/* Write Python objects to files and read them back.
This is intended for writing and reading compiled Python code only;
a true persistent storage facility would be much harder, since
it would have to take circular links and sharing into account. */
#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN
#include "Python.h"
#include "longintrepr.h"
#include "code.h"
#include "marshal.h"
/* High water mark to determine when the marshalled object is dangerously deep
* and risks coring the interpreter. When the object stack gets this deep,
* raise an exception instead of continuing.
*/
#define MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH 5000
#define TYPE_NULL '0'
#define TYPE_NONE 'N'
#define TYPE_FALSE 'F'
#define TYPE_TRUE 'T'
#define TYPE_STOPITER 'S'
#define TYPE_ELLIPSIS '.'
#define TYPE_INT 'i'
#define TYPE_INT64 'I'
#define TYPE_FLOAT 'f'
#define TYPE_BINARY_FLOAT 'g'
#define TYPE_COMPLEX 'x'
#define TYPE_BINARY_COMPLEX 'y'
#define TYPE_LONG 'l'
#define TYPE_STRING 's'
#define TYPE_INTERNED 't'
#define TYPE_STRINGREF 'R'
#define TYPE_TUPLE '('
#define TYPE_LIST '['
#define TYPE_DICT '{'
#define TYPE_CODE 'c'
#define TYPE_UNICODE 'u'
#define TYPE_UNKNOWN '?'
#define TYPE_SET '<'
#define TYPE_FROZENSET '>'
typedef struct {
FILE *fp;
int error;
int depth;
/* If fp == NULL, the following are valid: */
PyObject *str;
char *ptr;
char *end;
PyObject *strings; /* dict on marshal, list on unmarshal */
int version;
} WFILE;
#define w_byte(c, p) if (((p)->fp)) putc((c), (p)->fp); \
else if ((p)->ptr != (p)->end) *(p)->ptr++ = (c); \
else w_more(c, p)
static void
w_more(int c, WFILE *p)
{
Py_ssize_t size, newsize;
if (p->str == NULL)
return; /* An error already occurred */
size = PyString_Size(p->str);
newsize = size + 1024;
if (_PyString_Resize(&p->str, newsize) != 0) {
p->ptr = p->end = NULL;
}
else {
p->ptr = PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)p->str) + size;
p->end =
PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)p->str) + newsize;
*p->ptr++ = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(c, int, char);
}
}
static void
w_string(char *s, int n, WFILE *p)
{
if (p->fp != NULL) {
fwrite(s, 1, n, p->fp);
}
else {
while (--n >= 0) {
w_byte(*s, p);
s++;
}
}
}
static void
w_short(int x, WFILE *p)
{
w_byte((char)( x & 0xff), p);
w_byte((char)((x>> 8) & 0xff), p);
}
static void
w_long(long x, WFILE *p)
{
w_byte((char)( x & 0xff), p);
w_byte((char)((x>> 8) & 0xff), p);
w_byte((char)((x>>16) & 0xff), p);
w_byte((char)((x>>24) & 0xff), p);
}
#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
static void
w_long64(long x, WFILE *p)
{
w_long(x, p);
w_long(x>>32, p);
}
#endif
static void
w_object(PyObject *v, WFILE *p)
{
Py_ssize_t i, n;
p->depth++;
if (p->depth > MAX_MARSHAL_STACK_DEPTH) {
p->error = 2;
}
else if (v == NULL) {
w_byte(TYPE_NULL, p);
}
else if (v == Py_None) {
w_byte(TYPE_NONE, p);
}
else if (v == PyExc_StopIteration) {
w_byte(TYPE_STOPITER, p);
}
else if (v == Py_Ellipsis) {
w_byte(TYPE_ELLIPSIS, p);
}
else if (v == Py_False) {
w_byte(TYPE_FALSE, p);
}
else if (v == Py_True) {
w_byte(TYPE_TRUE, p);
}
else if (PyInt_Check(v)) {
long x = PyInt_AS_LONG((PyIntObject *)v);
#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
long y = Py_ARITHMETIC_RIGHT_SHIFT(long, x, 31);
if (y && y != -1) {
w_byte(TYPE_INT64, p);
w_long64(x, p);
}
else
#endif
{
w_byte(TYPE_INT, p);
w_long(x, p);
}
}
else if (PyLong_Check(v)) {
PyLongObject *ob = (PyLongObject *)v;
w_byte(TYPE_LONG, p);
n = ob->ob_size;
w_long((long)n, p);
if (n < 0)
n = -n;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++)
w_short(ob->ob_digit[i], p);
}
else if (PyFloat_Check(v)) {
if (p->version > 1) {
unsigned char buf[8];
if (_PyFloat_Pack8(PyFloat_AsDouble(v),
buf, 1) < 0) {
p->error = 1;
return;
}
w_byte(TYPE_BINARY_FLOAT, p);
w_string((char*)buf, 8, p);
}
else {
char buf[256]; /* Plenty to format any double */
PyFloat_AsReprString(buf, (PyFloatObject *)v);
n = strlen(buf);
w_byte(TYPE_FLOAT, p);
w_byte((int)n, p);
w_string(buf, (int)n, p);
}
}
#ifndef WITHOUT_COMPLEX
else if (PyComplex_Check(v)) {
if (p->version > 1) {
unsigned char buf[8];
if (_PyFloat_Pack8(PyComplex_RealAsDouble(v),
buf, 1) < 0) {
p->error = 1;
return;
}
w_byte(TYPE_BINARY_COMPLEX, p);
w_string((char*)buf, 8, p);
if (_PyFloat_Pack8(PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(v),
buf, 1) < 0) {
p->error = 1;
return;
}
w_string((char*)buf, 8, p);
}
else {
char buf[256]; /* Plenty to format any double */
PyFloatObject *temp;
w_byte(TYPE_COMPLEX, p);
temp = (PyFloatObject*)PyFloat_FromDouble(
PyComplex_RealAsDouble(v));
PyFloat_AsReprString(buf, temp);
Py_DECREF(temp);
n = strlen(buf);
w_byte((int)n, p);
w_string(buf, (int)n, p);
temp = (PyFloatObject*)PyFloat_FromDouble(
PyComplex_ImagAsDouble(v));
PyFloat_AsReprString(buf, temp);
Py_DECREF(temp);
n = strlen(buf);
w_byte((int)n, p);
w_string(buf, (int)n, p);
}
}
#endif
else if (PyString_Check(v)) {
if (p->strings && PyString_CHECK_INTERNED(v)) {
PyObject *o = PyDict_GetItem(p->strings, v);
if (o) {
long w = PyInt_AsLong(o);
w_byte(TYPE_STRINGREF, p);
w_long(w, p);
goto exit;
}
else {
o = PyInt_FromSsize_t(PyDict_Size(p->strings));
PyDict_SetItem(p->strings, v, o);
Py_DECREF(o);
w_byte(TYPE_INTERNED, p);
}
}
else {
w_byte(TYPE_STRING, p);
}
n = PyString_GET_SIZE(v);
if (n > INT_MAX) {
/* huge strings are not supported */
p->depth--;
p->error = 1;
return;
}
w_long((long)n, p);
w_string(PyString_AS_STRING(v), (int)n, p);
}
#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
else if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
PyObject *utf8;
utf8 = PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(v);
if (utf8 == NULL) {
p->depth--;
p->error = 1;
return;
}
w_byte(TYPE_UNICODE, p);
n = PyString_GET_SIZE(utf8);
if (n > INT_MAX) {
p->depth--;
p->error = 1;
return;
}
w_long((long)n, p);
w_string(PyString_AS_STRING(utf8), (int)n, p);
Py_DECREF(utf8);
}
#endif
else if (PyTuple_Check(v)) {
w_byte(TYPE_TUPLE, p);
n = PyTuple_Size(v);
w_long((long)n, p);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
w_object(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(v, i), p);
}
}
else if (PyList_Check(v)) {
w_byte(TYPE_LIST, p);
n = PyList_GET_SIZE(v);
w_long((long)n, p);
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
w_object(PyList_GET_ITEM(v, i), p);
}
}
else if (PyDict_Check(v)) {
Py_ssize_t pos;
PyObject *key, *value;
w_byte(TYPE_DICT, p);
/* This one is NULL object terminated! */
pos = 0;
while (PyDict_Next(v, &pos, &key, &value)) {
w_object(key, p);
w_object(value, p);
}
w_object((PyObject *)NULL, p);
}
else if (PyAnySet_Check(v)) {
PyObject *value, *it;
if (PyObject_TypeCheck(v, &PySet_Type))
w_byte(TYPE_SET, p);
else
w_byte(TYPE_FROZENSET, p);
n = PyObject_Size(v);
if (n == -1) {
p->depth--;
p->error = 1;
return;
}
w_long((long)n, p);
it = PyObject_GetIter(v);
if (it == NULL) {
p->depth--;
p->error = 1;
return;
}
while ((value = PyIter_Next(it)) != NULL) {
w_object(value, p);
Py_DECREF(value);
}
Py_DECREF(it);
if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
p->depth--;
p->error = 1;
return;
}
}
else if (PyCode_Check(v)) {
PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)v;
w_byte(TYPE_CODE, p);
w_long(co->co_argcount, p);
w_long(co->co_nlocals, p);
w_long(co->co_stacksize, p);
w_long(co->co_flags, p);
w_object(co->co_code, p);
w_object(co->co_consts, p);
w_object(co->co_names, p);
w_object(co->co_varnames, p);
w_object(co->co_freevars, p);
w_object(co->co_cellvars, p);
w_object(co->co_filename, p);
w_object(co->co_name, p);
w_long(co->co_firstlineno, p);
w_object(co->co_lnotab, p);
}
else if (PyObject_CheckReadBuffer(v)) {
/* Write unknown buffer-style objects as a string */
char *s;
PyBufferProcs *pb = v->ob_type->tp_as_buffer;
w_byte(TYPE_STRING, p);
n = (*pb->bf_getreadbuffer)(v, 0, (void **)&s);
if (n > INT_MAX) {
p->depth--;
p->error = 1;
return;
}
w_long((long)n, p);
w_string(s, (int)n, p);
}
else {
w_byte(TYPE_UNKNOWN, p);
p->error = 1;
}
exit:
p->depth--;
}
/* version currently has no effect for writing longs. */
void
PyMarshal_WriteLongToFile(long x, FILE *fp, int version)
{
WFILE wf;
wf.fp = fp;
wf.error = 0;
wf.depth = 0;
wf.strings = NULL;
wf.version = version;
w_long(x, &wf);
}
void
PyMarshal_WriteObjectToFile(PyObject *x, FILE *fp, int version)
{
WFILE wf;
wf.fp = fp;
wf.error = 0;
wf.depth = 0;
wf.strings = (version > 0) ? PyDict_New() : NULL;
wf.version = version;
w_object(x, &wf);
Py_XDECREF(wf.strings);
}
typedef WFILE RFILE; /* Same struct with different invariants */
#define rs_byte(p) (((p)->ptr != (p)->end) ? (unsigned char)*(p)->ptr++ : EOF)
#define r_byte(p) ((p)->fp ? getc((p)->fp) : rs_byte(p))
static int
r_string(char *s, int n, RFILE *p)
{
if (p->fp != NULL)
/* The result fits into int because it must be <=n. */
return (int)fread(s, 1, n, p->fp);
if (p->end - p->ptr < n)
n = (int)(p->end - p->ptr);
memcpy(s, p->ptr, n);
p->ptr += n;
return n;
}
static int
r_short(RFILE *p)
{
register short x;
x = r_byte(p);
x |= r_byte(p) << 8;
/* Sign-extension, in case short greater than 16 bits */
x |= -(x & 0x8000);
return x;
}
static long
r_long(RFILE *p)
{
register long x;
register FILE *fp = p->fp;
if (fp) {
x = getc(fp);
x |= (long)getc(fp) << 8;
x |= (long)getc(fp) << 16;
x |= (long)getc(fp) << 24;
}
else {
x = rs_byte(p);
x |= (long)rs_byte(p) << 8;
x |= (long)rs_byte(p) << 16;
x |= (long)rs_byte(p) << 24;
}
#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
/* Sign extension for 64-bit machines */
x |= -(x & 0x80000000L);
#endif
return x;
}
/* r_long64 deals with the TYPE_INT64 code. On a machine with
sizeof(long) > 4, it returns a Python int object, else a Python long
object. Note that w_long64 writes out TYPE_INT if 32 bits is enough,
so there's no inefficiency here in returning a PyLong on 32-bit boxes
for everything written via TYPE_INT64 (i.e., if an int is written via
TYPE_INT64, it *needs* more than 32 bits).
*/
static PyObject *
r_long64(RFILE *p)
{
long lo4 = r_long(p);
long hi4 = r_long(p);
#if SIZEOF_LONG > 4
long x = (hi4 << 32) | (lo4 & 0xFFFFFFFFL);
return PyInt_FromLong(x);
#else
unsigned char buf[8];
int one = 1;
int is_little_endian = (int)*(char*)&one;
if (is_little_endian) {
memcpy(buf, &lo4, 4);
memcpy(buf+4, &hi4, 4);
}
else {
memcpy(buf, &hi4, 4);
memcpy(buf+4, &lo4, 4);
}
return _PyLong_FromByteArray(buf, 8, is_little_endian, 1);
#endif
}
static PyObject *
r_object(RFILE *p)
{
/* NULL is a valid return value, it does not necessarily means that
an exception is set. */
PyObject *v, *v2, *v3;
long i, n;
int type = r_byte(p);
switch (type) {
case EOF:
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
"EOF read where object expected");
return NULL;
case TYPE_NULL:
return NULL;
case TYPE_NONE:
Py_INCREF(Py_None);
return Py_None;
case TYPE_STOPITER:
Py_INCREF(PyExc_StopIteration);
return PyExc_StopIteration;
case TYPE_ELLIPSIS:
Py_INCREF(Py_Ellipsis);
return Py_Ellipsis;
case TYPE_FALSE:
Py_INCREF(Py_False);
return Py_False;
case TYPE_TRUE:
Py_INCREF(Py_True);
return Py_True;
case TYPE_INT:
return PyInt_FromLong(r_long(p));
case TYPE_INT64:
return r_long64(p);
case TYPE_LONG:
{
int size;
PyLongObject *ob;
n = r_long(p);
size = n<0 ? -n : n;
ob = _PyLong_New(size);
if (ob == NULL)
return NULL;
ob->ob_size = n;
for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
int digit = r_short(p);
if (digit < 0) {
Py_DECREF(ob);
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
"bad marshal data");
return NULL;
}
ob->ob_digit[i] = digit;
}
return (PyObject *)ob;
}
case TYPE_FLOAT:
{
char buf[256];
double dx;
n = r_byte(p);
if (n == EOF || r_string(buf, (int)n, p) != n) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
"EOF read where object expected");
return NULL;
}
buf[n] = '\0';
PyFPE_START_PROTECT("atof", return 0)
dx = PyOS_ascii_atof(buf);
PyFPE_END_PROTECT(dx)
return PyFloat_FromDouble(dx);
}
case TYPE_BINARY_FLOAT:
{
unsigned char buf[8];
double x;
if (r_string((char*)buf, 8, p) != 8) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
"EOF read where object expected");
return NULL;
}
x = _PyFloat_Unpack8(buf, 1);
if (x == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
return NULL;
}
return PyFloat_FromDouble(x);
}
#ifndef WITHOUT_COMPLEX
case TYPE_COMPLEX:
{
char buf[256];
Py_complex c;
n = r_byte(p);
if (n == EOF || r_string(buf, (int)n, p) != n) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
"EOF read where object expected");
return NULL;
}
buf[n] = '\0';
PyFPE_START_PROTECT("atof", return 0)
c.real = PyOS_ascii_atof(buf);
PyFPE_END_PROTECT(c)
n = r_byte(p);
if (n == EOF || r_string(buf, (int)n, p) != n) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
"EOF read where object expected");
return NULL;
}
buf[n] = '\0';
PyFPE_START_PROTECT("atof", return 0)
c.imag = PyOS_ascii_atof(buf);
PyFPE_END_PROTECT(c)
return PyComplex_FromCComplex(c);
}
case TYPE_BINARY_COMPLEX:
{
unsigned char buf[8];
Py_complex c;
if (r_string((char*)buf, 8, p) != 8) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
"EOF read where object expected");
return NULL;
}
c.real = _PyFloat_Unpack8(buf, 1);
if (c.real == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
return NULL;
}
if (r_string((char*)buf, 8, p) != 8) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
"EOF read where object expected");
return NULL;
}
c.imag = _PyFloat_Unpack8(buf, 1);
if (c.imag == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred()) {
return NULL;
}
return PyComplex_FromCComplex(c);
}
#endif
case TYPE_INTERNED:
case TYPE_STRING:
n = r_long(p);
if (n < 0) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
return NULL;
}
v = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, n);
if (v == NULL)
return v;
if (r_string(PyString_AS_STRING(v), (int)n, p) != n) {
Py_DECREF(v);
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
"EOF read where object expected");
return NULL;
}
if (type == TYPE_INTERNED) {
PyString_InternInPlace(&v);
PyList_Append(p->strings, v);
}
return v;
case TYPE_STRINGREF:
n = r_long(p);
if (n < 0 || n >= PyList_GET_SIZE(p->strings)) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
return NULL;
}
v = PyList_GET_ITEM(p->strings, n);
Py_INCREF(v);
return v;
#ifdef Py_USING_UNICODE
case TYPE_UNICODE:
{
char *buffer;
n = r_long(p);
if (n < 0) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
return NULL;
}
buffer = PyMem_NEW(char, n);
if (buffer == NULL)
return PyErr_NoMemory();
if (r_string(buffer, (int)n, p) != n) {
PyMem_DEL(buffer);
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_EOFError,
"EOF read where object expected");
return NULL;
}
v = PyUnicode_DecodeUTF8(buffer, n, NULL);
PyMem_DEL(buffer);
return v;
}
#endif
case TYPE_TUPLE:
n = r_long(p);
if (n < 0) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
return NULL;
}
v = PyTuple_New((int)n);
if (v == NULL)
return v;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
v2 = r_object(p);
if ( v2 == NULL ) {
if (!PyErr_Occurred())
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
"NULL object in marshal data");
Py_DECREF(v);
v = NULL;
break;
}
PyTuple_SET_ITEM(v, (int)i, v2);
}
return v;
case TYPE_LIST:
n = r_long(p);
if (n < 0) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
return NULL;
}
v = PyList_New((int)n);
if (v == NULL)
return v;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
v2 = r_object(p);
if ( v2 == NULL ) {
if (!PyErr_Occurred())
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
"NULL object in marshal data");
Py_DECREF(v);
v = NULL;
break;
}
PyList_SetItem(v, (int)i, v2);
}
return v;
case TYPE_DICT:
v = PyDict_New();
if (v == NULL)
return NULL;
for (;;) {
PyObject *key, *val;
key = r_object(p);
if (key == NULL)
break;
val = r_object(p);
if (val != NULL)
PyDict_SetItem(v, key, val);
Py_DECREF(key);
Py_XDECREF(val);
}
if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
Py_DECREF(v);
v = NULL;
}
return v;
case TYPE_SET:
case TYPE_FROZENSET:
n = r_long(p);
if (n < 0) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
return NULL;
}
v = PyTuple_New((int)n);
if (v == NULL)
return v;
for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
v2 = r_object(p);
if ( v2 == NULL ) {
if (!PyErr_Occurred())
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
"NULL object in marshal data");
Py_DECREF(v);
v = NULL;
break;
}
PyTuple_SET_ITEM(v, (int)i, v2);
}
if (v == NULL)
return v;
if (type == TYPE_SET)
v3 = PySet_New(v);
else
v3 = PyFrozenSet_New(v);
Py_DECREF(v);
return v3;
case TYPE_CODE:
if (PyEval_GetRestricted()) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
"cannot unmarshal code objects in "
"restricted execution mode");
return NULL;
}
else {
int argcount;
int nlocals;
int stacksize;
int flags;
PyObject *code = NULL;
PyObject *consts = NULL;
PyObject *names = NULL;
PyObject *varnames = NULL;
PyObject *freevars = NULL;
PyObject *cellvars = NULL;
PyObject *filename = NULL;
PyObject *name = NULL;
int firstlineno;
PyObject *lnotab = NULL;
v = NULL;
argcount = r_long(p);
nlocals = r_long(p);
stacksize = r_long(p);
flags = r_long(p);
code = r_object(p);
if (code == NULL)
goto code_error;
consts = r_object(p);
if (consts == NULL)
goto code_error;
names = r_object(p);
if (names == NULL)
goto code_error;
varnames = r_object(p);
if (varnames == NULL)
goto code_error;
freevars = r_object(p);
if (freevars == NULL)
goto code_error;
cellvars = r_object(p);
if (cellvars == NULL)
goto code_error;
filename = r_object(p);
if (filename == NULL)
goto code_error;
name = r_object(p);
if (name == NULL)
goto code_error;
firstlineno = r_long(p);
lnotab = r_object(p);
if (lnotab == NULL)
goto code_error;
v = (PyObject *) PyCode_New(
argcount, nlocals, stacksize, flags,
code, consts, names, varnames,
freevars, cellvars, filename, name,
firstlineno, lnotab);
code_error:
Py_XDECREF(code);
Py_XDECREF(consts);
Py_XDECREF(names);
Py_XDECREF(varnames);
Py_XDECREF(freevars);
Py_XDECREF(cellvars);
Py_XDECREF(filename);
Py_XDECREF(name);
Py_XDECREF(lnotab);
}
return v;
default:
/* Bogus data got written, which isn't ideal.
This will let you keep working and recover. */
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "bad marshal data");
return NULL;
}
}
static PyObject *
read_object(RFILE *p)
{
PyObject *v;
if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
fprintf(stderr, "XXX readobject called with exception set\n");
return NULL;
}
v = r_object(p);
if (v == NULL && !PyErr_Occurred())
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "NULL object in marshal data");
return v;
}
int
PyMarshal_ReadShortFromFile(FILE *fp)
{
RFILE rf;
assert(fp);
rf.fp = fp;
rf.strings = NULL;
rf.end = rf.ptr = NULL;
return r_short(&rf);
}
long
PyMarshal_ReadLongFromFile(FILE *fp)
{
RFILE rf;
rf.fp = fp;
rf.strings = NULL;
return r_long(&rf);
}
#ifdef HAVE_FSTAT
/* Return size of file in bytes; < 0 if unknown. */
static off_t
getfilesize(FILE *fp)
{
struct stat st;
if (fstat(fileno(fp), &st) != 0)
return -1;
else
return st.st_size;
}
#endif
/* If we can get the size of the file up-front, and it's reasonably small,
* read it in one gulp and delegate to ...FromString() instead. Much quicker
* than reading a byte at a time from file; speeds .pyc imports.
* CAUTION: since this may read the entire remainder of the file, don't
* call it unless you know you're done with the file.
*/
PyObject *
PyMarshal_ReadLastObjectFromFile(FILE *fp)
{
/* 75% of 2.1's .pyc files can exploit SMALL_FILE_LIMIT.
* REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT is by defn something big enough for Tkinter.pyc.
*/
#define SMALL_FILE_LIMIT (1L << 14)
#define REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT (1L << 18)
#ifdef HAVE_FSTAT
off_t filesize;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FSTAT
filesize = getfilesize(fp);
if (filesize > 0) {
char buf[SMALL_FILE_LIMIT];
char* pBuf = NULL;
if (filesize <= SMALL_FILE_LIMIT)
pBuf = buf;
else if (filesize <= REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT)
pBuf = (char *)PyMem_MALLOC(filesize);
if (pBuf != NULL) {
PyObject* v;
size_t n;
/* filesize must fit into an int, because it
is smaller than REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT */
n = fread(pBuf, 1, (int)filesize, fp);
v = PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromString(pBuf, n);
if (pBuf != buf)
PyMem_FREE(pBuf);
return v;
}
}
#endif
/* We don't have fstat, or we do but the file is larger than
* REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT or malloc failed -- read a byte at a time.
*/
return PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromFile(fp);
#undef SMALL_FILE_LIMIT
#undef REASONABLE_FILE_LIMIT
}
PyObject *
PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromFile(FILE *fp)
{
RFILE rf;
PyObject *result;
rf.fp = fp;
rf.strings = PyList_New(0);
result = r_object(&rf);
Py_DECREF(rf.strings);
return result;
}
PyObject *
PyMarshal_ReadObjectFromString(char *str, Py_ssize_t len)
{
RFILE rf;
PyObject *result;
rf.fp = NULL;
rf.ptr = str;
rf.end = str + len;
rf.strings = PyList_New(0);
result = r_object(&rf);
Py_DECREF(rf.strings);
return result;
}
PyObject *
PyMarshal_WriteObjectToString(PyObject *x, int version)
{
WFILE wf;
wf.fp = NULL;
wf.str = PyString_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, 50);
if (wf.str == NULL)
return NULL;
wf.ptr = PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)wf.str);
wf.end = wf.ptr + PyString_Size(wf.str);
wf.error = 0;
wf.depth = 0;
wf.version = version;
wf.strings = (version > 0) ? PyDict_New() : NULL;
w_object(x, &wf);
Py_XDECREF(wf.strings);
if (wf.str != NULL)
_PyString_Resize(&wf.str,
(int) (wf.ptr -
PyString_AS_STRING((PyStringObject *)wf.str)));
if (wf.error) {
Py_XDECREF(wf.str);
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
(wf.error==1)?"unmarshallable object"
:"object too deeply nested to marshal");
return NULL;
}
return wf.str;
}
/* And an interface for Python programs... */
static PyObject *
marshal_dump(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
WFILE wf;
PyObject *x;
PyObject *f;
int version = Py_MARSHAL_VERSION;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "OO|i:dump", &x, &f, &version))
return NULL;
if (!PyFile_Check(f)) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
"marshal.dump() 2nd arg must be file");
return NULL;
}
wf.fp = PyFile_AsFile(f);
wf.str = NULL;
wf.ptr = wf.end = NULL;
wf.error = 0;
wf.depth = 0;
wf.strings = (version > 0) ? PyDict_New() : 0;
wf.version = version;
w_object(x, &wf);
Py_XDECREF(wf.strings);
if (wf.error) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
(wf.error==1)?"unmarshallable object"
:"object too deeply nested to marshal");
return NULL;
}
Py_INCREF(Py_None);
return Py_None;
}
static PyObject *
marshal_load(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
RFILE rf;
PyObject *f, *result;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O:load", &f))
return NULL;
if (!PyFile_Check(f)) {
PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
"marshal.load() arg must be file");
return NULL;
}
rf.fp = PyFile_AsFile(f);
rf.strings = PyList_New(0);
result = read_object(&rf);
Py_DECREF(rf.strings);
return result;
}
static PyObject *
marshal_dumps(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
PyObject *x;
int version = Py_MARSHAL_VERSION;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O|i:dumps", &x, &version))
return NULL;
return PyMarshal_WriteObjectToString(x, version);
}
static PyObject *
marshal_loads(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
RFILE rf;
char *s;
Py_ssize_t n;
PyObject* result;
if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s#:loads", &s, &n))
return NULL;
rf.fp = NULL;
rf.ptr = s;
rf.end = s + n;
rf.strings = PyList_New(0);
result = read_object(&rf);
Py_DECREF(rf.strings);
return result;
}
static PyMethodDef marshal_methods[] = {
{"dump", marshal_dump, METH_VARARGS},
{"load", marshal_load, METH_VARARGS},
{"dumps", marshal_dumps, METH_VARARGS},
{"loads", marshal_loads, METH_VARARGS},
{NULL, NULL} /* sentinel */
};
PyMODINIT_FUNC
PyMarshal_Init(void)
{
PyObject *mod = Py_InitModule("marshal", marshal_methods);
if (mod == NULL)
return;
PyModule_AddIntConstant(mod, "version", Py_MARSHAL_VERSION);
}
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import os
import sys
import unittest
import ast
import weakref
from test import support
def to_tuple(t):
if t is None or isinstance(t, (str, int, complex)):
return t
elif isinstance(t, list):
return [to_tuple(e) for e in t]
result = [t.__class__.__name__]
if hasattr(t, 'lineno') and hasattr(t, 'col_offset'):
result.append((t.lineno, t.col_offset))
if t._fields is None:
return tuple(result)
for f in t._fields:
result.append(to_tuple(getattr(t, f)))
return tuple(result)
# These tests are compiled through "exec"
# There should be at least one test per statement
exec_tests = [
# None
"None",
# FunctionDef
"def f(): pass",
# FunctionDef with arg
"def f(a): pass",
# FunctionDef with arg and default value
"def f(a=0): pass",
# FunctionDef with varargs
"def f(*args): pass",
# FunctionDef with kwargs
"def f(**kwargs): pass",
# FunctionDef with all kind of args
"def f(a, b=1, c=None, d=[], e={}, *args, f=42, **kwargs): pass",
# ClassDef
"class C:pass",
# ClassDef, new style class
"class C(object): pass",
# Return
"def f():return 1",
# Delete
"del v",
# Assign
"v = 1",
# AugAssign
"v += 1",
# For
"for v in v:pass",
# While
"while v:pass",
# If
"if v:pass",
# With
"with x as y: pass",
"with x as y, z as q: pass",
# Raise
"raise Exception('string')",
# TryExcept
"try:\n pass\nexcept Exception:\n pass",
# TryFinally
"try:\n pass\nfinally:\n pass",
# Assert
"assert v",
# Import
"import sys",
# ImportFrom
"from sys import v",
# Global
"global v",
# Expr
"1",
# Pass,
"pass",
# Break
"break",
# Continue
"continue",
# for statements with naked tuples (see http://bugs.python.org/issue6704)
"for a,b in c: pass",
"[(a,b) for a,b in c]",
"((a,b) for a,b in c)",
"((a,b) for (a,b) in c)",
# Multiline generator expression (test for .lineno & .col_offset)
"""(
(
Aa
,
Bb
)
for
Aa
,
Bb in Cc
)""",
# dictcomp
"{a : b for w in x for m in p if g}",
# dictcomp with naked tuple
"{a : b for v,w in x}",
# setcomp
"{r for l in x if g}",
# setcomp with naked tuple
"{r for l,m in x}",
# AsyncFunctionDef
"async def f():\n await something()",
# AsyncFor
"async def f():\n async for e in i: 1\n else: 2",
# AsyncWith
"async def f():\n async with a as b: 1",
]
# These are compiled through "single"
# because of overlap with "eval", it just tests what
# can't be tested with "eval"
single_tests = [
"1+2"
]
# These are compiled through "eval"
# It should test all expressions
eval_tests = [
# None
"None",
# BoolOp
"a and b",
# BinOp
"a + b",
# UnaryOp
"not v",
# Lambda
"lambda:None",
# Dict
"{ 1:2 }",
# Empty dict
"{}",
# Set
"{None,}",
# Multiline dict (test for .lineno & .col_offset)
"""{
1
:
2
}""",
# ListComp
"[a for b in c if d]",
# GeneratorExp
"(a for b in c if d)",
# Yield - yield expressions can't work outside a function
#
# Compare
"1 < 2 < 3",
# Call
"f(1,2,c=3,*d,**e)",
# Num
"10",
# Str
"'string'",
# Attribute
"a.b",
# Subscript
"a[b:c]",
# Name
"v",
# List
"[1,2,3]",
# Empty list
"[]",
# Tuple
"1,2,3",
# Tuple
"(1,2,3)",
# Empty tuple
"()",
# Combination
"a.b.c.d(a.b[1:2])",
]
# TODO: expr_context, slice, boolop, operator, unaryop, cmpop, comprehension
# excepthandler, arguments, keywords, alias
class AST_Tests(unittest.TestCase):
def _assertTrueorder(self, ast_node, parent_pos):
if not isinstance(ast_node, ast.AST) or ast_node._fields is None:
return
if isinstance(ast_node, (ast.expr, ast.stmt, ast.excepthandler)):
node_pos = (ast_node.lineno, ast_node.col_offset)
self.assertTrue(node_pos >= parent_pos)
parent_pos = (ast_node.lineno, ast_node.col_offset)
for name in ast_node._fields:
value = getattr(ast_node, name)
if isinstance(value, list):
for child in value:
self._assertTrueorder(child, parent_pos)
elif value is not None:
self._assertTrueorder(value, parent_pos)
def test_AST_objects(self):
x = ast.AST()
self.assertEqual(x._fields, ())
x.foobar = 42
self.assertEqual(x.foobar, 42)
self.assertEqual(x.__dict__["foobar"], 42)
with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
x.vararg
with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
# "_ast.AST constructor takes 0 positional arguments"
ast.AST(2)
def test_AST_garbage_collection(self):
class X:
pass
a = ast.AST()
a.x = X()
a.x.a = a
ref = weakref.ref(a.x)
del a
support.gc_collect()
self.assertIsNone(ref())
def test_snippets(self):
for input, output, kind in ((exec_tests, exec_results, "exec"),
(single_tests, single_results, "single"),
(eval_tests, eval_results, "eval")):
for i, o in zip(input, output):
ast_tree = compile(i, "?", kind, ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST)
self.assertEqual(to_tuple(ast_tree), o)
self._assertTrueorder(ast_tree, (0, 0))
def test_slice(self):
slc = ast.parse("x[::]").body[0].value.slice
self.assertIsNone(slc.upper)
self.assertIsNone(slc.lower)
self.assertIsNone(slc.step)
def test_from_import(self):
im = ast.parse("from . import y").body[0]
self.assertIsNone(im.module)
def test_non_interned_future_from_ast(self):
mod = ast.parse("from __future__ import division")
self.assertIsInstance(mod.body[0], ast.ImportFrom)
mod.body[0].module = " __future__ ".strip()
compile(mod, "<test>", "exec")
def test_base_classes(self):
self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.For, ast.stmt))
self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.Name, ast.expr))
self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.stmt, ast.AST))
self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.expr, ast.AST))
self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.comprehension, ast.AST))
self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.Gt, ast.AST))
def test_field_attr_existence(self):
for name, item in ast.__dict__.items():
if isinstance(item, type) and name != 'AST' and name[0].isupper():
x = item()
if isinstance(x, ast.AST):
self.assertEqual(type(x._fields), tuple)
def test_arguments(self):
x = ast.arguments()
self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('args', 'vararg', 'kwonlyargs',
'kw_defaults', 'kwarg', 'defaults'))
with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
x.vararg
x = ast.arguments(*range(1, 7))
self.assertEqual(x.vararg, 2)
def test_field_attr_writable(self):
x = ast.Num()
# We can assign to _fields
x._fields = 666
self.assertEqual(x._fields, 666)
def test_classattrs(self):
x = ast.Num()
self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('n',))
with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
x.n
x = ast.Num(42)
self.assertEqual(x.n, 42)
with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
x.lineno
with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
x.foobar
x = ast.Num(lineno=2)
self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 2)
x = ast.Num(42, lineno=0)
self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0)
self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('n',))
self.assertEqual(x.n, 42)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Num, 1, 2)
self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Num, 1, 2, lineno=0)
def test_module(self):
body = [ast.Num(42)]
x = ast.Module(body)
self.assertEqual(x.body, body)
def test_nodeclasses(self):
# Zero arguments constructor explicitly allowed
x = ast.BinOp()
self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('left', 'op', 'right'))
# Random attribute allowed too
x.foobarbaz = 5
self.assertEqual(x.foobarbaz, 5)
n1 = ast.Num(1)
n3 = ast.Num(3)
addop = ast.Add()
x = ast.BinOp(n1, addop, n3)
self.assertEqual(x.left, n1)
self.assertEqual(x.op, addop)
self.assertEqual(x.right, n3)
x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3)
self.assertEqual(x.left, 1)
self.assertEqual(x.op, 2)
self.assertEqual(x.right, 3)
x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3, lineno=0)
self.assertEqual(x.left, 1)
self.assertEqual(x.op, 2)
self.assertEqual(x.right, 3)
self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0)
# node raises exception when not given enough arguments
self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2)
# node raises exception when given too many arguments
self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2, 3, 4)
# node raises exception when not given enough arguments
self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2, lineno=0)
# node raises exception when given too many arguments
self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2, 3, 4, lineno=0)
# can set attributes through kwargs too
x = ast.BinOp(left=1, op=2, right=3, lineno=0)
self.assertEqual(x.left, 1)
self.assertEqual(x.op, 2)
self.assertEqual(x.right, 3)
self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0)
# Random kwargs also allowed
x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3, foobarbaz=42)
self.assertEqual(x.foobarbaz, 42)
def test_no_fields(self):
# this used to fail because Sub._fields was None
x = ast.Sub()
self.assertEqual(x._fields, ())
def test_pickling(self):
import pickle
mods = [pickle]
try:
import cPickle
mods.append(cPickle)
except ImportError:
pass
protocols = [0, 1, 2]
for mod in mods:
for protocol in protocols:
for ast in (compile(i, "?", "exec", 0x400) for i in exec_tests):
ast2 = mod.loads(mod.dumps(ast, protocol))
self.assertEqual(to_tuple(ast2), to_tuple(ast))
def test_invalid_sum(self):
pos = dict(lineno=2, col_offset=3)
m = ast.Module([ast.Expr(ast.expr(**pos), **pos)])
with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
compile(m, "<test>", "exec")
self.assertIn("but got <_ast.expr", str(cm.exception))
def test_invalid_identitifer(self):
m = ast.Module([ast.Expr(ast.Name(42, ast.Load()))])
ast.fix_missing_locations(m)
with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
compile(m, "<test>", "exec")
self.assertIn("identifier must be of type str", str(cm.exception))
def test_invalid_string(self):
m = ast.Module([ast.Expr(ast.Str(42))])
ast.fix_missing_locations(m)
with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
compile(m, "<test>", "exec")
self.assertIn("string must be of type str", str(cm.exception))
def test_empty_yield_from(self):
# Issue 16546: yield from value is not optional.
empty_yield_from = ast.parse("def f():\n yield from g()")
empty_yield_from.body[0].body[0].value.value = None
with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
compile(empty_yield_from, "<test>", "exec")
self.assertIn("field value is required", str(cm.exception))
class ASTHelpers_Test(unittest.TestCase):
def test_parse(self):
a = ast.parse('foo(1 + 1)')
b = compile('foo(1 + 1)', '<unknown>', 'exec', ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST)
self.assertEqual(ast.dump(a), ast.dump(b))
def test_parse_in_error(self):
try:
1/0
except Exception:
with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as e:
ast.literal_eval(r"'\U'")
self.assertIsNotNone(e.exception.__context__)
def test_dump(self):
node = ast.parse('spam(eggs, "and cheese")')
self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node),
"Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load()), "
"args=[Name(id='eggs', ctx=Load()), Str(s='and cheese')], "
"keywords=[]))])"
)
self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, annotate_fields=False),
"Module([Expr(Call(Name('spam', Load()), [Name('eggs', Load()), "
"Str('and cheese')], []))])"
)
self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, include_attributes=True),
"Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load(), "
"lineno=1, col_offset=0), args=[Name(id='eggs', ctx=Load(), "
"lineno=1, col_offset=5), Str(s='and cheese', lineno=1, "
"col_offset=11)], keywords=[], "
"lineno=1, col_offset=0), lineno=1, col_offset=0)])"
)
def test_copy_location(self):
src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval')
src.body.right = ast.copy_location(ast.Num(2), src.body.right)
self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True),
'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Num(n=1, lineno=1, col_offset=0), '
'op=Add(), right=Num(n=2, lineno=1, col_offset=4), lineno=1, '
'col_offset=0))'
)
def test_fix_missing_locations(self):
src = ast.parse('write("spam")')
src.body.append(ast.Expr(ast.Call(ast.Name('spam', ast.Load()),
[ast.Str('eggs')], [])))
self.assertEqual(src, ast.fix_missing_locations(src))
self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True),
"Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='write', ctx=Load(), "
"lineno=1, col_offset=0), args=[Str(s='spam', lineno=1, "
"col_offset=6)], keywords=[], "
"lineno=1, col_offset=0), lineno=1, col_offset=0), "
"Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load(), lineno=1, "
"col_offset=0), args=[Str(s='eggs', lineno=1, col_offset=0)], "
"keywords=[], lineno=1, "
"col_offset=0), lineno=1, col_offset=0)])"
)
def test_increment_lineno(self):
src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval')
self.assertEqual(ast.increment_lineno(src, n=3), src)
self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True),
'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Num(n=1, lineno=4, col_offset=0), '
'op=Add(), right=Num(n=1, lineno=4, col_offset=4), lineno=4, '
'col_offset=0))'
)
# issue10869: do not increment lineno of root twice
src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval')
self.assertEqual(ast.increment_lineno(src.body, n=3), src.body)
self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True),
'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Num(n=1, lineno=4, col_offset=0), '
'op=Add(), right=Num(n=1, lineno=4, col_offset=4), lineno=4, '
'col_offset=0))'
)
def test_iter_fields(self):
node = ast.parse('foo()', mode='eval')
d = dict(ast.iter_fields(node.body))
self.assertEqual(d.pop('func').id, 'foo')
self.assertEqual(d, {'keywords': [], 'args': []})
def test_iter_child_nodes(self):
node = ast.parse("spam(23, 42, eggs='leek')", mode='eval')
self.assertEqual(len(list(ast.iter_child_nodes(node.body))), 4)
iterator = ast.iter_child_nodes(node.body)
self.assertEqual(next(iterator).id, 'spam')
self.assertEqual(next(iterator).n, 23)
self.assertEqual(next(iterator).n, 42)
self.assertEqual(ast.dump(next(iterator)),
"keyword(arg='eggs', value=Str(s='leek'))"
)
def test_get_docstring(self):
node = ast.parse('def foo():\n """line one\n line two"""')
self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]),
'line one\nline two')
node = ast.parse('async def foo():\n """spam\n ham"""')
self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]), 'spam\nham')
def test_literal_eval(self):
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('[1, 2, 3]'), [1, 2, 3])
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('{"foo": 42}'), {"foo": 42})
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('(True, False, None)'), (True, False, None))
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('{1, 2, 3}'), {1, 2, 3})
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('b"hi"'), b"hi")
self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, 'foo()')
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-6'), -6)
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-6j+3'), 3-6j)
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3.25'), 3.25)
def test_literal_eval_issue4907(self):
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('2j'), 2j)
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('10 + 2j'), 10 + 2j)
self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('1.5 - 2j'), 1.5 - 2j)
def test_bad_integer(self):
# issue13436: Bad error message with invalid numeric values
body = [ast.ImportFrom(module='time',
names=[ast.alias(name='sleep')],
level=None,
lineno=None, col_offset=None)]
mod = ast.Module(body)
with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
compile(mod, 'test', 'exec')
self.assertIn("invalid integer value: None", str(cm.exception))
class ASTValidatorTests(unittest.TestCase):
def mod(self, mod, msg=None, mode="exec", *, exc=ValueError):
mod.lineno = mod.col_offset = 0
ast.fix_missing_locations(mod)
with self.assertRaises(exc) as cm:
compile(mod, "<test>", mode)
if msg is not None:
self.assertIn(msg, str(cm.exception))
def expr(self, node, msg=None, *, exc=ValueError):
mod = ast.Module([ast.Expr(node)])
self.mod(mod, msg, exc=exc)
def stmt(self, stmt, msg=None):
mod = ast.Module([stmt])
self.mod(mod, msg)
def test_module(self):
m = ast.Interactive([ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))])
self.mod(m, "must have Load context", "single")
m = ast.Expression(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
self.mod(m, "must have Load context", "eval")
def _check_arguments(self, fac, check):
def arguments(args=None, vararg=None,
kwonlyargs=None, kwarg=None,
defaults=None, kw_defaults=None):
if args is None:
args = []
if kwonlyargs is None:
kwonlyargs = []
if defaults is None:
defaults = []
if kw_defaults is None:
kw_defaults = []
args = ast.arguments(args, vararg, kwonlyargs, kw_defaults,
kwarg, defaults)
return fac(args)
args = [ast.arg("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]
check(arguments(args=args), "must have Load context")
check(arguments(kwonlyargs=args), "must have Load context")
check(arguments(defaults=[ast.Num(3)]),
"more positional defaults than args")
check(arguments(kw_defaults=[ast.Num(4)]),
"length of kwonlyargs is not the same as kw_defaults")
args = [ast.arg("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Load()))]
check(arguments(args=args, defaults=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]),
"must have Load context")
args = [ast.arg("a", ast.Name("x", ast.Load())),
ast.arg("b", ast.Name("y", ast.Load()))]
check(arguments(kwonlyargs=args,
kw_defaults=[None, ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]),
"must have Load context")
def test_funcdef(self):
a = ast.arguments([], None, [], [], None, [])
f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [], [], None)
self.stmt(f, "empty body on FunctionDef")
f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [ast.Pass()], [ast.Name("x", ast.Store())],
None)
self.stmt(f, "must have Load context")
f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [ast.Pass()], [],
ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
self.stmt(f, "must have Load context")
def fac(args):
return ast.FunctionDef("x", args, [ast.Pass()], [], None)
self._check_arguments(fac, self.stmt)
def test_classdef(self):
def cls(bases=None, keywords=None, body=None, decorator_list=None):
if bases is None:
bases = []
if keywords is None:
keywords = []
if body is None:
body = [ast.Pass()]
if decorator_list is None:
decorator_list = []
return ast.ClassDef("myclass", bases, keywords,
body, decorator_list)
self.stmt(cls(bases=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]),
"must have Load context")
self.stmt(cls(keywords=[ast.keyword("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]),
"must have Load context")
self.stmt(cls(body=[]), "empty body on ClassDef")
self.stmt(cls(body=[None]), "None disallowed")
self.stmt(cls(decorator_list=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]),
"must have Load context")
def test_delete(self):
self.stmt(ast.Delete([]), "empty targets on Delete")
self.stmt(ast.Delete([None]), "None disallowed")
self.stmt(ast.Delete([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())]),
"must have Del context")
def test_assign(self):
self.stmt(ast.Assign([], ast.Num(3)), "empty targets on Assign")
self.stmt(ast.Assign([None], ast.Num(3)), "None disallowed")
self.stmt(ast.Assign([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())], ast.Num(3)),
"must have Store context")
self.stmt(ast.Assign([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())],
ast.Name("y", ast.Store())),
"must have Load context")
def test_augassign(self):
aug = ast.AugAssign(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Add(),
ast.Name("y", ast.Load()))
self.stmt(aug, "must have Store context")
aug = ast.AugAssign(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Add(),
ast.Name("y", ast.Store()))
self.stmt(aug, "must have Load context")
def test_for(self):
x = ast.Name("x", ast.Store())
y = ast.Name("y", ast.Load())
p = ast.Pass()
self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [], []), "empty body on For")
self.stmt(ast.For(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), y, [p], []),
"must have Store context")
self.stmt(ast.For(x, ast.Name("y", ast.Store()), [p], []),
"must have Load context")
e = ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [e], []), "must have Load context")
self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [p], [e]), "must have Load context")
def test_while(self):
self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Num(3), [], []), "empty body on While")
self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [ast.Pass()], []),
"must have Load context")
self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Num(3), [ast.Pass()],
[ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]),
"must have Load context")
def test_if(self):
self.stmt(ast.If(ast.Num(3), [], []), "empty body on If")
i = ast.If(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [ast.Pass()], [])
self.stmt(i, "must have Load context")
i = ast.If(ast.Num(3), [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [])
self.stmt(i, "must have Load context")
i = ast.If(ast.Num(3), [ast.Pass()],
[ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))])
self.stmt(i, "must have Load context")
def test_with(self):
p = ast.Pass()
self.stmt(ast.With([], [p]), "empty items on With")
i = ast.withitem(ast.Num(3), None)
self.stmt(ast.With([i], []), "empty body on With")
i = ast.withitem(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None)
self.stmt(ast.With([i], [p]), "must have Load context")
i = ast.withitem(ast.Num(3), ast.Name("x", ast.Load()))
self.stmt(ast.With([i], [p]), "must have Store context")
def test_raise(self):
r = ast.Raise(None, ast.Num(3))
self.stmt(r, "Raise with cause but no exception")
r = ast.Raise(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None)
self.stmt(r, "must have Load context")
r = ast.Raise(ast.Num(4), ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
self.stmt(r, "must have Load context")
def test_try(self):
p = ast.Pass()
t = ast.Try([], [], [], [p])
self.stmt(t, "empty body on Try")
t = ast.Try([ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [], [], [p])
self.stmt(t, "must have Load context")
t = ast.Try([p], [], [], [])
self.stmt(t, "Try has neither except handlers nor finalbody")
t = ast.Try([p], [], [p], [p])
self.stmt(t, "Try has orelse but no except handlers")
t = ast.Try([p], [ast.ExceptHandler(None, "x", [])], [], [])
self.stmt(t, "empty body on ExceptHandler")
e = [ast.ExceptHandler(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), "y", [p])]
self.stmt(ast.Try([p], e, [], []), "must have Load context")
e = [ast.ExceptHandler(None, "x", [p])]
t = ast.Try([p], e, [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [p])
self.stmt(t, "must have Load context")
t = ast.Try([p], e, [p], [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))])
self.stmt(t, "must have Load context")
def test_assert(self):
self.stmt(ast.Assert(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None),
"must have Load context")
assrt = ast.Assert(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()),
ast.Name("y", ast.Store()))
self.stmt(assrt, "must have Load context")
def test_import(self):
self.stmt(ast.Import([]), "empty names on Import")
def test_importfrom(self):
imp = ast.ImportFrom(None, [ast.alias("x", None)], -42)
self.stmt(imp, "level less than -1")
self.stmt(ast.ImportFrom(None, [], 0), "empty names on ImportFrom")
def test_global(self):
self.stmt(ast.Global([]), "empty names on Global")
def test_nonlocal(self):
self.stmt(ast.Nonlocal([]), "empty names on Nonlocal")
def test_expr(self):
e = ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
self.stmt(e, "must have Load context")
def test_boolop(self):
b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [])
self.expr(b, "less than 2 values")
b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Num(3)])
self.expr(b, "less than 2 values")
b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Num(4), None])
self.expr(b, "None disallowed")
b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Num(4), ast.Name("x", ast.Store())])
self.expr(b, "must have Load context")
def test_unaryop(self):
u = ast.UnaryOp(ast.Not(), ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
self.expr(u, "must have Load context")
def test_lambda(self):
a = ast.arguments([], None, [], [], None, [])
self.expr(ast.Lambda(a, ast.Name("x", ast.Store())),
"must have Load context")
def fac(args):
return ast.Lambda(args, ast.Name("x", ast.Load()))
self._check_arguments(fac, self.expr)
def test_ifexp(self):
l = ast.Name("x", ast.Load())
s = ast.Name("y", ast.Store())
for args in (s, l, l), (l, s, l), (l, l, s):
self.expr(ast.IfExp(*args), "must have Load context")
def test_dict(self):
d = ast.Dict([], [ast.Name("x", ast.Load())])
self.expr(d, "same number of keys as values")
d = ast.Dict([None], [ast.Name("x", ast.Load())])
self.expr(d, "None disallowed")
d = ast.Dict([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())], [None])
self.expr(d, "None disallowed")
def test_set(self):
self.expr(ast.Set([None]), "None disallowed")
s = ast.Set([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())])
self.expr(s, "must have Load context")
def _check_comprehension(self, fac):
self.expr(fac([]), "comprehension with no generators")
g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()),
ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), [])
self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Store context")
g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()),
ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [])
self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Load context")
x = ast.Name("x", ast.Store())
y = ast.Name("y", ast.Load())
g = ast.comprehension(x, y, [None])
self.expr(fac([g]), "None disallowed")
g = ast.comprehension(x, y, [ast.Name("x", ast.Store())])
self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Load context")
def _simple_comp(self, fac):
g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()),
ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), [])
self.expr(fac(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [g]),
"must have Load context")
def wrap(gens):
return fac(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), gens)
self._check_comprehension(wrap)
def test_listcomp(self):
self._simple_comp(ast.ListComp)
def test_setcomp(self):
self._simple_comp(ast.SetComp)
def test_generatorexp(self):
self._simple_comp(ast.GeneratorExp)
def test_dictcomp(self):
g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("y", ast.Store()),
ast.Name("p", ast.Load()), [])
c = ast.DictComp(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()),
ast.Name("y", ast.Load()), [g])
self.expr(c, "must have Load context")
c = ast.DictComp(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()),
ast.Name("y", ast.Store()), [g])
self.expr(c, "must have Load context")
def factory(comps):
k = ast.Name("x", ast.Load())
v = ast.Name("y", ast.Load())
return ast.DictComp(k, v, comps)
self._check_comprehension(factory)
def test_yield(self):
self.expr(ast.Yield(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())), "must have Load")
self.expr(ast.YieldFrom(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())), "must have Load")
def test_compare(self):
left = ast.Name("x", ast.Load())
comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], [])
self.expr(comp, "no comparators")
comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], [ast.Num(4), ast.Num(5)])
self.expr(comp, "different number of comparators and operands")
comp = ast.Compare(ast.Num("blah"), [ast.In()], [left])
self.expr(comp, "non-numeric", exc=TypeError)
comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], [ast.Num("blah")])
self.expr(comp, "non-numeric", exc=TypeError)
def test_call(self):
func = ast.Name("x", ast.Load())
args = [ast.Name("y", ast.Load())]
keywords = [ast.keyword("w", ast.Name("z", ast.Load()))]
call = ast.Call(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), args, keywords)
self.expr(call, "must have Load context")
call = ast.Call(func, [None], keywords)
self.expr(call, "None disallowed")
bad_keywords = [ast.keyword("w", ast.Name("z", ast.Store()))]
call = ast.Call(func, args, bad_keywords)
self.expr(call, "must have Load context")
def test_num(self):
class subint(int):
pass
class subfloat(float):
pass
class subcomplex(complex):
pass
for obj in "0", "hello", subint(), subfloat(), subcomplex():
self.expr(ast.Num(obj), "non-numeric", exc=TypeError)
def test_attribute(self):
attr = ast.Attribute(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), "y", ast.Load())
self.expr(attr, "must have Load context")
def test_subscript(self):
sub = ast.Subscript(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Index(ast.Num(3)),
ast.Load())
self.expr(sub, "must have Load context")
x = ast.Name("x", ast.Load())
sub = ast.Subscript(x, ast.Index(ast.Name("y", ast.Store())),
ast.Load())
self.expr(sub, "must have Load context")
s = ast.Name("x", ast.Store())
for args in (s, None, None), (None, s, None), (None, None, s):
sl = ast.Slice(*args)
self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()),
"must have Load context")
sl = ast.ExtSlice([])
self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()), "empty dims on ExtSlice")
sl = ast.ExtSlice([ast.Index(s)])
self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()), "must have Load context")
def test_starred(self):
left = ast.List([ast.Starred(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Store())],
ast.Store())
assign = ast.Assign([left], ast.Num(4))
self.stmt(assign, "must have Store context")
def _sequence(self, fac):
self.expr(fac([None], ast.Load()), "None disallowed")
self.expr(fac([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], ast.Load()),
"must have Load context")
def test_list(self):
self._sequence(ast.List)
def test_tuple(self):
self._sequence(ast.Tuple)
def test_nameconstant(self):
self.expr(ast.NameConstant(4), "singleton must be True, False, or None")
def test_stdlib_validates(self):
stdlib = os.path.dirname(ast.__file__)
tests = [fn for fn in os.listdir(stdlib) if fn.endswith(".py")]
tests.extend(["test/test_grammar.py", "test/test_unpack_ex.py"])
for module in tests:
fn = os.path.join(stdlib, module)
with open(fn, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
source = fp.read()
mod = ast.parse(source, fn)
compile(mod, fn, "exec")
def main():
if __name__ != '__main__':
return
if sys.argv[1:] == ['-g']:
for statements, kind in ((exec_tests, "exec"), (single_tests, "single"),
(eval_tests, "eval")):
print(kind+"_results = [")
for s in statements:
print(repr(to_tuple(compile(s, "?", kind, 0x400)))+",")
print("]")
print("main()")
raise SystemExit
unittest.main()
#### EVERYTHING BELOW IS GENERATED #####
exec_results = [
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('NameConstant', (1, 0), None))]),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 9))], [], None)]),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None)], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 10))], [], None)]),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None)], None, [], [], None, [('Num', (1, 8), 0)]), [('Pass', (1, 12))], [], None)]),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], ('arg', (1, 7), 'args', None), [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 14))], [], None)]),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], ('arg', (1, 8), 'kwargs', None), []), [('Pass', (1, 17))], [], None)]),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [('arg', (1, 6), 'a', None), ('arg', (1, 9), 'b', None), ('arg', (1, 14), 'c', None), ('arg', (1, 22), 'd', None), ('arg', (1, 28), 'e', None)], ('arg', (1, 35), 'args', None), [('arg', (1, 41), 'f', None)], [('Num', (1, 43), 42)], ('arg', (1, 49), 'kwargs', None), [('Num', (1, 11), 1), ('NameConstant', (1, 16), None), ('List', (1, 24), [], ('Load',)), ('Dict', (1, 30), [], [])]), [('Pass', (1, 58))], [], None)]),
('Module', [('ClassDef', (1, 0), 'C', [], [], [('Pass', (1, 8))], [])]),
('Module', [('ClassDef', (1, 0), 'C', [('Name', (1, 8), 'object', ('Load',))], [], [('Pass', (1, 17))], [])]),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Return', (1, 8), ('Num', (1, 15), 1))], [], None)]),
('Module', [('Delete', (1, 0), [('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Del',))])]),
('Module', [('Assign', (1, 0), [('Name', (1, 0), 'v', ('Store',))], ('Num', (1, 4), 1))]),
('Module', [('AugAssign', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Add',), ('Num', (1, 5), 1))]),
('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 9), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 11))], [])]),
('Module', [('While', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 6), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 8))], [])]),
('Module', [('If', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 3), 'v', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 5))], [])]),
('Module', [('With', (1, 0), [('withitem', ('Name', (1, 5), 'x', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 10), 'y', ('Store',)))], [('Pass', (1, 13))])]),
('Module', [('With', (1, 0), [('withitem', ('Name', (1, 5), 'x', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 10), 'y', ('Store',))), ('withitem', ('Name', (1, 13), 'z', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'q', ('Store',)))], [('Pass', (1, 21))])]),
('Module', [('Raise', (1, 0), ('Call', (1, 6), ('Name', (1, 6), 'Exception', ('Load',)), [('Str', (1, 16), 'string')], []), None)]),
('Module', [('Try', (1, 0), [('Pass', (2, 2))], [('ExceptHandler', (3, 0), ('Name', (3, 7), 'Exception', ('Load',)), None, [('Pass', (4, 2))])], [], [])]),
('Module', [('Try', (1, 0), [('Pass', (2, 2))], [], [], [('Pass', (4, 2))])]),
('Module', [('Assert', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 7), 'v', ('Load',)), None)]),
('Module', [('Import', (1, 0), [('alias', 'sys', None)])]),
('Module', [('ImportFrom', (1, 0), 'sys', [('alias', 'v', None)], 0)]),
('Module', [('Global', (1, 0), ['v'])]),
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('Num', (1, 0), 1))]),
('Module', [('Pass', (1, 0))]),
('Module', [('Break', (1, 0))]),
('Module', [('Continue', (1, 0))]),
('Module', [('For', (1, 0), ('Tuple', (1, 4), [('Name', (1, 4), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 6), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 11), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Pass', (1, 14))], [])]),
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('ListComp', (1, 1), ('Tuple', (1, 2), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 11), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'c', ('Load',)), [])]))]),
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('GeneratorExp', (1, 1), ('Tuple', (1, 2), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 11), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'c', ('Load',)), [])]))]),
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('GeneratorExp', (1, 1), ('Tuple', (1, 2), [('Name', (1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 12), [('Name', (1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20), 'c', ('Load',)), [])]))]),
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('GeneratorExp', (2, 4), ('Tuple', (3, 4), [('Name', (3, 4), 'Aa', ('Load',)), ('Name', (5, 7), 'Bb', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (8, 4), [('Name', (8, 4), 'Aa', ('Store',)), ('Name', (10, 4), 'Bb', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (10, 10), 'Cc', ('Load',)), [])]))]),
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('DictComp', (1, 1), ('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 5), 'b', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 11), 'w', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 16), 'x', ('Load',)), []), ('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 22), 'm', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 27), 'p', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 32), 'g', ('Load',))])]))]),
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('DictComp', (1, 1), ('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 5), 'b', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11), [('Name', (1, 11), 'v', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13), 'w', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18), 'x', ('Load',)), [])]))]),
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('SetComp', (1, 1), ('Name', (1, 1), 'r', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 7), 'l', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 12), 'x', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 17), 'g', ('Load',))])]))]),
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('SetComp', (1, 1), ('Name', (1, 1), 'r', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 7), [('Name', (1, 7), 'l', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 9), 'm', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14), 'x', ('Load',)), [])]))]),
('Module', [('AsyncFunctionDef', (1, 6), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Expr', (2, 1), ('Await', (2, 1), ('Call', (2, 7), ('Name', (2, 7), 'something', ('Load',)), [], [])))], [], None)]),
('Module', [('AsyncFunctionDef', (1, 6), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('AsyncFor', (2, 7), ('Name', (2, 11), 'e', ('Store',)), ('Name', (2, 16), 'i', ('Load',)), [('Expr', (2, 19), ('Num', (2, 19), 1))], [('Expr', (3, 7), ('Num', (3, 7), 2))])], [], None)]),
('Module', [('AsyncFunctionDef', (1, 6), 'f', ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), [('AsyncWith', (2, 7), [('withitem', ('Name', (2, 12), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (2, 17), 'b', ('Store',)))], [('Expr', (2, 20), ('Num', (2, 20), 1))])], [], None)]),
]
single_results = [
('Interactive', [('Expr', (1, 0), ('BinOp', (1, 0), ('Num', (1, 0), 1), ('Add',), ('Num', (1, 2), 2)))]),
]
eval_results = [
('Expression', ('NameConstant', (1, 0), None)),
('Expression', ('BoolOp', (1, 0), ('And',), [('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 6), 'b', ('Load',))])),
('Expression', ('BinOp', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Add',), ('Name', (1, 4), 'b', ('Load',)))),
('Expression', ('UnaryOp', (1, 0), ('Not',), ('Name', (1, 4), 'v', ('Load',)))),
('Expression', ('Lambda', (1, 0), ('arguments', [], None, [], [], None, []), ('NameConstant', (1, 7), None))),
('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 2), [('Num', (1, 2), 1)], [('Num', (1, 4), 2)])),
('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 0), [], [])),
('Expression', ('Set', (1, 1), [('NameConstant', (1, 1), None)])),
('Expression', ('Dict', (2, 6), [('Num', (2, 6), 1)], [('Num', (4, 10), 2)])),
('Expression', ('ListComp', (1, 1), ('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 7), 'b', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 12), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 17), 'd', ('Load',))])])),
('Expression', ('GeneratorExp', (1, 1), ('Name', (1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 7), 'b', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 12), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 17), 'd', ('Load',))])])),
('Expression', ('Compare', (1, 0), ('Num', (1, 0), 1), [('Lt',), ('Lt',)], [('Num', (1, 4), 2), ('Num', (1, 8), 3)])),
('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'f', ('Load',)), [('Num', (1, 2), 1), ('Num', (1, 4), 2), ('Starred', (1, 10), ('Name', (1, 11), 'd', ('Load',)), ('Load',))], [('keyword', 'c', ('Num', (1, 8), 3)), ('keyword', None, ('Name', (1, 15), 'e', ('Load',)))])),
('Expression', ('Num', (1, 0), 10)),
('Expression', ('Str', (1, 0), 'string')),
('Expression', ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Subscript', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Slice', ('Name', (1, 2), 'b', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4), 'c', ('Load',)), None), ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Name', (1, 0), 'v', ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('List', (1, 0), [('Num', (1, 1), 1), ('Num', (1, 3), 2), ('Num', (1, 5), 3)], ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('List', (1, 0), [], ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 0), [('Num', (1, 0), 1), ('Num', (1, 2), 2), ('Num', (1, 4), 3)], ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 1), [('Num', (1, 1), 1), ('Num', (1, 3), 2), ('Num', (1, 5), 3)], ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 0), [], ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0), ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Attribute', (1, 0), ('Name', (1, 0), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',)), 'c', ('Load',)), 'd', ('Load',)), [('Subscript', (1, 8), ('Attribute', (1, 8), ('Name', (1, 8), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',)), ('Slice', ('Num', (1, 12), 1), ('Num', (1, 14), 2), None), ('Load',))], [])),
]
main()
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