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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
<html>
<head>
<title>Groups</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Groups</h1>
<h2>1. Introduction</h2>
<p>An object in HDF5 consists of an object header at a fixed file
address that contains messages describing various properties of
the object such as its storage location, layout, compression,
etc. and some of these messages point to other data such as the
raw data of a dataset. The address of the object header is also
known as an <em>OID</em> and HDF5 has facilities for translating
names to OIDs.
<p>Every HDF5 object has at least one name and a set of names can
be stored together in a group. Each group implements a name
space where the names are any length and unique with respect to
other names in the group.
<p>Since a group is a type of HDF5 object it has an object header
and a name which exists as a member of some other group. In this
way, groups can be linked together to form a directed graph.
One particular group is called the <em>Root Group</em> and is
the group to which the HDF5 file boot block points. Its name is
"/" by convention. The <em>full name</em> of an object is
created by joining component names with slashes much like Unix.
<p>
<center>
<img alt="Group Graph Example" src="group_p1.gif">
</center>
<p>However, unlike Unix which arranges directories hierarchically,
HDF5 arranges groups in a directed graph. Therefore, there is
no ".." entry in a group since a group can have more than one
parent. There is no "." entry either but the library understands
it internally.
<h2>2. Names</h2>
<p>HDF5 places few restrictions on names: component names may be
any length except zero and may contain any character except
slash ("/") and the null terminator. A full name may be
composed of any number of component names separated by slashes,
with any of the component names being the special name ".". A
name which begins with a slash is an <em>absolute</em> name
which is looked up beginning at the root group of the file while
all other <em>relative</em> names are looked up beginning at the
current working group (described below) or a specified group.
Multiple consecutive slashes in a full name are treated as
single slashes and trailing slashes are not significant. A
special case is the name "/" (or equivalent) which refers to the
root group.
<p>Functions which operate on names generally take a location
identifier which is either a file ID or a group ID and perform
the lookup with respect to that location. Some possibilities
are:
<p>
<center>
<table border cellpadding=4>
<tr>
<th>Location Type</th>
<th>Object Name</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>File ID</td>
<td><code>/foo/bar</code></td>
<td>The object <code>bar</code> in group <code>foo</code>
in the root group of the specified file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Group ID</td>
<td><code>/foo/bar</code></td>
<td>The object <code>bar</code> in group <code>foo</code>
in the root group of the file containing the specified
group. In other words, the group ID's only purpose is
to supply a file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>File ID</td>
<td><code>/</code></td>
<td>The root group of the specified file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Group ID</td>
<td><code>/</code></td>
<td>The root group of the file containing the specified
group.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>File ID</td>
<td><code>foo/bar</code></td>
<td>The object <code>bar</code> in group <code>foo</code>
in the current working group of the specified file. The
initial current working group is the root group of the
file as described below.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Group ID</td>
<td><code>foo/bar</code></td>
<td>The object <code>bar</code> in group <code>foo</code>
in the specified group.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>File ID</td>
<td><code>.</code></td>
<td>The current working group of the specified file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Group ID</td>
<td><code>.</code></td>
<td>The specified group.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Other ID</td>
<td><code>.</code></td>
<td>The specified object.</td>
</tr>
</table>
</center>
<h2>3. Creating, Opening, and Closing Groups</h2>
<p>Groups are created with the <code>H5Gcreate()</code> function,
and existing groups can be access with
<code>H5Gopen()</code>. Both functions return an object ID which
should be eventually released by calling
<code>H5Gclose()</code>.
<dl>
<dt><code>hid_t H5Gcreate (hid_t <em>location_id</em>, const char
*<em>name</em>, size_t <em>size_hint</em>)</code>
<dd>This function creates a new group with the specified
name at the specified location which is either a file ID or a
group ID. The name must not already be taken by some other
object and all parent groups must already exist. The
<em>size_hint</em> is a hint for the number of bytes to
reserve to store the names which will be eventually added to
the new group. Passing a value of zero for <em>size_hint</em>
is usually adequate since the library is able to dynamically
resize the name heap, but a correct hint may result in better
performance. The return value is a handle for the open group
and it should be closed by calling <code>H5Gclose()</code>
when it's no longer needed. A negative value is returned for
failure.
<br><br>
<dt><code>hid_t H5Gopen (hid_t <em>location_id</em>, const char
*<em>name</em>)</code>
<dd>This function opens an existing group with the specified
name at the specified location which is either a file ID or a
group ID and returns an object ID. The object ID should be
released by calling <code>H5Gclose()</code> when it is no
longer needed. A negative value is returned for failure.
<br><br>
<dt><code>herr_t H5Gclose (hid_t <em>group_id</em>)</code>
<dd>This function releases resources used by an group which was
opened by <code>H5Gcreate()</code> or
<code>H5Gopen()</code>. After closing a group the
<em>group_id</em> should not be used again. This function
returns zero for success or a negative value for failure.
</dl>
<h2>4. Current Working Group</h2>
<p>Each file handle (<code>hid_t <em>file_id</em></code>) has a
current working group, initially the root group of the file.
Names which do not begin with a slash are relative to the
specified group or to the current working group as described
above. For instance, the name "/Foo/Bar/Baz" is resolved by
first looking up "Foo" in the root group. But the name
"Foo/Bar/Baz" is resolved by first looking up "Foo" in the
current working group.
<dl>
<dt><code>herr_t H5Gset (hid_t <em>location_id</em>, const char
*<em>name</em>)</code>
<dd>The group with the specified name is made the current
working group for the file which contains it. The
<em>location_id</em> can be a file handle or a group handle
and the name is resolved as described above. Each file handle
has it's own current working group and if the
<em>location_id</em> is a group handle then the file handle is
derived from the group handle. This function returns zero for
success or negative for failure.
<br><br>
<dt><code>herr_t H5Gpush (hid_t <em>location_id</em>, const char
*<em>name</em>)</code>
<dd>Each file handle has a stack of groups and the top group on
that stack is the current working group. The stack initially
contains only the root group. This function pushes a new
group onto the stack and returns zero for success or negative
for failure.
<br><br>
<dt><code>herr_t H5Gpop (hid_t <em>location_id</em>)</code>
<dd>This function pops one group off the group stack for the
specified file (if the <em>location_id</em> is a group then
the file is derived from that group), changing the current
working group to the new top-of-stack group. The function
returns zero for success or negative for failure (failure
includes attempting to pop from an empty stack). If the last
item is popped from the stack then the current working group
is set to the root group.
</dl>
<h2>5. Objects with Multiple Names</h2>
<p>An object (including a group) can have more than one
name. Creating the object gives it the first name, and then
functions described here can be used to give it additional
names. The association between a name and the object is called
a <em>link</em> and HDF5 supports two types of links: a <em>hard
link</em> is a direct association between the name and the
object where both exist in a single HDF5 address space, and a
<em>soft link</em> is an indirect association.
<p>
<center>
<img alt="Hard Link Example" src="group_p2.gif">
</center>
<p>
<center>
<img alt="Soft Link Example" src="group_p3.gif">
</center>
<dl>
<dt>Object Creation</dt>
<dd>The creation of an object creates a hard link which is
indistinguishable from other hard links that might be added
later.
<br><br>
<dt><code>herr_t H5Glink (hid_t <em>file_id</em>, H5G_link_t
<em>link_type</em>, const char *<em>current_name</em>,
const char *<em>new_name</em>)</code>
<dd>Creates a new name for an object that has some current name
(possibly one of many names it currently has). If the
<em>link_type</em> is <code>H5G_LINK_HARD</code> then a new
hard link is created. Otherwise if <em>link_type</em> is
<code>H5T_LINK_SOFT</code> a soft link is created which is an
alias for the <em>current_name</em>. When creating a soft
link the object need not exist. This function returns zero
for success or negative for failure. <b>This function is not
part of the prototype API.</b>
<br><br>
<dt><code>herr_t H5Gunlink (hid_t <em>file_id</em>, const char
*<em>name</em>)</code>
<dd>This function removes an association between a name and an
object. Object headers keep track of how many hard links refer
to the object and when the hard link count reaches zero the
object can be removed from the file (but objects which are
open are not removed until all handles to the object are
closed). <b>This function is not part of the prototype
API.</b>
</dl>
<hr>
<address><a href="mailto:matzke@llnl.gov">Robb Matzke</a></address>
<!-- Created: Tue Jan 27 09:11:27 EST 1998 -->
<!-- hhmts start -->
Last modified: Tue Mar 24 15:52:14 EST 1998
<!-- hhmts end -->
</body>
</html>
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