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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD HTML//EN">
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Groups</title>
  </head>

  <body>
    <h1>Groups</h1>

    <h2>1. Introduction</h2>

    <p>An object in HDF5 consists of an object header at a fixed file
      address that contains messages describing various properties of
      the object such as its storage location, layout, compression,
      etc. and some of these messages point to other data such as the
      raw data of a dataset. The address of the object header is also
      known as an <em>OID</em> and HDF5 has facilities for translating
      names to OIDs.

    <p>Every HDF5 object has at least one name and a set of names can
      be stored together in a group.  Each group implements a name
      space where the names are any length and unique with respect to
      other names in the group.

    <p>Since a group is a type of HDF5 object it has an object header
      and a name which exists as a member of some other group. In this
      way, groups can be linked together to form a directed graph.
      One particular group is called the <em>Root Group</em> and is
      the group to which the HDF5 file boot block points.  Its name is
      "/" by convention.  The <em>full name</em> of an object is
      created by joining component names with slashes much like Unix.

    <p>
      <center>
	<img alt="Group Graph Example" src="group_p1.gif">
      </center>

    <p>However, unlike Unix which arranges directories hierarchically,
      HDF5 arranges groups in a directed graph.  Therefore, there is
      no ".." entry in a group since a group can have more than one
      parent. There is no "." entry either but the library understands
      it internally.

    <h2>2. Names</h2>

    <p>HDF5 places few restrictions on names: component names may be
      any length except zero and may contain any character except
      slash ("/") and the null terminator.  A full name may be
      composed of any number of component names separated by slashes,
      with any of the component names being the special name ".".  A
      name which begins with a slash is an <em>absolute</em> name
      which is looked up beginning at the root group of the file while
      all other <em>relative</em> names are looked up beginning at the
      current working group (described below) or a specified group.
      Multiple consecutive slashes in a full name are treated as
      single slashes and trailing slashes are not significant.  A
      special case is the name "/" (or equivalent) which refers to the
      root group.

    <p>Functions which operate on names generally take a location
      identifier which is either a file ID or a group ID and perform
      the lookup with respect to that location.  Some possibilities
      are:

    <p>
      <center>
	<table border cellpadding=4>
	  <tr>
	    <th>Location Type</th>
	    <th>Object Name</th>
	    <th>Description</th>
	  </tr>

	  <tr>
	    <td>File ID</td>
	    <td><code>/foo/bar</code></td>
	    <td>The object <code>bar</code> in group <code>foo</code>
	      in the root group of the specified file.</td>
	  </tr>

	  <tr>
	    <td>Group ID</td>
	    <td><code>/foo/bar</code></td>
	    <td>The object <code>bar</code> in group <code>foo</code>
	      in the root group of the file containing the specified
	      group.  In other words, the group ID's only purpose is
	      to supply a file.</td>
	  </tr>

	  <tr>
	    <td>File ID</td>
	    <td><code>/</code></td>
	    <td>The root group of the specified file.</td>
	  </tr>

	  <tr>
	    <td>Group ID</td>
	    <td><code>/</code></td>
	    <td>The root group of the file containing the specified
	      group.</td>
	  </tr>

	  <tr>
	    <td>File ID</td>
	    <td><code>foo/bar</code></td>
	    <td>The object <code>bar</code> in group <code>foo</code>
	      in the current working group of the specified file.  The
	      initial current working group is the root group of the
	      file as described below.</td>
	  </tr>

	  <tr>
	    <td>Group ID</td>
	    <td><code>foo/bar</code></td>
	    <td>The object <code>bar</code> in group <code>foo</code>
	      in the specified group.</td>
	  </tr>

	  <tr>
	    <td>File ID</td>
	    <td><code>.</code></td>
	    <td>The current working group of the specified file.</td>
	  </tr>

	  <tr>
	    <td>Group ID</td>
	    <td><code>.</code></td>
	    <td>The specified group.</td>
	  </tr>

	  <tr>
	    <td>Other ID</td>
	    <td><code>.</code></td>
	    <td>The specified object.</td>
	  </tr>

	</table>
      </center>


    <h2>3. Creating, Opening, and Closing Groups</h2>

    <p>Groups are created with the <code>H5Gcreate()</code> function,
      and existing groups can be access with
      <code>H5Gopen()</code>. Both functions return an object ID which
      should be eventually released by calling
      <code>H5Gclose()</code>.

    <dl>
      <dt><code>hid_t H5Gcreate (hid_t <em>location_id</em>, const char
	  *<em>name</em>, size_t <em>size_hint</em>)</code>
      <dd>This function creates a new group with the specified
	name at the specified location which is either a file ID or a
	group ID.  The name must not already be taken by some other
	object and all parent groups must already exist.  The
	<em>size_hint</em> is a hint for the number of bytes to
	reserve to store the names which will be eventually added to
	the new group.  Passing a value of zero for <em>size_hint</em>
	is usually adequate since the library is able to dynamically
	resize the name heap, but a correct hint may result in better
	performance.  The return value is a handle for the open group
	and it should be closed by calling <code>H5Gclose()</code>
	when it's no longer needed. A negative value is returned for
	failure.

	<br><br>
      <dt><code>hid_t H5Gopen (hid_t <em>location_id</em>, const char
	  *<em>name</em>)</code>
      <dd>This function opens an existing group with the specified
	name at the specified location which is either a file ID or a
	group ID and returns an object ID.  The object ID should be
	released by calling <code>H5Gclose()</code> when it is no
	longer needed.  A negative value is returned for failure.

	<br><br>
      <dt><code>herr_t H5Gclose (hid_t <em>group_id</em>)</code>
      <dd>This function releases resources used by an group which was
	opened by <code>H5Gcreate()</code> or
	<code>H5Gopen()</code>. After closing a group the
	<em>group_id</em> should not be used again.  This function
	returns zero for success or a negative value for failure.
    </dl>

    <h2>4. Current Working Group</h2>

    <p>Each file handle (<code>hid_t <em>file_id</em></code>) has a
      current working group, initially the root group of the file.
      Names which do not begin with a slash are relative to the
      specified group or to the current working group as described
      above.  For instance, the name "/Foo/Bar/Baz" is resolved by
      first looking up "Foo" in the root group.  But the name
      "Foo/Bar/Baz" is resolved by first looking up "Foo" in the
      current working group.

    <dl>
      <dt><code>herr_t H5Gset (hid_t <em>location_id</em>, const char
	  *<em>name</em>)</code>
      <dd>The group with the specified name is made the current
	working group for the file which contains it. The
	<em>location_id</em> can be a file handle or a group handle
	and the name is resolved as described above.  Each file handle
	has it's own current working group and if the
	<em>location_id</em> is a group handle then the file handle is
	derived from the group handle. This function returns zero for
	success or negative for failure.

	<br><br>
      <dt><code>herr_t H5Gpush (hid_t <em>location_id</em>, const char
	  *<em>name</em>)</code>
      <dd>Each file handle has a stack of groups and the top group on
	that stack is the current working group.  The stack initially
	contains only the root group.  This function pushes a new
	group onto the stack and returns zero for success or negative
	for failure.

	<br><br>
      <dt><code>herr_t H5Gpop (hid_t <em>location_id</em>)</code>
      <dd>This function pops one group off the group stack for the
	specified file (if the <em>location_id</em> is a group then
	the file is derived from that group), changing the current
	working group to the new top-of-stack group.  The function
	returns zero for success or negative for failure (failure
	includes attempting to pop from an empty stack).  If the last
	item is popped from the stack then the current working group
	is set to the root group.
    </dl>

    <h2>5. Objects with Multiple Names</h2>

    <p>An object (including a group) can have more than one
      name. Creating the object gives it the first name, and then
      functions described here can be used to give it additional
      names.  The association between a name and the object is called
      a <em>link</em> and HDF5 supports two types of links: a <em>hard
      link</em> is a direct association between the name and the
      object where both exist in a single HDF5 address space, and a
      <em>soft link</em> is an indirect association.

    <p>
      <center>
	<img alt="Hard Link Example" src="group_p2.gif">
      </center>

    <p>
      <center>
	<img alt="Soft Link Example" src="group_p3.gif">
      </center>

    <dl>
      <dt>Object Creation</dt>
      <dd>The creation of an object creates a hard link which is
	indistinguishable from other hard links that might be added
	later.

	<br><br>
      <dt><code>herr_t H5Glink (hid_t <em>file_id</em>, H5G_link_t
	  <em>link_type</em>, const char *<em>current_name</em>,
	  const char *<em>new_name</em>)</code>
      <dd>Creates a new name for an object that has some current name
	(possibly one of many names it currently has).  If the
	<em>link_type</em> is <code>H5G_LINK_HARD</code> then a new
	hard link is created.  Otherwise if <em>link_type</em> is
	<code>H5T_LINK_SOFT</code> a soft link is created which is an
	alias for the <em>current_name</em>.  When creating a soft
	link the object need not exist.  This function returns zero
	for success or negative for failure. <b>This function is not
	part of the prototype API.</b>

	<br><br>
      <dt><code>herr_t H5Gunlink (hid_t <em>file_id</em>, const char
	  *<em>name</em>)</code>
      <dd>This function removes an association between a name and an
	object. Object headers keep track of how many hard links refer
	to the object and when the hard link count reaches zero the
	object can be removed from the file (but objects which are
	open are not removed until all handles to the object are
	closed).  <b>This function is not part of the prototype
	API.</b>
    </dl>

    <h2>6. Comments</h2>

    <p>Objects can have a comment associated with them.  The comment
      is set and queried with these two functions:

    <dl>
      <dt><code>herr_t H5Gset_comment (hid_t <em>loc_id</em>, const
	  char *<em>name</em>, const char *<em>comment</em>)</code>
      <dd>The previous comment (if any) for the specified object is
	replace with a new comment.  If the <em>comment</em> argument
	is the empty string or a null pointer then the comment message 
	is removed from the object.  Comments should be relatively
	short, null-terminated, ASCII strings.

	<br><br>
      <dt><code>herr_t H5Gget_comment (hid_t <em>loc_id</em>, const
	  char *<em>name</em>, size_t <em>bufsize</em>, char
	  *<em>comment</em>)</code>
      <dd>The comment string for an object is returned through the
	<em>comment</em> buffer.  At most <em>bufsize</em> characters
	including a null terminator are copied, and the result is
	not null terminated if the comment is longer than the supplied 
	buffer.  If an object doesn't have a comment then the empty
	string is returned.
    </dl>

<!--
    <hr>
    <address><a href="mailto:matzke@llnl.gov">Robb Matzke</a></address>
-->
<!-- Created: Tue Jan 27 09:11:27 EST 1998 -->
<!-- hhmts start -->
<!--
Last modified: Wed Jul 22 14:24:34 EDT 1998
-->
<!-- hhmts end -->

<hr>
<address>
<a href="mailto:hdfhelp@ncsa.uiuc.edu">HDF Help Desk</a>
</address>

Last modified:  9 September 1998

  </body>
</html>