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"""Framework for measuring execution time for small code snippets.
This module avoids a number of common traps for measuring execution
times. See also Tim Peters' introduction to the Algorithms chapter in
the Python Cookbook, published by O'Reilly.
Library usage: see the Timer class.
Command line usage:
python timeit.py [-n N] [-r N] [-s S] [-t] [-c] [statement]
Options:
-n/--number N: how many times to execute 'statement' (default: see below)
-r/--repeat N: how many times to repeat the timer (default 1)
-s/--setup S: statements executed once before 'statement' (default 'pass')
-t/--time: use time.time() (default on Unix)
-c/--clock: use time.clock() (default on Windows)
statement: statement to be timed (default 'pass')
A multi-line statement may be given by specifying each line as a
separate argument; indented lines are possible by enclosing an
argument in quotes and using leading spaces.
If -n is not given, a suitable number of loops is calculated by trying
successive powers of 10 until the total time is at least 0.2 seconds.
The difference in default timer function is because on Windows,
clock() has microsecond granularity but time()'s granularity is 1/60th
of a second; on Unix, clock() has 1/100th of a second granularity and
time() is much more precise. On either platform, the default timer
functions measures wall clock time, not the CPU time. This means that
other processes running on the same computer may interfere with the
timing. The best thing to do when accurate timing is necessary is to
repeat the timing a few times and use the best time; the -r option is
good for this. On Unix, you can use clock() to measure CPU time.
"""
# To use this module with older versions of Python, the dependency on
# the itertools module is easily removed; in the template, instead of
# itertools.repeat(None, count), use [None]*count. It's barely slower.
import sys
import math
import time
import itertools
__all__ = ["Timer"]
default_number = 1000000
default_repeat = 10
if sys.platform == "win32":
# On Windows, the best timer is time.clock()
default_timer = time.clock
else:
# On most other platforms the best timer is time.time()
default_timer = time.time
# Don't change the indentation of the template; the reindent() calls
# in Timer.__init__() depend on setup being indented 4 spaces and stmt
# being indented 8 spaces.
template = """
def inner(number, timer):
%(setup)s
seq = itertools.repeat(None, number)
t0 = timer()
for i in seq:
%(stmt)s
t1 = timer()
return t1-t0
"""
def reindent(src, indent):
"""Helper to reindent a multi-line statement."""
return ("\n" + " "*indent).join(src.split("\n"))
class Timer:
"""Class for timing execution speed of small code snippets.
The constructor takes a statement to be timed, an additional
statement used for setup, and a timer function. Both statements
default to 'pass'; the timer function is platform-dependent (see
module doc string).
To measure the execution time of the first statement, use the
timeit() method. The repeat() method is a convenience to call
timeit() multiple times and return a list of results.
The statements may contain newlines, as long as they don't contain
multi-line string literals.
"""
def __init__(self, stmt="pass", setup="pass", timer=default_timer):
"""Constructor. See class doc string."""
self.timer = timer
stmt = reindent(stmt, 8)
setup = reindent(setup, 4)
src = template % {'stmt': stmt, 'setup': setup}
code = compile(src, "<src>", "exec")
ns = {}
exec code in globals(), ns
self.inner = ns["inner"]
def timeit(self, number=default_number):
"""Time 'number' executions of the main statement.
To be precise, this executes the setup statement once, and
then returns the time it takes to execute the main statement
a number of times, as a float measured in seconds. The
argument is the number of times through the loop, defaulting
to one million. The main statement, the setup statement and
the timer function to be used are passed to the constructor.
"""
return self.inner(number, self.timer)
def repeat(self, repeat=default_repeat, number=default_number):
"""Call timer() a few times.
This is a convenience function that calls the timer()
repeatedly, returning a list of results. The first argument
specifies how many times to call timer(), defaulting to 10;
the second argument specifies the timer argument, defaulting
to one million.
"""
r = []
for i in range(repeat):
t = self.timeit(number)
r.append(t)
return r
def main(args=None):
"""Main program, used when run as a script.
The optional argument specifies the command line to be parsed,
defaulting to sys.argv[1:].
The return value is an exit code to be passed to sys.exit(); it
may be None to indicate success.
"""
if args is None:
args = sys.argv[1:]
import getopt
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(args, "n:s:r:tc",
["number=", "setup=", "repeat=",
"time", "clock"])
except getopt.error, err:
print err
return 2
timer = default_timer
stmt = "\n".join(args) or "pass"
number = 0 # auto-determine
setup = "pass"
repeat = 1
for o, a in opts:
if o in ("-n", "--number"):
number = int(a)
if o in ("-s", "--setup"):
setup = a
if o in ("-r", "--repeat"):
repeat = int(a)
if repeat <= 0:
repeat = 1
if o in ("-t", "time"):
timer = time.time
if o in ("-c", "clock"):
timer = time.clock
t = Timer(stmt, setup, timer)
if number == 0:
# determine number so that 0.2 <= total time < 2.0
for i in range(1, 10):
number = 10**i
x = t.timeit(number)
if x >= 0.2:
break
r = t.repeat(repeat, number)
best = min(r)
print "%d loops," % number,
usec = best * 1e6 / number
if repeat > 1:
print "best of %d: %.3f usec" % (repeat, usec)
else:
print "time: %.3f usec" % usec
return None
if __name__ == "__main__":
sys.exit(main())
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