From 8b0facf89e4ab62580efbcf74c70f636186f1e08 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Christian Heimes Date: Tue, 4 Dec 2007 19:30:01 +0000 Subject: Merged revisions 59323-59332 via svnmerge from svn+ssh://pythondev@svn.python.org/python/trunk ........ r59324 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-04 17:10:02 +0100 (Tue, 04 Dec 2007) | 3 lines Add "Python on Unix" document, mostly written for GHOP by Shriphani Palakodety. ........ r59325 | facundo.batista | 2007-12-04 17:31:53 +0100 (Tue, 04 Dec 2007) | 3 lines fma speedup by avoiding to create a Context. Thanks Mark Dickinson. ........ r59326 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-04 17:36:20 +0100 (Tue, 04 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Added warning that make install may overwrite or masquerade the default python binary. Use make altinstall instead. A native English speaker may want to rephrase the paragraph. ;) ........ r59327 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-04 17:50:28 +0100 (Tue, 04 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Fix duplicate label and a typo. ........ r59329 | georg.brandl | 2007-12-04 18:46:27 +0100 (Tue, 04 Dec 2007) | 2 lines Add tutorial and examples to logging docs, from GHOP student "oscar8thegrouch". ........ r59332 | christian.heimes | 2007-12-04 19:43:19 +0100 (Tue, 04 Dec 2007) | 1 line These optimizations create smaller and a bit faster code on my machine. I've also disabled an optimization that may be dangerous. Intrinsic functions conflict with errno. ........ --- Doc/library/logging.rst | 605 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++- Doc/using/index.rst | 1 + Doc/using/unix.rst | 151 ++++++++++++ Doc/using/windows.rst | 3 +- Lib/decimal.py | 47 ++-- 5 files changed, 778 insertions(+), 29 deletions(-) create mode 100644 Doc/using/unix.rst diff --git a/Doc/library/logging.rst b/Doc/library/logging.rst index b8610cc..7805154 100644 --- a/Doc/library/logging.rst +++ b/Doc/library/logging.rst @@ -9,10 +9,6 @@ .. sectionauthor:: Vinay Sajip -.. % These apply to all modules, and may be given more than once: - - - .. index:: pair: Errors; logging This module defines functions and classes which implement a flexible error @@ -34,6 +30,400 @@ importance of a logged message by calling an appropriate method of constrained to use these levels: you can specify your own and use a more general :class:`Logger` method, :meth:`log`, which takes an explicit level argument. + +Logging tutorial +---------------- + +The key benefit of having the logging API provided by a standard library module +is that all Python modules can participate in logging, so your application log +can include messages from third-party modules. + +It is, of course, possible to log messages with different verbosity levels or to +different destinations. Support for writing log messages to files, HTTP +GET/POST locations, email via SMTP, generic sockets, or OS-specific logging +mechnisms are all supported by the standard module. You can also create your +own log destination class if you have special requirements not met by any of the +built-in classes. + +Simple examples +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +.. sectionauthor:: Doug Hellmann +.. (see ) + +Most applications are probably going to want to log to a file, so let's start +with that case. Using the :func:`basicConfig` function, we can set up the +default handler so that debug messages are written to a file:: + + import logging + LOG_FILENAME = '/tmp/logging_example.out' + logging.basicConfig(filename=LOG_FILENAME,level=logging.DEBUG,) + + logging.debug('This message should go to the log file') + +And now if we open the file and look at what we have, we should find the log +message:: + + DEBUG:root:This message should go to the log file + +If you run the script repeatedly, the additional log messages are appended to +the file. To create a new file each time, you can pass a filemode argument to +:func:`basicConfig` with a value of ``'w'``. Rather than managing the file size +yourself, though, it is simpler to use a :class:`RotatingFileHandler`:: + + import glob + import logging + import logging.handlers + + LOG_FILENAME = '/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out' + + # Set up a specific logger with our desired output level + my_logger = logging.getLogger('MyLogger') + my_logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + + # Add the log message handler to the logger + handler = logging.handlers.RotatingFileHandler( + LOG_FILENAME, maxBytes=20, backupCount=5) + + my_logger.addHandler(handler) + + # Log some messages + for i in range(20): + my_logger.debug('i = %d' % i) + + # See what files are created + logfiles = glob.glob('%s*' % LOG_FILENAME) + + for filename in logfiles: + print filename + +The result should be 6 separate files, each with part of the log history for the +application:: + + /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out + /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.1 + /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.2 + /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.3 + /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.4 + /tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out.5 + +The most current file is always :file:`/tmp/logging_rotatingfile_example.out`, +and each time it reaches the size limit it is renamed with the suffix +``.1``. Each of the existing backup files is renamed to increment the suffix +(``.1`` becomes ``.2``, etc.) and the ``.5`` file is erased. + +Obviously this example sets the log length much much too small as an extreme +example. You would want to set *maxBytes* to an appropriate value. + +Another useful feature of the logging API is the ability to produce different +messages at different log levels. This allows you to instrument your code with +debug messages, for example, but turning the log level down so that those debug +messages are not written for your production system. The default levels are +``CRITICAL``, ``ERROR``, ``WARNING``, ``INFO``, ``DEBUG`` and ``UNSET``. + +The logger, handler, and log message call each specify a level. The log message +is only emitted if the handler and logger are configured to emit messages of +that level or lower. For example, if a message is ``CRITICAL``, and the logger +is set to ``ERROR``, the message is emitted. If a message is a ``WARNING``, and +the logger is set to produce only ``ERROR``\s, the message is not emitted:: + + import logging + import sys + + LEVELS = {'debug': logging.DEBUG, + 'info': logging.INFO, + 'warning': logging.WARNING, + 'error': logging.ERROR, + 'critical': logging.CRITICAL} + + if len(sys.argv) > 1: + level_name = sys.argv[1] + level = LEVELS.get(level_name, logging.NOTSET) + logging.basicConfig(level=level) + + logging.debug('This is a debug message') + logging.info('This is an info message') + logging.warning('This is a warning message') + logging.error('This is an error message') + logging.critical('This is a critical error message') + +Run the script with an argument like 'debug' or 'warning' to see which messages +show up at different levels:: + + $ python logging_level_example.py debug + DEBUG:root:This is a debug message + INFO:root:This is an info message + WARNING:root:This is a warning message + ERROR:root:This is an error message + CRITICAL:root:This is a critical error message + + $ python logging_level_example.py info + INFO:root:This is an info message + WARNING:root:This is a warning message + ERROR:root:This is an error message + CRITICAL:root:This is a critical error message + +You will notice that these log messages all have ``root`` embedded in them. The +logging module supports a hierarchy of loggers with different names. An easy +way to tell where a specific log message comes from is to use a separate logger +object for each of your modules. Each new logger "inherits" the configuration +of its parent, and log messages sent to a logger include the name of that +logger. Optionally, each logger can be configured differently, so that messages +from different modules are handled in different ways. Let's look at a simple +example of how to log from different modules so it is easy to trace the source +of the message:: + + import logging + + logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARNING) + + logger1 = logging.getLogger('package1.module1') + logger2 = logging.getLogger('package2.module2') + + logger1.warning('This message comes from one module') + logger2.warning('And this message comes from another module') + +And the output:: + + $ python logging_modules_example.py + WARNING:package1.module1:This message comes from one module + WARNING:package2.module2:And this message comes from another module + +There are many more options for configuring logging, including different log +message formatting options, having messages delivered to multiple destinations, +and changing the configuration of a long-running application on the fly using a +socket interface. All of these options are covered in depth in the library +module documentation. + +Loggers +^^^^^^^ + +The logging library takes a modular approach and offers the several categories +of components: loggers, handlers, filters, and formatters. Loggers expose the +interface that application code directly uses. Handlers send the log records to +the appropriate destination. Filters provide a finer grained facility for +determining which log records to send on to a handler. Formatters specify the +layout of the resultant log record. + +:class:`Logger` objects have a threefold job. First, they expose several +methods to application code so that applications can log messages at runtime. +Second, logger objects determine which log messages to act upon based upon +severity (the default filtering facility) or filter objects. Third, logger +objects pass along relevant log messages to all interested log handlers. + +The most widely used methods on logger objects fall into two categories: +configuration and message sending. + +* :meth:`Logger.setLevel` specifies the lowest-severity log message a logger + will handle, where debug is the lowest built-in severity level and critical is + the highest built-in severity. For example, if the severity level is info, + the logger will handle only info, warning, error, and critical messages and + will ignore debug messages. + +* :meth:`Logger.addFilter` and :meth:`Logger.removeFilter` add and remove filter + objects from the logger object. This tutorial does not address filters. + +With the logger object configured, the following methods create log messages: + +* :meth:`Logger.debug`, :meth:`Logger.info`, :meth:`Logger.warning`, + :meth:`Logger.error`, and :meth:`Logger.critical` all create log records with + a message and a level that corresponds to their respective method names. The + message is actually a format string, which may contain the standard string + substitution syntax of :const:`%s`, :const:`%d`, :const:`%f`, and so on. The + rest of their arguments is a list of objects that correspond with the + substitution fields in the message. With regard to :const:`**kwargs`, the + logging methods care only about a keyword of :const:`exc_info` and use it to + determine whether to log exception information. + +* :meth:`Logger.exception` creates a log message similar to + :meth:`Logger.error`. The difference is that :meth:`Logger.exception` dumps a + stack trace along with it. Call this method only from an exception handler. + +* :meth:`Logger.log` takes a log level as an explicit argument. This is a + little more verbose for logging messages than using the log level convenience + methods listed above, but this is how to log at custom log levels. + +:func:`getLogger` returns a reference to a logger instance with a name of name +if a name is provided, or root if not. The names are period-separated +hierarchical structures. Multiple calls to :func:`getLogger` with the same name +will return a reference to the same logger object. Loggers that are further +down in the hierarchical list are children of loggers higher up in the list. +For example, given a logger with a name of ``foo``, loggers with names of +``foo.bar``, ``foo.bar.baz``, and ``foo.bam`` are all children of ``foo``. +Child loggers propagate messages up to their parent loggers. Because of this, +it is unnecessary to define and configure all the loggers an application uses. +It is sufficient to configure a top-level logger and create child loggers as +needed. + + +Handlers +^^^^^^^^ + +:class:`Handler` objects are responsible for dispatching the appropriate log +messages (based on the log messages' severity) to the handler's specified +destination. Logger objects can add zero or more handler objects to themselves +with an :func:`addHandler` method. As an example scenario, an application may +want to send all log messages to a log file, all log messages of error or higher +to stdout, and all messages of critical to an email address. This scenario +requires three individual handlers where each hander is responsible for sending +messages of a specific severity to a specific location. + +The standard library includes quite a few handler types; this tutorial uses only +:class:`StreamHandler` and :class:`FileHandler` in its examples. + +There are very few methods in a handler for application developers to concern +themselves with. The only handler methods that seem relevant for application +developers who are using the built-in handler objects (that is, not creating +custom handlers) are the following configuration methods: + +* The :meth:`Handler.setLevel` method, just as in logger objects, specifies the + lowest severity that will be dispatched to the appropriate destination. Why + are there two :func:`setLevel` methods? The level set in the logger + determines which severity of messages it will pass to its handlers. The level + set in each handler determines which messages that handler will send on. + :func:`setFormatter` selects a Formatter object for this handler to use. + +* :func:`addFilter` and :func:`removeFilter` respectively configure and + deconfigure filter objects on handlers. + +Application code should not directly instantiate and use handlers. Instead, the +:class:`Handler` class is a base class that defines the interface that all +Handlers should have and establishes some default behavior that child classes +can use (or override). + + +Formatters +^^^^^^^^^^ + +Formatter objects configure the final order, structure, and contents of the log +message. Unlike the base logging.Handler class, application code may +instantiate formatter classes, although you could likely subclass the formatter +if your application needs special behavior. The constructor takes two optional +arguments: a message format string and a date format string. If there is no +message format string, the default is to use the raw message. If there is no +date format string, the default date format is:: + + %Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S + +with the milliseconds tacked on at the end. + +The message format string uses ``%()s`` styled string +substitution; the possible keys are documented in :ref:`formatter-objects`. + +The following message format string will log the time in a human-readable +format, the severity of the message, and the contents of the message, in that +order:: + + "%(asctime)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s" + + +Configuring Logging +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Programmers can configure logging either by creating loggers, handlers, and +formatters explicitly in a main module with the configuration methods listed +above (using Python code), or by creating a logging config file. The following +code is an example of configuring a very simple logger, a console handler, and a +simple formatter in a Python module:: + + import logging + + # create logger + logger = logging.getLogger("simple_example") + logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + # create console handler and set level to debug + ch = logging.StreamHandler() + ch.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + # create formatter + formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s") + # add formatter to ch + ch.setFormatter(formatter) + # add ch to logger + logger.addHandler(ch) + + # "application" code + logger.debug("debug message") + logger.info("info message") + logger.warn("warn message") + logger.error("error message") + logger.critical("critical message") + +Running this module from the command line produces the following output:: + + $ python simple_logging_module.py + 2005-03-19 15:10:26,618 - simple_example - DEBUG - debug message + 2005-03-19 15:10:26,620 - simple_example - INFO - info message + 2005-03-19 15:10:26,695 - simple_example - WARNING - warn message + 2005-03-19 15:10:26,697 - simple_example - ERROR - error message + 2005-03-19 15:10:26,773 - simple_example - CRITICAL - critical message + +The following Python module creates a logger, handler, and formatter nearly +identical to those in the example listed above, with the only difference being +the names of the objects:: + + import logging + import logging.config + + logging.config.fileConfig("logging.conf") + + # create logger + logger = logging.getLogger("simpleExample") + + # "application" code + logger.debug("debug message") + logger.info("info message") + logger.warn("warn message") + logger.error("error message") + logger.critical("critical message") + +Here is the logging.conf file:: + + [loggers] + keys=root,simpleExample + + [handlers] + keys=consoleHandler + + [formatters] + keys=simpleFormatter + + [logger_root] + level=DEBUG + handlers=consoleHandler + + [logger_simpleExample] + level=DEBUG + handlers=consoleHandler + qualname=simpleExample + propagate=0 + + [handler_consoleHandler] + class=StreamHandler + level=DEBUG + formatter=simpleFormatter + args=(sys.stdout,) + + [formatter_simpleFormatter] + format=%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s + datefmt= + +The output is nearly identical to that of the non-config-file-based example:: + + $ python simple_logging_config.py + 2005-03-19 15:38:55,977 - simpleExample - DEBUG - debug message + 2005-03-19 15:38:55,979 - simpleExample - INFO - info message + 2005-03-19 15:38:56,054 - simpleExample - WARNING - warn message + 2005-03-19 15:38:56,055 - simpleExample - ERROR - error message + 2005-03-19 15:38:56,130 - simpleExample - CRITICAL - critical message + +You can see that the config file approach has a few advantages over the Python +code approach, mainly separation of configuration and code and the ability of +noncoders to easily modify the logging properties. + + +Logging Levels +-------------- + The numeric values of logging levels are given in the following table. These are primarily of interest if you want to define your own levels, and need them to have specific values relative to the predefined levels. If you define a level @@ -1446,6 +1836,8 @@ supports sending logging messages to a Web server, using either ``GET`` or Sends the record to the Web server as an URL-encoded dictionary. +.. _formatter-objects: + Formatter Objects ----------------- @@ -1654,15 +2046,17 @@ in :mod:`logging` itself) and defining handlers which are declared either in sent as a file suitable for processing by :func:`fileConfig`. Returns a :class:`Thread` instance on which you can call :meth:`start` to start the server, and which you can :meth:`join` when appropriate. To stop the server, - call :func:`stopListening`. To send a configuration to the socket, read in the - configuration file and send it to the socket as a string of bytes preceded by a - four-byte length packed in binary using struct.\ ``pack('>L', n)``. + call :func:`stopListening`. + + To send a configuration to the socket, read in the configuration file and + send it to the socket as a string of bytes preceded by a four-byte length + string packed in binary using ``struct.pack('>L', n)``. .. function:: stopListening() - Stops the listening server which was created with a call to :func:`listen`. This - is typically called before calling :meth:`join` on the return value from + Stops the listening server which was created with a call to :func:`listen`. + This is typically called before calling :meth:`join` on the return value from :func:`listen`. @@ -1671,8 +2065,6 @@ in :mod:`logging` itself) and defining handlers which are declared either in Configuration file format ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ -.. % - The configuration file format understood by :func:`fileConfig` is based on ConfigParser functionality. The file must contain sections called ``[loggers]``, ``[handlers]`` and ``[formatters]`` which identify by name the entities of each @@ -1825,3 +2217,194 @@ The ``class`` entry is optional. It indicates the name of the formatter's class :class:`Formatter` subclass. Subclasses of :class:`Formatter` can present exception tracebacks in an expanded or condensed format. + +Configuration server example +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Here is an example of a module using the logging configuration server:: + + import logging + import logging.config + import time + import os + + # read initial config file + logging.config.fileConfig("logging.conf") + + # create and start listener on port 9999 + t = logging.config.listen(9999) + t.start() + + logger = logging.getLogger("simpleExample") + + try: + # loop through logging calls to see the difference + # new configurations make, until Ctrl+C is pressed + while True: + logger.debug("debug message") + logger.info("info message") + logger.warn("warn message") + logger.error("error message") + logger.critical("critical message") + time.sleep(5) + except KeyboardInterrupt: + # cleanup + logging.config.stopListening() + t.join() + +And here is a script that takes a filename and sends that file to the server, +properly preceded with the binary-encoded length, as the new logging +configuration:: + + #!/usr/bin/env python + import socket, sys, struct + + data_to_send = open(sys.argv[1], "r").read() + + HOST = 'localhost' + PORT = 9999 + s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM) + print "connecting..." + s.connect((HOST, PORT)) + print "sending config..." + s.send(struct.pack(">L", len(data_to_send))) + s.send(data_to_send) + s.close() + print "complete" + + +More examples +------------- + +Multiple handlers and formatters +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +Loggers are plain Python objects. The :func:`addHandler` method has no minimum +or maximum quota for the number of handlers you may add. Sometimes it will be +beneficial for an application to log all messages of all severities to a text +file while simultaneously logging errors or above to the console. To set this +up, simply configure the appropriate handlers. The logging calls in the +application code will remain unchanged. Here is a slight modification to the +previous simple module-based configuration example:: + + import logging + + logger = logging.getLogger("simple_example") + logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + # create file handler which logs even debug messages + fh = logging.FileHandler("spam.log") + fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + # create console handler with a higher log level + ch = logging.StreamHandler() + ch.setLevel(logging.ERROR) + # create formatter and add it to the handlers + formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s") + ch.setFormatter(formatter) + fh.setFormatter(formatter) + # add the handlers to logger + logger.addHandler(ch) + logger.addHandler(fh) + + # "application" code + logger.debug("debug message") + logger.info("info message") + logger.warn("warn message") + logger.error("error message") + logger.critical("critical message") + +Notice that the "application" code does not care about multiple handlers. All +that changed was the addition and configuration of a new handler named *fh*. + +The ability to create new handlers with higher- or lower-severity filters can be +very helpful when writing and testing an application. Instead of using many +``print`` statements for debugging, use ``logger.debug``: Unlike the print +statements, which you will have to delete or comment out later, the logger.debug +statements can remain intact in the source code and remain dormant until you +need them again. At that time, the only change that needs to happen is to +modify the severity level of the logger and/or handler to debug. + + +Using logging in multiple modules +^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ + +It was mentioned above that multiple calls to +``logging.getLogger('someLogger')`` return a reference to the same logger +object. This is true not only within the same module, but also across modules +as long as it is in the same Python interpreter process. It is true for +references to the same object; additionally, application code can define and +configure a parent logger in one module and create (but not configure) a child +logger in a separate module, and all logger calls to the child will pass up to +the parent. Here is a main module:: + + import logging + import auxiliary_module + + # create logger with "spam_application" + logger = logging.getLogger("spam_application") + logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + # create file handler which logs even debug messages + fh = logging.FileHandler("spam.log") + fh.setLevel(logging.DEBUG) + # create console handler with a higher log level + ch = logging.StreamHandler() + ch.setLevel(logging.ERROR) + # create formatter and add it to the handlers + formatter = logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s") + fh.setFormatter(formatter) + ch.setFormatter(formatter) + # add the handlers to the logger + logger.addHandler(fh) + logger.addHandler(ch) + + logger.info("creating an instance of auxiliary_module.Auxiliary") + a = auxiliary_module.Auxiliary() + logger.info("created an instance of auxiliary_module.Auxiliary") + logger.info("calling auxiliary_module.Auxiliary.do_something") + a.do_something() + logger.info("finished auxiliary_module.Auxiliary.do_something") + logger.info("calling auxiliary_module.some_function()") + auxiliary_module.some_function() + logger.info("done with auxiliary_module.some_function()") + +Here is the auxiliary module:: + + import logging + + # create logger + module_logger = logging.getLogger("spam_application.auxiliary") + + class Auxiliary: + def __init__(self): + self.logger = logging.getLogger("spam_application.auxiliary.Auxiliary") + self.logger.info("creating an instance of Auxiliary") + def do_something(self): + self.logger.info("doing something") + a = 1 + 1 + self.logger.info("done doing something") + + def some_function(): + module_logger.info("received a call to \"some_function\"") + +The output looks like this:: + + 2005-03-23 23:47:11,663 - spam_application - INFO - + creating an instance of auxiliary_module.Auxiliary + 2005-03-23 23:47:11,665 - spam_application.auxiliary.Auxiliary - INFO - + creating an instance of Auxiliary + 2005-03-23 23:47:11,665 - spam_application - INFO - + created an instance of auxiliary_module.Auxiliary + 2005-03-23 23:47:11,668 - spam_application - INFO - + calling auxiliary_module.Auxiliary.do_something + 2005-03-23 23:47:11,668 - spam_application.auxiliary.Auxiliary - INFO - + doing something + 2005-03-23 23:47:11,669 - spam_application.auxiliary.Auxiliary - INFO - + done doing something + 2005-03-23 23:47:11,670 - spam_application - INFO - + finished auxiliary_module.Auxiliary.do_something + 2005-03-23 23:47:11,671 - spam_application - INFO - + calling auxiliary_module.some_function() + 2005-03-23 23:47:11,672 - spam_application.auxiliary - INFO - + received a call to "some_function" + 2005-03-23 23:47:11,673 - spam_application - INFO - + done with auxiliary_module.some_function() + diff --git a/Doc/using/index.rst b/Doc/using/index.rst index e2fa4b4..ac5fd3c 100644 --- a/Doc/using/index.rst +++ b/Doc/using/index.rst @@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ interpreter and things that make working with Python easier. .. toctree:: cmdline.rst + unix.rst windows.rst mac.rst diff --git a/Doc/using/unix.rst b/Doc/using/unix.rst new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc99a62 --- /dev/null +++ b/Doc/using/unix.rst @@ -0,0 +1,151 @@ +.. highlightlang:: none + +.. _using-on-unix: + +******************************** + Using Python on Unix platforms +******************************** + +.. sectionauthor:: Shriphani Palakodety + + +Getting and installing the latest version of Python +=================================================== + +On Linux +-------- + +Python comes preinstalled on most Linux distributions, and is available as a +package on all others. However there are certain features you might want to use +that are not available on your distro's package. You can easily compile the +latest version of Python from source. + +In the event Python doesn't come preinstalled and isn't in the repositories as +well, you can easily make packages for your own distro. Have a look at the +following links: + +.. seealso:: + + http://www.linux.com/articles/60383 + for Debian users + http://linuxmafia.com/pub/linux/suse-linux-internals/chapter35.html + for OpenSuse users + http://docs.fedoraproject.org/drafts/rpm-guide-en/ch-creating-rpms.html + for Fedora users + http://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management-making-packages.html + for Slackware users + + +On FreeBSD and OpenBSD +---------------------- + +* FreeBSD users, to add the package use:: + + pkg_add -r python + +* OpenBSD users use:: + + pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages//python-.tgz + + For example i386 users get the 2.5.1 version of Python using:: + + pkg_add ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/4.2/packages/i386/python-2.5.1p2.tgz + + +On OpenSolaris +-------------- + +To install the newest Python versions on OpenSolaris, install blastwave +(http://www.blastwave.org/howto.html) and type "pkg_get -i python" at the +prompt. + + +Building Python +=============== + +If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the +`source `_. You can download either the +latest release's source or just grab a fresh `checkout +`_. + +The build process consists the usual :: + + ./configure + make + make install + +invocations. Configuration options and caveats for specific Unix platforms are +extensively documented in the :file:`README` file in the root of the Python +source tree. + +.. warning:: + + ``make install`` can overwrite or masquerade the :file:`python` binary. + ``make altinstall`` is therefore recommended instead of ``make install`` + since it only installs :file:`{exec_prefix}/bin/python{version}`. + + +Python-related paths and files +============================== + +These are subject to difference depending on local installation conventions; +:envvar:`prefix` (``${prefix}``) and :envvar:`exec_prefix` (``${exec_prefix}``) +are installation-dependent and should be interpreted as for GNU software; they +may be the same. + +For example, on most Linux systems, the default for both is :file:`/usr`. + ++-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+ +| File/directory | Meaning | ++===============================================+==========================================+ +| :file:`{exec_prefix}/bin/python` | Recommended location of the interpreter. | ++-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+ +| :file:`{prefix}/lib/python{version}`, | Recommended locations of the directories | +| :file:`{exec_prefix}/lib/python{version}` | containing the standard modules. | ++-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+ +| :file:`{prefix}/include/python{version}`, | Recommended locations of the directories | +| :file:`{exec_prefix}/include/python{version}` | containing the include files needed for | +| | developing Python extensions and | +| | embedding the interpreter. | ++-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+ +| :file:`~/.pythonrc.py` | User-specific initialization file loaded | +| | by the user module; not used by default | +| | or by most applications. | ++-----------------------------------------------+------------------------------------------+ + + +Miscellaneous +============= + +To easily use Python scripts on Unix, you need to make them executable, +e.g. with :: + + $ chmod +x script + +and put an appropriate Shebang line at the top of the script. A good choice is +usually :: + + #!/usr/bin/env python + +which searches for the Python interpreter in the whole :envvar:`PATH`. However, +some Unices may not have the :program:`env` command, so you may need to hardcode +``/usr/bin/python`` as the interpreter path. + +To use shell commands in your python scripts, look at the :mod:`subprocess` module. + + +Editors +======= + +Vim and Emacs are excellent editors which support Python very well. For more +information on how to code in python in these editors, look at: + +http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=790 +http://sourceforge.net/projects/python-mode + +Geany is an excellent IDE with support for a lot of languages. For more +information, read: http://geany.uvena.de/ + +Komodo edit is another extremely good IDE. It also has support for a lot of +languages. For more information, read: +http://www.activestate.com/store/productdetail.aspx?prdGuid=20f4ed15-6684-4118-a78b-d37ff4058c5f diff --git a/Doc/using/windows.rst b/Doc/using/windows.rst index db83605..9f549fa 100644 --- a/Doc/using/windows.rst +++ b/Doc/using/windows.rst @@ -260,8 +260,7 @@ Compiling Python on Windows If you want to compile CPython yourself, first thing you should do is get the `source `_. You can download either the latest release's source or just grab a fresh `checkout -`_. +`_. For Microsoft Visual C++, which is the compiler with which official Python releases are built, the source tree contains solutions/project files. View the diff --git a/Lib/decimal.py b/Lib/decimal.py index 39ce582..7f95768 100644 --- a/Lib/decimal.py +++ b/Lib/decimal.py @@ -1646,24 +1646,39 @@ class Decimal(object): """ other = _convert_other(other, raiseit=True) - third = _convert_other(third, raiseit=True) - - if context is None: - context = getcontext() - - # do self*other in fresh context with no traps and no rounding - mul_context = Context(traps=[], flags=[], - _rounding_decision=NEVER_ROUND) - product = self.__mul__(other, mul_context) - if mul_context.flags[InvalidOperation]: - # reraise in current context - return context._raise_error(InvalidOperation, - 'invalid multiplication in fma', - 1, product) + # compute product; raise InvalidOperation if either operand is + # a signaling NaN or if the product is zero times infinity. + if self._is_special or other._is_special: + if context is None: + context = getcontext() + if self._exp == 'N': + return context._raise_error(InvalidOperation, 'sNaN', + 1, self) + if other._exp == 'N': + return context._raise_error(InvalidOperation, 'sNaN', + 1, other) + if self._exp == 'n': + product = self + elif other._exp == 'n': + product = other + elif self._exp == 'F': + if not other: + return context._raise_error(InvalidOperation, + 'INF * 0 in fma') + product = Infsign[self._sign ^ other._sign] + elif other._exp == 'F': + if not self: + return context._raise_error(InvalidOperation, + '0 * INF in fma') + product = Infsign[self._sign ^ other._sign] + else: + product = _dec_from_triple(self._sign ^ other._sign, + str(int(self._int) * int(other._int)), + self._exp + other._exp) - ans = product.__add__(third, context) - return ans + third = _convert_other(third, raiseit=True) + return product.__add__(third, context) def _power_modulo(self, other, modulo, context=None): """Three argument version of __pow__""" -- cgit v0.12 1034 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 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/* New getargs implementation */

#include "Python.h"
#include "pycore_tupleobject.h"

#include <ctype.h>
#include <float.h>


#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif
int PyArg_Parse(PyObject *, const char *, ...);
int PyArg_ParseTuple(PyObject *, const char *, ...);
int PyArg_VaParse(PyObject *, const char *, va_list);

int PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                                const char *, char **, ...);
int PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                                const char *, char **, va_list);

int _PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywordsFast(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                                            struct _PyArg_Parser *, ...);
int _PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywordsFast(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                                            struct _PyArg_Parser *, va_list);

#ifdef HAVE_DECLSPEC_DLL
/* Export functions */
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyArg_Parse_SizeT(PyObject *, const char *, ...);
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyArg_ParseStack_SizeT(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs,
                                        const char *format, ...);
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyArg_ParseStackAndKeywords_SizeT(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs,
                                        PyObject *kwnames,
                                        struct _PyArg_Parser *parser, ...);
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyArg_ParseTuple_SizeT(PyObject *, const char *, ...);
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords_SizeT(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                                                  const char *, char **, ...);
PyAPI_FUNC(PyObject *) _Py_BuildValue_SizeT(const char *, ...);
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyArg_VaParse_SizeT(PyObject *, const char *, va_list);
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords_SizeT(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                                              const char *, char **, va_list);

PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywordsFast_SizeT(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                                            struct _PyArg_Parser *, ...);
PyAPI_FUNC(int) _PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywordsFast_SizeT(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                                            struct _PyArg_Parser *, va_list);
#endif

#define FLAG_COMPAT 1
#define FLAG_SIZE_T 2

typedef int (*destr_t)(PyObject *, void *);


/* Keep track of "objects" that have been allocated or initialized and
   which will need to be deallocated or cleaned up somehow if overall
   parsing fails.
*/
typedef struct {
  void *item;
  destr_t destructor;
} freelistentry_t;

typedef struct {
  freelistentry_t *entries;
  int first_available;
  int entries_malloced;
} freelist_t;

#define STATIC_FREELIST_ENTRIES 8

/* Forward */
static int vgetargs1_impl(PyObject *args, PyObject *const *stack, Py_ssize_t nargs,
                          const char *format, va_list *p_va, int flags);
static int vgetargs1(PyObject *, const char *, va_list *, int);
static void seterror(Py_ssize_t, const char *, int *, const char *, const char *);
static const char *convertitem(PyObject *, const char **, va_list *, int, int *,
                               char *, size_t, freelist_t *);
static const char *converttuple(PyObject *, const char **, va_list *, int,
                                int *, char *, size_t, int, freelist_t *);
static const char *convertsimple(PyObject *, const char **, va_list *, int,
                                 char *, size_t, freelist_t *);
static Py_ssize_t convertbuffer(PyObject *, const void **p, const char **);
static int getbuffer(PyObject *, Py_buffer *, const char**);

static int vgetargskeywords(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                            const char *, char **, va_list *, int);
static int vgetargskeywordsfast(PyObject *, PyObject *,
                            struct _PyArg_Parser *, va_list *, int);
static int vgetargskeywordsfast_impl(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs,
                          PyObject *keywords, PyObject *kwnames,
                          struct _PyArg_Parser *parser,
                          va_list *p_va, int flags);
static const char *skipitem(const char **, va_list *, int);

int
PyArg_Parse(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, format);
    retval = vgetargs1(args, format, &va, FLAG_COMPAT);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_Parse_SizeT(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, format);
    retval = vgetargs1(args, format, &va, FLAG_COMPAT|FLAG_SIZE_T);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}


int
PyArg_ParseTuple(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, format);
    retval = vgetargs1(args, format, &va, 0);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_ParseTuple_SizeT(PyObject *args, const char *format, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, format);
    retval = vgetargs1(args, format, &va, FLAG_SIZE_T);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}


int
_PyArg_ParseStack(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, const char *format, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, format);
    retval = vgetargs1_impl(NULL, args, nargs, format, &va, 0);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_ParseStack_SizeT(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, const char *format, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, format);
    retval = vgetargs1_impl(NULL, args, nargs, format, &va, FLAG_SIZE_T);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}


int
PyArg_VaParse(PyObject *args, const char *format, va_list va)
{
    va_list lva;
    int retval;

    va_copy(lva, va);

    retval = vgetargs1(args, format, &lva, 0);
    va_end(lva);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_VaParse_SizeT(PyObject *args, const char *format, va_list va)
{
    va_list lva;
    int retval;

    va_copy(lva, va);

    retval = vgetargs1(args, format, &lva, FLAG_SIZE_T);
    va_end(lva);
    return retval;
}


/* Handle cleanup of allocated memory in case of exception */

static int
cleanup_ptr(PyObject *self, void *ptr)
{
    if (ptr) {
        PyMem_FREE(ptr);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
cleanup_buffer(PyObject *self, void *ptr)
{
    Py_buffer *buf = (Py_buffer *)ptr;
    if (buf) {
        PyBuffer_Release(buf);
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
addcleanup(void *ptr, freelist_t *freelist, destr_t destructor)
{
    int index;

    index = freelist->first_available;
    freelist->first_available += 1;

    freelist->entries[index].item = ptr;
    freelist->entries[index].destructor = destructor;

    return 0;
}

static int
cleanreturn(int retval, freelist_t *freelist)
{
    int index;

    if (retval == 0) {
      /* A failure occurred, therefore execute all of the cleanup
         functions.
      */
      for (index = 0; index < freelist->first_available; ++index) {
          freelist->entries[index].destructor(NULL,
                                              freelist->entries[index].item);
      }
    }
    if (freelist->entries_malloced)
        PyMem_FREE(freelist->entries);
    return retval;
}


static int
vgetargs1_impl(PyObject *compat_args, PyObject *const *stack, Py_ssize_t nargs, const char *format,
               va_list *p_va, int flags)
{
    char msgbuf[256];
    int levels[32];
    const char *fname = NULL;
    const char *message = NULL;
    int min = -1;
    int max = 0;
    int level = 0;
    int endfmt = 0;
    const char *formatsave = format;
    Py_ssize_t i;
    const char *msg;
    int compat = flags & FLAG_COMPAT;
    freelistentry_t static_entries[STATIC_FREELIST_ENTRIES];
    freelist_t freelist;

    assert(nargs == 0 || stack != NULL);

    freelist.entries = static_entries;
    freelist.first_available = 0;
    freelist.entries_malloced = 0;

    flags = flags & ~FLAG_COMPAT;

    while (endfmt == 0) {
        int c = *format++;
        switch (c) {
        case '(':
            if (level == 0)
                max++;
            level++;
            if (level >= 30)
                Py_FatalError("too many tuple nesting levels "
                              "in argument format string");
            break;
        case ')':
            if (level == 0)
                Py_FatalError("excess ')' in getargs format");
            else
                level--;
            break;
        case '\0':
            endfmt = 1;
            break;
        case ':':
            fname = format;
            endfmt = 1;
            break;
        case ';':
            message = format;
            endfmt = 1;
            break;
        case '|':
            if (level == 0)
                min = max;
            break;
        default:
            if (level == 0) {
                if (Py_ISALPHA(c))
                    if (c != 'e') /* skip encoded */
                        max++;
            }
            break;
        }
    }

    if (level != 0)
        Py_FatalError(/* '(' */ "missing ')' in getargs format");

    if (min < 0)
        min = max;

    format = formatsave;

    if (max > STATIC_FREELIST_ENTRIES) {
        freelist.entries = PyMem_NEW(freelistentry_t, max);
        if (freelist.entries == NULL) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return 0;
        }
        freelist.entries_malloced = 1;
    }

    if (compat) {
        if (max == 0) {
            if (compat_args == NULL)
                return 1;
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "%.200s%s takes no arguments",
                         fname==NULL ? "function" : fname,
                         fname==NULL ? "" : "()");
            return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
        }
        else if (min == 1 && max == 1) {
            if (compat_args == NULL) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                             "%.200s%s takes at least one argument",
                             fname==NULL ? "function" : fname,
                             fname==NULL ? "" : "()");
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
            msg = convertitem(compat_args, &format, p_va, flags, levels,
                              msgbuf, sizeof(msgbuf), &freelist);
            if (msg == NULL)
                return cleanreturn(1, &freelist);
            seterror(levels[0], msg, levels+1, fname, message);
            return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
        }
        else {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                "old style getargs format uses new features");
            return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
        }
    }

    if (nargs < min || max < nargs) {
        if (message == NULL)
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "%.150s%s takes %s %d argument%s (%zd given)",
                         fname==NULL ? "function" : fname,
                         fname==NULL ? "" : "()",
                         min==max ? "exactly"
                         : nargs < min ? "at least" : "at most",
                         nargs < min ? min : max,
                         (nargs < min ? min : max) == 1 ? "" : "s",
                         nargs);
        else
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, message);
        return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
    }

    for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
        if (*format == '|')
            format++;
        msg = convertitem(stack[i], &format, p_va,
                          flags, levels, msgbuf,
                          sizeof(msgbuf), &freelist);
        if (msg) {
            seterror(i+1, msg, levels, fname, message);
            return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
        }
    }

    if (*format != '\0' && !Py_ISALPHA(*format) &&
        *format != '(' &&
        *format != '|' && *format != ':' && *format != ';') {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                     "bad format string: %.200s", formatsave);
        return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
    }

    return cleanreturn(1, &freelist);
}

static int
vgetargs1(PyObject *args, const char *format, va_list *p_va, int flags)
{
    PyObject **stack;
    Py_ssize_t nargs;

    if (!(flags & FLAG_COMPAT)) {
        assert(args != NULL);

        if (!PyTuple_Check(args)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                "new style getargs format but argument is not a tuple");
            return 0;
        }

        stack = _PyTuple_ITEMS(args);
        nargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
    }
    else {
        stack = NULL;
        nargs = 0;
    }

    return vgetargs1_impl(args, stack, nargs, format, p_va, flags);
}


static void
seterror(Py_ssize_t iarg, const char *msg, int *levels, const char *fname,
         const char *message)
{
    char buf[512];
    int i;
    char *p = buf;

    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return;
    else if (message == NULL) {
        if (fname != NULL) {
            PyOS_snprintf(p, sizeof(buf), "%.200s() ", fname);
            p += strlen(p);
        }
        if (iarg != 0) {
            PyOS_snprintf(p, sizeof(buf) - (p - buf),
                          "argument %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d", iarg);
            i = 0;
            p += strlen(p);
            while (i < 32 && levels[i] > 0 && (int)(p-buf) < 220) {
                PyOS_snprintf(p, sizeof(buf) - (p - buf),
                              ", item %d", levels[i]-1);
                p += strlen(p);
                i++;
            }
        }
        else {
            PyOS_snprintf(p, sizeof(buf) - (p - buf), "argument");
            p += strlen(p);
        }
        PyOS_snprintf(p, sizeof(buf) - (p - buf), " %.256s", msg);
        message = buf;
    }
    if (msg[0] == '(') {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError, message);
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, message);
    }
}


/* Convert a tuple argument.
   On entry, *p_format points to the character _after_ the opening '('.
   On successful exit, *p_format points to the closing ')'.
   If successful:
      *p_format and *p_va are updated,
      *levels and *msgbuf are untouched,
      and NULL is returned.
   If the argument is invalid:
      *p_format is unchanged,
      *p_va is undefined,
      *levels is a 0-terminated list of item numbers,
      *msgbuf contains an error message, whose format is:
     "must be <typename1>, not <typename2>", where:
        <typename1> is the name of the expected type, and
        <typename2> is the name of the actual type,
      and msgbuf is returned.
*/

static const char *
converttuple(PyObject *arg, const char **p_format, va_list *p_va, int flags,
             int *levels, char *msgbuf, size_t bufsize, int toplevel,
             freelist_t *freelist)
{
    int level = 0;
    int n = 0;
    const char *format = *p_format;
    int i;
    Py_ssize_t len;

    for (;;) {
        int c = *format++;
        if (c == '(') {
            if (level == 0)
                n++;
            level++;
        }
        else if (c == ')') {
            if (level == 0)
                break;
            level--;
        }
        else if (c == ':' || c == ';' || c == '\0')
            break;
        else if (level == 0 && Py_ISALPHA(c))
            n++;
    }

    if (!PySequence_Check(arg) || PyBytes_Check(arg)) {
        levels[0] = 0;
        PyOS_snprintf(msgbuf, bufsize,
                      toplevel ? "expected %d arguments, not %.50s" :
                      "must be %d-item sequence, not %.50s",
                  n,
                  arg == Py_None ? "None" : Py_TYPE(arg)->tp_name);
        return msgbuf;
    }

    len = PySequence_Size(arg);
    if (len != n) {
        levels[0] = 0;
        if (toplevel) {
            PyOS_snprintf(msgbuf, bufsize,
                          "expected %d argument%s, not %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d",
                          n,
                          n == 1 ? "" : "s",
                          len);
        }
        else {
            PyOS_snprintf(msgbuf, bufsize,
                          "must be sequence of length %d, "
                          "not %" PY_FORMAT_SIZE_T "d",
                          n, len);
        }
        return msgbuf;
    }

    format = *p_format;
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        const char *msg;
        PyObject *item;
        item = PySequence_GetItem(arg, i);
        if (item == NULL) {
            PyErr_Clear();
            levels[0] = i+1;
            levels[1] = 0;
            strncpy(msgbuf, "is not retrievable", bufsize);
            return msgbuf;
        }
        msg = convertitem(item, &format, p_va, flags, levels+1,
                          msgbuf, bufsize, freelist);
        /* PySequence_GetItem calls tp->sq_item, which INCREFs */
        Py_XDECREF(item);
        if (msg != NULL) {
            levels[0] = i+1;
            return msg;
        }
    }

    *p_format = format;
    return NULL;
}


/* Convert a single item. */

static const char *
convertitem(PyObject *arg, const char **p_format, va_list *p_va, int flags,
            int *levels, char *msgbuf, size_t bufsize, freelist_t *freelist)
{
    const char *msg;
    const char *format = *p_format;

    if (*format == '(' /* ')' */) {
        format++;
        msg = converttuple(arg, &format, p_va, flags, levels, msgbuf,
                           bufsize, 0, freelist);
        if (msg == NULL)
            format++;
    }
    else {
        msg = convertsimple(arg, &format, p_va, flags,
                            msgbuf, bufsize, freelist);
        if (msg != NULL)
            levels[0] = 0;
    }
    if (msg == NULL)
        *p_format = format;
    return msg;
}



/* Format an error message generated by convertsimple().
   displayname must be UTF-8 encoded.
*/

void
_PyArg_BadArgument(const char *fname, const char *displayname,
                   const char *expected, PyObject *arg)
{
    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                 "%.200s() %.200s must be %.50s, not %.50s",
                 fname, displayname, expected,
                 arg == Py_None ? "None" : Py_TYPE(arg)->tp_name);
}

static const char *
converterr(const char *expected, PyObject *arg, char *msgbuf, size_t bufsize)
{
    assert(expected != NULL);
    assert(arg != NULL);
    if (expected[0] == '(') {
        PyOS_snprintf(msgbuf, bufsize,
                      "%.100s", expected);
    }
    else {
        PyOS_snprintf(msgbuf, bufsize,
                      "must be %.50s, not %.50s", expected,
                      arg == Py_None ? "None" : Py_TYPE(arg)->tp_name);
    }
    return msgbuf;
}

#define CONV_UNICODE "(unicode conversion error)"

/* Explicitly check for float arguments when integers are expected.
   Return 1 for error, 0 if ok.
   XXX Should be removed after the end of the deprecation period in
   _PyLong_FromNbIndexOrNbInt. */
static int
float_argument_error(PyObject *arg)
{
    if (PyFloat_Check(arg)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "integer argument expected, got float" );
        return 1;
    }
    else
        return 0;
}

/* Convert a non-tuple argument.  Return NULL if conversion went OK,
   or a string with a message describing the failure.  The message is
   formatted as "must be <desired type>, not <actual type>".
   When failing, an exception may or may not have been raised.
   Don't call if a tuple is expected.

   When you add new format codes, please don't forget poor skipitem() below.
*/

static const char *
convertsimple(PyObject *arg, const char **p_format, va_list *p_va, int flags,
              char *msgbuf, size_t bufsize, freelist_t *freelist)
{
    /* For # codes */
#define FETCH_SIZE      int *q=NULL;Py_ssize_t *q2=NULL;\
    if (flags & FLAG_SIZE_T) q2=va_arg(*p_va, Py_ssize_t*); \
    else { \
        if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning, \
                    "PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN will be required for '#' formats", 1)) { \
            return NULL; \
        } \
        q=va_arg(*p_va, int*); \
    }
#define STORE_SIZE(s)   \
    if (flags & FLAG_SIZE_T) \
        *q2=s; \
    else { \
        if (INT_MAX < s) { \
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, \
                "size does not fit in an int"); \
            return converterr("", arg, msgbuf, bufsize); \
        } \
        *q = (int)s; \
    }
#define BUFFER_LEN      ((flags & FLAG_SIZE_T) ? *q2:*q)
#define RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED return msgbuf

    const char *format = *p_format;
    char c = *format++;
    const char *sarg;

    switch (c) {

    case 'b': { /* unsigned byte -- very short int */
        char *p = va_arg(*p_va, char *);
        long ival;
        if (float_argument_error(arg))
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        ival = PyLong_AsLong(arg);
        if (ival == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else if (ival < 0) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                            "unsigned byte integer is less than minimum");
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        }
        else if (ival > UCHAR_MAX) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                            "unsigned byte integer is greater than maximum");
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        }
        else
            *p = (unsigned char) ival;
        break;
    }

    case 'B': {/* byte sized bitfield - both signed and unsigned
                  values allowed */
        char *p = va_arg(*p_va, char *);
        long ival;
        if (float_argument_error(arg))
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        ival = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(arg);
        if (ival == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else
            *p = (unsigned char) ival;
        break;
    }

    case 'h': {/* signed short int */
        short *p = va_arg(*p_va, short *);
        long ival;
        if (float_argument_error(arg))
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        ival = PyLong_AsLong(arg);
        if (ival == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else if (ival < SHRT_MIN) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                            "signed short integer is less than minimum");
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        }
        else if (ival > SHRT_MAX) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                            "signed short integer is greater than maximum");
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        }
        else
            *p = (short) ival;
        break;
    }

    case 'H': { /* short int sized bitfield, both signed and
                   unsigned allowed */
        unsigned short *p = va_arg(*p_va, unsigned short *);
        long ival;
        if (float_argument_error(arg))
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        ival = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(arg);
        if (ival == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else
            *p = (unsigned short) ival;
        break;
    }

    case 'i': {/* signed int */
        int *p = va_arg(*p_va, int *);
        long ival;
        if (float_argument_error(arg))
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        ival = PyLong_AsLong(arg);
        if (ival == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else if (ival > INT_MAX) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                            "signed integer is greater than maximum");
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        }
        else if (ival < INT_MIN) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                            "signed integer is less than minimum");
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        }
        else
            *p = ival;
        break;
    }

    case 'I': { /* int sized bitfield, both signed and
                   unsigned allowed */
        unsigned int *p = va_arg(*p_va, unsigned int *);
        unsigned int ival;
        if (float_argument_error(arg))
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        ival = (unsigned int)PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(arg);
        if (ival == (unsigned int)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else
            *p = ival;
        break;
    }

    case 'n': /* Py_ssize_t */
    {
        PyObject *iobj;
        Py_ssize_t *p = va_arg(*p_va, Py_ssize_t *);
        Py_ssize_t ival = -1;
        if (float_argument_error(arg))
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        iobj = PyNumber_Index(arg);
        if (iobj != NULL) {
            ival = PyLong_AsSsize_t(iobj);
            Py_DECREF(iobj);
        }
        if (ival == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        *p = ival;
        break;
    }
    case 'l': {/* long int */
        long *p = va_arg(*p_va, long *);
        long ival;
        if (float_argument_error(arg))
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        ival = PyLong_AsLong(arg);
        if (ival == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else
            *p = ival;
        break;
    }

    case 'k': { /* long sized bitfield */
        unsigned long *p = va_arg(*p_va, unsigned long *);
        unsigned long ival;
        if (PyLong_Check(arg))
            ival = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongMask(arg);
        else
            return converterr("int", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        *p = ival;
        break;
    }

    case 'L': {/* long long */
        long long *p = va_arg( *p_va, long long * );
        long long ival;
        if (float_argument_error(arg))
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        ival = PyLong_AsLongLong(arg);
        if (ival == (long long)-1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else
            *p = ival;
        break;
    }

    case 'K': { /* long long sized bitfield */
        unsigned long long *p = va_arg(*p_va, unsigned long long *);
        unsigned long long ival;
        if (PyLong_Check(arg))
            ival = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(arg);
        else
            return converterr("int", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        *p = ival;
        break;
    }

    case 'f': {/* float */
        float *p = va_arg(*p_va, float *);
        double dval = PyFloat_AsDouble(arg);
        if (dval == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else
            *p = (float) dval;
        break;
    }

    case 'd': {/* double */
        double *p = va_arg(*p_va, double *);
        double dval = PyFloat_AsDouble(arg);
        if (dval == -1.0 && PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else
            *p = dval;
        break;
    }

    case 'D': {/* complex double */
        Py_complex *p = va_arg(*p_va, Py_complex *);
        Py_complex cval;
        cval = PyComplex_AsCComplex(arg);
        if (PyErr_Occurred())
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        else
            *p = cval;
        break;
    }

    case 'c': {/* char */
        char *p = va_arg(*p_va, char *);
        if (PyBytes_Check(arg) && PyBytes_Size(arg) == 1)
            *p = PyBytes_AS_STRING(arg)[0];
        else if (PyByteArray_Check(arg) && PyByteArray_Size(arg) == 1)
            *p = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(arg)[0];
        else
            return converterr("a byte string of length 1", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        break;
    }

    case 'C': {/* unicode char */
        int *p = va_arg(*p_va, int *);
        int kind;
        const void *data;

        if (!PyUnicode_Check(arg))
            return converterr("a unicode character", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);

        if (PyUnicode_READY(arg))
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;

        if (PyUnicode_GET_LENGTH(arg) != 1)
            return converterr("a unicode character", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);

        kind = PyUnicode_KIND(arg);
        data = PyUnicode_DATA(arg);
        *p = PyUnicode_READ(kind, data, 0);
        break;
    }

    case 'p': {/* boolean *p*redicate */
        int *p = va_arg(*p_va, int *);
        int val = PyObject_IsTrue(arg);
        if (val > 0)
            *p = 1;
        else if (val == 0)
            *p = 0;
        else
            RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
        break;
    }

    /* XXX WAAAAH!  's', 'y', 'z', 'u', 'Z', 'e', 'w' codes all
       need to be cleaned up! */

    case 'y': {/* any bytes-like object */
        void **p = (void **)va_arg(*p_va, char **);
        const char *buf;
        Py_ssize_t count;
        if (*format == '*') {
            if (getbuffer(arg, (Py_buffer*)p, &buf) < 0)
                return converterr(buf, arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
            format++;
            if (addcleanup(p, freelist, cleanup_buffer)) {
                return converterr(
                    "(cleanup problem)",
                    arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
            }
            break;
        }
        count = convertbuffer(arg, (const void **)p, &buf);
        if (count < 0)
            return converterr(buf, arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        if (*format == '#') {
            FETCH_SIZE;
            STORE_SIZE(count);
            format++;
        } else {
            if (strlen(*p) != (size_t)count) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "embedded null byte");
                RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
            }
        }
        break;
    }

    case 's': /* text string or bytes-like object */
    case 'z': /* text string, bytes-like object or None */
    {
        if (*format == '*') {
            /* "s*" or "z*" */
            Py_buffer *p = (Py_buffer *)va_arg(*p_va, Py_buffer *);

            if (c == 'z' && arg == Py_None)
                PyBuffer_FillInfo(p, NULL, NULL, 0, 1, 0);
            else if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
                Py_ssize_t len;
                sarg = PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(arg, &len);
                if (sarg == NULL)
                    return converterr(CONV_UNICODE,
                                      arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
                PyBuffer_FillInfo(p, arg, (void *)sarg, len, 1, 0);
            }
            else { /* any bytes-like object */
                const char *buf;
                if (getbuffer(arg, p, &buf) < 0)
                    return converterr(buf, arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
            }
            if (addcleanup(p, freelist, cleanup_buffer)) {
                return converterr(
                    "(cleanup problem)",
                    arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
            }
            format++;
        } else if (*format == '#') { /* a string or read-only bytes-like object */
            /* "s#" or "z#" */
            const void **p = (const void **)va_arg(*p_va, const char **);
            FETCH_SIZE;

            if (c == 'z' && arg == Py_None) {
                *p = NULL;
                STORE_SIZE(0);
            }
            else if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
                Py_ssize_t len;
                sarg = PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(arg, &len);
                if (sarg == NULL)
                    return converterr(CONV_UNICODE,
                                      arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
                *p = sarg;
                STORE_SIZE(len);
            }
            else { /* read-only bytes-like object */
                /* XXX Really? */
                const char *buf;
                Py_ssize_t count = convertbuffer(arg, p, &buf);
                if (count < 0)
                    return converterr(buf, arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
                STORE_SIZE(count);
            }
            format++;
        } else {
            /* "s" or "z" */
            const char **p = va_arg(*p_va, const char **);
            Py_ssize_t len;
            sarg = NULL;

            if (c == 'z' && arg == Py_None)
                *p = NULL;
            else if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
                sarg = PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(arg, &len);
                if (sarg == NULL)
                    return converterr(CONV_UNICODE,
                                      arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
                if (strlen(sarg) != (size_t)len) {
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "embedded null character");
                    RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
                }
                *p = sarg;
            }
            else
                return converterr(c == 'z' ? "str or None" : "str",
                                  arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        }
        break;
    }

    case 'u': /* raw unicode buffer (Py_UNICODE *) */
    case 'Z': /* raw unicode buffer or None */
    {
        Py_UNICODE **p = va_arg(*p_va, Py_UNICODE **);

        if (*format == '#') {
            /* "u#" or "Z#" */
            FETCH_SIZE;

            if (c == 'Z' && arg == Py_None) {
                *p = NULL;
                STORE_SIZE(0);
            }
            else if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
                Py_ssize_t len;
                *p = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(arg, &len);
                if (*p == NULL)
                    RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
                STORE_SIZE(len);
            }
            else
                return converterr(c == 'Z' ? "str or None" : "str",
                                  arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
            format++;
        } else {
            /* "u" or "Z" */
            if (c == 'Z' && arg == Py_None)
                *p = NULL;
            else if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
                Py_ssize_t len;
                *p = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(arg, &len);
                if (*p == NULL)
                    RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
                if (wcslen(*p) != (size_t)len) {
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "embedded null character");
                    RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
                }
            } else
                return converterr(c == 'Z' ? "str or None" : "str",
                                  arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        }
        break;
    }

    case 'e': {/* encoded string */
        char **buffer;
        const char *encoding;
        PyObject *s;
        int recode_strings;
        Py_ssize_t size;
        const char *ptr;

        /* Get 'e' parameter: the encoding name */
        encoding = (const char *)va_arg(*p_va, const char *);
        if (encoding == NULL)
            encoding = PyUnicode_GetDefaultEncoding();

        /* Get output buffer parameter:
           's' (recode all objects via Unicode) or
           't' (only recode non-string objects)
        */
        if (*format == 's')
            recode_strings = 1;
        else if (*format == 't')
            recode_strings = 0;
        else
            return converterr(
                "(unknown parser marker combination)",
                arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        buffer = (char **)va_arg(*p_va, char **);
        format++;
        if (buffer == NULL)
            return converterr("(buffer is NULL)",
                              arg, msgbuf, bufsize);

        /* Encode object */
        if (!recode_strings &&
            (PyBytes_Check(arg) || PyByteArray_Check(arg))) {
            s = arg;
            Py_INCREF(s);
            if (PyBytes_Check(arg)) {
                size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s);
                ptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s);
            }
            else {
                size = PyByteArray_GET_SIZE(s);
                ptr = PyByteArray_AS_STRING(s);
            }
        }
        else if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
            /* Encode object; use default error handling */
            s = PyUnicode_AsEncodedString(arg,
                                          encoding,
                                          NULL);
            if (s == NULL)
                return converterr("(encoding failed)",
                                  arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
            assert(PyBytes_Check(s));
            size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(s);
            ptr = PyBytes_AS_STRING(s);
            if (ptr == NULL)
                ptr = "";
        }
        else {
            return converterr(
                recode_strings ? "str" : "str, bytes or bytearray",
                arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        }

        /* Write output; output is guaranteed to be 0-terminated */
        if (*format == '#') {
            /* Using buffer length parameter '#':

               - if *buffer is NULL, a new buffer of the
               needed size is allocated and the data
               copied into it; *buffer is updated to point
               to the new buffer; the caller is
               responsible for PyMem_Free()ing it after
               usage

               - if *buffer is not NULL, the data is
               copied to *buffer; *buffer_len has to be
               set to the size of the buffer on input;
               buffer overflow is signalled with an error;
               buffer has to provide enough room for the
               encoded string plus the trailing 0-byte

               - in both cases, *buffer_len is updated to
               the size of the buffer /excluding/ the
               trailing 0-byte

            */
            int *q = NULL; Py_ssize_t *q2 = NULL;
            if (flags & FLAG_SIZE_T) {
                q2 = va_arg(*p_va, Py_ssize_t*);
            }
            else {
                if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
                            "PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN will be required for '#' formats", 1))
                {
                    Py_DECREF(s);
                    return NULL;
                }
                q = va_arg(*p_va, int*);
            }

            format++;
            if (q == NULL && q2 == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(s);
                return converterr(
                    "(buffer_len is NULL)",
                    arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
            }
            if (*buffer == NULL) {
                *buffer = PyMem_NEW(char, size + 1);
                if (*buffer == NULL) {
                    Py_DECREF(s);
                    PyErr_NoMemory();
                    RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
                }
                if (addcleanup(*buffer, freelist, cleanup_ptr)) {
                    Py_DECREF(s);
                    return converterr(
                        "(cleanup problem)",
                        arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
                }
            } else {
                if (size + 1 > BUFFER_LEN) {
                    Py_DECREF(s);
                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                                 "encoded string too long "
                                 "(%zd, maximum length %zd)",
                                 (Py_ssize_t)size, (Py_ssize_t)(BUFFER_LEN-1));
                    RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
                }
            }
            memcpy(*buffer, ptr, size+1);

            if (flags & FLAG_SIZE_T) {
                *q2 = size;
            }
            else {
                if (INT_MAX < size) {
                    Py_DECREF(s);
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError,
                                    "size does not fit in an int");
                    return converterr("", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
                }
                *q = (int)size;
            }
        } else {
            /* Using a 0-terminated buffer:

               - the encoded string has to be 0-terminated
               for this variant to work; if it is not, an
               error raised

               - a new buffer of the needed size is
               allocated and the data copied into it;
               *buffer is updated to point to the new
               buffer; the caller is responsible for
               PyMem_Free()ing it after usage

            */
            if ((Py_ssize_t)strlen(ptr) != size) {
                Py_DECREF(s);
                return converterr(
                    "encoded string without null bytes",
                    arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
            }
            *buffer = PyMem_NEW(char, size + 1);
            if (*buffer == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(s);
                PyErr_NoMemory();
                RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
            }
            if (addcleanup(*buffer, freelist, cleanup_ptr)) {
                Py_DECREF(s);
                return converterr("(cleanup problem)",
                                arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
            }
            memcpy(*buffer, ptr, size+1);
        }
        Py_DECREF(s);
        break;
    }

    case 'S': { /* PyBytes object */
        PyObject **p = va_arg(*p_va, PyObject **);
        if (PyBytes_Check(arg))
            *p = arg;
        else
            return converterr("bytes", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        break;
    }

    case 'Y': { /* PyByteArray object */
        PyObject **p = va_arg(*p_va, PyObject **);
        if (PyByteArray_Check(arg))
            *p = arg;
        else
            return converterr("bytearray", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        break;
    }

    case 'U': { /* PyUnicode object */
        PyObject **p = va_arg(*p_va, PyObject **);
        if (PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
            if (PyUnicode_READY(arg) == -1)
                RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED;
            *p = arg;
        }
        else
            return converterr("str", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        break;
    }

    case 'O': { /* object */
        PyTypeObject *type;
        PyObject **p;
        if (*format == '!') {
            type = va_arg(*p_va, PyTypeObject*);
            p = va_arg(*p_va, PyObject **);
            format++;
            if (PyType_IsSubtype(Py_TYPE(arg), type))
                *p = arg;
            else
                return converterr(type->tp_name, arg, msgbuf, bufsize);

        }
        else if (*format == '&') {
            typedef int (*converter)(PyObject *, void *);
            converter convert = va_arg(*p_va, converter);
            void *addr = va_arg(*p_va, void *);
            int res;
            format++;
            if (! (res = (*convert)(arg, addr)))
                return converterr("(unspecified)",
                                  arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
            if (res == Py_CLEANUP_SUPPORTED &&
                addcleanup(addr, freelist, convert) == -1)
                return converterr("(cleanup problem)",
                                arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        }
        else {
            p = va_arg(*p_va, PyObject **);
            *p = arg;
        }
        break;
    }


    case 'w': { /* "w*": memory buffer, read-write access */
        void **p = va_arg(*p_va, void **);

        if (*format != '*')
            return converterr(
                "(invalid use of 'w' format character)",
                arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        format++;

        /* Caller is interested in Py_buffer, and the object
           supports it directly. */
        if (PyObject_GetBuffer(arg, (Py_buffer*)p, PyBUF_WRITABLE) < 0) {
            PyErr_Clear();
            return converterr("read-write bytes-like object",
                              arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        }
        if (!PyBuffer_IsContiguous((Py_buffer*)p, 'C')) {
            PyBuffer_Release((Py_buffer*)p);
            return converterr("contiguous buffer", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        }
        if (addcleanup(p, freelist, cleanup_buffer)) {
            return converterr(
                "(cleanup problem)",
                arg, msgbuf, bufsize);
        }
        break;
    }

    default:
        return converterr("(impossible<bad format char>)", arg, msgbuf, bufsize);

    }

    *p_format = format;
    return NULL;

#undef FETCH_SIZE
#undef STORE_SIZE
#undef BUFFER_LEN
#undef RETURN_ERR_OCCURRED
}

static Py_ssize_t
convertbuffer(PyObject *arg, const void **p, const char **errmsg)
{
    PyBufferProcs *pb = Py_TYPE(arg)->tp_as_buffer;
    Py_ssize_t count;
    Py_buffer view;

    *errmsg = NULL;
    *p = NULL;
    if (pb != NULL && pb->bf_releasebuffer != NULL) {
        *errmsg = "read-only bytes-like object";
        return -1;
    }

    if (getbuffer(arg, &view, errmsg) < 0)
        return -1;
    count = view.len;
    *p = view.buf;
    PyBuffer_Release(&view);
    return count;
}

static int
getbuffer(PyObject *arg, Py_buffer *view, const char **errmsg)
{
    if (PyObject_GetBuffer(arg, view, PyBUF_SIMPLE) != 0) {
        *errmsg = "bytes-like object";
        return -1;
    }
    if (!PyBuffer_IsContiguous(view, 'C')) {
        PyBuffer_Release(view);
        *errmsg = "contiguous buffer";
        return -1;
    }
    return 0;
}

/* Support for keyword arguments donated by
   Geoff Philbrick <philbric@delphi.hks.com> */

/* Return false (0) for error, else true. */
int
PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *args,
                            PyObject *keywords,
                            const char *format,
                            char **kwlist, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    if ((args == NULL || !PyTuple_Check(args)) ||
        (keywords != NULL && !PyDict_Check(keywords)) ||
        format == NULL ||
        kwlist == NULL)
    {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return 0;
    }

    va_start(va, kwlist);
    retval = vgetargskeywords(args, keywords, format, kwlist, &va, 0);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords_SizeT(PyObject *args,
                                  PyObject *keywords,
                                  const char *format,
                                  char **kwlist, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    if ((args == NULL || !PyTuple_Check(args)) ||
        (keywords != NULL && !PyDict_Check(keywords)) ||
        format == NULL ||
        kwlist == NULL)
    {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return 0;
    }

    va_start(va, kwlist);
    retval = vgetargskeywords(args, keywords, format,
                              kwlist, &va, FLAG_SIZE_T);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}


int
PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords(PyObject *args,
                              PyObject *keywords,
                              const char *format,
                              char **kwlist, va_list va)
{
    int retval;
    va_list lva;

    if ((args == NULL || !PyTuple_Check(args)) ||
        (keywords != NULL && !PyDict_Check(keywords)) ||
        format == NULL ||
        kwlist == NULL)
    {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return 0;
    }

    va_copy(lva, va);

    retval = vgetargskeywords(args, keywords, format, kwlist, &lva, 0);
    va_end(lva);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywords_SizeT(PyObject *args,
                                    PyObject *keywords,
                                    const char *format,
                                    char **kwlist, va_list va)
{
    int retval;
    va_list lva;

    if ((args == NULL || !PyTuple_Check(args)) ||
        (keywords != NULL && !PyDict_Check(keywords)) ||
        format == NULL ||
        kwlist == NULL)
    {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return 0;
    }

    va_copy(lva, va);

    retval = vgetargskeywords(args, keywords, format,
                              kwlist, &lva, FLAG_SIZE_T);
    va_end(lva);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywordsFast(PyObject *args, PyObject *keywords,
                            struct _PyArg_Parser *parser, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, parser);
    retval = vgetargskeywordsfast(args, keywords, parser, &va, 0);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywordsFast_SizeT(PyObject *args, PyObject *keywords,
                            struct _PyArg_Parser *parser, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, parser);
    retval = vgetargskeywordsfast(args, keywords, parser, &va, FLAG_SIZE_T);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_ParseStackAndKeywords(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames,
                  struct _PyArg_Parser *parser, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, parser);
    retval = vgetargskeywordsfast_impl(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, parser, &va, 0);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_ParseStackAndKeywords_SizeT(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, PyObject *kwnames,
                        struct _PyArg_Parser *parser, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list va;

    va_start(va, parser);
    retval = vgetargskeywordsfast_impl(args, nargs, NULL, kwnames, parser, &va, FLAG_SIZE_T);
    va_end(va);
    return retval;
}


PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywordsFast(PyObject *args, PyObject *keywords,
                            struct _PyArg_Parser *parser, va_list va)
{
    int retval;
    va_list lva;

    va_copy(lva, va);

    retval = vgetargskeywordsfast(args, keywords, parser, &lva, 0);
    va_end(lva);
    return retval;
}

PyAPI_FUNC(int)
_PyArg_VaParseTupleAndKeywordsFast_SizeT(PyObject *args, PyObject *keywords,
                            struct _PyArg_Parser *parser, va_list va)
{
    int retval;
    va_list lva;

    va_copy(lva, va);

    retval = vgetargskeywordsfast(args, keywords, parser, &lva, FLAG_SIZE_T);
    va_end(lva);
    return retval;
}

int
PyArg_ValidateKeywordArguments(PyObject *kwargs)
{
    if (!PyDict_Check(kwargs)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return 0;
    }
    if (!_PyDict_HasOnlyStringKeys(kwargs)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "keywords must be strings");
        return 0;
    }
    return 1;
}

#define IS_END_OF_FORMAT(c) (c == '\0' || c == ';' || c == ':')

static int
vgetargskeywords(PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs, const char *format,
                 char **kwlist, va_list *p_va, int flags)
{
    char msgbuf[512];
    int levels[32];
    const char *fname, *msg, *custom_msg;
    int min = INT_MAX;
    int max = INT_MAX;
    int i, pos, len;
    int skip = 0;
    Py_ssize_t nargs, nkwargs;
    PyObject *current_arg;
    freelistentry_t static_entries[STATIC_FREELIST_ENTRIES];
    freelist_t freelist;

    freelist.entries = static_entries;
    freelist.first_available = 0;
    freelist.entries_malloced = 0;

    assert(args != NULL && PyTuple_Check(args));
    assert(kwargs == NULL || PyDict_Check(kwargs));
    assert(format != NULL);
    assert(kwlist != NULL);
    assert(p_va != NULL);

    /* grab the function name or custom error msg first (mutually exclusive) */
    fname = strchr(format, ':');
    if (fname) {
        fname++;
        custom_msg = NULL;
    }
    else {
        custom_msg = strchr(format,';');
        if (custom_msg)
            custom_msg++;
    }

    /* scan kwlist and count the number of positional-only parameters */
    for (pos = 0; kwlist[pos] && !*kwlist[pos]; pos++) {
    }
    /* scan kwlist and get greatest possible nbr of args */
    for (len = pos; kwlist[len]; len++) {
        if (!*kwlist[len]) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                            "Empty keyword parameter name");
            return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
        }
    }

    if (len > STATIC_FREELIST_ENTRIES) {
        freelist.entries = PyMem_NEW(freelistentry_t, len);
        if (freelist.entries == NULL) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return 0;
        }
        freelist.entries_malloced = 1;
    }

    nargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
    nkwargs = (kwargs == NULL) ? 0 : PyDict_GET_SIZE(kwargs);
    if (nargs + nkwargs > len) {
        /* Adding "keyword" (when nargs == 0) prevents producing wrong error
           messages in some special cases (see bpo-31229). */
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "%.200s%s takes at most %d %sargument%s (%zd given)",
                     (fname == NULL) ? "function" : fname,
                     (fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                     len,
                     (nargs == 0) ? "keyword " : "",
                     (len == 1) ? "" : "s",
                     nargs + nkwargs);
        return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
    }

    /* convert tuple args and keyword args in same loop, using kwlist to drive process */
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        if (*format == '|') {
            if (min != INT_MAX) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                                "Invalid format string (| specified twice)");
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }

            min = i;
            format++;

            if (max != INT_MAX) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                                "Invalid format string ($ before |)");
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
        }
        if (*format == '$') {
            if (max != INT_MAX) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                                "Invalid format string ($ specified twice)");
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }

            max = i;
            format++;

            if (max < pos) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                                "Empty parameter name after $");
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
            if (skip) {
                /* Now we know the minimal and the maximal numbers of
                 * positional arguments and can raise an exception with
                 * informative message (see below). */
                break;
            }
            if (max < nargs) {
                if (max == 0) {
                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                                 "%.200s%s takes no positional arguments",
                                 (fname == NULL) ? "function" : fname,
                                 (fname == NULL) ? "" : "()");
                }
                else {
                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                                 "%.200s%s takes %s %d positional argument%s"
                                 " (%zd given)",
                                 (fname == NULL) ? "function" : fname,
                                 (fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                                 (min != INT_MAX) ? "at most" : "exactly",
                                 max,
                                 max == 1 ? "" : "s",
                                 nargs);
                }
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
        }
        if (IS_END_OF_FORMAT(*format)) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                         "More keyword list entries (%d) than "
                         "format specifiers (%d)", len, i);
            return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
        }
        if (!skip) {
            if (i < nargs) {
                current_arg = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, i);
            }
            else if (nkwargs && i >= pos) {
                current_arg = _PyDict_GetItemStringWithError(kwargs, kwlist[i]);
                if (current_arg) {
                    --nkwargs;
                }
                else if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                    return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
                }
            }
            else {
                current_arg = NULL;
            }

            if (current_arg) {
                msg = convertitem(current_arg, &format, p_va, flags,
                    levels, msgbuf, sizeof(msgbuf), &freelist);
                if (msg) {
                    seterror(i+1, msg, levels, fname, custom_msg);
                    return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
                }
                continue;
            }

            if (i < min) {
                if (i < pos) {
                    assert (min == INT_MAX);
                    assert (max == INT_MAX);
                    skip = 1;
                    /* At that moment we still don't know the minimal and
                     * the maximal numbers of positional arguments.  Raising
                     * an exception is deferred until we encounter | and $
                     * or the end of the format. */
                }
                else {
                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,  "%.200s%s missing required "
                                 "argument '%s' (pos %d)",
                                 (fname == NULL) ? "function" : fname,
                                 (fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                                 kwlist[i], i+1);
                    return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
                }
            }
            /* current code reports success when all required args
             * fulfilled and no keyword args left, with no further
             * validation. XXX Maybe skip this in debug build ?
             */
            if (!nkwargs && !skip) {
                return cleanreturn(1, &freelist);
            }
        }

        /* We are into optional args, skip through to any remaining
         * keyword args */
        msg = skipitem(&format, p_va, flags);
        if (msg) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError, "%s: '%s'", msg,
                         format);
            return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
        }
    }

    if (skip) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "%.200s%s takes %s %d positional argument%s"
                     " (%zd given)",
                     (fname == NULL) ? "function" : fname,
                     (fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                     (Py_MIN(pos, min) < i) ? "at least" : "exactly",
                     Py_MIN(pos, min),
                     Py_MIN(pos, min) == 1 ? "" : "s",
                     nargs);
        return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
    }

    if (!IS_END_OF_FORMAT(*format) && (*format != '|') && (*format != '$')) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
            "more argument specifiers than keyword list entries "
            "(remaining format:'%s')", format);
        return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
    }

    if (nkwargs > 0) {
        PyObject *key;
        Py_ssize_t j;
        /* make sure there are no arguments given by name and position */
        for (i = pos; i < nargs; i++) {
            current_arg = _PyDict_GetItemStringWithError(kwargs, kwlist[i]);
            if (current_arg) {
                /* arg present in tuple and in dict */
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                             "argument for %.200s%s given by name ('%s') "
                             "and position (%d)",
                             (fname == NULL) ? "function" : fname,
                             (fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                             kwlist[i], i+1);
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
            else if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
        }
        /* make sure there are no extraneous keyword arguments */
        j = 0;
        while (PyDict_Next(kwargs, &j, &key, NULL)) {
            int match = 0;
            if (!PyUnicode_Check(key)) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                "keywords must be strings");
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
            for (i = pos; i < len; i++) {
                if (_PyUnicode_EqualToASCIIString(key, kwlist[i])) {
                    match = 1;
                    break;
                }
            }
            if (!match) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                             "'%U' is an invalid keyword "
                             "argument for %.200s%s",
                             key,
                             (fname == NULL) ? "this function" : fname,
                             (fname == NULL) ? "" : "()");
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
        }
    }

    return cleanreturn(1, &freelist);
}


/* List of static parsers. */
static struct _PyArg_Parser *static_arg_parsers = NULL;

static int
parser_init(struct _PyArg_Parser *parser)
{
    const char * const *keywords;
    const char *format, *msg;
    int i, len, min, max, nkw;
    PyObject *kwtuple;

    assert(parser->keywords != NULL);
    if (parser->kwtuple != NULL) {
        return 1;
    }

    keywords = parser->keywords;
    /* scan keywords and count the number of positional-only parameters */
    for (i = 0; keywords[i] && !*keywords[i]; i++) {
    }
    parser->pos = i;
    /* scan keywords and get greatest possible nbr of args */
    for (; keywords[i]; i++) {
        if (!*keywords[i]) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                            "Empty keyword parameter name");
            return 0;
        }
    }
    len = i;

    format = parser->format;
    if (format) {
        /* grab the function name or custom error msg first (mutually exclusive) */
        parser->fname = strchr(parser->format, ':');
        if (parser->fname) {
            parser->fname++;
            parser->custom_msg = NULL;
        }
        else {
            parser->custom_msg = strchr(parser->format,';');
            if (parser->custom_msg)
                parser->custom_msg++;
        }

        min = max = INT_MAX;
        for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
            if (*format == '|') {
                if (min != INT_MAX) {
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                                    "Invalid format string (| specified twice)");
                    return 0;
                }
                if (max != INT_MAX) {
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                                    "Invalid format string ($ before |)");
                    return 0;
                }
                min = i;
                format++;
            }
            if (*format == '$') {
                if (max != INT_MAX) {
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                                    "Invalid format string ($ specified twice)");
                    return 0;
                }
                if (i < parser->pos) {
                    PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
                                    "Empty parameter name after $");
                    return 0;
                }
                max = i;
                format++;
            }
            if (IS_END_OF_FORMAT(*format)) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                            "More keyword list entries (%d) than "
                            "format specifiers (%d)", len, i);
                return 0;
            }

            msg = skipitem(&format, NULL, 0);
            if (msg) {
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError, "%s: '%s'", msg,
                            format);
                return 0;
            }
        }
        parser->min = Py_MIN(min, len);
        parser->max = Py_MIN(max, len);

        if (!IS_END_OF_FORMAT(*format) && (*format != '|') && (*format != '$')) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_SystemError,
                "more argument specifiers than keyword list entries "
                "(remaining format:'%s')", format);
            return 0;
        }
    }

    nkw = len - parser->pos;
    kwtuple = PyTuple_New(nkw);
    if (kwtuple == NULL) {
        return 0;
    }
    keywords = parser->keywords + parser->pos;
    for (i = 0; i < nkw; i++) {
        PyObject *str = PyUnicode_FromString(keywords[i]);
        if (str == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(kwtuple);
            return 0;
        }
        PyUnicode_InternInPlace(&str);
        PyTuple_SET_ITEM(kwtuple, i, str);
    }
    parser->kwtuple = kwtuple;

    assert(parser->next == NULL);
    parser->next = static_arg_parsers;
    static_arg_parsers = parser;
    return 1;
}

static void
parser_clear(struct _PyArg_Parser *parser)
{
    Py_CLEAR(parser->kwtuple);
}

static PyObject*
find_keyword(PyObject *kwnames, PyObject *const *kwstack, PyObject *key)
{
    Py_ssize_t i, nkwargs;

    nkwargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames);
    for (i = 0; i < nkwargs; i++) {
        PyObject *kwname = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, i);

        /* kwname == key will normally find a match in since keyword keys
           should be interned strings; if not retry below in a new loop. */
        if (kwname == key) {
            return kwstack[i];
        }
    }

    for (i = 0; i < nkwargs; i++) {
        PyObject *kwname = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, i);
        assert(PyUnicode_Check(kwname));
        if (_PyUnicode_EQ(kwname, key)) {
            return kwstack[i];
        }
    }
    return NULL;
}

static int
vgetargskeywordsfast_impl(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs,
                          PyObject *kwargs, PyObject *kwnames,
                          struct _PyArg_Parser *parser,
                          va_list *p_va, int flags)
{
    PyObject *kwtuple;
    char msgbuf[512];
    int levels[32];
    const char *format;
    const char *msg;
    PyObject *keyword;
    int i, pos, len;
    Py_ssize_t nkwargs;
    PyObject *current_arg;
    freelistentry_t static_entries[STATIC_FREELIST_ENTRIES];
    freelist_t freelist;
    PyObject *const *kwstack = NULL;

    freelist.entries = static_entries;
    freelist.first_available = 0;
    freelist.entries_malloced = 0;

    assert(kwargs == NULL || PyDict_Check(kwargs));
    assert(kwargs == NULL || kwnames == NULL);
    assert(p_va != NULL);

    if (parser == NULL) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return 0;
    }

    if (kwnames != NULL && !PyTuple_Check(kwnames)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return 0;
    }

    if (!parser_init(parser)) {
        return 0;
    }

    kwtuple = parser->kwtuple;
    pos = parser->pos;
    len = pos + (int)PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwtuple);

    if (len > STATIC_FREELIST_ENTRIES) {
        freelist.entries = PyMem_NEW(freelistentry_t, len);
        if (freelist.entries == NULL) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return 0;
        }
        freelist.entries_malloced = 1;
    }

    if (kwargs != NULL) {
        nkwargs = PyDict_GET_SIZE(kwargs);
    }
    else if (kwnames != NULL) {
        nkwargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames);
        kwstack = args + nargs;
    }
    else {
        nkwargs = 0;
    }
    if (nargs + nkwargs > len) {
        /* Adding "keyword" (when nargs == 0) prevents producing wrong error
           messages in some special cases (see bpo-31229). */
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "%.200s%s takes at most %d %sargument%s (%zd given)",
                     (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                     (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                     len,
                     (nargs == 0) ? "keyword " : "",
                     (len == 1) ? "" : "s",
                     nargs + nkwargs);
        return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
    }
    if (parser->max < nargs) {
        if (parser->max == 0) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "%.200s%s takes no positional arguments",
                         (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                         (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()");
        }
        else {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "%.200s%s takes %s %d positional argument%s (%zd given)",
                         (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                         (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                         (parser->min < parser->max) ? "at most" : "exactly",
                         parser->max,
                         parser->max == 1 ? "" : "s",
                         nargs);
        }
        return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
    }

    format = parser->format;
    /* convert tuple args and keyword args in same loop, using kwtuple to drive process */
    for (i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        if (*format == '|') {
            format++;
        }
        if (*format == '$') {
            format++;
        }
        assert(!IS_END_OF_FORMAT(*format));

        if (i < nargs) {
            current_arg = args[i];
        }
        else if (nkwargs && i >= pos) {
            keyword = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwtuple, i - pos);
            if (kwargs != NULL) {
                current_arg = PyDict_GetItemWithError(kwargs, keyword);
                if (!current_arg && PyErr_Occurred()) {
                    return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
                }
            }
            else {
                current_arg = find_keyword(kwnames, kwstack, keyword);
            }
            if (current_arg) {
                --nkwargs;
            }
        }
        else {
            current_arg = NULL;
        }

        if (current_arg) {
            msg = convertitem(current_arg, &format, p_va, flags,
                levels, msgbuf, sizeof(msgbuf), &freelist);
            if (msg) {
                seterror(i+1, msg, levels, parser->fname, parser->custom_msg);
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
            continue;
        }

        if (i < parser->min) {
            /* Less arguments than required */
            if (i < pos) {
                Py_ssize_t min = Py_MIN(pos, parser->min);
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                             "%.200s%s takes %s %d positional argument%s"
                             " (%zd given)",
                             (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                             (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                             min < parser->max ? "at least" : "exactly",
                             min,
                             min == 1 ? "" : "s",
                             nargs);
            }
            else {
                keyword = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwtuple, i - pos);
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,  "%.200s%s missing required "
                             "argument '%U' (pos %d)",
                             (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                             (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                             keyword, i+1);
            }
            return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
        }
        /* current code reports success when all required args
         * fulfilled and no keyword args left, with no further
         * validation. XXX Maybe skip this in debug build ?
         */
        if (!nkwargs) {
            return cleanreturn(1, &freelist);
        }

        /* We are into optional args, skip through to any remaining
         * keyword args */
        msg = skipitem(&format, p_va, flags);
        assert(msg == NULL);
    }

    assert(IS_END_OF_FORMAT(*format) || (*format == '|') || (*format == '$'));

    if (nkwargs > 0) {
        Py_ssize_t j;
        /* make sure there are no arguments given by name and position */
        for (i = pos; i < nargs; i++) {
            keyword = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwtuple, i - pos);
            if (kwargs != NULL) {
                current_arg = PyDict_GetItemWithError(kwargs, keyword);
                if (!current_arg && PyErr_Occurred()) {
                    return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
                }
            }
            else {
                current_arg = find_keyword(kwnames, kwstack, keyword);
            }
            if (current_arg) {
                /* arg present in tuple and in dict */
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                             "argument for %.200s%s given by name ('%U') "
                             "and position (%d)",
                             (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                             (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                             keyword, i+1);
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
        }
        /* make sure there are no extraneous keyword arguments */
        j = 0;
        while (1) {
            int match;
            if (kwargs != NULL) {
                if (!PyDict_Next(kwargs, &j, &keyword, NULL))
                    break;
            }
            else {
                if (j >= PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames))
                    break;
                keyword = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, j);
                j++;
            }

            match = PySequence_Contains(kwtuple, keyword);
            if (match <= 0) {
                if (!match) {
                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                                 "'%S' is an invalid keyword "
                                 "argument for %.200s%s",
                                 keyword,
                                 (parser->fname == NULL) ? "this function" : parser->fname,
                                 (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()");
                }
                return cleanreturn(0, &freelist);
            }
        }
    }

    return cleanreturn(1, &freelist);
}

static int
vgetargskeywordsfast(PyObject *args, PyObject *keywords,
                     struct _PyArg_Parser *parser, va_list *p_va, int flags)
{
    PyObject **stack;
    Py_ssize_t nargs;

    if (args == NULL
        || !PyTuple_Check(args)
        || (keywords != NULL && !PyDict_Check(keywords)))
    {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return 0;
    }

    stack = _PyTuple_ITEMS(args);
    nargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);
    return vgetargskeywordsfast_impl(stack, nargs, keywords, NULL,
                                     parser, p_va, flags);
}


#undef _PyArg_UnpackKeywords

PyObject * const *
_PyArg_UnpackKeywords(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs,
                      PyObject *kwargs, PyObject *kwnames,
                      struct _PyArg_Parser *parser,
                      int minpos, int maxpos, int minkw,
                      PyObject **buf)
{
    PyObject *kwtuple;
    PyObject *keyword;
    int i, posonly, minposonly, maxargs;
    int reqlimit = minkw ? maxpos + minkw : minpos;
    Py_ssize_t nkwargs;
    PyObject *current_arg;
    PyObject * const *kwstack = NULL;

    assert(kwargs == NULL || PyDict_Check(kwargs));
    assert(kwargs == NULL || kwnames == NULL);

    if (parser == NULL) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }

    if (kwnames != NULL && !PyTuple_Check(kwnames)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return NULL;
    }

    if (args == NULL && nargs == 0) {
        args = buf;
    }

    if (!parser_init(parser)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    kwtuple = parser->kwtuple;
    posonly = parser->pos;
    minposonly = Py_MIN(posonly, minpos);
    maxargs = posonly + (int)PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwtuple);

    if (kwargs != NULL) {
        nkwargs = PyDict_GET_SIZE(kwargs);
    }
    else if (kwnames != NULL) {
        nkwargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames);
        kwstack = args + nargs;
    }
    else {
        nkwargs = 0;
    }
    if (nkwargs == 0 && minkw == 0 && minpos <= nargs && nargs <= maxpos) {
        /* Fast path. */
        return args;
    }
    if (nargs + nkwargs > maxargs) {
        /* Adding "keyword" (when nargs == 0) prevents producing wrong error
           messages in some special cases (see bpo-31229). */
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "%.200s%s takes at most %d %sargument%s (%zd given)",
                     (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                     (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                     maxargs,
                     (nargs == 0) ? "keyword " : "",
                     (maxargs == 1) ? "" : "s",
                     nargs + nkwargs);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (nargs > maxpos) {
        if (maxpos == 0) {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "%.200s%s takes no positional arguments",
                         (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                         (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()");
        }
        else {
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                         "%.200s%s takes %s %d positional argument%s (%zd given)",
                         (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                         (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                         (minpos < maxpos) ? "at most" : "exactly",
                         maxpos,
                         (maxpos == 1) ? "" : "s",
                         nargs);
        }
        return NULL;
    }
    if (nargs < minposonly) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "%.200s%s takes %s %d positional argument%s"
                     " (%zd given)",
                     (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                     (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                     minposonly < maxpos ? "at least" : "exactly",
                     minposonly,
                     minposonly == 1 ? "" : "s",
                     nargs);
        return NULL;
    }

    /* copy tuple args */
    for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
        buf[i] = args[i];
    }

    /* copy keyword args using kwtuple to drive process */
    for (i = Py_MAX((int)nargs, posonly); i < maxargs; i++) {
        if (nkwargs) {
            keyword = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwtuple, i - posonly);
            if (kwargs != NULL) {
                current_arg = PyDict_GetItemWithError(kwargs, keyword);
                if (!current_arg && PyErr_Occurred()) {
                    return NULL;
                }
            }
            else {
                current_arg = find_keyword(kwnames, kwstack, keyword);
            }
        }
        else if (i >= reqlimit) {
            break;
        }
        else {
            current_arg = NULL;
        }

        buf[i] = current_arg;

        if (current_arg) {
            --nkwargs;
        }
        else if (i < minpos || (maxpos <= i && i < reqlimit)) {
            /* Less arguments than required */
            keyword = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwtuple, i - posonly);
            PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,  "%.200s%s missing required "
                         "argument '%U' (pos %d)",
                         (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                         (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                         keyword, i+1);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    if (nkwargs > 0) {
        Py_ssize_t j;
        /* make sure there are no arguments given by name and position */
        for (i = posonly; i < nargs; i++) {
            keyword = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwtuple, i - posonly);
            if (kwargs != NULL) {
                current_arg = PyDict_GetItemWithError(kwargs, keyword);
                if (!current_arg && PyErr_Occurred()) {
                    return NULL;
                }
            }
            else {
                current_arg = find_keyword(kwnames, kwstack, keyword);
            }
            if (current_arg) {
                /* arg present in tuple and in dict */
                PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                             "argument for %.200s%s given by name ('%U') "
                             "and position (%d)",
                             (parser->fname == NULL) ? "function" : parser->fname,
                             (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()",
                             keyword, i+1);
                return NULL;
            }
        }
        /* make sure there are no extraneous keyword arguments */
        j = 0;
        while (1) {
            int match;
            if (kwargs != NULL) {
                if (!PyDict_Next(kwargs, &j, &keyword, NULL))
                    break;
            }
            else {
                if (j >= PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames))
                    break;
                keyword = PyTuple_GET_ITEM(kwnames, j);
                j++;
            }

            match = PySequence_Contains(kwtuple, keyword);
            if (match <= 0) {
                if (!match) {
                    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                                 "'%S' is an invalid keyword "
                                 "argument for %.200s%s",
                                 keyword,
                                 (parser->fname == NULL) ? "this function" : parser->fname,
                                 (parser->fname == NULL) ? "" : "()");
                }
                return NULL;
            }
        }
    }

    return buf;
}


static const char *
skipitem(const char **p_format, va_list *p_va, int flags)
{
    const char *format = *p_format;
    char c = *format++;

    switch (c) {

    /*
     * codes that take a single data pointer as an argument
     * (the type of the pointer is irrelevant)
     */

    case 'b': /* byte -- very short int */
    case 'B': /* byte as bitfield */
    case 'h': /* short int */
    case 'H': /* short int as bitfield */
    case 'i': /* int */
    case 'I': /* int sized bitfield */
    case 'l': /* long int */
    case 'k': /* long int sized bitfield */
    case 'L': /* long long */
    case 'K': /* long long sized bitfield */
    case 'n': /* Py_ssize_t */
    case 'f': /* float */
    case 'd': /* double */
    case 'D': /* complex double */
    case 'c': /* char */
    case 'C': /* unicode char */
    case 'p': /* boolean predicate */
    case 'S': /* string object */
    case 'Y': /* string object */
    case 'U': /* unicode string object */
        {
            if (p_va != NULL) {
                (void) va_arg(*p_va, void *);
            }
            break;
        }

    /* string codes */

    case 'e': /* string with encoding */
        {
            if (p_va != NULL) {
                (void) va_arg(*p_va, const char *);
            }
            if (!(*format == 's' || *format == 't'))
                /* after 'e', only 's' and 't' is allowed */
                goto err;
            format++;
        }
        /* fall through */

    case 's': /* string */
    case 'z': /* string or None */
    case 'y': /* bytes */
    case 'u': /* unicode string */
    case 'Z': /* unicode string or None */
    case 'w': /* buffer, read-write */
        {
            if (p_va != NULL) {
                (void) va_arg(*p_va, char **);
            }
            if (*format == '#') {
                if (p_va != NULL) {
                    if (flags & FLAG_SIZE_T)
                        (void) va_arg(*p_va, Py_ssize_t *);
                    else {
                        if (PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
                                    "PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN will be required for '#' formats", 1)) {
                            return NULL;
                        }
                        (void) va_arg(*p_va, int *);
                    }
                }
                format++;
            } else if ((c == 's' || c == 'z' || c == 'y' || c == 'w')
                       && *format == '*')
            {
                format++;
            }
            break;
        }

    case 'O': /* object */
        {
            if (*format == '!') {
                format++;
                if (p_va != NULL) {
                    (void) va_arg(*p_va, PyTypeObject*);
                    (void) va_arg(*p_va, PyObject **);
                }
            }
            else if (*format == '&') {
                typedef int (*converter)(PyObject *, void *);
                if (p_va != NULL) {
                    (void) va_arg(*p_va, converter);
                    (void) va_arg(*p_va, void *);
                }
                format++;
            }
            else {
                if (p_va != NULL) {
                    (void) va_arg(*p_va, PyObject **);
                }
            }
            break;
        }

    case '(':           /* bypass tuple, not handled at all previously */
        {
            const char *msg;
            for (;;) {
                if (*format==')')
                    break;
                if (IS_END_OF_FORMAT(*format))
                    return "Unmatched left paren in format "
                           "string";
                msg = skipitem(&format, p_va, flags);
                if (msg)
                    return msg;
            }
            format++;
            break;
        }

    case ')':
        return "Unmatched right paren in format string";

    default:
err:
        return "impossible<bad format char>";

    }

    *p_format = format;
    return NULL;
}


#undef _PyArg_CheckPositional

int
_PyArg_CheckPositional(const char *name, Py_ssize_t nargs,
                       Py_ssize_t min, Py_ssize_t max)
{
    assert(min >= 0);
    assert(min <= max);

    if (nargs < min) {
        if (name != NULL)
            PyErr_Format(
                PyExc_TypeError,
                "%.200s expected %s%zd argument%s, got %zd",
                name, (min == max ? "" : "at least "), min, min == 1 ? "" : "s", nargs);
        else
            PyErr_Format(
                PyExc_TypeError,
                "unpacked tuple should have %s%zd element%s,"
                " but has %zd",
                (min == max ? "" : "at least "), min, min == 1 ? "" : "s", nargs);
        return 0;
    }

    if (nargs == 0) {
        return 1;
    }

    if (nargs > max) {
        if (name != NULL)
            PyErr_Format(
                PyExc_TypeError,
                "%.200s expected %s%zd argument%s, got %zd",
                name, (min == max ? "" : "at most "), max, max == 1 ? "" : "s", nargs);
        else
            PyErr_Format(
                PyExc_TypeError,
                "unpacked tuple should have %s%zd element%s,"
                " but has %zd",
                (min == max ? "" : "at most "), max, max == 1 ? "" : "s", nargs);
        return 0;
    }

    return 1;
}

static int
unpack_stack(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, const char *name,
             Py_ssize_t min, Py_ssize_t max, va_list vargs)
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    PyObject **o;

    if (!_PyArg_CheckPositional(name, nargs, min, max)) {
        return 0;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < nargs; i++) {
        o = va_arg(vargs, PyObject **);
        *o = args[i];
    }
    return 1;
}

int
PyArg_UnpackTuple(PyObject *args, const char *name, Py_ssize_t min, Py_ssize_t max, ...)
{
    PyObject **stack;
    Py_ssize_t nargs;
    int retval;
    va_list vargs;

    if (!PyTuple_Check(args)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_SystemError,
            "PyArg_UnpackTuple() argument list is not a tuple");
        return 0;
    }
    stack = _PyTuple_ITEMS(args);
    nargs = PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args);

#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
    va_start(vargs, max);
#else
    va_start(vargs);
#endif
    retval = unpack_stack(stack, nargs, name, min, max, vargs);
    va_end(vargs);
    return retval;
}

int
_PyArg_UnpackStack(PyObject *const *args, Py_ssize_t nargs, const char *name,
                   Py_ssize_t min, Py_ssize_t max, ...)
{
    int retval;
    va_list vargs;

#ifdef HAVE_STDARG_PROTOTYPES
    va_start(vargs, max);
#else
    va_start(vargs);
#endif
    retval = unpack_stack(args, nargs, name, min, max, vargs);
    va_end(vargs);
    return retval;
}


#undef _PyArg_NoKeywords
#undef _PyArg_NoKwnames
#undef _PyArg_NoPositional

/* For type constructors that don't take keyword args
 *
 * Sets a TypeError and returns 0 if the args/kwargs is
 * not empty, returns 1 otherwise
 */
int
_PyArg_NoKeywords(const char *funcname, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    if (kwargs == NULL) {
        return 1;
    }
    if (!PyDict_CheckExact(kwargs)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return 0;
    }
    if (PyDict_GET_SIZE(kwargs) == 0) {
        return 1;
    }

    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "%.200s() takes no keyword arguments",
                    funcname);
    return 0;
}

int
_PyArg_NoPositional(const char *funcname, PyObject *args)
{
    if (args == NULL)
        return 1;
    if (!PyTuple_CheckExact(args)) {
        PyErr_BadInternalCall();
        return 0;
    }
    if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(args) == 0)
        return 1;

    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "%.200s() takes no positional arguments",
                    funcname);
    return 0;
}

int
_PyArg_NoKwnames(const char *funcname, PyObject *kwnames)
{
    if (kwnames == NULL) {
        return 1;
    }

    assert(PyTuple_CheckExact(kwnames));

    if (PyTuple_GET_SIZE(kwnames) == 0) {
        return 1;
    }

    PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError, "%s() takes no keyword arguments", funcname);
    return 0;
}

void
_PyArg_Fini(void)
{
    struct _PyArg_Parser *tmp, *s = static_arg_parsers;
    while (s) {
        tmp = s->next;
        s->next = NULL;
        parser_clear(s);
        s = tmp;
    }
    static_arg_parsers = NULL;
}

#ifdef __cplusplus
};
#endif
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