Fix memory leaks and aborts in H5O EFL decode (#2656)

* Convert asserts to error handling in efl decode

The function that decodes external data files object header messages
would call assert() when parsing malformed files, causing applications
to crash when linked against the debug library.

This change converts these assert() calls to HDF5 error checks, so
the messages are sanity checked in both release and debug mode and
debug mode no longer crashes applications.

Also cleaned up some error handling usage and debug checks.

* Free memory on H5O efl decode errors

* Add buffer size checks to efl msg decode

* Add parentheses to math expressions

Fixes GitHub #2605

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