path: root/Lib/test/test_ast.py

import ast
import builtins
import dis
import enum
import os
import re
import sys
import textwrap
import types
import unittest
import warnings
import weakref
from functools import partial
from textwrap import dedent

from test import support
from test.support.import_helper import import_fresh_module
from test.support import os_helper, script_helper
from test.support.ast_helper import ASTTestMixin

def to_tuple(t):
    if t is None or isinstance(t, (str, int, complex)) or t is Ellipsis:
        return t
    elif isinstance(t, list):
        return [to_tuple(e) for e in t]
    result = [t.__class__.__name__]
    if hasattr(t, 'lineno') and hasattr(t, 'col_offset'):
        result.append((t.lineno, t.col_offset))
        if hasattr(t, 'end_lineno') and hasattr(t, 'end_col_offset'):
            result[-1] += (t.end_lineno, t.end_col_offset)
    if t._fields is None:
        return tuple(result)
    for f in t._fields:
        result.append(to_tuple(getattr(t, f)))
    return tuple(result)


# These tests are compiled through "exec"
# There should be at least one test per statement
exec_tests = [
    # None
    "None",
    # Module docstring
    "'module docstring'",
    # FunctionDef
    "def f(): pass",
    # FunctionDef with docstring
    "def f(): 'function docstring'",
    # FunctionDef with arg
    "def f(a): pass",
    # FunctionDef with arg and default value
    "def f(a=0): pass",
    # FunctionDef with varargs
    "def f(*args): pass",
    # FunctionDef with varargs as TypeVarTuple
    "def f(*args: *Ts): pass",
    # FunctionDef with varargs as unpacked Tuple
    "def f(*args: *tuple[int, ...]): pass",
    # FunctionDef with varargs as unpacked Tuple *and* TypeVarTuple
    "def f(*args: *tuple[int, *Ts]): pass",
    # FunctionDef with kwargs
    "def f(**kwargs): pass",
    # FunctionDef with all kind of args and docstring
    "def f(a, b=1, c=None, d=[], e={}, *args, f=42, **kwargs): 'doc for f()'",
    # FunctionDef with type annotation on return involving unpacking
    "def f() -> tuple[*Ts]: pass",
    "def f() -> tuple[int, *Ts]: pass",
    "def f() -> tuple[int, *tuple[int, ...]]: pass",
    # ClassDef
    "class C:pass",
    # ClassDef with docstring
    "class C: 'docstring for class C'",
    # ClassDef, new style class
    "class C(object): pass",
    # Return
    "def f():return 1",
    # Delete
    "del v",
    # Assign
    "v = 1",
    "a,b = c",
    "(a,b) = c",
    "[a,b] = c",
    # AnnAssign with unpacked types
    "x: tuple[*Ts]",
    "x: tuple[int, *Ts]",
    "x: tuple[int, *tuple[str, ...]]",
    # AugAssign
    "v += 1",
    # For
    "for v in v:pass",
    # While
    "while v:pass",
    # If
    "if v:pass",
    # If-Elif
    "if a:\n  pass\nelif b:\n  pass",
    # If-Elif-Else
    "if a:\n  pass\nelif b:\n  pass\nelse:\n  pass",
    # With
    "with x as y: pass",
    "with x as y, z as q: pass",
    # Raise
    "raise Exception('string')",
    # TryExcept
    "try:\n  pass\nexcept Exception:\n  pass",
    # TryFinally
    "try:\n  pass\nfinally:\n  pass",
    # TryStarExcept
    "try:\n  pass\nexcept* Exception:\n  pass",
    # Assert
    "assert v",
    # Import
    "import sys",
    # ImportFrom
    "from sys import v",
    # Global
    "global v",
    # Expr
    "1",
    # Pass,
    "pass",
    # Break
    "for v in v:break",
    # Continue
    "for v in v:continue",
    # for statements with naked tuples (see http://bugs.python.org/issue6704)
    "for a,b in c: pass",
    "for (a,b) in c: pass",
    "for [a,b] in c: pass",
    # Multiline generator expression (test for .lineno & .col_offset)
    """(
    (
    Aa
    ,
       Bb
    )
    for
    Aa
    ,
    Bb in Cc
    )""",
    # dictcomp
    "{a : b for w in x for m in p if g}",
    # dictcomp with naked tuple
    "{a : b for v,w in x}",
    # setcomp
    "{r for l in x if g}",
    # setcomp with naked tuple
    "{r for l,m in x}",
    # AsyncFunctionDef
    "async def f():\n 'async function'\n await something()",
    # AsyncFor
    "async def f():\n async for e in i: 1\n else: 2",
    # AsyncWith
    "async def f():\n async with a as b: 1",
    # PEP 448: Additional Unpacking Generalizations
    "{**{1:2}, 2:3}",
    "{*{1, 2}, 3}",
    # Asynchronous comprehensions
    "async def f():\n [i async for b in c]",
    # Decorated FunctionDef
    "@deco1\n@deco2()\n@deco3(1)\ndef f(): pass",
    # Decorated AsyncFunctionDef
    "@deco1\n@deco2()\n@deco3(1)\nasync def f(): pass",
    # Decorated ClassDef
    "@deco1\n@deco2()\n@deco3(1)\nclass C: pass",
    # Decorator with generator argument
    "@deco(a for a in b)\ndef f(): pass",
    # Decorator with attribute
    "@a.b.c\ndef f(): pass",
    # Simple assignment expression
    "(a := 1)",
    # Positional-only arguments
    "def f(a, /,): pass",
    "def f(a, /, c, d, e): pass",
    "def f(a, /, c, *, d, e): pass",
    "def f(a, /, c, *, d, e, **kwargs): pass",
    # Positional-only arguments with defaults
    "def f(a=1, /,): pass",
    "def f(a=1, /, b=2, c=4): pass",
    "def f(a=1, /, b=2, *, c=4): pass",
    "def f(a=1, /, b=2, *, c): pass",
    "def f(a=1, /, b=2, *, c=4, **kwargs): pass",
    "def f(a=1, /, b=2, *, c, **kwargs): pass",
    # Type aliases
    "type X = int",
    "type X[T] = int",
    "type X[T, *Ts, **P] = (T, Ts, P)",
    "type X[T: int, *Ts, **P] = (T, Ts, P)",
    "type X[T: (int, str), *Ts, **P] = (T, Ts, P)",
    # Generic classes
    "class X[T]: pass",
    "class X[T, *Ts, **P]: pass",
    "class X[T: int, *Ts, **P]: pass",
    "class X[T: (int, str), *Ts, **P]: pass",
    # Generic functions
    "def f[T](): pass",
    "def f[T, *Ts, **P](): pass",
    "def f[T: int, *Ts, **P](): pass",
    "def f[T: (int, str), *Ts, **P](): pass",
]

# These are compiled through "single"
# because of overlap with "eval", it just tests what
# can't be tested with "eval"
single_tests = [
    "1+2"
]

# These are compiled through "eval"
# It should test all expressions
eval_tests = [
  # None
  "None",
  # BoolOp
  "a and b",
  # BinOp
  "a + b",
  # UnaryOp
  "not v",
  # Lambda
  "lambda:None",
  # Dict
  "{ 1:2 }",
  # Empty dict
  "{}",
  # Set
  "{None,}",
  # Multiline dict (test for .lineno & .col_offset)
  """{
      1
        :
          2
     }""",
  # ListComp
  "[a for b in c if d]",
  # GeneratorExp
  "(a for b in c if d)",
  # Comprehensions with multiple for targets
  "[(a,b) for a,b in c]",
  "[(a,b) for (a,b) in c]",
  "[(a,b) for [a,b] in c]",
  "{(a,b) for a,b in c}",
  "{(a,b) for (a,b) in c}",
  "{(a,b) for [a,b] in c}",
  "((a,b) for a,b in c)",
  "((a,b) for (a,b) in c)",
  "((a,b) for [a,b] in c)",
  # Yield - yield expressions can't work outside a function
  #
  # Compare
  "1 < 2 < 3",
  # Call
  "f(1,2,c=3,*d,**e)",
  # Call with multi-character starred
  "f(*[0, 1])",
  # Call with a generator argument
  "f(a for a in b)",
  # Num
  "10",
  # Str
  "'string'",
  # Attribute
  "a.b",
  # Subscript
  "a[b:c]",
  # Name
  "v",
  # List
  "[1,2,3]",
  # Empty list
  "[]",
  # Tuple
  "1,2,3",
  # Tuple
  "(1,2,3)",
  # Empty tuple
  "()",
  # Combination
  "a.b.c.d(a.b[1:2])",
]

# TODO: expr_context, slice, boolop, operator, unaryop, cmpop, comprehension
# excepthandler, arguments, keywords, alias

class AST_Tests(unittest.TestCase):
    maxDiff = None

    def _is_ast_node(self, name, node):
        if not isinstance(node, type):
            return False
        if "ast" not in node.__module__:
            return False
        return name != 'AST' and name[0].isupper()

    def _assertTrueorder(self, ast_node, parent_pos):
        if not isinstance(ast_node, ast.AST) or ast_node._fields is None:
            return
        if isinstance(ast_node, (ast.expr, ast.stmt, ast.excepthandler)):
            node_pos = (ast_node.lineno, ast_node.col_offset)
            self.assertGreaterEqual(node_pos, parent_pos)
            parent_pos = (ast_node.lineno, ast_node.col_offset)
        for name in ast_node._fields:
            value = getattr(ast_node, name)
            if isinstance(value, list):
                first_pos = parent_pos
                if value and name == 'decorator_list':
                    first_pos = (value[0].lineno, value[0].col_offset)
                for child in value:
                    self._assertTrueorder(child, first_pos)
            elif value is not None:
                self._assertTrueorder(value, parent_pos)
        self.assertEqual(ast_node._fields, ast_node.__match_args__)

    def test_AST_objects(self):
        x = ast.AST()
        self.assertEqual(x._fields, ())
        x.foobar = 42
        self.assertEqual(x.foobar, 42)
        self.assertEqual(x.__dict__["foobar"], 42)

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            x.vararg

        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            # "ast.AST constructor takes 0 positional arguments"
            ast.AST(2)

    def test_AST_garbage_collection(self):
        class X:
            pass
        a = ast.AST()
        a.x = X()
        a.x.a = a
        ref = weakref.ref(a.x)
        del a
        support.gc_collect()
        self.assertIsNone(ref())

    def test_snippets(self):
        for input, output, kind in ((exec_tests, exec_results, "exec"),
                                    (single_tests, single_results, "single"),
                                    (eval_tests, eval_results, "eval")):
            for i, o in zip(input, output):
                with self.subTest(action="parsing", input=i):
                    ast_tree = compile(i, "?", kind, ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST)
                    self.assertEqual(to_tuple(ast_tree), o)
                    self._assertTrueorder(ast_tree, (0, 0))
                with self.subTest(action="compiling", input=i, kind=kind):
                    compile(ast_tree, "?", kind)

    def test_ast_validation(self):
        # compile() is the only function that calls PyAST_Validate
        snippets_to_validate = exec_tests + single_tests + eval_tests
        for snippet in snippets_to_validate:
            tree = ast.parse(snippet)
            compile(tree, '<string>', 'exec')

    def test_optimization_levels__debug__(self):
        cases = [(-1, '__debug__'), (0, '__debug__'), (1, False), (2, False)]
        for (optval, expected) in cases:
            with self.subTest(optval=optval, expected=expected):
                res1 = ast.parse("__debug__", optimize=optval)
                res2 = ast.parse(ast.parse("__debug__"), optimize=optval)
                for res in [res1, res2]:
                    self.assertIsInstance(res.body[0], ast.Expr)
                    if isinstance(expected, bool):
                        self.assertIsInstance(res.body[0].value, ast.Constant)
                        self.assertEqual(res.body[0].value.value, expected)
                    else:
                        self.assertIsInstance(res.body[0].value, ast.Name)
                        self.assertEqual(res.body[0].value.id, expected)

    def test_optimization_levels_const_folding(self):
        folded = ('Expr', (1, 0, 1, 5), ('Constant', (1, 0, 1, 5), 3, None))
        not_folded = ('Expr', (1, 0, 1, 5),
                         ('BinOp', (1, 0, 1, 5),
                             ('Constant', (1, 0, 1, 1), 1, None),
                             ('Add',),
                             ('Constant', (1, 4, 1, 5), 2, None)))

        cases = [(-1, not_folded), (0, not_folded), (1, folded), (2, folded)]
        for (optval, expected) in cases:
            with self.subTest(optval=optval):
                tree1 = ast.parse("1 + 2", optimize=optval)
                tree2 = ast.parse(ast.parse("1 + 2"), optimize=optval)
                for tree in [tree1, tree2]:
                    res = to_tuple(tree.body[0])
                    self.assertEqual(res, expected)

    def test_invalid_position_information(self):
        invalid_linenos = [
            (10, 1), (-10, -11), (10, -11), (-5, -2), (-5, 1)
        ]

        for lineno, end_lineno in invalid_linenos:
            with self.subTest(f"Check invalid linenos {lineno}:{end_lineno}"):
                snippet = "a = 1"
                tree = ast.parse(snippet)
                tree.body[0].lineno = lineno
                tree.body[0].end_lineno = end_lineno
                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                    compile(tree, '<string>', 'exec')

        invalid_col_offsets = [
            (10, 1), (-10, -11), (10, -11), (-5, -2), (-5, 1)
        ]
        for col_offset, end_col_offset in invalid_col_offsets:
            with self.subTest(f"Check invalid col_offset {col_offset}:{end_col_offset}"):
                snippet = "a = 1"
                tree = ast.parse(snippet)
                tree.body[0].col_offset = col_offset
                tree.body[0].end_col_offset = end_col_offset
                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                    compile(tree, '<string>', 'exec')

    def test_compilation_of_ast_nodes_with_default_end_position_values(self):
        tree = ast.Module(body=[
            ast.Import(names=[ast.alias(name='builtins', lineno=1, col_offset=0)], lineno=1, col_offset=0),
            ast.Import(names=[ast.alias(name='traceback', lineno=0, col_offset=0)], lineno=0, col_offset=1)
        ], type_ignores=[])

        # Check that compilation doesn't crash. Note: this may crash explicitly only on debug mode.
        compile(tree, "<string>", "exec")

    def test_slice(self):
        slc = ast.parse("x[::]").body[0].value.slice
        self.assertIsNone(slc.upper)
        self.assertIsNone(slc.lower)
        self.assertIsNone(slc.step)

    def test_from_import(self):
        im = ast.parse("from . import y").body[0]
        self.assertIsNone(im.module)

    def test_non_interned_future_from_ast(self):
        mod = ast.parse("from __future__ import division")
        self.assertIsInstance(mod.body[0], ast.ImportFrom)
        mod.body[0].module = " __future__ ".strip()
        compile(mod, "<test>", "exec")

    def test_alias(self):
        im = ast.parse("from bar import y").body[0]
        self.assertEqual(len(im.names), 1)
        alias = im.names[0]
        self.assertEqual(alias.name, 'y')
        self.assertIsNone(alias.asname)
        self.assertEqual(alias.lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(alias.end_lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(alias.col_offset, 16)
        self.assertEqual(alias.end_col_offset, 17)

        im = ast.parse("from bar import *").body[0]
        alias = im.names[0]
        self.assertEqual(alias.name, '*')
        self.assertIsNone(alias.asname)
        self.assertEqual(alias.lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(alias.end_lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(alias.col_offset, 16)
        self.assertEqual(alias.end_col_offset, 17)

        im = ast.parse("from bar import y as z").body[0]
        alias = im.names[0]
        self.assertEqual(alias.name, "y")
        self.assertEqual(alias.asname, "z")
        self.assertEqual(alias.lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(alias.end_lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(alias.col_offset, 16)
        self.assertEqual(alias.end_col_offset, 22)

        im = ast.parse("import bar as foo").body[0]
        alias = im.names[0]
        self.assertEqual(alias.name, "bar")
        self.assertEqual(alias.asname, "foo")
        self.assertEqual(alias.lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(alias.end_lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(alias.col_offset, 7)
        self.assertEqual(alias.end_col_offset, 17)

    def test_base_classes(self):
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.For, ast.stmt))
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.Name, ast.expr))
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.stmt, ast.AST))
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.expr, ast.AST))
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.comprehension, ast.AST))
        self.assertTrue(issubclass(ast.Gt, ast.AST))

    def test_import_deprecated(self):
        ast = import_fresh_module('ast')
        depr_regex = (
            r'ast\.{} is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; '
            r'use ast\.Constant instead'
        )
        for name in 'Num', 'Str', 'Bytes', 'NameConstant', 'Ellipsis':
            with self.assertWarnsRegex(DeprecationWarning, depr_regex.format(name)):
                getattr(ast, name)

    def test_field_attr_existence_deprecated(self):
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '', DeprecationWarning)
            from ast import Num, Str, Bytes, NameConstant, Ellipsis

        for name in ('Num', 'Str', 'Bytes', 'NameConstant', 'Ellipsis'):
            item = getattr(ast, name)
            if self._is_ast_node(name, item):
                with self.subTest(item):
                    with self.assertWarns(DeprecationWarning):
                        x = item()
                if isinstance(x, ast.AST):
                    self.assertIs(type(x._fields), tuple)

    def test_field_attr_existence(self):
        for name, item in ast.__dict__.items():
            # These emit DeprecationWarnings
            if name in {'Num', 'Str', 'Bytes', 'NameConstant', 'Ellipsis'}:
                continue
            # constructor has a different signature
            if name == 'Index':
                continue
            if self._is_ast_node(name, item):
                x = item()
                if isinstance(x, ast.AST):
                    self.assertIs(type(x._fields), tuple)

    def test_arguments(self):
        x = ast.arguments()
        self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('posonlyargs', 'args', 'vararg', 'kwonlyargs',
                                     'kw_defaults', 'kwarg', 'defaults'))

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            x.args
        self.assertIsNone(x.vararg)

        x = ast.arguments(*range(1, 8))
        self.assertEqual(x.args, 2)
        self.assertEqual(x.vararg, 3)

    def test_field_attr_writable_deprecated(self):
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '', DeprecationWarning)
            x = ast.Num()
        # We can assign to _fields
        x._fields = 666
        self.assertEqual(x._fields, 666)

    def test_field_attr_writable(self):
        x = ast.Constant()
        # We can assign to _fields
        x._fields = 666
        self.assertEqual(x._fields, 666)

    def test_classattrs_deprecated(self):
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '', DeprecationWarning)
            from ast import Num, Str, Bytes, NameConstant, Ellipsis

        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as wlog:
            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', DeprecationWarning)
            x = ast.Num()
            self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('value', 'kind'))

            with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
                x.value

            with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
                x.n

            x = ast.Num(42)
            self.assertEqual(x.value, 42)
            self.assertEqual(x.n, 42)

            with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
                x.lineno

            with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
                x.foobar

            x = ast.Num(lineno=2)
            self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 2)

            x = ast.Num(42, lineno=0)
            self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0)
            self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('value', 'kind'))
            self.assertEqual(x.value, 42)
            self.assertEqual(x.n, 42)

            self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Num, 1, None, 2)
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Num, 1, None, 2, lineno=0)

            # Arbitrary keyword arguments are supported
            self.assertEqual(ast.Num(1, foo='bar').foo, 'bar')

            with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Num got multiple values for argument 'n'"):
                ast.Num(1, n=2)

            self.assertEqual(ast.Num(42).n, 42)
            self.assertEqual(ast.Num(4.25).n, 4.25)
            self.assertEqual(ast.Num(4.25j).n, 4.25j)
            self.assertEqual(ast.Str('42').s, '42')
            self.assertEqual(ast.Bytes(b'42').s, b'42')
            self.assertIs(ast.NameConstant(True).value, True)
            self.assertIs(ast.NameConstant(False).value, False)
            self.assertIs(ast.NameConstant(None).value, None)

        self.assertEqual([str(w.message) for w in wlog], [
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'ast.Str is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'Attribute s is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'ast.Bytes is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'Attribute s is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'ast.NameConstant is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.NameConstant is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.NameConstant is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
        ])

    def test_classattrs(self):
        x = ast.Constant()
        self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('value', 'kind'))

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            x.value

        x = ast.Constant(42)
        self.assertEqual(x.value, 42)

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            x.lineno

        with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
            x.foobar

        x = ast.Constant(lineno=2)
        self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 2)

        x = ast.Constant(42, lineno=0)
        self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0)
        self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('value', 'kind'))
        self.assertEqual(x.value, 42)

        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Constant, 1, None, 2)
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.Constant, 1, None, 2, lineno=0)

        # Arbitrary keyword arguments are supported
        self.assertEqual(ast.Constant(1, foo='bar').foo, 'bar')

        with self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, "Constant got multiple values for argument 'value'"):
            ast.Constant(1, value=2)

        self.assertEqual(ast.Constant(42).value, 42)
        self.assertEqual(ast.Constant(4.25).value, 4.25)
        self.assertEqual(ast.Constant(4.25j).value, 4.25j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.Constant('42').value, '42')
        self.assertEqual(ast.Constant(b'42').value, b'42')
        self.assertIs(ast.Constant(True).value, True)
        self.assertIs(ast.Constant(False).value, False)
        self.assertIs(ast.Constant(None).value, None)
        self.assertIs(ast.Constant(...).value, ...)

    def test_realtype(self):
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '', DeprecationWarning)
            from ast import Num, Str, Bytes, NameConstant, Ellipsis

        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as wlog:
            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', DeprecationWarning)
            self.assertIs(type(ast.Num(42)), ast.Constant)
            self.assertIs(type(ast.Num(4.25)), ast.Constant)
            self.assertIs(type(ast.Num(4.25j)), ast.Constant)
            self.assertIs(type(ast.Str('42')), ast.Constant)
            self.assertIs(type(ast.Bytes(b'42')), ast.Constant)
            self.assertIs(type(ast.NameConstant(True)), ast.Constant)
            self.assertIs(type(ast.NameConstant(False)), ast.Constant)
            self.assertIs(type(ast.NameConstant(None)), ast.Constant)
            self.assertIs(type(ast.Ellipsis()), ast.Constant)

        self.assertEqual([str(w.message) for w in wlog], [
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Str is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Bytes is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.NameConstant is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.NameConstant is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.NameConstant is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Ellipsis is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
        ])

    def test_isinstance(self):
        from ast import Constant

        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '', DeprecationWarning)
            from ast import Num, Str, Bytes, NameConstant, Ellipsis

        cls_depr_msg = (
            'ast.{} is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; '
            'use ast.Constant instead'
        )

        assertNumDeprecated = partial(
            self.assertWarnsRegex, DeprecationWarning, cls_depr_msg.format("Num")
        )
        assertStrDeprecated = partial(
            self.assertWarnsRegex, DeprecationWarning, cls_depr_msg.format("Str")
        )
        assertBytesDeprecated = partial(
            self.assertWarnsRegex, DeprecationWarning, cls_depr_msg.format("Bytes")
        )
        assertNameConstantDeprecated = partial(
            self.assertWarnsRegex,
            DeprecationWarning,
            cls_depr_msg.format("NameConstant")
        )
        assertEllipsisDeprecated = partial(
            self.assertWarnsRegex, DeprecationWarning, cls_depr_msg.format("Ellipsis")
        )

        for arg in 42, 4.2, 4.2j:
            with self.subTest(arg=arg):
                with assertNumDeprecated():
                    n = Num(arg)
                with assertNumDeprecated():
                    self.assertIsInstance(n, Num)

        with assertStrDeprecated():
            s = Str('42')
        with assertStrDeprecated():
            self.assertIsInstance(s, Str)

        with assertBytesDeprecated():
            b = Bytes(b'42')
        with assertBytesDeprecated():
            self.assertIsInstance(b, Bytes)

        for arg in True, False, None:
            with self.subTest(arg=arg):
                with assertNameConstantDeprecated():
                    n = NameConstant(arg)
                with assertNameConstantDeprecated():
                    self.assertIsInstance(n, NameConstant)

        with assertEllipsisDeprecated():
            e = Ellipsis()
        with assertEllipsisDeprecated():
            self.assertIsInstance(e, Ellipsis)

        for arg in 42, 4.2, 4.2j:
            with self.subTest(arg=arg):
                with assertNumDeprecated():
                    self.assertIsInstance(Constant(arg), Num)

        with assertStrDeprecated():
            self.assertIsInstance(Constant('42'), Str)

        with assertBytesDeprecated():
            self.assertIsInstance(Constant(b'42'), Bytes)

        for arg in True, False, None:
            with self.subTest(arg=arg):
                with assertNameConstantDeprecated():
                    self.assertIsInstance(Constant(arg), NameConstant)

        with assertEllipsisDeprecated():
            self.assertIsInstance(Constant(...), Ellipsis)

        with assertStrDeprecated():
            s = Str('42')
        assertNumDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, s, Num)
        assertBytesDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, s, Bytes)

        with assertNumDeprecated():
            n = Num(42)
        assertStrDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, n, Str)
        assertNameConstantDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, n, NameConstant)
        assertEllipsisDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, n, Ellipsis)

        with assertNameConstantDeprecated():
            n = NameConstant(True)
        with assertNumDeprecated():
            self.assertNotIsInstance(n, Num)

        with assertNameConstantDeprecated():
            n = NameConstant(False)
        with assertNumDeprecated():
            self.assertNotIsInstance(n, Num)

        for arg in '42', True, False:
            with self.subTest(arg=arg):
                with assertNumDeprecated():
                    self.assertNotIsInstance(Constant(arg), Num)

        assertStrDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, Constant(42), Str)
        assertBytesDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, Constant('42'), Bytes)
        assertNameConstantDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, Constant(42), NameConstant)
        assertEllipsisDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, Constant(42), Ellipsis)
        assertNumDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, Constant(), Num)
        assertStrDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, Constant(), Str)
        assertBytesDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, Constant(), Bytes)
        assertNameConstantDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, Constant(), NameConstant)
        assertEllipsisDeprecated(self.assertNotIsInstance, Constant(), Ellipsis)

        class S(str): pass
        with assertStrDeprecated():
            self.assertIsInstance(Constant(S('42')), Str)
        with assertNumDeprecated():
            self.assertNotIsInstance(Constant(S('42')), Num)

    def test_constant_subclasses_deprecated(self):
        with warnings.catch_warnings():
            warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '', DeprecationWarning)
            from ast import Num

        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as wlog:
            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', DeprecationWarning)
            class N(ast.Num):
                def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                    super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
                    self.z = 'spam'
            class N2(ast.Num):
                pass

            n = N(42)
            self.assertEqual(n.n, 42)
            self.assertEqual(n.z, 'spam')
            self.assertIs(type(n), N)
            self.assertIsInstance(n, N)
            self.assertIsInstance(n, ast.Num)
            self.assertNotIsInstance(n, N2)
            self.assertNotIsInstance(ast.Num(42), N)
            n = N(n=42)
            self.assertEqual(n.n, 42)
            self.assertIs(type(n), N)

        self.assertEqual([str(w.message) for w in wlog], [
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
        ])

    def test_constant_subclasses(self):
        class N(ast.Constant):
            def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
                super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
                self.z = 'spam'
        class N2(ast.Constant):
            pass

        n = N(42)
        self.assertEqual(n.value, 42)
        self.assertEqual(n.z, 'spam')
        self.assertEqual(type(n), N)
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(n, N))
        self.assertTrue(isinstance(n, ast.Constant))
        self.assertFalse(isinstance(n, N2))
        self.assertFalse(isinstance(ast.Constant(42), N))
        n = N(value=42)
        self.assertEqual(n.value, 42)
        self.assertEqual(type(n), N)

    def test_module(self):
        body = [ast.Constant(42)]
        x = ast.Module(body, [])
        self.assertEqual(x.body, body)

    def test_nodeclasses(self):
        # Zero arguments constructor explicitly allowed
        x = ast.BinOp()
        self.assertEqual(x._fields, ('left', 'op', 'right'))

        # Random attribute allowed too
        x.foobarbaz = 5
        self.assertEqual(x.foobarbaz, 5)

        n1 = ast.Constant(1)
        n3 = ast.Constant(3)
        addop = ast.Add()
        x = ast.BinOp(n1, addop, n3)
        self.assertEqual(x.left, n1)
        self.assertEqual(x.op, addop)
        self.assertEqual(x.right, n3)

        x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3)
        self.assertEqual(x.left, 1)
        self.assertEqual(x.op, 2)
        self.assertEqual(x.right, 3)

        x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3, lineno=0)
        self.assertEqual(x.left, 1)
        self.assertEqual(x.op, 2)
        self.assertEqual(x.right, 3)
        self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0)

        # node raises exception when given too many arguments
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2, 3, 4)
        # node raises exception when given too many arguments
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.BinOp, 1, 2, 3, 4, lineno=0)

        # can set attributes through kwargs too
        x = ast.BinOp(left=1, op=2, right=3, lineno=0)
        self.assertEqual(x.left, 1)
        self.assertEqual(x.op, 2)
        self.assertEqual(x.right, 3)
        self.assertEqual(x.lineno, 0)

        # Random kwargs also allowed
        x = ast.BinOp(1, 2, 3, foobarbaz=42)
        self.assertEqual(x.foobarbaz, 42)

    def test_no_fields(self):
        # this used to fail because Sub._fields was None
        x = ast.Sub()
        self.assertEqual(x._fields, ())

    def test_pickling(self):
        import pickle

        for protocol in range(pickle.HIGHEST_PROTOCOL + 1):
            for ast in (compile(i, "?", "exec", 0x400) for i in exec_tests):
                ast2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(ast, protocol))
                self.assertEqual(to_tuple(ast2), to_tuple(ast))

    def test_invalid_sum(self):
        pos = dict(lineno=2, col_offset=3)
        m = ast.Module([ast.Expr(ast.expr(**pos), **pos)], [])
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
            compile(m, "<test>", "exec")
        self.assertIn("but got <ast.expr", str(cm.exception))

    def test_invalid_identifier(self):
        m = ast.Module([ast.Expr(ast.Name(42, ast.Load()))], [])
        ast.fix_missing_locations(m)
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
            compile(m, "<test>", "exec")
        self.assertIn("identifier must be of type str", str(cm.exception))

    def test_invalid_constant(self):
        for invalid_constant in int, (1, 2, int), frozenset((1, 2, int)):
            e = ast.Expression(body=ast.Constant(invalid_constant))
            ast.fix_missing_locations(e)
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(
                TypeError, "invalid type in Constant: type"
            ):
                compile(e, "<test>", "eval")

    def test_empty_yield_from(self):
        # Issue 16546: yield from value is not optional.
        empty_yield_from = ast.parse("def f():\n yield from g()")
        empty_yield_from.body[0].body[0].value.value = None
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
            compile(empty_yield_from, "<test>", "exec")
        self.assertIn("field 'value' is required", str(cm.exception))

    @support.cpython_only
    def test_issue31592(self):
        # There shouldn't be an assertion failure in case of a bad
        # unicodedata.normalize().
        import unicodedata
        def bad_normalize(*args):
            return None
        with support.swap_attr(unicodedata, 'normalize', bad_normalize):
            self.assertRaises(TypeError, ast.parse, '\u03D5')

    def test_issue18374_binop_col_offset(self):
        tree = ast.parse('4+5+6+7')
        parent_binop = tree.body[0].value
        child_binop = parent_binop.left
        grandchild_binop = child_binop.left
        self.assertEqual(parent_binop.col_offset, 0)
        self.assertEqual(parent_binop.end_col_offset, 7)
        self.assertEqual(child_binop.col_offset, 0)
        self.assertEqual(child_binop.end_col_offset, 5)
        self.assertEqual(grandchild_binop.col_offset, 0)
        self.assertEqual(grandchild_binop.end_col_offset, 3)

        tree = ast.parse('4+5-\\\n 6-7')
        parent_binop = tree.body[0].value
        child_binop = parent_binop.left
        grandchild_binop = child_binop.left
        self.assertEqual(parent_binop.col_offset, 0)
        self.assertEqual(parent_binop.lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(parent_binop.end_col_offset, 4)
        self.assertEqual(parent_binop.end_lineno, 2)

        self.assertEqual(child_binop.col_offset, 0)
        self.assertEqual(child_binop.lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(child_binop.end_col_offset, 2)
        self.assertEqual(child_binop.end_lineno, 2)

        self.assertEqual(grandchild_binop.col_offset, 0)
        self.assertEqual(grandchild_binop.lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(grandchild_binop.end_col_offset, 3)
        self.assertEqual(grandchild_binop.end_lineno, 1)

    def test_issue39579_dotted_name_end_col_offset(self):
        tree = ast.parse('@a.b.c\ndef f(): pass')
        attr_b = tree.body[0].decorator_list[0].value
        self.assertEqual(attr_b.end_col_offset, 4)

    def test_ast_asdl_signature(self):
        self.assertEqual(ast.withitem.__doc__, "withitem(expr context_expr, expr? optional_vars)")
        self.assertEqual(ast.GtE.__doc__, "GtE")
        self.assertEqual(ast.Name.__doc__, "Name(identifier id, expr_context ctx)")
        self.assertEqual(ast.cmpop.__doc__, "cmpop = Eq | NotEq | Lt | LtE | Gt | GtE | Is | IsNot | In | NotIn")
        expressions = [f"     | {node.__doc__}" for node in ast.expr.__subclasses__()]
        expressions[0] = f"expr = {ast.expr.__subclasses__()[0].__doc__}"
        self.assertCountEqual(ast.expr.__doc__.split("\n"), expressions)

    def test_positional_only_feature_version(self):
        ast.parse('def foo(x, /): ...', feature_version=(3, 8))
        ast.parse('def bar(x=1, /): ...', feature_version=(3, 8))
        with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
            ast.parse('def foo(x, /): ...', feature_version=(3, 7))
        with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
            ast.parse('def bar(x=1, /): ...', feature_version=(3, 7))

        ast.parse('lambda x, /: ...', feature_version=(3, 8))
        ast.parse('lambda x=1, /: ...', feature_version=(3, 8))
        with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
            ast.parse('lambda x, /: ...', feature_version=(3, 7))
        with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
            ast.parse('lambda x=1, /: ...', feature_version=(3, 7))

    def test_parenthesized_with_feature_version(self):
        ast.parse('with (CtxManager() as example): ...', feature_version=(3, 10))
        # While advertised as a feature in Python 3.10, this was allowed starting 3.9
        ast.parse('with (CtxManager() as example): ...', feature_version=(3, 9))
        with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
            ast.parse('with (CtxManager() as example): ...', feature_version=(3, 8))
        ast.parse('with CtxManager() as example: ...', feature_version=(3, 8))

    def test_assignment_expression_feature_version(self):
        ast.parse('(x := 0)', feature_version=(3, 8))
        with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
            ast.parse('(x := 0)', feature_version=(3, 7))

    def test_exception_groups_feature_version(self):
        code = dedent('''
        try: ...
        except* Exception: ...
        ''')
        ast.parse(code)
        with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
            ast.parse(code, feature_version=(3, 10))

    def test_type_params_feature_version(self):
        samples = [
            "type X = int",
            "class X[T]: pass",
            "def f[T](): pass",
        ]
        for sample in samples:
            with self.subTest(sample):
                ast.parse(sample)
                with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError):
                    ast.parse(sample, feature_version=(3, 11))

    def test_invalid_major_feature_version(self):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            ast.parse('pass', feature_version=(2, 7))
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            ast.parse('pass', feature_version=(4, 0))

    def test_constant_as_name(self):
        for constant in "True", "False", "None":
            expr = ast.Expression(ast.Name(constant, ast.Load()))
            ast.fix_missing_locations(expr)
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, f"identifier field can't represent '{constant}' constant"):
                compile(expr, "<test>", "eval")

    def test_precedence_enum(self):
        class _Precedence(enum.IntEnum):
            """Precedence table that originated from python grammar."""
            NAMED_EXPR = enum.auto()      # <target> := <expr1>
            TUPLE = enum.auto()           # <expr1>, <expr2>
            YIELD = enum.auto()           # 'yield', 'yield from'
            TEST = enum.auto()            # 'if'-'else', 'lambda'
            OR = enum.auto()              # 'or'
            AND = enum.auto()             # 'and'
            NOT = enum.auto()             # 'not'
            CMP = enum.auto()             # '<', '>', '==', '>=', '<=', '!=',
                                          # 'in', 'not in', 'is', 'is not'
            EXPR = enum.auto()
            BOR = EXPR                    # '|'
            BXOR = enum.auto()            # '^'
            BAND = enum.auto()            # '&'
            SHIFT = enum.auto()           # '<<', '>>'
            ARITH = enum.auto()           # '+', '-'
            TERM = enum.auto()            # '*', '@', '/', '%', '//'
            FACTOR = enum.auto()          # unary '+', '-', '~'
            POWER = enum.auto()           # '**'
            AWAIT = enum.auto()           # 'await'
            ATOM = enum.auto()
            def next(self):
                try:
                    return self.__class__(self + 1)
                except ValueError:
                    return self
        enum._test_simple_enum(_Precedence, ast._Precedence)

    @unittest.skipIf(support.is_wasi, "exhausts limited stack on WASI")
    @support.cpython_only
    def test_ast_recursion_limit(self):
        fail_depth = support.EXCEEDS_RECURSION_LIMIT
        crash_depth = 100_000
        success_depth = 1200

        def check_limit(prefix, repeated):
            expect_ok = prefix + repeated * success_depth
            ast.parse(expect_ok)
            for depth in (fail_depth, crash_depth):
                broken = prefix + repeated * depth
                details = "Compiling ({!r} + {!r} * {})".format(
                            prefix, repeated, depth)
                with self.assertRaises(RecursionError, msg=details):
                    with support.infinite_recursion():
                        ast.parse(broken)

        check_limit("a", "()")
        check_limit("a", ".b")
        check_limit("a", "[0]")
        check_limit("a", "*a")

    def test_null_bytes(self):
        with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError,
            msg="source code string cannot contain null bytes"):
            ast.parse("a\0b")

    def assert_none_check(self, node: type[ast.AST], attr: str, source: str) -> None:
        with self.subTest(f"{node.__name__}.{attr}"):
            tree = ast.parse(source)
            found = 0
            for child in ast.walk(tree):
                if isinstance(child, node):
                    setattr(child, attr, None)
                    found += 1
            self.assertEqual(found, 1)
            e = re.escape(f"field '{attr}' is required for {node.__name__}")
            with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, f"^{e}$"):
                compile(tree, "<test>", "exec")

    def test_none_checks(self) -> None:
        tests = [
            (ast.alias, "name", "import spam as SPAM"),
            (ast.arg, "arg", "def spam(SPAM): spam"),
            (ast.comprehension, "target", "[spam for SPAM in spam]"),
            (ast.comprehension, "iter", "[spam for spam in SPAM]"),
            (ast.keyword, "value", "spam(**SPAM)"),
            (ast.match_case, "pattern", "match spam:\n case SPAM: spam"),
            (ast.withitem, "context_expr", "with SPAM: spam"),
        ]
        for node, attr, source in tests:
            self.assert_none_check(node, attr, source)

class ASTHelpers_Test(unittest.TestCase):
    maxDiff = None

    def test_parse(self):
        a = ast.parse('foo(1 + 1)')
        b = compile('foo(1 + 1)', '<unknown>', 'exec', ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST)
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(a), ast.dump(b))

    def test_parse_in_error(self):
        try:
            1/0
        except Exception:
            with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as e:
                ast.literal_eval(r"'\U'")
            self.assertIsNotNone(e.exception.__context__)

    def test_dump(self):
        node = ast.parse('spam(eggs, "and cheese")')
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node),
            "Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load()), "
            "args=[Name(id='eggs', ctx=Load()), Constant(value='and cheese')], "
            "keywords=[]))], type_ignores=[])"
        )
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, annotate_fields=False),
            "Module([Expr(Call(Name('spam', Load()), [Name('eggs', Load()), "
            "Constant('and cheese')], []))], [])"
        )
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, include_attributes=True),
            "Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load(), "
            "lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=4), "
            "args=[Name(id='eggs', ctx=Load(), lineno=1, col_offset=5, "
            "end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=9), Constant(value='and cheese', "
            "lineno=1, col_offset=11, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=23)], keywords=[], "
            "lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=24), "
            "lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=24)], type_ignores=[])"
        )

    def test_dump_indent(self):
        node = ast.parse('spam(eggs, "and cheese")')
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, indent=3), """\
Module(
   body=[
      Expr(
         value=Call(
            func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load()),
            args=[
               Name(id='eggs', ctx=Load()),
               Constant(value='and cheese')],
            keywords=[]))],
   type_ignores=[])""")
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, annotate_fields=False, indent='\t'), """\
Module(
\t[
\t\tExpr(
\t\t\tCall(
\t\t\t\tName('spam', Load()),
\t\t\t\t[
\t\t\t\t\tName('eggs', Load()),
\t\t\t\t\tConstant('and cheese')],
\t\t\t\t[]))],
\t[])""")
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, include_attributes=True, indent=3), """\
Module(
   body=[
      Expr(
         value=Call(
            func=Name(
               id='spam',
               ctx=Load(),
               lineno=1,
               col_offset=0,
               end_lineno=1,
               end_col_offset=4),
            args=[
               Name(
                  id='eggs',
                  ctx=Load(),
                  lineno=1,
                  col_offset=5,
                  end_lineno=1,
                  end_col_offset=9),
               Constant(
                  value='and cheese',
                  lineno=1,
                  col_offset=11,
                  end_lineno=1,
                  end_col_offset=23)],
            keywords=[],
            lineno=1,
            col_offset=0,
            end_lineno=1,
            end_col_offset=24),
         lineno=1,
         col_offset=0,
         end_lineno=1,
         end_col_offset=24)],
   type_ignores=[])""")

    def test_dump_incomplete(self):
        node = ast.Raise(lineno=3, col_offset=4)
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node),
            "Raise()"
        )
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, include_attributes=True),
            "Raise(lineno=3, col_offset=4)"
        )
        node = ast.Raise(exc=ast.Name(id='e', ctx=ast.Load()), lineno=3, col_offset=4)
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node),
            "Raise(exc=Name(id='e', ctx=Load()))"
        )
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, annotate_fields=False),
            "Raise(Name('e', Load()))"
        )
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, include_attributes=True),
            "Raise(exc=Name(id='e', ctx=Load()), lineno=3, col_offset=4)"
        )
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, annotate_fields=False, include_attributes=True),
            "Raise(Name('e', Load()), lineno=3, col_offset=4)"
        )
        node = ast.Raise(cause=ast.Name(id='e', ctx=ast.Load()))
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node),
            "Raise(cause=Name(id='e', ctx=Load()))"
        )
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(node, annotate_fields=False),
            "Raise(cause=Name('e', Load()))"
        )

    def test_copy_location(self):
        src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval')
        src.body.right = ast.copy_location(ast.Constant(2), src.body.right)
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True),
            'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Constant(value=1, lineno=1, col_offset=0, '
            'end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=1), op=Add(), right=Constant(value=2, '
            'lineno=1, col_offset=4, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=5), lineno=1, '
            'col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=5))'
        )
        src = ast.Call(col_offset=1, lineno=1, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=1)
        new = ast.copy_location(src, ast.Call(col_offset=None, lineno=None))
        self.assertIsNone(new.end_lineno)
        self.assertIsNone(new.end_col_offset)
        self.assertEqual(new.lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(new.col_offset, 1)

    def test_fix_missing_locations(self):
        src = ast.parse('write("spam")')
        src.body.append(ast.Expr(ast.Call(ast.Name('spam', ast.Load()),
                                          [ast.Constant('eggs')], [])))
        self.assertEqual(src, ast.fix_missing_locations(src))
        self.maxDiff = None
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True),
            "Module(body=[Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='write', ctx=Load(), "
            "lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=5), "
            "args=[Constant(value='spam', lineno=1, col_offset=6, end_lineno=1, "
            "end_col_offset=12)], keywords=[], lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, "
            "end_col_offset=13), lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, "
            "end_col_offset=13), Expr(value=Call(func=Name(id='spam', ctx=Load(), "
            "lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=0), "
            "args=[Constant(value='eggs', lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, "
            "end_col_offset=0)], keywords=[], lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, "
            "end_col_offset=0), lineno=1, col_offset=0, end_lineno=1, end_col_offset=0)], "
            "type_ignores=[])"
        )

    def test_increment_lineno(self):
        src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval')
        self.assertEqual(ast.increment_lineno(src, n=3), src)
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True),
            'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Constant(value=1, lineno=4, col_offset=0, '
            'end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=1), op=Add(), right=Constant(value=1, '
            'lineno=4, col_offset=4, end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=5), lineno=4, '
            'col_offset=0, end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=5))'
        )
        # issue10869: do not increment lineno of root twice
        src = ast.parse('1 + 1', mode='eval')
        self.assertEqual(ast.increment_lineno(src.body, n=3), src.body)
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(src, include_attributes=True),
            'Expression(body=BinOp(left=Constant(value=1, lineno=4, col_offset=0, '
            'end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=1), op=Add(), right=Constant(value=1, '
            'lineno=4, col_offset=4, end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=5), lineno=4, '
            'col_offset=0, end_lineno=4, end_col_offset=5))'
        )
        src = ast.Call(
            func=ast.Name("test", ast.Load()), args=[], keywords=[], lineno=1
        )
        self.assertEqual(ast.increment_lineno(src).lineno, 2)
        self.assertIsNone(ast.increment_lineno(src).end_lineno)

    def test_increment_lineno_on_module(self):
        src = ast.parse(dedent("""\
        a = 1
        b = 2 # type: ignore
        c = 3
        d = 4 # type: ignore@tag
        """), type_comments=True)
        ast.increment_lineno(src, n=5)
        self.assertEqual(src.type_ignores[0].lineno, 7)
        self.assertEqual(src.type_ignores[1].lineno, 9)
        self.assertEqual(src.type_ignores[1].tag, '@tag')

    def test_iter_fields(self):
        node = ast.parse('foo()', mode='eval')
        d = dict(ast.iter_fields(node.body))
        self.assertEqual(d.pop('func').id, 'foo')
        self.assertEqual(d, {'keywords': [], 'args': []})

    def test_iter_child_nodes(self):
        node = ast.parse("spam(23, 42, eggs='leek')", mode='eval')
        self.assertEqual(len(list(ast.iter_child_nodes(node.body))), 4)
        iterator = ast.iter_child_nodes(node.body)
        self.assertEqual(next(iterator).id, 'spam')
        self.assertEqual(next(iterator).value, 23)
        self.assertEqual(next(iterator).value, 42)
        self.assertEqual(ast.dump(next(iterator)),
            "keyword(arg='eggs', value=Constant(value='leek'))"
        )

    def test_get_docstring(self):
        node = ast.parse('"""line one\n  line two"""')
        self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node),
                         'line one\nline two')

        node = ast.parse('class foo:\n  """line one\n  line two"""')
        self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]),
                         'line one\nline two')

        node = ast.parse('def foo():\n  """line one\n  line two"""')
        self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]),
                         'line one\nline two')

        node = ast.parse('async def foo():\n  """spam\n  ham"""')
        self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]), 'spam\nham')

    def test_get_docstring_none(self):
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(ast.parse('')))
        node = ast.parse('x = "not docstring"')
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node))
        node = ast.parse('def foo():\n  pass')
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node))

        node = ast.parse('class foo:\n  pass')
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]))
        node = ast.parse('class foo:\n  x = "not docstring"')
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]))
        node = ast.parse('class foo:\n  def bar(self): pass')
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]))

        node = ast.parse('def foo():\n  pass')
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]))
        node = ast.parse('def foo():\n  x = "not docstring"')
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]))

        node = ast.parse('async def foo():\n  pass')
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]))
        node = ast.parse('async def foo():\n  x = "not docstring"')
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_docstring(node.body[0]))

    def test_multi_line_docstring_col_offset_and_lineno_issue16806(self):
        node = ast.parse(
            '"""line one\nline two"""\n\n'
            'def foo():\n  """line one\n  line two"""\n\n'
            '  def bar():\n    """line one\n    line two"""\n'
            '  """line one\n  line two"""\n'
            '"""line one\nline two"""\n\n'
        )
        self.assertEqual(node.body[0].col_offset, 0)
        self.assertEqual(node.body[0].lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[0].col_offset, 2)
        self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[0].lineno, 5)
        self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[1].body[0].col_offset, 4)
        self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[1].body[0].lineno, 9)
        self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[2].col_offset, 2)
        self.assertEqual(node.body[1].body[2].lineno, 11)
        self.assertEqual(node.body[2].col_offset, 0)
        self.assertEqual(node.body[2].lineno, 13)

    def test_elif_stmt_start_position(self):
        node = ast.parse('if a:\n    pass\nelif b:\n    pass\n')
        elif_stmt = node.body[0].orelse[0]
        self.assertEqual(elif_stmt.lineno, 3)
        self.assertEqual(elif_stmt.col_offset, 0)

    def test_elif_stmt_start_position_with_else(self):
        node = ast.parse('if a:\n    pass\nelif b:\n    pass\nelse:\n    pass\n')
        elif_stmt = node.body[0].orelse[0]
        self.assertEqual(elif_stmt.lineno, 3)
        self.assertEqual(elif_stmt.col_offset, 0)

    def test_starred_expr_end_position_within_call(self):
        node = ast.parse('f(*[0, 1])')
        starred_expr = node.body[0].value.args[0]
        self.assertEqual(starred_expr.end_lineno, 1)
        self.assertEqual(starred_expr.end_col_offset, 9)

    def test_literal_eval(self):
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('[1, 2, 3]'), [1, 2, 3])
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('{"foo": 42}'), {"foo": 42})
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('(True, False, None)'), (True, False, None))
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('{1, 2, 3}'), {1, 2, 3})
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('b"hi"'), b"hi")
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('set()'), set())
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, 'foo()')
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('6'), 6)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('+6'), 6)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-6'), -6)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3.25'), 3.25)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('+3.25'), 3.25)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-3.25'), -3.25)
        self.assertEqual(repr(ast.literal_eval('-0.0')), '-0.0')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '++6')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '+True')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '2+3')

    def test_literal_eval_str_int_limit(self):
        with support.adjust_int_max_str_digits(4000):
            ast.literal_eval('3'*4000)  # no error
            with self.assertRaises(SyntaxError) as err_ctx:
                ast.literal_eval('3'*4001)
            self.assertIn('Exceeds the limit ', str(err_ctx.exception))
            self.assertIn(' Consider hexadecimal ', str(err_ctx.exception))

    def test_literal_eval_complex(self):
        # Issue #4907
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('6j'), 6j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-6j'), -6j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('6.75j'), 6.75j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-6.75j'), -6.75j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3+6j'), 3+6j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-3+6j'), -3+6j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3-6j'), 3-6j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-3-6j'), -3-6j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3.25+6.75j'), 3.25+6.75j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-3.25+6.75j'), -3.25+6.75j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('3.25-6.75j'), 3.25-6.75j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('-3.25-6.75j'), -3.25-6.75j)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval('(3+6j)'), 3+6j)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '-6j+3')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '-6j+3j')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '3+-6j')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '3+(0+6j)')
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, '-(3+6j)')

    def test_literal_eval_malformed_dict_nodes(self):
        malformed = ast.Dict(keys=[ast.Constant(1), ast.Constant(2)], values=[ast.Constant(3)])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, malformed)
        malformed = ast.Dict(keys=[ast.Constant(1)], values=[ast.Constant(2), ast.Constant(3)])
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, ast.literal_eval, malformed)

    def test_literal_eval_trailing_ws(self):
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval("    -1"), -1)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval("\t\t-1"), -1)
        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval(" \t -1"), -1)
        self.assertRaises(IndentationError, ast.literal_eval, "\n -1")

    def test_literal_eval_malformed_lineno(self):
        msg = r'malformed node or string on line 3:'
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, msg):
            ast.literal_eval("{'a': 1,\n'b':2,\n'c':++3,\n'd':4}")

        node = ast.UnaryOp(
            ast.UAdd(), ast.UnaryOp(ast.UAdd(), ast.Constant(6)))
        self.assertIsNone(getattr(node, 'lineno', None))
        msg = r'malformed node or string:'
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(ValueError, msg):
            ast.literal_eval(node)

    def test_literal_eval_syntax_errors(self):
        with self.assertRaisesRegex(SyntaxError, "unexpected indent"):
            ast.literal_eval(r'''
                \
                (\
            \ ''')

    def test_bad_integer(self):
        # issue13436: Bad error message with invalid numeric values
        body = [ast.ImportFrom(module='time',
                               names=[ast.alias(name='sleep')],
                               level=None,
                               lineno=None, col_offset=None)]
        mod = ast.Module(body, [])
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
            compile(mod, 'test', 'exec')
        self.assertIn("invalid integer value: None", str(cm.exception))

    def test_level_as_none(self):
        body = [ast.ImportFrom(module='time',
                               names=[ast.alias(name='sleep',
                                                lineno=0, col_offset=0)],
                               level=None,
                               lineno=0, col_offset=0)]
        mod = ast.Module(body, [])
        code = compile(mod, 'test', 'exec')
        ns = {}
        exec(code, ns)
        self.assertIn('sleep', ns)

    def test_recursion_direct(self):
        e = ast.UnaryOp(op=ast.Not(), lineno=0, col_offset=0)
        e.operand = e
        with self.assertRaises(RecursionError):
            with support.infinite_recursion():
                compile(ast.Expression(e), "<test>", "eval")

    def test_recursion_indirect(self):
        e = ast.UnaryOp(op=ast.Not(), lineno=0, col_offset=0)
        f = ast.UnaryOp(op=ast.Not(), lineno=0, col_offset=0)
        e.operand = f
        f.operand = e
        with self.assertRaises(RecursionError):
            with support.infinite_recursion():
                compile(ast.Expression(e), "<test>", "eval")


class ASTValidatorTests(unittest.TestCase):

    def mod(self, mod, msg=None, mode="exec", *, exc=ValueError):
        mod.lineno = mod.col_offset = 0
        ast.fix_missing_locations(mod)
        if msg is None:
            compile(mod, "<test>", mode)
        else:
            with self.assertRaises(exc) as cm:
                compile(mod, "<test>", mode)
            self.assertIn(msg, str(cm.exception))

    def expr(self, node, msg=None, *, exc=ValueError):
        mod = ast.Module([ast.Expr(node)], [])
        self.mod(mod, msg, exc=exc)

    def stmt(self, stmt, msg=None):
        mod = ast.Module([stmt], [])
        self.mod(mod, msg)

    def test_module(self):
        m = ast.Interactive([ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))])
        self.mod(m, "must have Load context", "single")
        m = ast.Expression(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
        self.mod(m, "must have Load context", "eval")

    def _check_arguments(self, fac, check):
        def arguments(args=None, posonlyargs=None, vararg=None,
                      kwonlyargs=None, kwarg=None,
                      defaults=None, kw_defaults=None):
            if args is None:
                args = []
            if posonlyargs is None:
                posonlyargs = []
            if kwonlyargs is None:
                kwonlyargs = []
            if defaults is None:
                defaults = []
            if kw_defaults is None:
                kw_defaults = []
            args = ast.arguments(args, posonlyargs, vararg, kwonlyargs,
                                 kw_defaults, kwarg, defaults)
            return fac(args)
        args = [ast.arg("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]
        check(arguments(args=args), "must have Load context")
        check(arguments(posonlyargs=args), "must have Load context")
        check(arguments(kwonlyargs=args), "must have Load context")
        check(arguments(defaults=[ast.Constant(3)]),
                       "more positional defaults than args")
        check(arguments(kw_defaults=[ast.Constant(4)]),
                       "length of kwonlyargs is not the same as kw_defaults")
        args = [ast.arg("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Load()))]
        check(arguments(args=args, defaults=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]),
                       "must have Load context")
        args = [ast.arg("a", ast.Name("x", ast.Load())),
                ast.arg("b", ast.Name("y", ast.Load()))]
        check(arguments(kwonlyargs=args,
                          kw_defaults=[None, ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]),
                          "must have Load context")

    def test_funcdef(self):
        a = ast.arguments([], [], None, [], [], None, [])
        f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [], [], None, None, [])
        self.stmt(f, "empty body on FunctionDef")
        f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [ast.Pass()], [ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], None, None, [])
        self.stmt(f, "must have Load context")
        f = ast.FunctionDef("x", a, [ast.Pass()], [],
                            ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None, [])
        self.stmt(f, "must have Load context")
        f = ast.FunctionDef("x", ast.arguments(), [ast.Pass()])
        self.stmt(f)
        def fac(args):
            return ast.FunctionDef("x", args, [ast.Pass()], [], None, None, [])
        self._check_arguments(fac, self.stmt)

    def test_funcdef_pattern_matching(self):
        # gh-104799: New fields on FunctionDef should be added at the end
        def matcher(node):
            match node:
                case ast.FunctionDef("foo", ast.arguments(args=[ast.arg("bar")]),
                                     [ast.Pass()],
                                     [ast.Name("capybara", ast.Load())],
                                     ast.Name("pacarana", ast.Load())):
                    return True
                case _:
                    return False

        code = """
            @capybara
            def foo(bar) -> pacarana:
                pass
        """
        source = ast.parse(textwrap.dedent(code))
        funcdef = source.body[0]
        self.assertIsInstance(funcdef, ast.FunctionDef)
        self.assertTrue(matcher(funcdef))

    def test_classdef(self):
        def cls(bases=None, keywords=None, body=None, decorator_list=None, type_params=None):
            if bases is None:
                bases = []
            if keywords is None:
                keywords = []
            if body is None:
                body = [ast.Pass()]
            if decorator_list is None:
                decorator_list = []
            if type_params is None:
                type_params = []
            return ast.ClassDef("myclass", bases, keywords,
                                body, decorator_list, type_params)
        self.stmt(cls(bases=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]),
                  "must have Load context")
        self.stmt(cls(keywords=[ast.keyword("x", ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]),
                  "must have Load context")
        self.stmt(cls(body=[]), "empty body on ClassDef")
        self.stmt(cls(body=[None]), "None disallowed")
        self.stmt(cls(decorator_list=[ast.Name("x", ast.Store())]),
                  "must have Load context")

    def test_delete(self):
        self.stmt(ast.Delete([]), "empty targets on Delete")
        self.stmt(ast.Delete([None]), "None disallowed")
        self.stmt(ast.Delete([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())]),
                  "must have Del context")

    def test_assign(self):
        self.stmt(ast.Assign([], ast.Constant(3)), "empty targets on Assign")
        self.stmt(ast.Assign([None], ast.Constant(3)), "None disallowed")
        self.stmt(ast.Assign([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())], ast.Constant(3)),
                  "must have Store context")
        self.stmt(ast.Assign([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())],
                                ast.Name("y", ast.Store())),
                  "must have Load context")

    def test_augassign(self):
        aug = ast.AugAssign(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Add(),
                            ast.Name("y", ast.Load()))
        self.stmt(aug, "must have Store context")
        aug = ast.AugAssign(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Add(),
                            ast.Name("y", ast.Store()))
        self.stmt(aug, "must have Load context")

    def test_for(self):
        x = ast.Name("x", ast.Store())
        y = ast.Name("y", ast.Load())
        p = ast.Pass()
        self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [], []), "empty body on For")
        self.stmt(ast.For(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), y, [p], []),
                  "must have Store context")
        self.stmt(ast.For(x, ast.Name("y", ast.Store()), [p], []),
                  "must have Load context")
        e = ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
        self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [e], []), "must have Load context")
        self.stmt(ast.For(x, y, [p], [e]), "must have Load context")

    def test_while(self):
        self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Constant(3), [], []), "empty body on While")
        self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [ast.Pass()], []),
                  "must have Load context")
        self.stmt(ast.While(ast.Constant(3), [ast.Pass()],
                             [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))]),
                             "must have Load context")

    def test_if(self):
        self.stmt(ast.If(ast.Constant(3), [], []), "empty body on If")
        i = ast.If(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [ast.Pass()], [])
        self.stmt(i, "must have Load context")
        i = ast.If(ast.Constant(3), [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [])
        self.stmt(i, "must have Load context")
        i = ast.If(ast.Constant(3), [ast.Pass()],
                   [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))])
        self.stmt(i, "must have Load context")

    def test_with(self):
        p = ast.Pass()
        self.stmt(ast.With([], [p]), "empty items on With")
        i = ast.withitem(ast.Constant(3), None)
        self.stmt(ast.With([i], []), "empty body on With")
        i = ast.withitem(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None)
        self.stmt(ast.With([i], [p]), "must have Load context")
        i = ast.withitem(ast.Constant(3), ast.Name("x", ast.Load()))
        self.stmt(ast.With([i], [p]), "must have Store context")

    def test_raise(self):
        r = ast.Raise(None, ast.Constant(3))
        self.stmt(r, "Raise with cause but no exception")
        r = ast.Raise(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None)
        self.stmt(r, "must have Load context")
        r = ast.Raise(ast.Constant(4), ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
        self.stmt(r, "must have Load context")

    def test_try(self):
        p = ast.Pass()
        t = ast.Try([], [], [], [p])
        self.stmt(t, "empty body on Try")
        t = ast.Try([ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [], [], [p])
        self.stmt(t, "must have Load context")
        t = ast.Try([p], [], [], [])
        self.stmt(t, "Try has neither except handlers nor finalbody")
        t = ast.Try([p], [], [p], [p])
        self.stmt(t, "Try has orelse but no except handlers")
        t = ast.Try([p], [ast.ExceptHandler(None, "x", [])], [], [])
        self.stmt(t, "empty body on ExceptHandler")
        e = [ast.ExceptHandler(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), "y", [p])]
        self.stmt(ast.Try([p], e, [], []), "must have Load context")
        e = [ast.ExceptHandler(None, "x", [p])]
        t = ast.Try([p], e, [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [p])
        self.stmt(t, "must have Load context")
        t = ast.Try([p], e, [p], [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))])
        self.stmt(t, "must have Load context")

    def test_try_star(self):
        p = ast.Pass()
        t = ast.TryStar([], [], [], [p])
        self.stmt(t, "empty body on TryStar")
        t = ast.TryStar([ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [], [], [p])
        self.stmt(t, "must have Load context")
        t = ast.TryStar([p], [], [], [])
        self.stmt(t, "TryStar has neither except handlers nor finalbody")
        t = ast.TryStar([p], [], [p], [p])
        self.stmt(t, "TryStar has orelse but no except handlers")
        t = ast.TryStar([p], [ast.ExceptHandler(None, "x", [])], [], [])
        self.stmt(t, "empty body on ExceptHandler")
        e = [ast.ExceptHandler(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), "y", [p])]
        self.stmt(ast.TryStar([p], e, [], []), "must have Load context")
        e = [ast.ExceptHandler(None, "x", [p])]
        t = ast.TryStar([p], e, [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))], [p])
        self.stmt(t, "must have Load context")
        t = ast.TryStar([p], e, [p], [ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))])
        self.stmt(t, "must have Load context")

    def test_assert(self):
        self.stmt(ast.Assert(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), None),
                  "must have Load context")
        assrt = ast.Assert(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()),
                           ast.Name("y", ast.Store()))
        self.stmt(assrt, "must have Load context")

    def test_import(self):
        self.stmt(ast.Import([]), "empty names on Import")

    def test_importfrom(self):
        imp = ast.ImportFrom(None, [ast.alias("x", None)], -42)
        self.stmt(imp, "Negative ImportFrom level")
        self.stmt(ast.ImportFrom(None, [], 0), "empty names on ImportFrom")

    def test_global(self):
        self.stmt(ast.Global([]), "empty names on Global")

    def test_nonlocal(self):
        self.stmt(ast.Nonlocal([]), "empty names on Nonlocal")

    def test_expr(self):
        e = ast.Expr(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
        self.stmt(e, "must have Load context")

    def test_boolop(self):
        b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [])
        self.expr(b, "less than 2 values")
        b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Constant(3)])
        self.expr(b, "less than 2 values")
        b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Constant(4), None])
        self.expr(b, "None disallowed")
        b = ast.BoolOp(ast.And(), [ast.Constant(4), ast.Name("x", ast.Store())])
        self.expr(b, "must have Load context")

    def test_unaryop(self):
        u = ast.UnaryOp(ast.Not(), ast.Name("x", ast.Store()))
        self.expr(u, "must have Load context")

    def test_lambda(self):
        a = ast.arguments([], [], None, [], [], None, [])
        self.expr(ast.Lambda(a, ast.Name("x", ast.Store())),
                  "must have Load context")
        def fac(args):
            return ast.Lambda(args, ast.Name("x", ast.Load()))
        self._check_arguments(fac, self.expr)

    def test_ifexp(self):
        l = ast.Name("x", ast.Load())
        s = ast.Name("y", ast.Store())
        for args in (s, l, l), (l, s, l), (l, l, s):
            self.expr(ast.IfExp(*args), "must have Load context")

    def test_dict(self):
        d = ast.Dict([], [ast.Name("x", ast.Load())])
        self.expr(d, "same number of keys as values")
        d = ast.Dict([ast.Name("x", ast.Load())], [None])
        self.expr(d, "None disallowed")

    def test_set(self):
        self.expr(ast.Set([None]), "None disallowed")
        s = ast.Set([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())])
        self.expr(s, "must have Load context")

    def _check_comprehension(self, fac):
        self.expr(fac([]), "comprehension with no generators")
        g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()),
                              ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), [], 0)
        self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Store context")
        g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()),
                              ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [], 0)
        self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Load context")
        x = ast.Name("x", ast.Store())
        y = ast.Name("y", ast.Load())
        g = ast.comprehension(x, y, [None], 0)
        self.expr(fac([g]), "None disallowed")
        g = ast.comprehension(x, y, [ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], 0)
        self.expr(fac([g]), "must have Load context")

    def _simple_comp(self, fac):
        g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()),
                              ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), [], 0)
        self.expr(fac(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), [g]),
                  "must have Load context")
        def wrap(gens):
            return fac(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), gens)
        self._check_comprehension(wrap)

    def test_listcomp(self):
        self._simple_comp(ast.ListComp)

    def test_setcomp(self):
        self._simple_comp(ast.SetComp)

    def test_generatorexp(self):
        self._simple_comp(ast.GeneratorExp)

    def test_dictcomp(self):
        g = ast.comprehension(ast.Name("y", ast.Store()),
                              ast.Name("p", ast.Load()), [], 0)
        c = ast.DictComp(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()),
                         ast.Name("y", ast.Load()), [g])
        self.expr(c, "must have Load context")
        c = ast.DictComp(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()),
                         ast.Name("y", ast.Store()), [g])
        self.expr(c, "must have Load context")
        def factory(comps):
            k = ast.Name("x", ast.Load())
            v = ast.Name("y", ast.Load())
            return ast.DictComp(k, v, comps)
        self._check_comprehension(factory)

    def test_yield(self):
        self.expr(ast.Yield(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())), "must have Load")
        self.expr(ast.YieldFrom(ast.Name("x", ast.Store())), "must have Load")

    def test_compare(self):
        left = ast.Name("x", ast.Load())
        comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], [])
        self.expr(comp, "no comparators")
        comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], [ast.Constant(4), ast.Constant(5)])
        self.expr(comp, "different number of comparators and operands")
        comp = ast.Compare(ast.Constant("blah"), [ast.In()], [left])
        self.expr(comp)
        comp = ast.Compare(left, [ast.In()], [ast.Constant("blah")])
        self.expr(comp)

    def test_call(self):
        func = ast.Name("x", ast.Load())
        args = [ast.Name("y", ast.Load())]
        keywords = [ast.keyword("w", ast.Name("z", ast.Load()))]
        call = ast.Call(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), args, keywords)
        self.expr(call, "must have Load context")
        call = ast.Call(func, [None], keywords)
        self.expr(call, "None disallowed")
        bad_keywords = [ast.keyword("w", ast.Name("z", ast.Store()))]
        call = ast.Call(func, args, bad_keywords)
        self.expr(call, "must have Load context")

    def test_num(self):
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as wlog:
            warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '', DeprecationWarning)
            from ast import Num

        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as wlog:
            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', DeprecationWarning)
            class subint(int):
                pass
            class subfloat(float):
                pass
            class subcomplex(complex):
                pass
            for obj in "0", "hello":
                self.expr(ast.Num(obj))
            for obj in subint(), subfloat(), subcomplex():
                self.expr(ast.Num(obj), "invalid type", exc=TypeError)

        self.assertEqual([str(w.message) for w in wlog], [
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
            'ast.Num is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
        ])

    def test_attribute(self):
        attr = ast.Attribute(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), "y", ast.Load())
        self.expr(attr, "must have Load context")

    def test_subscript(self):
        sub = ast.Subscript(ast.Name("x", ast.Store()), ast.Constant(3),
                            ast.Load())
        self.expr(sub, "must have Load context")
        x = ast.Name("x", ast.Load())
        sub = ast.Subscript(x, ast.Name("y", ast.Store()),
                            ast.Load())
        self.expr(sub, "must have Load context")
        s = ast.Name("x", ast.Store())
        for args in (s, None, None), (None, s, None), (None, None, s):
            sl = ast.Slice(*args)
            self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()),
                      "must have Load context")
        sl = ast.Tuple([], ast.Load())
        self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()))
        sl = ast.Tuple([s], ast.Load())
        self.expr(ast.Subscript(x, sl, ast.Load()), "must have Load context")

    def test_starred(self):
        left = ast.List([ast.Starred(ast.Name("x", ast.Load()), ast.Store())],
                        ast.Store())
        assign = ast.Assign([left], ast.Constant(4))
        self.stmt(assign, "must have Store context")

    def _sequence(self, fac):
        self.expr(fac([None], ast.Load()), "None disallowed")
        self.expr(fac([ast.Name("x", ast.Store())], ast.Load()),
                  "must have Load context")

    def test_list(self):
        self._sequence(ast.List)

    def test_tuple(self):
        self._sequence(ast.Tuple)

    def test_nameconstant(self):
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as wlog:
            warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', '', DeprecationWarning)
            from ast import NameConstant

        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as wlog:
            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', DeprecationWarning)
            self.expr(ast.NameConstant(4))

        self.assertEqual([str(w.message) for w in wlog], [
            'ast.NameConstant is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use ast.Constant instead',
        ])

    @support.requires_resource('cpu')
    def test_stdlib_validates(self):
        stdlib = os.path.dirname(ast.__file__)
        tests = [fn for fn in os.listdir(stdlib) if fn.endswith(".py")]
        tests.extend(["test/test_grammar.py", "test/test_unpack_ex.py"])
        for module in tests:
            with self.subTest(module):
                fn = os.path.join(stdlib, module)
                with open(fn, "r", encoding="utf-8") as fp:
                    source = fp.read()
                mod = ast.parse(source, fn)
                compile(mod, fn, "exec")

    constant_1 = ast.Constant(1)
    pattern_1 = ast.MatchValue(constant_1)

    constant_x = ast.Constant('x')
    pattern_x = ast.MatchValue(constant_x)

    constant_true = ast.Constant(True)
    pattern_true = ast.MatchSingleton(True)

    name_carter = ast.Name('carter', ast.Load())

    _MATCH_PATTERNS = [
        ast.MatchValue(
            ast.Attribute(
                ast.Attribute(
                    ast.Name('x', ast.Store()),
                    'y', ast.Load()
                ),
                'z', ast.Load()
            )
        ),
        ast.MatchValue(
            ast.Attribute(
                ast.Attribute(
                    ast.Name('x', ast.Load()),
                    'y', ast.Store()
                ),
                'z', ast.Load()
            )
        ),
        ast.MatchValue(
            ast.Constant(...)
        ),
        ast.MatchValue(
            ast.Constant(True)
        ),
        ast.MatchValue(
            ast.Constant((1,2,3))
        ),
        ast.MatchSingleton('string'),
        ast.MatchSequence([
          ast.MatchSingleton('string')
        ]),
        ast.MatchSequence(
            [
                ast.MatchSequence(
                    [
                        ast.MatchSingleton('string')
                    ]
                )
            ]
        ),
        ast.MatchMapping(
            [constant_1, constant_true],
            [pattern_x]
        ),
        ast.MatchMapping(
            [constant_true, constant_1],
            [pattern_x, pattern_1],
            rest='True'
        ),
        ast.MatchMapping(
            [constant_true, ast.Starred(ast.Name('lol', ast.Load()), ast.Load())],
            [pattern_x, pattern_1],
            rest='legit'
        ),
        ast.MatchClass(
            ast.Attribute(
                ast.Attribute(
                    constant_x,
                    'y', ast.Load()),
                'z', ast.Load()),
            patterns=[], kwd_attrs=[], kwd_patterns=[]
        ),
        ast.MatchClass(
            name_carter,
            patterns=[],
            kwd_attrs=['True'],
            kwd_patterns=[pattern_1]
        ),
        ast.MatchClass(
            name_carter,
            patterns=[],
            kwd_attrs=[],
            kwd_patterns=[pattern_1]
        ),
        ast.MatchClass(
            name_carter,
            patterns=[ast.MatchSingleton('string')],
            kwd_attrs=[],
            kwd_patterns=[]
        ),
        ast.MatchClass(
            name_carter,
            patterns=[ast.MatchStar()],
            kwd_attrs=[],
            kwd_patterns=[]
        ),
        ast.MatchClass(
            name_carter,
            patterns=[],
            kwd_attrs=[],
            kwd_patterns=[ast.MatchStar()]
        ),
        ast.MatchClass(
            constant_true,  # invalid name
            patterns=[],
            kwd_attrs=['True'],
            kwd_patterns=[pattern_1]
        ),
        ast.MatchSequence(
            [
                ast.MatchStar("True")
            ]
        ),
        ast.MatchAs(
            name='False'
        ),
        ast.MatchOr(
            []
        ),
        ast.MatchOr(
            [pattern_1]
        ),
        ast.MatchOr(
            [pattern_1, pattern_x, ast.MatchSingleton('xxx')]
        ),
        ast.MatchAs(name="_"),
        ast.MatchStar(name="x"),
        ast.MatchSequence([ast.MatchStar("_")]),
        ast.MatchMapping([], [], rest="_"),
    ]

    def test_match_validation_pattern(self):
        name_x = ast.Name('x', ast.Load())
        for pattern in self._MATCH_PATTERNS:
            with self.subTest(ast.dump(pattern, indent=4)):
                node = ast.Match(
                    subject=name_x,
                    cases = [
                        ast.match_case(
                            pattern=pattern,
                            body = [ast.Pass()]
                        )
                    ]
                )
                node = ast.fix_missing_locations(node)
                module = ast.Module([node], [])
                with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
                    compile(module, "<test>", "exec")


class ConstantTests(unittest.TestCase):
    """Tests on the ast.Constant node type."""

    def compile_constant(self, value):
        tree = ast.parse("x = 123")

        node = tree.body[0].value
        new_node = ast.Constant(value=value)
        ast.copy_location(new_node, node)
        tree.body[0].value = new_node

        code = compile(tree, "<string>", "exec")

        ns = {}
        exec(code, ns)
        return ns['x']

    def test_validation(self):
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError) as cm:
            self.compile_constant([1, 2, 3])
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
                         "got an invalid type in Constant: list")

    def test_singletons(self):
        for const in (None, False, True, Ellipsis, b'', frozenset()):
            with self.subTest(const=const):
                value = self.compile_constant(const)
                self.assertIs(value, const)

    def test_values(self):
        nested_tuple = (1,)
        nested_frozenset = frozenset({1})
        for level in range(3):
            nested_tuple = (nested_tuple, 2)
            nested_frozenset = frozenset({nested_frozenset, 2})
        values = (123, 123.0, 123j,
                  "unicode", b'bytes',
                  tuple("tuple"), frozenset("frozenset"),
                  nested_tuple, nested_frozenset)
        for value in values:
            with self.subTest(value=value):
                result = self.compile_constant(value)
                self.assertEqual(result, value)

    def test_assign_to_constant(self):
        tree = ast.parse("x = 1")

        target = tree.body[0].targets[0]
        new_target = ast.Constant(value=1)
        ast.copy_location(new_target, target)
        tree.body[0].targets[0] = new_target

        with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
            compile(tree, "string", "exec")
        self.assertEqual(str(cm.exception),
                         "expression which can't be assigned "
                         "to in Store context")

    def test_get_docstring(self):
        tree = ast.parse("'docstring'\nx = 1")
        self.assertEqual(ast.get_docstring(tree), 'docstring')

    def get_load_const(self, tree):
        # Compile to bytecode, disassemble and get parameter of LOAD_CONST
        # instructions
        co = compile(tree, '<string>', 'exec')
        consts = []
        for instr in dis.get_instructions(co):
            if instr.opname == 'LOAD_CONST' or instr.opname == 'RETURN_CONST':
                consts.append(instr.argval)
        return consts

    @support.cpython_only
    def test_load_const(self):
        consts = [None,
                  True, False,
                  124,
                  2.0,
                  3j,
                  "unicode",
                  b'bytes',
                  (1, 2, 3)]

        code = '\n'.join(['x={!r}'.format(const) for const in consts])
        code += '\nx = ...'
        consts.extend((Ellipsis, None))

        tree = ast.parse(code)
        self.assertEqual(self.get_load_const(tree),
                         consts)

        # Replace expression nodes with constants
        for assign, const in zip(tree.body, consts):
            assert isinstance(assign, ast.Assign), ast.dump(assign)
            new_node = ast.Constant(value=const)
            ast.copy_location(new_node, assign.value)
            assign.value = new_node

        self.assertEqual(self.get_load_const(tree),
                         consts)

    def test_literal_eval(self):
        tree = ast.parse("1 + 2")
        binop = tree.body[0].value

        new_left = ast.Constant(value=10)
        ast.copy_location(new_left, binop.left)
        binop.left = new_left

        new_right = ast.Constant(value=20j)
        ast.copy_location(new_right, binop.right)
        binop.right = new_right

        self.assertEqual(ast.literal_eval(binop), 10+20j)

    def test_string_kind(self):
        c = ast.parse('"x"', mode='eval').body
        self.assertEqual(c.value, "x")
        self.assertEqual(c.kind, None)

        c = ast.parse('u"x"', mode='eval').body
        self.assertEqual(c.value, "x")
        self.assertEqual(c.kind, "u")

        c = ast.parse('r"x"', mode='eval').body
        self.assertEqual(c.value, "x")
        self.assertEqual(c.kind, None)

        c = ast.parse('b"x"', mode='eval').body
        self.assertEqual(c.value, b"x")
        self.assertEqual(c.kind, None)


class EndPositionTests(unittest.TestCase):
    """Tests for end position of AST nodes.

    Testing end positions of nodes requires a bit of extra care
    because of how LL parsers work.
    """
    def _check_end_pos(self, ast_node, end_lineno, end_col_offset):
        self.assertEqual(ast_node.end_lineno, end_lineno)
        self.assertEqual(ast_node.end_col_offset, end_col_offset)

    def _check_content(self, source, ast_node, content):
        self.assertEqual(ast.get_source_segment(source, ast_node), content)

    def _parse_value(self, s):
        # Use duck-typing to support both single expression
        # and a right hand side of an assignment statement.
        return ast.parse(s).body[0].value

    def test_lambda(self):
        s = 'lambda x, *y: None'
        lam = self._parse_value(s)
        self._check_content(s, lam.body, 'None')
        self._check_content(s, lam.args.args[0], 'x')
        self._check_content(s, lam.args.vararg, 'y')

    def test_func_def(self):
        s = dedent('''
            def func(x: int,
                     *args: str,
                     z: float = 0,
                     **kwargs: Any) -> bool:
                return True
            ''').strip()
        fdef = ast.parse(s).body[0]
        self._check_end_pos(fdef, 5, 15)
        self._check_content(s, fdef.body[0], 'return True')
        self._check_content(s, fdef.args.args[0], 'x: int')
        self._check_content(s, fdef.args.args[0].annotation, 'int')
        self._check_content(s, fdef.args.kwarg, 'kwargs: Any')
        self._check_content(s, fdef.args.kwarg.annotation, 'Any')

    def test_call(self):
        s = 'func(x, y=2, **kw)'
        call = self._parse_value(s)
        self._check_content(s, call.func, 'func')
        self._check_content(s, call.keywords[0].value, '2')
        self._check_content(s, call.keywords[1].value, 'kw')

    def test_call_noargs(self):
        s = 'x[0]()'
        call = self._parse_value(s)
        self._check_content(s, call.func, 'x[0]')
        self._check_end_pos(call, 1, 6)

    def test_class_def(self):
        s = dedent('''
            class C(A, B):
                x: int = 0
        ''').strip()
        cdef = ast.parse(s).body[0]
        self._check_end_pos(cdef, 2, 14)
        self._check_content(s, cdef.bases[1], 'B')
        self._check_content(s, cdef.body[0], 'x: int = 0')

    def test_class_kw(self):
        s = 'class S(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta): pass'
        cdef = ast.parse(s).body[0]
        self._check_content(s, cdef.keywords[0].value, 'abc.ABCMeta')

    def test_multi_line_str(self):
        s = dedent('''
            x = """Some multi-line text.

            It goes on starting from same indent."""
        ''').strip()
        assign = ast.parse(s).body[0]
        self._check_end_pos(assign, 3, 40)
        self._check_end_pos(assign.value, 3, 40)

    def test_continued_str(self):
        s = dedent('''
            x = "first part" \\
            "second part"
        ''').strip()
        assign = ast.parse(s).body[0]
        self._check_end_pos(assign, 2, 13)
        self._check_end_pos(assign.value, 2, 13)

    def test_suites(self):
        # We intentionally put these into the same string to check
        # that empty lines are not part of the suite.
        s = dedent('''
            while True:
                pass

            if one():
                x = None
            elif other():
                y = None
            else:
                z = None

            for x, y in stuff:
                assert True

            try:
                raise RuntimeError
            except TypeError as e:
                pass

            pass
        ''').strip()
        mod = ast.parse(s)
        while_loop = mod.body[0]
        if_stmt = mod.body[1]
        for_loop = mod.body[2]
        try_stmt = mod.body[3]
        pass_stmt = mod.body[4]

        self._check_end_pos(while_loop, 2, 8)
        self._check_end_pos(if_stmt, 9, 12)
        self._check_end_pos(for_loop, 12, 15)
        self._check_end_pos(try_stmt, 17, 8)
        self._check_end_pos(pass_stmt, 19, 4)

        self._check_content(s, while_loop.test, 'True')
        self._check_content(s, if_stmt.body[0], 'x = None')
        self._check_content(s, if_stmt.orelse[0].test, 'other()')
        self._check_content(s, for_loop.target, 'x, y')
        self._check_content(s, try_stmt.body[0], 'raise RuntimeError')
        self._check_content(s, try_stmt.handlers[0].type, 'TypeError')

    def test_fstring(self):
        s = 'x = f"abc {x + y} abc"'
        fstr = self._parse_value(s)
        binop = fstr.values[1].value
        self._check_content(s, binop, 'x + y')

    def test_fstring_multi_line(self):
        s = dedent('''
            f"""Some multi-line text.
            {
            arg_one
            +
            arg_two
            }
            It goes on..."""
        ''').strip()
        fstr = self._parse_value(s)
        binop = fstr.values[1].value
        self._check_end_pos(binop, 5, 7)
        self._check_content(s, binop.left, 'arg_one')
        self._check_content(s, binop.right, 'arg_two')

    def test_import_from_multi_line(self):
        s = dedent('''
            from x.y.z import (
                a, b, c as c
            )
        ''').strip()
        imp = ast.parse(s).body[0]
        self._check_end_pos(imp, 3, 1)
        self._check_end_pos(imp.names[2], 2, 16)

    def test_slices(self):
        s1 = 'f()[1, 2] [0]'
        s2 = 'x[ a.b: c.d]'
        sm = dedent('''
            x[ a.b: f () ,
               g () : c.d
              ]
        ''').strip()
        i1, i2, im = map(self._parse_value, (s1, s2, sm))
        self._check_content(s1, i1.value, 'f()[1, 2]')
        self._check_content(s1, i1.value.slice, '1, 2')
        self._check_content(s2, i2.slice.lower, 'a.b')
        self._check_content(s2, i2.slice.upper, 'c.d')
        self._check_content(sm, im.slice.elts[0].upper, 'f ()')
        self._check_content(sm, im.slice.elts[1].lower, 'g ()')
        self._check_end_pos(im, 3, 3)

    def test_binop(self):
        s = dedent('''
            (1 * 2 + (3 ) +
                 4
            )
        ''').strip()
        binop = self._parse_value(s)
        self._check_end_pos(binop, 2, 6)
        self._check_content(s, binop.right, '4')
        self._check_content(s, binop.left, '1 * 2 + (3 )')
        self._check_content(s, binop.left.right, '3')

    def test_boolop(self):
        s = dedent('''
            if (one_condition and
                    (other_condition or yet_another_one)):
                pass
        ''').strip()
        bop = ast.parse(s).body[0].test
        self._check_end_pos(bop, 2, 44)
        self._check_content(s, bop.values[1],
                            'other_condition or yet_another_one')

    def test_tuples(self):
        s1 = 'x = () ;'
        s2 = 'x = 1 , ;'
        s3 = 'x = (1 , 2 ) ;'
        sm = dedent('''
            x = (
                a, b,
            )
        ''').strip()
        t1, t2, t3, tm = map(self._parse_value, (s1, s2, s3, sm))
        self._check_content(s1, t1, '()')
        self._check_content(s2, t2, '1 ,')
        self._check_content(s3, t3, '(1 , 2 )')
        self._check_end_pos(tm, 3, 1)

    def test_attribute_spaces(self):
        s = 'func(x. y .z)'
        call = self._parse_value(s)
        self._check_content(s, call, s)
        self._check_content(s, call.args[0], 'x. y .z')

    def test_redundant_parenthesis(self):
        s = '( ( ( a + b ) ) )'
        v = ast.parse(s).body[0].value
        self.assertEqual(type(v).__name__, 'BinOp')
        self._check_content(s, v, 'a + b')
        s2 = 'await ' + s
        v = ast.parse(s2).body[0].value.value
        self.assertEqual(type(v).__name__, 'BinOp')
        self._check_content(s2, v, 'a + b')

    def test_trailers_with_redundant_parenthesis(self):
        tests = (
            ('( ( ( a ) ) ) ( )', 'Call'),
            ('( ( ( a ) ) ) ( b )', 'Call'),
            ('( ( ( a ) ) ) [ b ]', 'Subscript'),
            ('( ( ( a ) ) ) . b', 'Attribute'),
        )
        for s, t in tests:
            with self.subTest(s):
                v = ast.parse(s).body[0].value
                self.assertEqual(type(v).__name__, t)
                self._check_content(s, v, s)
                s2 = 'await ' + s
                v = ast.parse(s2).body[0].value.value
                self.assertEqual(type(v).__name__, t)
                self._check_content(s2, v, s)

    def test_displays(self):
        s1 = '[{}, {1, }, {1, 2,} ]'
        s2 = '{a: b, f (): g () ,}'
        c1 = self._parse_value(s1)
        c2 = self._parse_value(s2)
        self._check_content(s1, c1.elts[0], '{}')
        self._check_content(s1, c1.elts[1], '{1, }')
        self._check_content(s1, c1.elts[2], '{1, 2,}')
        self._check_content(s2, c2.keys[1], 'f ()')
        self._check_content(s2, c2.values[1], 'g ()')

    def test_comprehensions(self):
        s = dedent('''
            x = [{x for x, y in stuff
                  if cond.x} for stuff in things]
        ''').strip()
        cmp = self._parse_value(s)
        self._check_end_pos(cmp, 2, 37)
        self._check_content(s, cmp.generators[0].iter, 'things')
        self._check_content(s, cmp.elt.generators[0].iter, 'stuff')
        self._check_content(s, cmp.elt.generators[0].ifs[0], 'cond.x')
        self._check_content(s, cmp.elt.generators[0].target, 'x, y')

    def test_yield_await(self):
        s = dedent('''
            async def f():
                yield x
                await y
        ''').strip()
        fdef = ast.parse(s).body[0]
        self._check_content(s, fdef.body[0].value, 'yield x')
        self._check_content(s, fdef.body[1].value, 'await y')

    def test_source_segment_multi(self):
        s_orig = dedent('''
            x = (
                a, b,
            ) + ()
        ''').strip()
        s_tuple = dedent('''
            (
                a, b,
            )
        ''').strip()
        binop = self._parse_value(s_orig)
        self.assertEqual(ast.get_source_segment(s_orig, binop.left), s_tuple)

    def test_source_segment_padded(self):
        s_orig = dedent('''
            class C:
                def fun(self) -> None:
                    "ЖЖЖЖЖ"
        ''').strip()
        s_method = '    def fun(self) -> None:\n' \
                   '        "ЖЖЖЖЖ"'
        cdef = ast.parse(s_orig).body[0]
        self.assertEqual(ast.get_source_segment(s_orig, cdef.body[0], padded=True),
                         s_method)

    def test_source_segment_endings(self):
        s = 'v = 1\r\nw = 1\nx = 1\n\ry = 1\rz = 1\r\n'
        v, w, x, y, z = ast.parse(s).body
        self._check_content(s, v, 'v = 1')
        self._check_content(s, w, 'w = 1')
        self._check_content(s, x, 'x = 1')
        self._check_content(s, y, 'y = 1')
        self._check_content(s, z, 'z = 1')

    def test_source_segment_tabs(self):
        s = dedent('''
            class C:
              \t\f  def fun(self) -> None:
              \t\f      pass
        ''').strip()
        s_method = '  \t\f  def fun(self) -> None:\n' \
                   '  \t\f      pass'

        cdef = ast.parse(s).body[0]
        self.assertEqual(ast.get_source_segment(s, cdef.body[0], padded=True), s_method)

    def test_source_segment_newlines(self):
        s = 'def f():\n  pass\ndef g():\r  pass\r\ndef h():\r\n  pass\r\n'
        f, g, h = ast.parse(s).body
        self._check_content(s, f, 'def f():\n  pass')
        self._check_content(s, g, 'def g():\r  pass')
        self._check_content(s, h, 'def h():\r\n  pass')

        s = 'def f():\n  a = 1\r  b = 2\r\n  c = 3\n'
        f = ast.parse(s).body[0]
        self._check_content(s, f, s.rstrip())

    def test_source_segment_missing_info(self):
        s = 'v = 1\r\nw = 1\nx = 1\n\ry = 1\r\n'
        v, w, x, y = ast.parse(s).body
        del v.lineno
        del w.end_lineno
        del x.col_offset
        del y.end_col_offset
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_source_segment(s, v))
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_source_segment(s, w))
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_source_segment(s, x))
        self.assertIsNone(ast.get_source_segment(s, y))

class BaseNodeVisitorCases:
    # Both `NodeVisitor` and `NodeTranformer` must raise these warnings:
    def test_old_constant_nodes(self):
        class Visitor(self.visitor_class):
            def visit_Num(self, node):
                log.append((node.lineno, 'Num', node.n))
            def visit_Str(self, node):
                log.append((node.lineno, 'Str', node.s))
            def visit_Bytes(self, node):
                log.append((node.lineno, 'Bytes', node.s))
            def visit_NameConstant(self, node):
                log.append((node.lineno, 'NameConstant', node.value))
            def visit_Ellipsis(self, node):
                log.append((node.lineno, 'Ellipsis', ...))
        mod = ast.parse(dedent('''\
            i = 42
            f = 4.25
            c = 4.25j
            s = 'string'
            b = b'bytes'
            t = True
            n = None
            e = ...
            '''))
        visitor = Visitor()
        log = []
        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as wlog:
            warnings.filterwarnings('always', '', DeprecationWarning)
            visitor.visit(mod)
        self.assertEqual(log, [
            (1, 'Num', 42),
            (2, 'Num', 4.25),
            (3, 'Num', 4.25j),
            (4, 'Str', 'string'),
            (5, 'Bytes', b'bytes'),
            (6, 'NameConstant', True),
            (7, 'NameConstant', None),
            (8, 'Ellipsis', ...),
        ])
        self.assertEqual([str(w.message) for w in wlog], [
            'visit_Num is deprecated; add visit_Constant',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'visit_Num is deprecated; add visit_Constant',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'visit_Num is deprecated; add visit_Constant',
            'Attribute n is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'visit_Str is deprecated; add visit_Constant',
            'Attribute s is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'visit_Bytes is deprecated; add visit_Constant',
            'Attribute s is deprecated and will be removed in Python 3.14; use value instead',
            'visit_NameConstant is deprecated; add visit_Constant',
            'visit_NameConstant is deprecated; add visit_Constant',
            'visit_Ellipsis is deprecated; add visit_Constant',
        ])


class NodeVisitorTests(BaseNodeVisitorCases, unittest.TestCase):
    visitor_class = ast.NodeVisitor


class NodeTransformerTests(ASTTestMixin, BaseNodeVisitorCases, unittest.TestCase):
    visitor_class = ast.NodeTransformer

    def assertASTTransformation(self, tranformer_class,
                                initial_code, expected_code):
        initial_ast = ast.parse(dedent(initial_code))
        expected_ast = ast.parse(dedent(expected_code))

        tranformer = tranformer_class()
        result_ast = ast.fix_missing_locations(tranformer.visit(initial_ast))

        self.assertASTEqual(result_ast, expected_ast)

    def test_node_remove_single(self):
        code = 'def func(arg) -> SomeType: ...'
        expected = 'def func(arg): ...'

        # Since `FunctionDef.returns` is defined as a single value, we test
        # the `if isinstance(old_value, AST):` branch here.
        class SomeTypeRemover(ast.NodeTransformer):
            def visit_Name(self, node: ast.Name):
                self.generic_visit(node)
                if node.id == 'SomeType':
                    return None
                return node

        self.assertASTTransformation(SomeTypeRemover, code, expected)

    def test_node_remove_from_list(self):
        code = """
        def func(arg):
            print(arg)
            yield arg
        """
        expected = """
        def func(arg):
            print(arg)
        """

        # Since `FunctionDef.body` is defined as a list, we test
        # the `if isinstance(old_value, list):` branch here.
        class YieldRemover(ast.NodeTransformer):
            def visit_Expr(self, node: ast.Expr):
                self.generic_visit(node)
                if isinstance(node.value, ast.Yield):
                    return None  # Remove `yield` from a function
                return node

        self.assertASTTransformation(YieldRemover, code, expected)

    def test_node_return_list(self):
        code = """
        class DSL(Base, kw1=True): ...
        """
        expected = """
        class DSL(Base, kw1=True, kw2=True, kw3=False): ...
        """

        class ExtendKeywords(ast.NodeTransformer):
            def visit_keyword(self, node: ast.keyword):
                self.generic_visit(node)
                if node.arg == 'kw1':
                    return [
                        node,
                        ast.keyword('kw2', ast.Constant(True)),
                        ast.keyword('kw3', ast.Constant(False)),
                    ]
                return node

        self.assertASTTransformation(ExtendKeywords, code, expected)

    def test_node_mutate(self):
        code = """
        def func(arg):
            print(arg)
        """
        expected = """
        def func(arg):
            log(arg)
        """

        class PrintToLog(ast.NodeTransformer):
            def visit_Call(self, node: ast.Call):
                self.generic_visit(node)
                if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == 'print':
                    node.func.id = 'log'
                return node

        self.assertASTTransformation(PrintToLog, code, expected)

    def test_node_replace(self):
        code = """
        def func(arg):
            print(arg)
        """
        expected = """
        def func(arg):
            logger.log(arg, debug=True)
        """

        class PrintToLog(ast.NodeTransformer):
            def visit_Call(self, node: ast.Call):
                self.generic_visit(node)
                if isinstance(node.func, ast.Name) and node.func.id == 'print':
                    return ast.Call(
                        func=ast.Attribute(
                            ast.Name('logger', ctx=ast.Load()),
                            attr='log',
                            ctx=ast.Load(),
                        ),
                        args=node.args,
                        keywords=[ast.keyword('debug', ast.Constant(True))],
                    )
                return node

        self.assertASTTransformation(PrintToLog, code, expected)


@support.cpython_only
class ModuleStateTests(unittest.TestCase):
    # bpo-41194, bpo-41261, bpo-41631: The _ast module uses a global state.

    def check_ast_module(self):
        # Check that the _ast module still works as expected
        code = 'x + 1'
        filename = '<string>'
        mode = 'eval'

        # Create _ast.AST subclasses instances
        ast_tree = compile(code, filename, mode, flags=ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST)

        # Call PyAST_Check()
        code = compile(ast_tree, filename, mode)
        self.assertIsInstance(code, types.CodeType)

    def test_reload_module(self):
        # bpo-41194: Importing the _ast module twice must not crash.
        with support.swap_item(sys.modules, '_ast', None):
            del sys.modules['_ast']
            import _ast as ast1

            del sys.modules['_ast']
            import _ast as ast2

            self.check_ast_module()

        # Unloading the two _ast module instances must not crash.
        del ast1
        del ast2
        support.gc_collect()

        self.check_ast_module()

    def test_sys_modules(self):
        # bpo-41631: Test reproducing a Mercurial crash when PyAST_Check()
        # imported the _ast module internally.
        lazy_mod = object()

        def my_import(name, *args, **kw):
            sys.modules[name] = lazy_mod
            return lazy_mod

        with support.swap_item(sys.modules, '_ast', None):
            del sys.modules['_ast']

            with support.swap_attr(builtins, '__import__', my_import):
                # Test that compile() does not import the _ast module
                self.check_ast_module()
                self.assertNotIn('_ast', sys.modules)

                # Sanity check of the test itself
                import _ast
                self.assertIs(_ast, lazy_mod)

    def test_subinterpreter(self):
        # bpo-41631: Importing and using the _ast module in a subinterpreter
        # must not crash.
        code = dedent('''
            import _ast
            import ast
            import gc
            import sys
            import types

            # Create _ast.AST subclasses instances and call PyAST_Check()
            ast_tree = compile('x+1', '<string>', 'eval',
                               flags=ast.PyCF_ONLY_AST)
            code = compile(ast_tree, 'string', 'eval')
            if not isinstance(code, types.CodeType):
                raise AssertionError

            # Unloading the _ast module must not crash.
            del ast, _ast
            del sys.modules['ast'], sys.modules['_ast']
            gc.collect()
        ''')
        res = support.run_in_subinterp(code)
        self.assertEqual(res, 0)


class ASTMainTests(unittest.TestCase):
    # Tests `ast.main()` function.

    def test_cli_file_input(self):
        code = "print(1, 2, 3)"
        expected = ast.dump(ast.parse(code), indent=3)

        with os_helper.temp_dir() as tmp_dir:
            filename = os.path.join(tmp_dir, "test_module.py")
            with open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
                f.write(code)
            res, _ = script_helper.run_python_until_end("-m", "ast", filename)

        self.assertEqual(res.err, b"")
        self.assertEqual(expected.splitlines(),
                         res.out.decode("utf8").splitlines())
        self.assertEqual(res.rc, 0)


def main():
    if __name__ != '__main__':
        return
    if sys.argv[1:] == ['-g']:
        for statements, kind in ((exec_tests, "exec"), (single_tests, "single"),
                                 (eval_tests, "eval")):
            print(kind+"_results = [")
            for statement in statements:
                tree = ast.parse(statement, "?", kind)
                print("%r," % (to_tuple(tree),))
            print("]")
        print("main()")
        raise SystemExit
    unittest.main()

#### EVERYTHING BELOW IS GENERATED BY python Lib/test/test_ast.py -g  #####
exec_results = [
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0, 1, 4), ('Constant', (1, 0, 1, 4), None, None))], []),
('Module', [('Expr', (1, 0, 1, 18), ('Constant', (1, 0, 1, 18), 'module docstring', None))], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 13), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 9, 1, 13))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 29), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Expr', (1, 9, 1, 29), ('Constant', (1, 9, 1, 29), 'function docstring', None))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 14), 'f', ('arguments', [], [('arg', (1, 6, 1, 7), 'a', None, None)], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 10, 1, 14))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 16), 'f', ('arguments', [], [('arg', (1, 6, 1, 7), 'a', None, None)], None, [], [], None, [('Constant', (1, 8, 1, 9), 0, None)]), [('Pass', (1, 12, 1, 16))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 18), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], ('arg', (1, 7, 1, 11), 'args', None, None), [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 14, 1, 18))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 23), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], ('arg', (1, 7, 1, 16), 'args', ('Starred', (1, 13, 1, 16), ('Name', (1, 14, 1, 16), 'Ts', ('Load',)), ('Load',)), None), [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 19, 1, 23))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 36), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], ('arg', (1, 7, 1, 29), 'args', ('Starred', (1, 13, 1, 29), ('Subscript', (1, 14, 1, 29), ('Name', (1, 14, 1, 19), 'tuple', ('Load',)), ('Tuple', (1, 20, 1, 28), [('Name', (1, 20, 1, 23), 'int', ('Load',)), ('Constant', (1, 25, 1, 28), Ellipsis, None)], ('Load',)), ('Load',)), ('Load',)), None), [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 32, 1, 36))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 36), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], ('arg', (1, 7, 1, 29), 'args', ('Starred', (1, 13, 1, 29), ('Subscript', (1, 14, 1, 29), ('Name', (1, 14, 1, 19), 'tuple', ('Load',)), ('Tuple', (1, 20, 1, 28), [('Name', (1, 20, 1, 23), 'int', ('Load',)), ('Starred', (1, 25, 1, 28), ('Name', (1, 26, 1, 28), 'Ts', ('Load',)), ('Load',))], ('Load',)), ('Load',)), ('Load',)), None), [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 32, 1, 36))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 21), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], ('arg', (1, 8, 1, 14), 'kwargs', None, None), []), [('Pass', (1, 17, 1, 21))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 71), 'f', ('arguments', [], [('arg', (1, 6, 1, 7), 'a', None, None), ('arg', (1, 9, 1, 10), 'b', None, None), ('arg', (1, 14, 1, 15), 'c', None, None), ('arg', (1, 22, 1, 23), 'd', None, None), ('arg', (1, 28, 1, 29), 'e', None, None)], ('arg', (1, 35, 1, 39), 'args', None, None), [('arg', (1, 41, 1, 42), 'f', None, None)], [('Constant', (1, 43, 1, 45), 42, None)], ('arg', (1, 49, 1, 55), 'kwargs', None, None), [('Constant', (1, 11, 1, 12), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 16, 1, 20), None, None), ('List', (1, 24, 1, 26), [], ('Load',)), ('Dict', (1, 30, 1, 32), [], [])]), [('Expr', (1, 58, 1, 71), ('Constant', (1, 58, 1, 71), 'doc for f()', None))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 27), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 23, 1, 27))], [], ('Subscript', (1, 11, 1, 21), ('Name', (1, 11, 1, 16), 'tuple', ('Load',)), ('Tuple', (1, 17, 1, 20), [('Starred', (1, 17, 1, 20), ('Name', (1, 18, 1, 20), 'Ts', ('Load',)), ('Load',))], ('Load',)), ('Load',)), None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 32), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 28, 1, 32))], [], ('Subscript', (1, 11, 1, 26), ('Name', (1, 11, 1, 16), 'tuple', ('Load',)), ('Tuple', (1, 17, 1, 25), [('Name', (1, 17, 1, 20), 'int', ('Load',)), ('Starred', (1, 22, 1, 25), ('Name', (1, 23, 1, 25), 'Ts', ('Load',)), ('Load',))], ('Load',)), ('Load',)), None, [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 45), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Pass', (1, 41, 1, 45))], [], ('Subscript', (1, 11, 1, 39), ('Name', (1, 11, 1, 16), 'tuple', ('Load',)), ('Tuple', (1, 17, 1, 38), [('Name', (1, 17, 1, 20), 'int', ('Load',)), ('Starred', (1, 22, 1, 38), ('Subscript', (1, 23, 1, 38), ('Name', (1, 23, 1, 28), 'tuple', ('Load',)), ('Tuple', (1, 29, 1, 37), [('Name', (1, 29, 1, 32), 'int', ('Load',)), ('Constant', (1, 34, 1, 37), Ellipsis, None)], ('Load',)), ('Load',)), ('Load',))], ('Load',)), ('Load',)), None, [])], []),
('Module', [('ClassDef', (1, 0, 1, 12), 'C', [], [], [('Pass', (1, 8, 1, 12))], [], [])], []),
('Module', [('ClassDef', (1, 0, 1, 32), 'C', [], [], [('Expr', (1, 9, 1, 32), ('Constant', (1, 9, 1, 32), 'docstring for class C', None))], [], [])], []),
('Module', [('ClassDef', (1, 0, 1, 21), 'C', [('Name', (1, 8, 1, 14), 'object', ('Load',))], [], [('Pass', (1, 17, 1, 21))], [], [])], []),
('Module', [('FunctionDef', (1, 0, 1, 16), 'f', ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), [('Return', (1, 8, 1, 16), ('Constant', (1, 15, 1, 16), 1, None))], [], None, None, [])], []),
('Module', [('Delete', (1, 0, 1, 5), [('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'v', ('Del',))])], []),
('Module', [('Assign', (1, 0, 1, 5), [('Name', (1, 0, 1, 1), 'v', ('Store',))], ('Constant', (1, 4, 1, 5), 1, None), None)], []),
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single_results = [
('Interactive', [('Expr', (1, 0, 1, 3), ('BinOp', (1, 0, 1, 3), ('Constant', (1, 0, 1, 1), 1, None), ('Add',), ('Constant', (1, 2, 1, 3), 2, None)))]),
]
eval_results = [
('Expression', ('Constant', (1, 0, 1, 4), None, None)),
('Expression', ('BoolOp', (1, 0, 1, 7), ('And',), [('Name', (1, 0, 1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 6, 1, 7), 'b', ('Load',))])),
('Expression', ('BinOp', (1, 0, 1, 5), ('Name', (1, 0, 1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Add',), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'b', ('Load',)))),
('Expression', ('UnaryOp', (1, 0, 1, 5), ('Not',), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'v', ('Load',)))),
('Expression', ('Lambda', (1, 0, 1, 11), ('arguments', [], [], None, [], [], None, []), ('Constant', (1, 7, 1, 11), None, None))),
('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 0, 1, 7), [('Constant', (1, 2, 1, 3), 1, None)], [('Constant', (1, 4, 1, 5), 2, None)])),
('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 0, 1, 2), [], [])),
('Expression', ('Set', (1, 0, 1, 7), [('Constant', (1, 1, 1, 5), None, None)])),
('Expression', ('Dict', (1, 0, 5, 6), [('Constant', (2, 6, 2, 7), 1, None)], [('Constant', (4, 10, 4, 11), 2, None)])),
('Expression', ('ListComp', (1, 0, 1, 19), ('Name', (1, 1, 1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 7, 1, 8), 'b', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 12, 1, 13), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 17, 1, 18), 'd', ('Load',))], 0)])),
('Expression', ('GeneratorExp', (1, 0, 1, 19), ('Name', (1, 1, 1, 2), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 7, 1, 8), 'b', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 12, 1, 13), 'c', ('Load',)), [('Name', (1, 17, 1, 18), 'd', ('Load',))], 0)])),
('Expression', ('ListComp', (1, 0, 1, 20), ('Tuple', (1, 1, 1, 6), [('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11, 1, 14), [('Name', (1, 11, 1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13, 1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18, 1, 19), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])),
('Expression', ('ListComp', (1, 0, 1, 22), ('Tuple', (1, 1, 1, 6), [('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11, 1, 16), [('Name', (1, 12, 1, 13), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14, 1, 15), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20, 1, 21), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])),
('Expression', ('ListComp', (1, 0, 1, 22), ('Tuple', (1, 1, 1, 6), [('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('List', (1, 11, 1, 16), [('Name', (1, 12, 1, 13), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14, 1, 15), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20, 1, 21), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])),
('Expression', ('SetComp', (1, 0, 1, 20), ('Tuple', (1, 1, 1, 6), [('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11, 1, 14), [('Name', (1, 11, 1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13, 1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18, 1, 19), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])),
('Expression', ('SetComp', (1, 0, 1, 22), ('Tuple', (1, 1, 1, 6), [('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11, 1, 16), [('Name', (1, 12, 1, 13), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14, 1, 15), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20, 1, 21), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])),
('Expression', ('SetComp', (1, 0, 1, 22), ('Tuple', (1, 1, 1, 6), [('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('List', (1, 11, 1, 16), [('Name', (1, 12, 1, 13), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14, 1, 15), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20, 1, 21), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])),
('Expression', ('GeneratorExp', (1, 0, 1, 20), ('Tuple', (1, 1, 1, 6), [('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11, 1, 14), [('Name', (1, 11, 1, 12), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13, 1, 14), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 18, 1, 19), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])),
('Expression', ('GeneratorExp', (1, 0, 1, 22), ('Tuple', (1, 1, 1, 6), [('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Tuple', (1, 11, 1, 16), [('Name', (1, 12, 1, 13), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14, 1, 15), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20, 1, 21), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])),
('Expression', ('GeneratorExp', (1, 0, 1, 22), ('Tuple', (1, 1, 1, 6), [('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'b', ('Load',))], ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('List', (1, 11, 1, 16), [('Name', (1, 12, 1, 13), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 14, 1, 15), 'b', ('Store',))], ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 20, 1, 21), 'c', ('Load',)), [], 0)])),
('Expression', ('Compare', (1, 0, 1, 9), ('Constant', (1, 0, 1, 1), 1, None), [('Lt',), ('Lt',)], [('Constant', (1, 4, 1, 5), 2, None), ('Constant', (1, 8, 1, 9), 3, None)])),
('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0, 1, 17), ('Name', (1, 0, 1, 1), 'f', ('Load',)), [('Constant', (1, 2, 1, 3), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 4, 1, 5), 2, None), ('Starred', (1, 10, 1, 12), ('Name', (1, 11, 1, 12), 'd', ('Load',)), ('Load',))], [('keyword', (1, 6, 1, 9), 'c', ('Constant', (1, 8, 1, 9), 3, None)), ('keyword', (1, 13, 1, 16), None, ('Name', (1, 15, 1, 16), 'e', ('Load',)))])),
('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0, 1, 10), ('Name', (1, 0, 1, 1), 'f', ('Load',)), [('Starred', (1, 2, 1, 9), ('List', (1, 3, 1, 9), [('Constant', (1, 4, 1, 5), 0, None), ('Constant', (1, 7, 1, 8), 1, None)], ('Load',)), ('Load',))], [])),
('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0, 1, 15), ('Name', (1, 0, 1, 1), 'f', ('Load',)), [('GeneratorExp', (1, 1, 1, 15), ('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'a', ('Load',)), [('comprehension', ('Name', (1, 8, 1, 9), 'a', ('Store',)), ('Name', (1, 13, 1, 14), 'b', ('Load',)), [], 0)])], [])),
('Expression', ('Constant', (1, 0, 1, 2), 10, None)),
('Expression', ('Constant', (1, 0, 1, 8), 'string', None)),
('Expression', ('Attribute', (1, 0, 1, 3), ('Name', (1, 0, 1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Subscript', (1, 0, 1, 6), ('Name', (1, 0, 1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), ('Slice', (1, 2, 1, 5), ('Name', (1, 2, 1, 3), 'b', ('Load',)), ('Name', (1, 4, 1, 5), 'c', ('Load',)), None), ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Name', (1, 0, 1, 1), 'v', ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('List', (1, 0, 1, 7), [('Constant', (1, 1, 1, 2), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 3, 1, 4), 2, None), ('Constant', (1, 5, 1, 6), 3, None)], ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('List', (1, 0, 1, 2), [], ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 0, 1, 5), [('Constant', (1, 0, 1, 1), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 2, 1, 3), 2, None), ('Constant', (1, 4, 1, 5), 3, None)], ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 0, 1, 7), [('Constant', (1, 1, 1, 2), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 3, 1, 4), 2, None), ('Constant', (1, 5, 1, 6), 3, None)], ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Tuple', (1, 0, 1, 2), [], ('Load',))),
('Expression', ('Call', (1, 0, 1, 17), ('Attribute', (1, 0, 1, 7), ('Attribute', (1, 0, 1, 5), ('Attribute', (1, 0, 1, 3), ('Name', (1, 0, 1, 1), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',)), 'c', ('Load',)), 'd', ('Load',)), [('Subscript', (1, 8, 1, 16), ('Attribute', (1, 8, 1, 11), ('Name', (1, 8, 1, 9), 'a', ('Load',)), 'b', ('Load',)), ('Slice', (1, 12, 1, 15), ('Constant', (1, 12, 1, 13), 1, None), ('Constant', (1, 14, 1, 15), 2, None), None), ('Load',))], [])),
]
main()