        test(result)
        return result

def _id(obj):
    return obj

def requires_resource(resource):
    if resource == 'gui' and not _is_gui_available():
        return unittest.skip("resource 'gui' is not available")
    if is_resource_enabled(resource):
        return _id
    else:
        return unittest.skip("resource {0!r} is not enabled".format(resource))

def cpython_only(test):
    """
    Decorator for tests only applicable on CPython.
    """
    return impl_detail(cpython=True)(test)

def impl_detail(msg=None, **guards):
    if check_impl_detail(**guards):
        return _id
    if msg is None:
        guardnames, default = _parse_guards(guards)
        if default:
            msg = "implementation detail not available on {0}"
        else:
            msg = "implementation detail specific to {0}"
        guardnames = sorted(guardnames.keys())
        msg = msg.format(' or '.join(guardnames))
    return unittest.skip(msg)

def _parse_guards(guards):
    # Returns a tuple ({platform_name: run_me}, default_value)
    if not guards:
        return ({'cpython': True}, False)
    is_true = list(guards.values())[0]
    assert list(guards.values()) == [is_true] * len(guards)   # all True or all False
    return (guards, not is_true)

# Use the following check to guard CPython's implementation-specific tests --
# or to run them only on the implementation(s) guarded by the arguments.
def check_impl_detail(**guards):
    """This function returns True or False depending on the host platform.
       Examples:
          if check_impl_detail():               # only on CPython (default)
          if check_impl_detail(jython=True):    # only on Jython
          if check_impl_detail(cpython=False):  # everywhere except on CPython
    """
    guards, default = _parse_guards(guards)
    return guards.get(platform.python_implementation().lower(), default)



def _run_suite(suite):
    """Run tests from a unittest.TestSuite-derived class."""
    if verbose:
        runner = unittest.TextTestRunner(sys.stdout, verbosity=2)
    else:
        runner = BasicTestRunner()

    result = runner.run(suite)
    if not result.wasSuccessful():
        if len(result.errors) == 1 and not result.failures:
            err = result.errors[0][1]
        elif len(result.failures) == 1 and not result.errors:
            err = result.failures[0][1]
        else:
            err = "multiple errors occurred"
            if not verbose: err += "; run in verbose mode for details"
        raise TestFailed(err)


def run_unittest(*classes):
    """Run tests from unittest.TestCase-derived classes."""
    valid_types = (unittest.TestSuite, unittest.TestCase)
    suite = unittest.TestSuite()
    for cls in classes:
        if isinstance(cls, str):
            if cls in sys.modules:
                suite.addTest(unittest.findTestCases(sys.modules[cls]))
            else:
                raise ValueError("str arguments must be keys in sys.modules")
        elif isinstance(cls, valid_types):
            suite.addTest(cls)
        else:
            suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(cls))
    _run_suite(suite)


#=======================================================================
# doctest driver.

def run_doctest(module, verbosity=None):
    """Run doctest on the given module.  Return (#failures, #tests).

    If optional argument verbosity is not specified (or is None), pass
    support's belief about verbosity on to doctest.  Else doctest's
    usual behavior is used (it searches sys.argv for -v).
    """

    import doctest

    if verbosity is None:
        verbosity = verbose
    else:
        verbosity = None

    # Direct doctest output (normally just errors) to real stdout; doctest
    # output shouldn't be compared by regrtest.
    save_stdout = sys.stdout
    sys.stdout = get_original_stdout()
    try:
        f, t = doctest.testmod(module, verbose=verbosity)
        if f:
            raise TestFailed("%d of %d doctests failed" % (f, t))
    finally:
        sys.stdout = save_stdout
    if verbose:
        print('doctest (%s) ... %d tests with zero failures' %
              (module.__name__, t))
    return f, t


#=======================================================================
# Support for saving and restoring the imported modules.

def modules_setup():
    return sys.modules.copy(),

def modules_cleanup(oldmodules):
    # Encoders/decoders are registered permanently within the internal
    # codec cache. If we destroy the corresponding modules their
    # globals will be set to None which will trip up the cached functions.
    encodings = [(k, v) for k, v in sys.modules.items()
                 if k.startswith('encodings.')]
    sys.modules.clear()
    sys.modules.update(encodings)
    # XXX: This kind of problem can affect more than just encodings. In particular
    # extension modules (such as _ssl) don't cope with reloading properly.
    # Really, test modules should be cleaning out the test specific modules they
    # know they added (ala test_runpy) rather than relying on this function (as
    # test_importhooks and test_pkg do currently).
    # Implicitly imported *real* modules should be left alone (see issue 10556).
    sys.modules.update(oldmodules)

#=======================================================================
# Threading support to prevent reporting refleaks when running regrtest.py -R

# NOTE: we use thread._count() rather than threading.enumerate() (or the
# moral equivalent thereof) because a threading.Thread object is still alive
# until its __bootstrap() method has returned, even after it has been
# unregistered from the threading module.
# thread._count(), on the other hand, only gets decremented *after* the
# __bootstrap() method has returned, which gives us reliable reference counts
# at the end of a test run.

def threading_setup():
    if _thread:
        return _thread._count(),
    else:
        return 1,

def threading_cleanup(nb_threads):
    if not _thread:
        return
    _MAX_COUNT = 10
    for count in range(_MAX_COUNT):
        n = _thread._count()
        if n == nb_threads:
            break
        time.sleep(0.1)
    # XXX print a warning in case of failure?

def reap_threads(func):
    """Use this function when threads are being used.  This will
    ensure that the threads are cleaned up even when the test fails.
    If threading is unavailable this function does nothing.
    """
    if not _thread:
        return func

    @functools.wraps(func)
    def decorator(*args):
        key = threading_setup()
        try:
            return func(*args)
        finally:
            threading_cleanup(*key)
    return decorator

def reap_children():
    """Use this function at the end of test_main() whenever sub-processes
    are started.  This will help ensure that no extra children (zombies)
    stick around to hog resources and create problems when looking
    for refleaks.
    """

    # Reap all our dead child processes so we don't leave zombies around.
    # These hog resources and might be causing some of the buildbots to die.
    if hasattr(os, 'waitpid'):
        any_process = -1
        while True:
            try:
                # This will raise an exception on Windows.  That's ok.
                pid, status = os.waitpid(any_process, os.WNOHANG)
                if pid == 0:
                    break
            except:
                break

@contextlib.contextmanager
def swap_attr(obj, attr, new_val):
    """Temporary swap out an attribute with a new object.

    Usage:
        with swap_attr(obj, "attr", 5):
            ...

        This will set obj.attr to 5 for the duration of the with: block,
        restoring the old value at the end of the block. If `attr` doesn't
        exist on `obj`, it will be created and then deleted at the end of the
        block.
    """
    if hasattr(obj, attr):
        real_val = getattr(obj, attr)
        setattr(obj, attr, new_val)
        try:
            yield
        finally:
            setattr(obj, attr, real_val)
    else:
        setattr(obj, attr, new_val)
        try:
            yield
        finally:
            delattr(obj, attr)

@contextlib.contextmanager
def swap_item(obj, item, new_val):
    """Temporary swap out an item with a new object.

    Usage:
        with swap_item(obj, "item", 5):
            ...

        This will set obj["item"] to 5 for the duration of the with: block,
        restoring the old value at the end of the block. If `item` doesn't
        exist on `obj`, it will be created and then deleted at the end of the
        block.
    """
    if item in obj:
        real_val = obj[item]
        obj[item] = new_val
        try:
            yield
        finally:
            obj[item] = real_val
    else:
        obj[item] = new_val
        try:
            yield
        finally:
            del obj[item]

def strip_python_stderr(stderr):
    """Strip the stderr of a Python process from potential debug output
    emitted by the interpreter.

    This will typically be run on the result of the communicate() method
    of a subprocess.Popen object.
    """
    stderr = re.sub(br"\[\d+ refs\]\r?\n?$", b"", stderr).strip()
    return stderr

def args_from_interpreter_flags():
    """Return a list of command-line arguments reproducing the current
    settings in sys.flags."""
    flag_opt_map = {
        'bytes_warning': 'b',
        'dont_write_bytecode': 'B',
        'ignore_environment': 'E',
        'no_user_site': 's',
        'no_site': 'S',
        'optimize': 'O',
        'verbose': 'v',
    }
    args = []
    for flag, opt in flag_opt_map.items():
        v = getattr(sys.flags, flag)
        if v > 0:
            args.append('-' + opt * v)
    return args

#============================================================
# Support for assertions about logging.
#============================================================

class TestHandler(logging.handlers.BufferingHandler):
    def __init__(self, matcher):
        # BufferingHandler takes a "capacity" argument
        # so as to know when to flush. As we're overriding
        # shouldFlush anyway, we can set a capacity of zero.
        # You can call flush() manually to clear out the
        # buffer.
        logging.handlers.BufferingHandler.__init__(self, 0)
        self.matcher = matcher

    def shouldFlush(self):
        return False

    def emit(self, record):
        self.format(record)
        self.buffer.append(record.__dict__)

    def matches(self, **kwargs):
        """
        Look for a saved dict whose keys/values match the supplied arguments.
        """
        result = False
        for d in self.buffer:
            if self.matcher.matches(d, **kwargs):
                result = True
                break
        return result

class Matcher(object):

    _partial_matches = ('msg', 'message')

    def matches(self, d, **kwargs):
        """
        Try to match a single dict with the supplied arguments.

        Keys whose values are strings and which are in self._partial_matches
        will be checked for partial (i.e. substring) matches. You can extend
        this scheme to (for example) do regular expression matching, etc.
        """
        result = True
        for k in kwargs:
            v = kwargs[k]
            dv = d.get(k)
            if not self.match_value(k, dv, v):
                result = False
                break
        return result

    def match_value(self, k, dv, v):
        """
        Try to match a single stored value (dv) with a supplied value (v).
        """
        if type(v) != type(dv):
            result = False
        elif type(dv) is not str or k not in self._partial_matches:
            result = (v == dv)
        else:
            result = dv.find(v) >= 0
        return result


_can_symlink = None
def can_symlink():
    global _can_symlink
    if _can_symlink is not None:
        return _can_symlink
    try:
        os.symlink(TESTFN, TESTFN + "can_symlink")
        can = True
    except (OSError, NotImplementedError):
        can = False
    _can_symlink = can
    return can

def skip_unless_symlink(test):
    """Skip decorator for tests that require functional symlink"""
    ok = can_symlink()
    msg = "Requires functional symlink implementation"
    return test if ok else unittest.skip(msg)(test)

def patch(test_instance, object_to_patch, attr_name, new_value):
    """Override 'object_to_patch'.'attr_name' with 'new_value'.

    Also, add a cleanup procedure to 'test_instance' to restore
    'object_to_patch' value for 'attr_name'.
    The 'attr_name' should be a valid attribute for 'object_to_patch'.

    """
    # check that 'attr_name' is a real attribute for 'object_to_patch'
    # will raise AttributeError if it does not exist
    getattr(object_to_patch, attr_name)

    # keep a copy of the old value
    attr_is_local = False
    try:
        old_value = object_to_patch.__dict__[attr_name]
    except (AttributeError, KeyError):
        old_value = getattr(object_to_patch, attr_name, None)
    else:
        attr_is_local = True

    # restore the value when the test is done
    def cleanup():
        if attr_is_local:
            setattr(object_to_patch, attr_name, old_value)
        else:
            delattr(object_to_patch, attr_name)

    test_instance.addCleanup(cleanup)

    # actually override the attribute
    setattr(object_to_patch, attr_name, new_value)