(experimental) Upgrade to libtommath 1.0 (actually by merging all changes between libtommath 0.42.0 and 1.0). Still to be tested thourougly, before doing anything with it.

165 files changed, 17182 insertions, 9960 deletions

diff --git a/generic/tclStubInit.c b/generic/tclStubInit.c
index 5b7a1cd..2f1bb8b 100644
--- a/generic/tclStubInit.c
+++ b/generic/tclStubInit.c
@@ -749,6 +749,7 @@ const TclTomMathStubs tclTomMathStubs = {
     TclBNInitBignumFromLong, /* 64 */
     TclBNInitBignumFromWideInt, /* 65 */
     TclBNInitBignumFromWideUInt, /* 66 */
+    TclBN_mp_expt_d_ex, /* 67 */
 };
 
 static const TclStubHooks tclStubHooks = {
diff --git a/generic/tclTomMath.decls b/generic/tclTomMath.decls
index 610a031..7d095ef 100644
--- a/generic/tclTomMath.decls
+++ b/generic/tclTomMath.decls
@@ -233,6 +233,11 @@ declare 66 {
     void TclBNInitBignumFromWideUInt(mp_int *bignum, Tcl_WideUInt initVal)
 }
 
+# Added in libtommath 1.0
+declare 67 {
+    int TclBN_mp_expt_d_ex(mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_int *c, int fast)
+}
+
 # Local Variables:
 # mode: tcl
 # End:
diff --git a/generic/tclTomMathDecls.h b/generic/tclTomMathDecls.h
index 2ce9d5a..e7b68ff 100644
--- a/generic/tclTomMathDecls.h
+++ b/generic/tclTomMathDecls.h
@@ -73,6 +73,7 @@
 #define mp_div_d TclBN_mp_div_d
 #define mp_exch TclBN_mp_exch
 #define mp_expt_d TclBN_mp_expt_d
+#define mp_expt_d_ex TclBN_mp_expt_d_ex
 #define mp_grow TclBN_mp_grow
 #define mp_init TclBN_mp_init
 #define mp_init_copy TclBN_mp_init_copy
@@ -287,6 +288,9 @@ EXTERN void		TclBNInitBignumFromWideInt(mp_int *bignum,
 /* 66 */
 EXTERN void		TclBNInitBignumFromWideUInt(mp_int *bignum,
 				Tcl_WideUInt initVal);
+/* 67 */
+EXTERN int		TclBN_mp_expt_d_ex(mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_int *c,
+				int fast);
 
 typedef struct TclTomMathStubs {
     int magic;
@@ -359,6 +363,7 @@ typedef struct TclTomMathStubs {
     void (*tclBNInitBignumFromLong) (mp_int *bignum, long initVal); /* 64 */
     void (*tclBNInitBignumFromWideInt) (mp_int *bignum, Tcl_WideInt initVal); /* 65 */
     void (*tclBNInitBignumFromWideUInt) (mp_int *bignum, Tcl_WideUInt initVal); /* 66 */
+    int (*tclBN_mp_expt_d_ex) (mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_int *c, int fast); /* 67 */
 } TclTomMathStubs;
 
 extern const TclTomMathStubs *tclTomMathStubsPtr;
@@ -507,6 +512,8 @@ extern const TclTomMathStubs *tclTomMathStubsPtr;
 	(tclTomMathStubsPtr->tclBNInitBignumFromWideInt) /* 65 */
 #define TclBNInitBignumFromWideUInt \
 	(tclTomMathStubsPtr->tclBNInitBignumFromWideUInt) /* 66 */
+#define TclBN_mp_expt_d_ex \
+	(tclTomMathStubsPtr->tclBN_mp_expt_d_ex) /* 67 */
 
 #endif /* defined(USE_TCL_STUBS) */
 
diff --git a/libtommath/LICENSE b/libtommath/LICENSE
index 5baa792..04d6d1d 100644
--- a/libtommath/LICENSE
+++ b/libtommath/LICENSE
@@ -1,4 +1,29 @@
-LibTomMath is hereby released into the Public Domain.  
+LibTomMath is licensed under DUAL licensing terms.
 
--- Tom St Denis
+Choose and use the license of your needs.
 
+[LICENSE #1]
+
+LibTomMath is public domain.  As should all quality software be.
+
+Tom St Denis
+
+[/LICENSE #1]
+
+[LICENSE #2]
+
+            DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE
+                    Version 2, December 2004
+
+ Copyright (C) 2004 Sam Hocevar <sam@hocevar.net>
+
+ Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim or modified
+ copies of this license document, and changing it is allowed as long
+ as the name is changed.
+
+            DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO PUBLIC LICENSE
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
+
+  0. You just DO WHAT THE FUCK YOU WANT TO. 
+
+[/LICENSE #2]
diff --git a/libtommath/bn.ilg b/libtommath/bn.ilg
index 3c859f0..2a14624 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn.ilg
+++ b/libtommath/bn.ilg
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
-This is makeindex, version 2.14 [02-Oct-2002] (kpathsea + Thai support).
-Scanning input file bn.idx....done (79 entries accepted, 0 rejected).
-Sorting entries....done (511 comparisons).
-Generating output file bn.ind....done (82 lines written, 0 warnings).
+This is makeindex, version 2.15 [TeX Live 2013] (kpathsea + Thai support).
+Scanning input file bn.idx....done (85 entries accepted, 0 rejected).
+Sorting entries....done (554 comparisons).
+Generating output file bn.ind....done (88 lines written, 0 warnings).
 Output written in bn.ind.
 Transcript written in bn.ilg.
diff --git a/libtommath/bn.ind b/libtommath/bn.ind
index e5f7d4a..01cff1a 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn.ind
+++ b/libtommath/bn.ind
@@ -1,82 +1,88 @@
 \begin{theindex}
 
-  \item mp\_add, \hyperpage{29}
-  \item mp\_add\_d, \hyperpage{52}
-  \item mp\_and, \hyperpage{29}
-  \item mp\_clear, \hyperpage{11}
-  \item mp\_clear\_multi, \hyperpage{12}
-  \item mp\_cmp, \hyperpage{24}
-  \item mp\_cmp\_d, \hyperpage{25}
-  \item mp\_cmp\_mag, \hyperpage{23}
-  \item mp\_div, \hyperpage{30}
-  \item mp\_div\_2, \hyperpage{26}
-  \item mp\_div\_2d, \hyperpage{28}
-  \item mp\_div\_d, \hyperpage{52}
-  \item mp\_dr\_reduce, \hyperpage{40}
-  \item mp\_dr\_setup, \hyperpage{40}
-  \item MP\_EQ, \hyperpage{22}
-  \item mp\_error\_to\_string, \hyperpage{10}
-  \item mp\_expt\_d, \hyperpage{43}
-  \item mp\_exptmod, \hyperpage{43}
-  \item mp\_exteuclid, \hyperpage{51}
-  \item mp\_gcd, \hyperpage{51}
-  \item mp\_get\_int, \hyperpage{20}
-  \item mp\_grow, \hyperpage{16}
-  \item MP\_GT, \hyperpage{22}
-  \item mp\_init, \hyperpage{11}
-  \item mp\_init\_copy, \hyperpage{13}
-  \item mp\_init\_multi, \hyperpage{12}
-  \item mp\_init\_set, \hyperpage{21}
-  \item mp\_init\_set\_int, \hyperpage{21}
-  \item mp\_init\_size, \hyperpage{14}
-  \item mp\_int, \hyperpage{10}
-  \item mp\_invmod, \hyperpage{52}
-  \item mp\_jacobi, \hyperpage{52}
-  \item mp\_lcm, \hyperpage{51}
-  \item mp\_lshd, \hyperpage{28}
-  \item MP\_LT, \hyperpage{22}
-  \item MP\_MEM, \hyperpage{9}
-  \item mp\_mod, \hyperpage{35}
-  \item mp\_mod\_d, \hyperpage{52}
-  \item mp\_montgomery\_calc\_normalization, \hyperpage{38}
-  \item mp\_montgomery\_reduce, \hyperpage{37}
-  \item mp\_montgomery\_setup, \hyperpage{37}
-  \item mp\_mul, \hyperpage{31}
-  \item mp\_mul\_2, \hyperpage{26}
-  \item mp\_mul\_2d, \hyperpage{28}
-  \item mp\_mul\_d, \hyperpage{52}
-  \item mp\_n\_root, \hyperpage{44}
-  \item mp\_neg, \hyperpage{29}
-  \item MP\_NO, \hyperpage{9}
-  \item MP\_OKAY, \hyperpage{9}
-  \item mp\_or, \hyperpage{29}
-  \item mp\_prime\_fermat, \hyperpage{45}
-  \item mp\_prime\_is\_divisible, \hyperpage{45}
-  \item mp\_prime\_is\_prime, \hyperpage{46}
-  \item mp\_prime\_miller\_rabin, \hyperpage{45}
-  \item mp\_prime\_next\_prime, \hyperpage{46}
-  \item mp\_prime\_rabin\_miller\_trials, \hyperpage{46}
-  \item mp\_prime\_random, \hyperpage{47}
-  \item mp\_prime\_random\_ex, \hyperpage{47}
-  \item mp\_radix\_size, \hyperpage{49}
-  \item mp\_read\_radix, \hyperpage{49}
-  \item mp\_read\_unsigned\_bin, \hyperpage{50}
-  \item mp\_reduce, \hyperpage{36}
-  \item mp\_reduce\_2k, \hyperpage{41}
-  \item mp\_reduce\_2k\_setup, \hyperpage{41}
-  \item mp\_reduce\_setup, \hyperpage{36}
-  \item mp\_rshd, \hyperpage{28}
-  \item mp\_set, \hyperpage{19}
-  \item mp\_set\_int, \hyperpage{20}
-  \item mp\_shrink, \hyperpage{15}
-  \item mp\_sqr, \hyperpage{33}
-  \item mp\_sub, \hyperpage{29}
-  \item mp\_sub\_d, \hyperpage{52}
-  \item mp\_to\_unsigned\_bin, \hyperpage{50}
-  \item mp\_toradix, \hyperpage{49}
-  \item mp\_unsigned\_bin\_size, \hyperpage{50}
-  \item MP\_VAL, \hyperpage{9}
-  \item mp\_xor, \hyperpage{29}
-  \item MP\_YES, \hyperpage{9}
+  \item mp\_add, \hyperpage{24}
+  \item mp\_add\_d, \hyperpage{44}
+  \item mp\_and, \hyperpage{24}
+  \item mp\_clear, \hyperpage{9}
+  \item mp\_clear\_multi, \hyperpage{10}
+  \item mp\_cmp, \hyperpage{19}
+  \item mp\_cmp\_d, \hyperpage{20}
+  \item mp\_cmp\_mag, \hyperpage{18}
+  \item mp\_div, \hyperpage{24}
+  \item mp\_div\_2, \hyperpage{22}
+  \item mp\_div\_2d, \hyperpage{23}
+  \item mp\_div\_d, \hyperpage{44}
+  \item mp\_dr\_reduce, \hyperpage{33}
+  \item mp\_dr\_setup, \hyperpage{33}
+  \item MP\_EQ, \hyperpage{18}
+  \item mp\_error\_to\_string, \hyperpage{7}
+  \item mp\_expt\_d, \hyperpage{35}
+  \item mp\_expt\_d\_ex, \hyperpage{35}
+  \item mp\_exptmod, \hyperpage{35}
+  \item mp\_exteuclid, \hyperpage{43}
+  \item mp\_gcd, \hyperpage{43}
+  \item mp\_get\_int, \hyperpage{16}
+  \item mp\_get\_long, \hyperpage{17}
+  \item mp\_get\_long\_long, \hyperpage{17}
+  \item mp\_grow, \hyperpage{13}
+  \item MP\_GT, \hyperpage{18}
+  \item mp\_init, \hyperpage{8}
+  \item mp\_init\_copy, \hyperpage{10}
+  \item mp\_init\_multi, \hyperpage{10}
+  \item mp\_init\_set, \hyperpage{17}
+  \item mp\_init\_set\_int, \hyperpage{17}
+  \item mp\_init\_size, \hyperpage{11}
+  \item mp\_int, \hyperpage{8}
+  \item mp\_invmod, \hyperpage{44}
+  \item mp\_jacobi, \hyperpage{43}
+  \item mp\_lcm, \hyperpage{43}
+  \item mp\_lshd, \hyperpage{23}
+  \item MP\_LT, \hyperpage{18}
+  \item MP\_MEM, \hyperpage{7}
+  \item mp\_mod, \hyperpage{29}
+  \item mp\_mod\_d, \hyperpage{44}
+  \item mp\_montgomery\_calc\_normalization, \hyperpage{31}
+  \item mp\_montgomery\_reduce, \hyperpage{31}
+  \item mp\_montgomery\_setup, \hyperpage{31}
+  \item mp\_mul, \hyperpage{25}
+  \item mp\_mul\_2, \hyperpage{22}
+  \item mp\_mul\_2d, \hyperpage{23}
+  \item mp\_mul\_d, \hyperpage{44}
+  \item mp\_n\_root, \hyperpage{36}
+  \item mp\_neg, \hyperpage{24}
+  \item MP\_NO, \hyperpage{7}
+  \item MP\_OKAY, \hyperpage{7}
+  \item mp\_or, \hyperpage{24}
+  \item mp\_prime\_fermat, \hyperpage{37}
+  \item mp\_prime\_is\_divisible, \hyperpage{37}
+  \item mp\_prime\_is\_prime, \hyperpage{38}
+  \item mp\_prime\_miller\_rabin, \hyperpage{37}
+  \item mp\_prime\_next\_prime, \hyperpage{38}
+  \item mp\_prime\_rabin\_miller\_trials, \hyperpage{38}
+  \item mp\_prime\_random, \hyperpage{38}
+  \item mp\_prime\_random\_ex, \hyperpage{39}
+  \item mp\_radix\_size, \hyperpage{41}
+  \item mp\_read\_radix, \hyperpage{41}
+  \item mp\_read\_unsigned\_bin, \hyperpage{42}
+  \item mp\_reduce, \hyperpage{30}
+  \item mp\_reduce\_2k, \hyperpage{34}
+  \item mp\_reduce\_2k\_setup, \hyperpage{34}
+  \item mp\_reduce\_setup, \hyperpage{29}
+  \item mp\_rshd, \hyperpage{23}
+  \item mp\_set, \hyperpage{15}
+  \item mp\_set\_int, \hyperpage{16}
+  \item mp\_set\_long, \hyperpage{17}
+  \item mp\_set\_long\_long, \hyperpage{17}
+  \item mp\_shrink, \hyperpage{12}
+  \item mp\_sqr, \hyperpage{26}
+  \item mp\_sqrtmod\_prime, \hyperpage{44}
+  \item mp\_sub, \hyperpage{24}
+  \item mp\_sub\_d, \hyperpage{44}
+  \item mp\_to\_unsigned\_bin, \hyperpage{42}
+  \item mp\_toradix, \hyperpage{41}
+  \item mp\_unsigned\_bin\_size, \hyperpage{41}
+  \item MP\_VAL, \hyperpage{7}
+  \item mp\_xor, \hyperpage{24}
+  \item MP\_YES, \hyperpage{7}
 
 \end{theindex}
diff --git a/libtommath/bn.tex b/libtommath/bn.tex
index e8eb994..8d52075 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn.tex
+++ b/libtommath/bn.tex
@@ -49,10 +49,10 @@
 \begin{document}
 \frontmatter
 \pagestyle{empty}
-\title{LibTomMath User Manual \\ v0.39}
-\author{Tom St Denis \\ tomstdenis@iahu.ca}
+\title{LibTomMath User Manual \\ v1.0.0}
+\author{Tom St Denis \\ tstdenis82@gmail.com}
 \maketitle
-This text, the library and the accompanying textbook are all hereby placed in the public domain.  This book has been 
+This text, the library and the accompanying textbook are all hereby placed in the public domain.  This book has been
 formatted for B5 [176x250] paper using the \LaTeX{} {\em book} macro package.
 
 \vspace{10cm}
@@ -74,12 +74,12 @@ Ontario, Canada
 \section{What is LibTomMath?}
 LibTomMath is a library of source code which provides a series of efficient and carefully written functions for manipulating
 large integer numbers.  It was written in portable ISO C source code so that it will build on any platform with a conforming
-C compiler.  
+C compiler.
 
 In a nutshell the library was written from scratch with verbose comments to help instruct computer science students how
-to implement ``bignum'' math.  However, the resulting code has proven to be very useful.  It has been used by numerous 
+to implement ``bignum'' math.  However, the resulting code has proven to be very useful.  It has been used by numerous
 universities, commercial and open source software developers.  It has been used on a variety of platforms ranging from
-Linux and Windows based x86 to ARM based Gameboys and PPC based MacOS machines.  
+Linux and Windows based x86 to ARM based Gameboys and PPC based MacOS machines.
 
 \section{License}
 As of the v0.25 the library source code has been placed in the public domain with every new release.  As of the v0.28
@@ -87,14 +87,14 @@ release the textbook ``Implementing Multiple Precision Arithmetic'' has been pla
 release as well.  This textbook is meant to compliment the project by providing a more solid walkthrough of the development
 algorithms used in the library.
 
-Since both\footnote{Note that the MPI files under mtest/ are copyrighted by Michael Fromberger.  They are not required to use LibTomMath.} are in the 
+Since both\footnote{Note that the MPI files under mtest/ are copyrighted by Michael Fromberger.  They are not required to use LibTomMath.} are in the
 public domain everyone is entitled to do with them as they see fit.
 
 \section{Building LibTomMath}
 
 LibTomMath is meant to be very ``GCC friendly'' as it comes with a makefile well suited for GCC.  However, the library will
 also build in MSVC, Borland C out of the box.  For any other ISO C compiler a makefile will have to be made by the end
-developer.  
+developer.
 
 \subsection{Static Libraries}
 To build as a static library for GCC issue the following
@@ -102,14 +102,14 @@ To build as a static library for GCC issue the following
 make
 \end{alltt}
 
-command.  This will build the library and archive the object files in ``libtommath.a''.  Now you link against 
+command.  This will build the library and archive the object files in ``libtommath.a''.  Now you link against
 that and include ``tommath.h'' within your programs.  Alternatively to build with MSVC issue the following
 \begin{alltt}
 nmake -f makefile.msvc
 \end{alltt}
 
-This will build the library and archive the object files in ``tommath.lib''.  This has been tested with MSVC 
-version 6.00 with service pack 5.  
+This will build the library and archive the object files in ``tommath.lib''.  This has been tested with MSVC
+version 6.00 with service pack 5.
 
 \subsection{Shared Libraries}
 To build as a shared library for GCC issue the following
@@ -117,12 +117,12 @@ To build as a shared library for GCC issue the following
 make -f makefile.shared
 \end{alltt}
 This requires the ``libtool'' package (common on most Linux/BSD systems).  It will build LibTomMath as both shared
-and static then install (by default) into /usr/lib as well as install the header files in /usr/include.  The shared 
-library (resource) will be called ``libtommath.la'' while the static library called ``libtommath.a''.  Generally 
-you use libtool to link your application against the shared object.  
+and static then install (by default) into /usr/lib as well as install the header files in /usr/include.  The shared
+library (resource) will be called ``libtommath.la'' while the static library called ``libtommath.a''.  Generally
+you use libtool to link your application against the shared object.
 
-There is limited support for making a ``DLL'' in windows via the ``makefile.cygwin\_dll'' makefile.  It requires 
-Cygwin to work with since it requires the auto-export/import functionality.  The resulting DLL and import library 
+There is limited support for making a ``DLL'' in windows via the ``makefile.cygwin\_dll'' makefile.  It requires
+Cygwin to work with since it requires the auto-export/import functionality.  The resulting DLL and import library
 ``libtommath.dll.a'' can be used to link LibTomMath dynamically to any Windows program using Cygwin.
 
 \subsection{Testing}
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ is included in the package}.  Simply pipe mtest into test using
 mtest/mtest | test
 \end{alltt}
 
-If you do not have a ``/dev/urandom'' style RNG source you will have to write your own PRNG and simply pipe that into 
+If you do not have a ``/dev/urandom'' style RNG source you will have to write your own PRNG and simply pipe that into
 mtest.  For example, if your PRNG program is called ``myprng'' simply invoke
 
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -152,17 +152,17 @@ that is being performed.  The numbers represent how many times the test was invo
 will exit with a dump of the relevent numbers it was working with.
 
 \section{Build Configuration}
-LibTomMath can configured at build time in three phases we shall call ``depends'', ``tweaks'' and ``trims''.  
-Each phase changes how the library is built and they are applied one after another respectively.  
+LibTomMath can configured at build time in three phases we shall call ``depends'', ``tweaks'' and ``trims''.
+Each phase changes how the library is built and they are applied one after another respectively.
 
 To make the system more powerful you can tweak the build process.  Classes are defined in the file
-``tommath\_superclass.h''.  By default, the symbol ``LTM\_ALL'' shall be defined which simply 
-instructs the system to build all of the functions.  This is how LibTomMath used to be packaged.  This will give you 
+``tommath\_superclass.h''.  By default, the symbol ``LTM\_ALL'' shall be defined which simply
+instructs the system to build all of the functions.  This is how LibTomMath used to be packaged.  This will give you
 access to every function LibTomMath offers.
 
-However, there are cases where such a build is not optional.  For instance, you want to perform RSA operations.  You 
-don't need the vast majority of the library to perform these operations.  Aside from LTM\_ALL there is 
-another pre--defined class ``SC\_RSA\_1'' which works in conjunction with the RSA from LibTomCrypt.  Additional 
+However, there are cases where such a build is not optional.  For instance, you want to perform RSA operations.  You
+don't need the vast majority of the library to perform these operations.  Aside from LTM\_ALL there is
+another pre--defined class ``SC\_RSA\_1'' which works in conjunction with the RSA from LibTomCrypt.  Additional
 classes can be defined base on the need of the user.
 
 \subsection{Build Depends}
@@ -172,8 +172,8 @@ file.  For instance, BN\_MP\_ADD\_C represents the file ``bn\_mp\_add.c''.  When
 function in the respective file will be compiled and linked into the library.  Accordingly when the define
 is absent the file will not be compiled and not contribute any size to the library.
 
-You will also note that the header tommath\_class.h is actually recursively included (it includes itself twice).  
-This is to help resolve as many dependencies as possible.  In the last pass the symbol LTM\_LAST will be defined.  
+You will also note that the header tommath\_class.h is actually recursively included (it includes itself twice).
+This is to help resolve as many dependencies as possible.  In the last pass the symbol LTM\_LAST will be defined.
 This is useful for ``trims''.
 
 \subsection{Build Tweaks}
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ They can be enabled at any pass of the configuration phase.
 
 \subsection{Build Trims}
 A trim is a manner of removing functionality from a function that is not required.  For instance, to perform
-RSA cryptography you only require exponentiation with odd moduli so even moduli support can be safely removed.  
+RSA cryptography you only require exponentiation with odd moduli so even moduli support can be safely removed.
 Build trims are meant to be defined on the last pass of the configuration which means they are to be defined
 only if LTM\_LAST has been defined.
 
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ only if LTM\_LAST has been defined.
                                            & BN\_S\_MP\_SQR\_C \\
 \hline Polynomial Schmolynomial            & BN\_MP\_KARATSUBA\_MUL\_C \\
                                            & BN\_MP\_KARATSUBA\_SQR\_C \\
-                                           & BN\_MP\_TOOM\_MUL\_C \\ 
+                                           & BN\_MP\_TOOM\_MUL\_C \\
                                            & BN\_MP\_TOOM\_SQR\_C \\
 
 \hline
@@ -242,11 +242,11 @@ only if LTM\_LAST has been defined.
 
 
 \section{Purpose of LibTomMath}
-Unlike  GNU MP (GMP) Library, LIP, OpenSSL or various other commercial kits (Miracl), LibTomMath was not written with 
-bleeding edge performance in mind.  First and foremost LibTomMath was written to be entirely open.  Not only is the 
+Unlike  GNU MP (GMP) Library, LIP, OpenSSL or various other commercial kits (Miracl), LibTomMath was not written with
+bleeding edge performance in mind.  First and foremost LibTomMath was written to be entirely open.  Not only is the
 source code public domain (unlike various other GPL/etc licensed code), not only is the code freely downloadable but the
 source code is also accessible for computer science students attempting to learn ``BigNum'' or multiple precision
-arithmetic techniques. 
+arithmetic techniques.
 
 LibTomMath was written to be an instructive collection of source code.  This is why there are many comments, only one
 function per source file and often I use a ``middle-road'' approach where I don't cut corners for an extra 2\% speed
@@ -277,9 +277,9 @@ are the pros and cons of LibTomMath by comparing it to the math routines from Gn
 \caption{LibTomMath Valuation}
 \end{figure}
 
-It may seem odd to compare LibTomMath to GnuPG since the math in GnuPG is only a small portion of the entire application. 
+It may seem odd to compare LibTomMath to GnuPG since the math in GnuPG is only a small portion of the entire application.
 However, LibTomMath was written with cryptography in mind.  It provides essentially all of the functions a cryptosystem
-would require when working with large integers.  
+would require when working with large integers.
 
 So it may feel tempting to just rip the math code out of GnuPG (or GnuMP where it was taken from originally) in your
 own application but I think there are reasons not to.  While LibTomMath is slower than libraries such as GnuMP it is
@@ -289,11 +289,11 @@ exponentiations.  It depends largely on the processor, compiler and the moduli b
 Essentially the only time you wouldn't use LibTomMath is when blazing speed is the primary concern.  However,
 on the other side of the coin LibTomMath offers you a totally free (public domain) well structured math library
 that is very flexible, complete and performs well in resource contrained environments.  Fast RSA for example can
-be performed with as little as 8KB of ram for data (again depending on build options).  
+be performed with as little as 8KB of ram for data (again depending on build options).
 
 \chapter{Getting Started with LibTomMath}
 \section{Building Programs}
-In order to use LibTomMath you must include ``tommath.h'' and link against the appropriate library file (typically 
+In order to use LibTomMath you must include ``tommath.h'' and link against the appropriate library file (typically
 libtommath.a).  There is no library initialization required and the entire library is thread safe.
 
 \section{Return Codes}
@@ -327,8 +327,8 @@ to a string use the following function.
 char *mp_error_to_string(int code);
 \end{alltt}
 
-This will return a pointer to a string which describes the given error code.  It will not work for the return codes 
-MP\_YES and MP\_NO.  
+This will return a pointer to a string which describes the given error code.  It will not work for the return codes
+MP\_YES and MP\_NO.
 
 \section{Data Types}
 The basic ``multiple precision integer'' type is known as the ``mp\_int'' within LibTomMath.  This data type is used to
@@ -345,7 +345,7 @@ typedef struct  \{
 
 Where ``mp\_digit'' is a data type that represents individual digits of the integer.  By default, an mp\_digit is the
 ISO C ``unsigned long'' data type and each digit is $28-$bits long.  The mp\_digit type can be configured to suit other
-platforms by defining the appropriate macros.  
+platforms by defining the appropriate macros.
 
 All LTM functions that use the mp\_int type will expect a pointer to mp\_int structure.  You must allocate memory to
 hold the structure itself by yourself (whether off stack or heap it doesn't matter).  The very first thing that must be
@@ -374,7 +374,7 @@ This allows operands to be re-used which can make programming simpler.
 
 \section{Initialization}
 \subsection{Single Initialization}
-A single mp\_int can be initialized with the ``mp\_init'' function. 
+A single mp\_int can be initialized with the ``mp\_init'' function.
 
 \index{mp\_init}
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -392,11 +392,11 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* use the number */
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
@@ -404,7 +404,7 @@ int main(void)
 \end{alltt} \end{small}
 
 \subsection{Single Free}
-When you are finished with an mp\_int it is ideal to return the heap it used back to the system.  The following function 
+When you are finished with an mp\_int it is ideal to return the heap it used back to the system.  The following function
 provides this functionality.
 
 \index{mp\_clear}
@@ -412,9 +412,9 @@ provides this functionality.
 void mp_clear (mp_int * a);
 \end{alltt}
 
-The function expects a pointer to a previously initialized mp\_int structure and frees the heap it uses.  It sets the 
-pointer\footnote{The ``dp'' member.} within the mp\_int to \textbf{NULL} which is used to prevent double free situations. 
-Is is legal to call mp\_clear() twice on the same mp\_int in a row.  
+The function expects a pointer to a previously initialized mp\_int structure and frees the heap it uses.  It sets the
+pointer\footnote{The ``dp'' member.} within the mp\_int to \textbf{NULL} which is used to prevent double free situations.
+Is is legal to call mp\_clear() twice on the same mp\_int in a row.
 
 \begin{small} \begin{alltt}
 int main(void)
@@ -423,11 +423,11 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* use the number */
 
    /* We're done with it. */
@@ -451,8 +451,8 @@ int mp_init_multi(mp_int *mp, ...);
 
 It accepts a \textbf{NULL} terminated list of pointers to mp\_int structures.  It will attempt to initialize them all
 at once.  If the function returns MP\_OKAY then all of the mp\_int variables are ready to use, otherwise none of them
-are available for use.  A complementary mp\_clear\_multi() function allows multiple mp\_int variables to be free'd 
-from the heap at the same time.  
+are available for use.  A complementary mp\_clear\_multi() function allows multiple mp\_int variables to be free'd
+from the heap at the same time.
 
 \begin{small} \begin{alltt}
 int main(void)
@@ -460,14 +460,14 @@ int main(void)
    mp_int num1, num2, num3;
    int result;
 
-   if ((result = mp_init_multi(&num1, 
+   if ((result = mp_init_multi(&num1,
                                &num2,
-                               &num3, NULL)) != MP\_OKAY) \{      
-      printf("Error initializing the numbers.  \%s", 
+                               &num3, NULL)) != MP\_OKAY) \{
+      printf("Error initializing the numbers.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* use the numbers */
 
    /* We're done with them. */
@@ -478,7 +478,7 @@ int main(void)
 \end{alltt} \end{small}
 
 \subsection{Other Initializers}
-To initialized and make a copy of an mp\_int the mp\_init\_copy() function has been provided.  
+To initialized and make a copy of an mp\_int the mp\_init\_copy() function has been provided.
 
 \index{mp\_init\_copy}
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -497,11 +497,11 @@ int main(void)
 
    /* We want a copy of num1 in num2 now */
    if ((result = mp_init_copy(&num2, &num1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-     printf("Error initializing the copy.  \%s", 
+     printf("Error initializing the copy.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* now num2 is ready and contains a copy of num1 */
 
    /* We're done with them. */
@@ -521,7 +521,7 @@ int mp_init_size (mp_int * a, int size);
 \end{alltt}
 
 The $size$ parameter must be greater than zero.  If the function succeeds the mp\_int $a$ will be initialized
-to have $size$ digits (which are all initially zero).  
+to have $size$ digits (which are all initially zero).
 
 \begin{small} \begin{alltt}
 int main(void)
@@ -531,11 +531,11 @@ int main(void)
 
    /* we need a 60-digit number */
    if ((result = mp_init_size(&number, 60)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* use the number */
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
@@ -556,7 +556,7 @@ int mp_shrink (mp_int * a);
 This will remove excess digits of the mp\_int $a$.  If the operation fails the mp\_int should be intact without the
 excess digits being removed.  Note that you can use a shrunk mp\_int in further computations, however, such operations
 will require heap operations which can be slow.  It is not ideal to shrink mp\_int variables that you will further
-modify in the system (unless you are seriously low on memory).  
+modify in the system (unless you are seriously low on memory).
 
 \begin{small} \begin{alltt}
 int main(void)
@@ -565,16 +565,16 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* use the number [e.g. pre-computation]  */
 
    /* We're done with it for now. */
    if ((result = mp_shrink(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error shrinking the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error shrinking the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
@@ -582,7 +582,7 @@ int main(void)
    /* use it .... */
 
 
-   /* we're done with it. */ 
+   /* we're done with it. */
    mp_clear(&number);
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
@@ -595,7 +595,7 @@ Within the mp\_int structure are two parameters which control the limitations of
 the integer the mp\_int is meant to equal.   The \textit{used} parameter dictates how many digits are significant, that is,
 contribute to the value of the mp\_int.  The \textit{alloc} parameter dictates how many digits are currently available in
 the array.  If you need to perform an operation that requires more digits you will have to mp\_grow() the mp\_int to
-your desired size.  
+your desired size.
 
 \index{mp\_grow}
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -612,16 +612,16 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* use the number */
 
    /* We need to add 20 digits to the number  */
    if ((result = mp_grow(&number, number.alloc + 20)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error growing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error growing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ int main(void)
 
    /* use the number */
 
-   /* we're done with it. */ 
+   /* we're done with it. */
    mp_clear(&number);
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
@@ -641,7 +641,7 @@ int main(void)
 Setting mp\_ints to small constants is a relatively common operation.  To accomodate these instances there are two
 small constant assignment functions.  The first function is used to set a single digit constant while the second sets
 an ISO C style ``unsigned long'' constant.  The reason for both functions is efficiency.  Setting a single digit is quick but the
-domain of a digit can change (it's always at least $0 \ldots 127$).  
+domain of a digit can change (it's always at least $0 \ldots 127$).
 
 \subsection{Single Digit}
 
@@ -663,15 +663,15 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* set the number to 5 */
    mp_set(&number, 5);
 
-   /* we're done with it. */ 
+   /* we're done with it. */
    mp_clear(&number);
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
@@ -680,7 +680,7 @@ int main(void)
 
 \subsection{Long Constants}
 
-To set a constant that is the size of an ISO C ``unsigned long'' and larger than a single digit the following function 
+To set a constant that is the size of an ISO C ``unsigned long'' and larger than a single digit the following function
 can be used.
 
 \index{mp\_set\_int}
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ int mp_set_int (mp_int * a, unsigned long b);
 \end{alltt}
 
 This will assign the value of the 32-bit variable $b$ to the mp\_int $a$.  Unlike mp\_set() this function will always
-accept a 32-bit input regardless of the size of a single digit.  However, since the value may span several digits 
+accept a 32-bit input regardless of the size of a single digit.  However, since the value may span several digits
 this function can fail if it runs out of heap memory.
 
 To get the ``unsigned long'' copy of an mp\_int the following function can be used.
@@ -699,7 +699,7 @@ To get the ``unsigned long'' copy of an mp\_int the following function can be us
 unsigned long mp_get_int (mp_int * a);
 \end{alltt}
 
-This will return the 32 least significant bits of the mp\_int $a$.  
+This will return the 32 least significant bits of the mp\_int $a$.
 
 \begin{small} \begin{alltt}
 int main(void)
@@ -708,21 +708,21 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* set the number to 654321 (note this is bigger than 127) */
    if ((result = mp_set_int(&number, 654321)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error setting the value of the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error setting the value of the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
 
    printf("number == \%lu", mp_get_int(&number));
 
-   /* we're done with it. */ 
+   /* we're done with it. */
    mp_clear(&number);
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
@@ -735,6 +735,42 @@ This should output the following if the program succeeds.
 number == 654321
 \end{alltt}
 
+\subsection{Long Constants - platform dependant}
+
+\index{mp\_set\_long}
+\begin{alltt}
+int mp_set_long (mp_int * a, unsigned long b);
+\end{alltt}
+
+This will assign the value of the platform-dependant sized variable $b$ to the mp\_int $a$.
+
+To get the ``unsigned long'' copy of an mp\_int the following function can be used.
+
+\index{mp\_get\_long}
+\begin{alltt}
+unsigned long mp_get_long (mp_int * a);
+\end{alltt}
+
+This will return the least significant bits of the mp\_int $a$ that fit into an ``unsigned long''.
+
+\subsection{Long Long Constants}
+
+\index{mp\_set\_long\_long}
+\begin{alltt}
+int mp_set_long_long (mp_int * a, unsigned long long b);
+\end{alltt}
+
+This will assign the value of the 64-bit variable $b$ to the mp\_int $a$.
+
+To get the ``unsigned long long'' copy of an mp\_int the following function can be used.
+
+\index{mp\_get\_long\_long}
+\begin{alltt}
+unsigned long long mp_get_long_long (mp_int * a);
+\end{alltt}
+
+This will return the 64 least significant bits of the mp\_int $a$.
+
 \subsection{Initialize and Setting Constants}
 To both initialize and set small constants the following two functions are available.
 \index{mp\_init\_set} \index{mp\_init\_set\_int}
@@ -743,7 +779,7 @@ int mp_init_set (mp_int * a, mp_digit b);
 int mp_init_set_int (mp_int * a, unsigned long b);
 \end{alltt}
 
-Both functions work like the previous counterparts except they first mp\_init $a$ before setting the values.  
+Both functions work like the previous counterparts except they first mp\_init $a$ before setting the values.
 
 \begin{alltt}
 int main(void)
@@ -753,14 +789,14 @@ int main(void)
 
    /* initialize and set a single digit */
    if ((result = mp_init_set(&number1, 100)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error setting number1: \%s", 
+      printf("Error setting number1: \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
-   \}             
+   \}
 
    /* initialize and set a long */
    if ((result = mp_init_set_int(&number2, 1023)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error setting number2: \%s", 
+      printf("Error setting number2: \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
@@ -801,14 +837,14 @@ for any comparison.
 \label{fig:CMP}
 \end{figure}
 
-In figure \ref{fig:CMP} two integers $a$ and $b$ are being compared.  In this case $a$ is said to be ``to the left'' of 
-$b$.  
+In figure \ref{fig:CMP} two integers $a$ and $b$ are being compared.  In this case $a$ is said to be ``to the left'' of
+$b$.
 
 \subsection{Unsigned comparison}
 
-An unsigned comparison considers only the digits themselves and not the associated \textit{sign} flag of the 
+An unsigned comparison considers only the digits themselves and not the associated \textit{sign} flag of the
 mp\_int structures.  This is analogous to an absolute comparison.  The function mp\_cmp\_mag() will compare two
-mp\_int variables based on their digits only. 
+mp\_int variables based on their digits only.
 
 \index{mp\_cmp\_mag}
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -824,18 +860,18 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    if ((result = mp_init_multi(&number1, &number2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the numbers.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the numbers.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* set the number1 to 5 */
    mp_set(&number1, 5);
-  
+
    /* set the number2 to -6 */
    mp_set(&number2, 6);
    if ((result = mp_neg(&number2, &number2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error negating number2.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error negating number2.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
@@ -846,14 +882,14 @@ int main(void)
        case MP_LT:  printf("|number1| < |number2|"); break;
    \}
 
-   /* we're done with it. */ 
+   /* we're done with it. */
    mp_clear_multi(&number1, &number2, NULL);
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 \}
 \end{alltt} \end{small}
 
-If this program\footnote{This function uses the mp\_neg() function which is discussed in section \ref{sec:NEG}.} completes 
+If this program\footnote{This function uses the mp\_neg() function which is discussed in section \ref{sec:NEG}.} completes
 successfully it should print the following.
 
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -882,18 +918,18 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    if ((result = mp_init_multi(&number1, &number2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the numbers.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the numbers.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* set the number1 to 5 */
    mp_set(&number1, 5);
-  
+
    /* set the number2 to -6 */
    mp_set(&number2, 6);
    if ((result = mp_neg(&number2, &number2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error negating number2.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error negating number2.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
@@ -904,14 +940,14 @@ int main(void)
        case MP_LT:  printf("number1 < number2"); break;
    \}
 
-   /* we're done with it. */ 
+   /* we're done with it. */
    mp_clear_multi(&number1, &number2, NULL);
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 \}
 \end{alltt} \end{small}
 
-If this program\footnote{This function uses the mp\_neg() function which is discussed in section \ref{sec:NEG}.} completes 
+If this program\footnote{This function uses the mp\_neg() function which is discussed in section \ref{sec:NEG}.} completes
 successfully it should print the following.
 
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -927,7 +963,7 @@ To compare a single digit against an mp\_int the following function has been pro
 int mp_cmp_d(mp_int * a, mp_digit b);
 \end{alltt}
 
-This will compare $a$ to the left of $b$ using a signed comparison.  Note that it will always treat $b$ as 
+This will compare $a$ to the left of $b$ using a signed comparison.  Note that it will always treat $b$ as
 positive.  This function is rather handy when you have to compare against small values such as $1$ (which often
 comes up in cryptography).  The function cannot fail and will return one of the tree compare condition codes
 listed in figure \ref{fig:CMP}.
@@ -940,11 +976,11 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* set the number to 5 */
    mp_set(&number, 5);
 
@@ -954,7 +990,7 @@ int main(void)
        case MP_LT:  printf("number < 7"); break;
    \}
 
-   /* we're done with it. */ 
+   /* we're done with it. */
    mp_clear(&number);
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
@@ -975,7 +1011,7 @@ AND, XOR and OR directly.  These operations are very quick.
 \subsection{Multiplication by two}
 
 Multiplications and divisions by any power of two can be performed with quick logical shifts either left or
-right depending on the operation.  
+right depending on the operation.
 
 When multiplying or dividing by two a special case routine can be used which are as follows.
 \index{mp\_mul\_2} \index{mp\_div\_2}
@@ -994,17 +1030,17 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    if ((result = mp_init(&number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    /* set the number to 5 */
    mp_set(&number, 5);
 
    /* multiply by two */
    if ((result = mp\_mul\_2(&number, &number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error multiplying the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error multiplying the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
@@ -1016,7 +1052,7 @@ int main(void)
 
    /* now divide by two */
    if ((result = mp\_div\_2(&number, &number)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error dividing the number.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error dividing the number.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
@@ -1026,7 +1062,7 @@ int main(void)
        case MP_LT:  printf("2*number/2 < 7"); break;
    \}
 
-   /* we're done with it. */ 
+   /* we're done with it. */
    mp_clear(&number);
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
@@ -1040,15 +1076,18 @@ If this program is successful it will print out the following text.
 2*number/2 < 7
 \end{alltt}
 
-Since $10 > 7$ and $5 < 7$.  To multiply by a power of two the following function can be used.
+Since $10 > 7$ and $5 < 7$.
+
+To multiply by a power of two the following function can be used.
 
 \index{mp\_mul\_2d}
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_mul_2d(mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c);
 \end{alltt}
 
-This will multiply $a$ by $2^b$ and store the result in ``c''.  If the value of $b$ is less than or equal to 
-zero the function will copy $a$ to ``c'' without performing any further actions.  
+This will multiply $a$ by $2^b$ and store the result in ``c''.  If the value of $b$ is less than or equal to
+zero the function will copy $a$ to ``c'' without performing any further actions.  The multiplication itself
+is implemented as a right-shift operation of $a$ by $b$ bits.
 
 To divide by a power of two use the following.
 
@@ -1058,14 +1097,15 @@ int mp_div_2d (mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d);
 \end{alltt}
 Which will divide $a$ by $2^b$, store the quotient in ``c'' and the remainder in ``d'.  If $b \le 0$ then the
 function simply copies $a$ over to ``c'' and zeroes $d$.  The variable $d$ may be passed as a \textbf{NULL}
-value to signal that the remainder is not desired.
+value to signal that the remainder is not desired.  The division itself is implemented as a left-shift
+operation of $a$ by $b$ bits.
 
 \subsection{Polynomial Basis Operations}
 
-Strictly speaking the organization of the integers within the mp\_int structures is what is known as a 
+Strictly speaking the organization of the integers within the mp\_int structures is what is known as a
 ``polynomial basis''.  This simply means a field element is stored by divisions of a radix.  For example, if
-$f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{k} y_ix^k$ for any vector $\vec y$ then the array of digits in $\vec y$ are said to be 
-the polynomial basis representation of $z$ if $f(\beta) = z$ for a given radix $\beta$.  
+$f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{k} y_ix^k$ for any vector $\vec y$ then the array of digits in $\vec y$ are said to be
+the polynomial basis representation of $z$ if $f(\beta) = z$ for a given radix $\beta$.
 
 To multiply by the polynomial $g(x) = x$ all you have todo is shift the digits of the basis left one place.  The
 following function provides this operation.
@@ -1097,7 +1137,7 @@ int mp_and (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
 int mp_xor (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
 \end{alltt}
 
-Which compute $c = a \odot b$ where $\odot$ is one of OR, AND or XOR.  
+Which compute $c = a \odot b$ where $\odot$ is one of OR, AND or XOR.
 
 \section{Addition and Subtraction}
 
@@ -1122,7 +1162,7 @@ Simple integer negation can be performed with the following.
 int mp_neg (mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
 \end{alltt}
 
-Which assigns $-a$ to $b$.  
+Which assigns $-a$ to $b$.
 
 \subsection{Absolute}
 Simple integer absolutes can be performed with the following.
@@ -1132,7 +1172,7 @@ Simple integer absolutes can be performed with the following.
 int mp_abs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
 \end{alltt}
 
-Which assigns $\vert a \vert$ to $b$.  
+Which assigns $\vert a \vert$ to $b$.
 
 \section{Integer Division and Remainder}
 To perform a complete and general integer division with remainder use the following function.
@@ -1141,10 +1181,10 @@ To perform a complete and general integer division with remainder use the follow
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d);
 \end{alltt}
-                                                        
-This divides $a$ by $b$ and stores the quotient in $c$ and $d$.  The signed quotient is computed such that 
-$bc + d = a$.  Note that either of $c$ or $d$ can be set to \textbf{NULL} if their value is not required.  If 
-$b$ is zero the function returns \textbf{MP\_VAL}.  
+
+This divides $a$ by $b$ and stores the quotient in $c$ and $d$.  The signed quotient is computed such that
+$bc + d = a$.  Note that either of $c$ or $d$ can be set to \textbf{NULL} if their value is not required.  If
+$b$ is zero the function returns \textbf{MP\_VAL}.
 
 
 \chapter{Multiplication and Squaring}
@@ -1154,7 +1194,7 @@ A full signed integer multiplication can be performed with the following.
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
 \end{alltt}
-Which assigns the full signed product $ab$ to $c$.  This function actually breaks into one of four cases which are 
+Which assigns the full signed product $ab$ to $c$.  This function actually breaks into one of four cases which are
 specific multiplication routines optimized for given parameters.  First there are the Toom-Cook multiplications which
 should only be used with very large inputs.  This is followed by the Karatsuba multiplications which are for moderate
 sized inputs.  Then followed by the Comba and baseline multipliers.
@@ -1169,22 +1209,22 @@ int main(void)
    int result;
 
    /* Initialize the numbers */
-   if ((result = mp_init_multi(&number1, 
+   if ((result = mp_init_multi(&number1,
                                &number2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error initializing the numbers.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error initializing the numbers.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
 
    /* set the terms */
    if ((result = mp_set_int(&number, 257)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error setting number1.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error setting number1.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
- 
+
    if ((result = mp_set_int(&number2, 1023)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error setting number2.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error setting number2.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
@@ -1192,7 +1232,7 @@ int main(void)
    /* multiply them */
    if ((result = mp_mul(&number1, &number2,
                         &number1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error multiplying terms.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error multiplying terms.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
@@ -1205,7 +1245,7 @@ int main(void)
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 \}
-\end{alltt}   
+\end{alltt}
 
 If this program succeeds it shall output the following.
 
@@ -1224,22 +1264,22 @@ int mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b);
 
 Will square $a$ and store it in $b$.  Like the case of multiplication there are four different squaring
 algorithms all which can be called from mp\_sqr().  It is ideal to use mp\_sqr over mp\_mul when squaring terms because
-of the speed difference.  
+of the speed difference.
 
 \section{Tuning Polynomial Basis Routines}
 
 Both of the Toom-Cook and Karatsuba multiplication algorithms are faster than the traditional $O(n^2)$ approach that
-the Comba and baseline algorithms use.  At $O(n^{1.464973})$ and $O(n^{1.584962})$ running times respectively they require 
+the Comba and baseline algorithms use.  At $O(n^{1.464973})$ and $O(n^{1.584962})$ running times respectively they require
 considerably less work.  For example, a 10000-digit multiplication would take roughly 724,000 single precision
 multiplications with Toom-Cook or 100,000,000 single precision multiplications with the standard Comba (a factor
 of 138).
 
 So why not always use Karatsuba or Toom-Cook?   The simple answer is that they have so much overhead that they're not
-actually faster than Comba until you hit distinct  ``cutoff'' points.  For Karatsuba with the default configuration, 
-GCC 3.3.1 and an Athlon XP processor the cutoff point is roughly 110 digits (about 70 for the Intel P4).  That is, at 
+actually faster than Comba until you hit distinct  ``cutoff'' points.  For Karatsuba with the default configuration,
+GCC 3.3.1 and an Athlon XP processor the cutoff point is roughly 110 digits (about 70 for the Intel P4).  That is, at
 110 digits Karatsuba and Comba multiplications just about break even and for 110+ digits Karatsuba is faster.
 
-Toom-Cook has incredible overhead and is probably only useful for very large inputs.  So far no known cutoff points 
+Toom-Cook has incredible overhead and is probably only useful for very large inputs.  So far no known cutoff points
 exist and for the most part I just set the cutoff points very high to make sure they're not called.
 
 A demo program in the ``etc/'' directory of the project called ``tune.c'' can be used to find the cutoff points.  This
@@ -1273,19 +1313,19 @@ tuning takes a very long time as the cutoff points are likely to be very high.
 
 \chapter{Modular Reduction}
 
-Modular reduction is process of taking the remainder of one quantity divided by another.  Expressed 
-as (\ref{eqn:mod}) the modular reduction is equivalent to the remainder of $b$ divided by $c$.  
+Modular reduction is process of taking the remainder of one quantity divided by another.  Expressed
+as (\ref{eqn:mod}) the modular reduction is equivalent to the remainder of $b$ divided by $c$.
 
 \begin{equation}
 a \equiv b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}
 \label{eqn:mod}
 \end{equation}
 
-Of particular interest to cryptography are reductions where $b$ is limited to the range $0 \le b < c^2$ since particularly 
-fast reduction algorithms can be written for the limited range.  
+Of particular interest to cryptography are reductions where $b$ is limited to the range $0 \le b < c^2$ since particularly
+fast reduction algorithms can be written for the limited range.
 
 Note that one of the four optimized reduction algorithms are automatically chosen in the modular exponentiation
-algorithm mp\_exptmod when an appropriate modulus is detected.  
+algorithm mp\_exptmod when an appropriate modulus is detected.
 
 \section{Straight Division}
 In order to effect an arbitrary modular reduction the following algorithm is provided.
@@ -1295,7 +1335,7 @@ In order to effect an arbitrary modular reduction the following algorithm is pro
 int mp_mod(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
 \end{alltt}
 
-This reduces $a$ modulo $b$ and stores the result in $c$.  The sign of $c$ shall agree with the sign 
+This reduces $a$ modulo $b$ and stores the result in $c$.  The sign of $c$ shall agree with the sign
 of $b$.  This algorithm accepts an input $a$ of any range and is not limited by $0 \le a < b^2$.
 
 \section{Barrett Reduction}
@@ -1325,52 +1365,52 @@ int main(void)
    mp_int   a, b, c, mu;
    int      result;
 
-   /* initialize a,b to desired values, mp_init mu, 
-    * c and set c to 1...we want to compute a^3 mod b 
+   /* initialize a,b to desired values, mp_init mu,
+    * c and set c to 1...we want to compute a^3 mod b
     */
 
    /* get mu value */
    if ((result = mp_reduce_setup(&mu, b)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error getting mu.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error getting mu.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
 
    /* square a to get c = a^2 */
    if ((result = mp_sqr(&a, &c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error squaring.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error squaring.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
 
    /* now reduce `c' modulo b */
    if ((result = mp_reduce(&c, &b, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error reducing.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error reducing.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
-   
+
    /* multiply a to get c = a^3 */
    if ((result = mp_mul(&a, &c, &c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error reducing.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error reducing.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
 
    /* now reduce `c' modulo b  */
    if ((result = mp_reduce(&c, &b, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error reducing.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error reducing.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
-  
+
    /* c now equals a^3 mod b */
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 \}
-\end{alltt} 
+\end{alltt}
 
-This program will calculate $a^3 \mbox{ mod }b$ if all the functions succeed.  
+This program will calculate $a^3 \mbox{ mod }b$ if all the functions succeed.
 
 \section{Montgomery Reduction}
 
@@ -1382,7 +1422,7 @@ step is required.  This is accomplished with the following.
 int mp_montgomery_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *mp);
 \end{alltt}
 
-For the given odd moduli $a$ the precomputation value is placed in $mp$.  The reduction is computed with the 
+For the given odd moduli $a$ the precomputation value is placed in $mp$.  The reduction is computed with the
 following.
 
 \index{mp\_montgomery\_reduce}
@@ -1394,10 +1434,10 @@ $0 \le a < b^2$.
 
 Montgomery reduction is faster than Barrett reduction for moduli smaller than the ``comba'' limit.  With the default
 setup for instance, the limit is $127$ digits ($3556$--bits).   Note that this function is not limited to
-$127$ digits just that it falls back to a baseline algorithm after that point.  
+$127$ digits just that it falls back to a baseline algorithm after that point.
 
-An important observation is that this reduction does not return $a \mbox{ mod }m$ but $aR^{-1} \mbox{ mod }m$ 
-where $R = \beta^n$, $n$ is the n number of digits in $m$ and $\beta$ is radix used (default is $2^{28}$).  
+An important observation is that this reduction does not return $a \mbox{ mod }m$ but $aR^{-1} \mbox{ mod }m$
+where $R = \beta^n$, $n$ is the n number of digits in $m$ and $\beta$ is radix used (default is $2^{28}$).
 
 To quickly calculate $R$ the following function was provided.
 
@@ -1405,7 +1445,7 @@ To quickly calculate $R$ the following function was provided.
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_montgomery_calc_normalization(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
 \end{alltt}
-Which calculates $a = R$ for the odd moduli $b$ without using multiplication or division.  
+Which calculates $a = R$ for the odd moduli $b$ without using multiplication or division.
 
 The normal modus operandi for Montgomery reductions is to normalize the integers before entering the system.  For
 example, to calculate $a^3 \mbox { mod }b$ using Montgomery reduction the value of $a$ can be normalized by
@@ -1418,62 +1458,62 @@ int main(void)
    mp_digit mp;
    int      result;
 
-   /* initialize a,b to desired values, 
-    * mp_init R, c and set c to 1.... 
+   /* initialize a,b to desired values,
+    * mp_init R, c and set c to 1....
     */
 
    /* get normalization */
    if ((result = mp_montgomery_calc_normalization(&R, b)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error getting norm.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error getting norm.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
 
    /* get mp value */
    if ((result = mp_montgomery_setup(&c, &mp)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error setting up montgomery.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error setting up montgomery.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
 
    /* normalize `a' so now a is equal to aR */
    if ((result = mp_mulmod(&a, &R, &b, &a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error computing aR.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error computing aR.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
 
    /* square a to get c = a^2R^2 */
    if ((result = mp_sqr(&a, &c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error squaring.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error squaring.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
 
    /* now reduce `c' back down to c = a^2R^2 * R^-1 == a^2R */
    if ((result = mp_montgomery_reduce(&c, &b, mp)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error reducing.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error reducing.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
-   
+
    /* multiply a to get c = a^3R^2 */
    if ((result = mp_mul(&a, &c, &c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error reducing.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error reducing.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
 
    /* now reduce `c' back down to c = a^3R^2 * R^-1 == a^3R */
    if ((result = mp_montgomery_reduce(&c, &b, mp)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error reducing.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error reducing.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
-   
+
    /* now reduce (again) `c' back down to c = a^3R * R^-1 == a^3 */
    if ((result = mp_montgomery_reduce(&c, &b, mp)) != MP_OKAY) \{
-      printf("Error reducing.  \%s", 
+      printf("Error reducing.  \%s",
              mp_error_to_string(result));
       return EXIT_FAILURE;
    \}
@@ -1482,9 +1522,9 @@ int main(void)
 
    return EXIT_SUCCESS;
 \}
-\end{alltt} 
+\end{alltt}
 
-This particular example does not look too efficient but it demonstrates the point of the algorithm.  By 
+This particular example does not look too efficient but it demonstrates the point of the algorithm.  By
 normalizing the inputs the reduced results are always of the form $aR$ for some variable $a$.  This allows
 a single final reduction to correct for the normalization and the fast reduction used within the algorithm.
 
@@ -1494,7 +1534,7 @@ For more details consider examining the file \textit{bn\_mp\_exptmod\_fast.c}.
 
 ``Dimminished Radix'' reduction refers to reduction with respect to moduli that are ameniable to simple
 digit shifting and small multiplications.  In this case the ``restricted'' variant refers to moduli of the
-form $\beta^k - p$ for some $k \ge 0$ and $0 < p < \beta$ where $\beta$ is the radix (default to $2^{28}$).  
+form $\beta^k - p$ for some $k \ge 0$ and $0 < p < \beta$ where $\beta$ is the radix (default to $2^{28}$).
 
 As in the case of Montgomery reduction there is a pre--computation phase required for a given modulus.
 
@@ -1513,45 +1553,62 @@ int mp_dr_reduce(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_digit mp);
 \end{alltt}
 
 This reduces $a$ in place modulo $b$ with the pre--computed value $mp$.  $b$ must be of a restricted
-dimminished radix form and $a$ must be in the range $0 \le a < b^2$.  Dimminished radix reductions are 
-much faster than both Barrett and Montgomery reductions as they have a much lower asymtotic running time.  
+dimminished radix form and $a$ must be in the range $0 \le a < b^2$.  Dimminished radix reductions are
+much faster than both Barrett and Montgomery reductions as they have a much lower asymtotic running time.
 
 Since the moduli are restricted this algorithm is not particularly useful for something like Rabin, RSA or
 BBS cryptographic purposes.  This reduction algorithm is useful for Diffie-Hellman and ECC where fixed
-primes are acceptable.  
+primes are acceptable.
 
 Note that unlike Montgomery reduction there is no normalization process.  The result of this function is
 equal to the correct residue.
 
 \section{Unrestricted Dimminshed Radix}
 
-Unrestricted reductions work much like the restricted counterparts except in this case the moduli is of the 
-form $2^k - p$ for $0 < p < \beta$.  In this sense the unrestricted reductions are more flexible as they 
-can be applied to a wider range of numbers.  
+Unrestricted reductions work much like the restricted counterparts except in this case the moduli is of the
+form $2^k - p$ for $0 < p < \beta$.  In this sense the unrestricted reductions are more flexible as they
+can be applied to a wider range of numbers.
 
 \index{mp\_reduce\_2k\_setup}
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d);
 \end{alltt}
 
-This will compute the required $d$ value for the given moduli $a$.  
+This will compute the required $d$ value for the given moduli $a$.
 
 \index{mp\_reduce\_2k}
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_reduce_2k(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_digit d);
 \end{alltt}
 
-This will reduce $a$ in place modulo $n$ with the pre--computed value $d$.  From my experience this routine is 
-slower than mp\_dr\_reduce but faster for most moduli sizes than the Montgomery reduction.  
+This will reduce $a$ in place modulo $n$ with the pre--computed value $d$.  From my experience this routine is
+slower than mp\_dr\_reduce but faster for most moduli sizes than the Montgomery reduction.
 
 \chapter{Exponentiation}
 \section{Single Digit Exponentiation}
+\index{mp\_expt\_d\_ex}
+\begin{alltt}
+int mp_expt_d_ex (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c, int fast)
+\end{alltt}
+This function computes $c = a^b$.
+
+With parameter \textit{fast} set to $0$ the old version of the algorithm is used,
+when \textit{fast} is $1$, a faster but not statically timed version of the algorithm is used.
+
+The old version uses a simple binary left-to-right algorithm.
+It is faster than repeated multiplications by $a$ for all values of $b$ greater than three.
+
+The new version uses a binary right-to-left algorithm.
+
+The difference between the old and the new version is that the old version always
+executes $DIGIT\_BIT$ iterations. The new algorithm executes only $n$ iterations
+where $n$ is equal to the position of the highest bit that is set in $b$.
+
 \index{mp\_expt\_d}
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_expt_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 \end{alltt}
-This computes $c = a^b$ using a simple binary left-to-right algorithm.  It is faster than repeated multiplications by 
-$a$ for all values of $b$ greater than three.  
+mp\_expt\_d(a, b, c) is a wrapper function to mp\_expt\_d\_ex(a, b, c, 0).
 
 \section{Modular Exponentiation}
 \index{mp\_exptmod}
@@ -1559,8 +1616,8 @@ $a$ for all values of $b$ greater than three.
 int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
 \end{alltt}
 This computes $Y \equiv G^X \mbox{ (mod }P\mbox{)}$ using a variable width sliding window algorithm.  This function
-will automatically detect the fastest modular reduction technique to use during the operation.  For negative values of 
-$X$ the operation is performed as $Y \equiv (G^{-1} \mbox{ mod }P)^{\vert X \vert} \mbox{ (mod }P\mbox{)}$ provided that 
+will automatically detect the fastest modular reduction technique to use during the operation.  For negative values of
+$X$ the operation is performed as $Y \equiv (G^{-1} \mbox{ mod }P)^{\vert X \vert} \mbox{ (mod }P\mbox{)}$ provided that
 $gcd(G, P) = 1$.
 
 This function is actually a shell around the two internal exponentiation functions.  This routine will automatically
@@ -1573,16 +1630,16 @@ and the other two algorithms.
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_n_root (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 \end{alltt}
-This computes $c = a^{1/b}$ such that $c^b \le a$ and $(c+1)^b > a$.  The implementation of this function is not 
+This computes $c = a^{1/b}$ such that $c^b \le a$ and $(c+1)^b > a$.  The implementation of this function is not
 ideal for values of $b$ greater than three.  It will work but become very slow.  So unless you are working with very small
 numbers (less than 1000 bits) I'd avoid $b > 3$ situations.  Will return a positive root only for even roots and return
-a root with the sign of the input for odd roots.  For example, performing $4^{1/2}$ will return $2$ whereas $(-8)^{1/3}$ 
-will return $-2$.  
+a root with the sign of the input for odd roots.  For example, performing $4^{1/2}$ will return $2$ whereas $(-8)^{1/3}$
+will return $-2$.
 
 This algorithm uses the ``Newton Approximation'' method and will converge on the correct root fairly quickly.  Since
 the algorithm requires raising $a$ to the power of $b$ it is not ideal to attempt to find roots for large
 values of $b$.  If particularly large roots are required then a factor method could be used instead.  For example,
-$a^{1/16}$ is equivalent to $\left (a^{1/4} \right)^{1/4}$ or simply 
+$a^{1/16}$ is equivalent to $\left (a^{1/4} \right)^{1/4}$ or simply
 $\left ( \left ( \left ( a^{1/2} \right )^{1/2} \right )^{1/2} \right )^{1/2}$
 
 \chapter{Prime Numbers}
@@ -1591,8 +1648,8 @@ $\left ( \left ( \left ( a^{1/2} \right )^{1/2} \right )^{1/2} \right )^{1/2}$
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_prime_is_divisible (mp_int * a, int *result)
 \end{alltt}
-This will attempt to evenly divide $a$ by a list of primes\footnote{Default is the first 256 primes.} and store the 
-outcome in ``result''.  That is if $result = 0$ then $a$ is not divisible by the primes, otherwise it is.  Note that 
+This will attempt to evenly divide $a$ by a list of primes\footnote{Default is the first 256 primes.} and store the
+outcome in ``result''.  That is if $result = 0$ then $a$ is not divisible by the primes, otherwise it is.  Note that
 if the function does not return \textbf{MP\_OKAY} the value in ``result'' should be considered undefined\footnote{Currently
 the default is to set it to zero first.}.
 
@@ -1611,10 +1668,10 @@ is set to zero.
 int mp_prime_miller_rabin (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, int *result)
 \end{alltt}
 Performs a Miller-Rabin test to the base $b$ of $a$.  This test is much stronger than the Fermat test and is very hard to
-fool (besides with Carmichael numbers).  If $a$ passes the test (therefore is probably prime) $result$ is set to one.  
-Otherwise $result$ is set to zero.  
+fool (besides with Carmichael numbers).  If $a$ passes the test (therefore is probably prime) $result$ is set to one.
+Otherwise $result$ is set to zero.
 
-Note that is suggested that you use the Miller-Rabin test instead of the Fermat test since all of the failures of 
+Note that is suggested that you use the Miller-Rabin test instead of the Fermat test since all of the failures of
 Miller-Rabin are a subset of the failures of the Fermat test.
 
 \subsection{Required Number of Tests}
@@ -1628,7 +1685,7 @@ int mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials(int size)
 \end{alltt}
 This returns the number of trials required for a $2^{-96}$ (or lower) probability of failure for a given ``size'' expressed
 in bits.  This comes in handy specially since larger numbers are slower to test.  For example, a 512-bit number would
-require ten tests whereas a 1024-bit number would only require four tests. 
+require ten tests whereas a 1024-bit number would only require four tests.
 
 You should always still perform a trial division before a Miller-Rabin test though.
 
@@ -1637,8 +1694,8 @@ You should always still perform a trial division before a Miller-Rabin test thou
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_prime_is_prime (mp_int * a, int t, int *result)
 \end{alltt}
-This will perform a trial division followed by $t$ rounds of Miller-Rabin tests on $a$ and store the result in $result$.  
-If $a$ passes all of the tests $result$ is set to one, otherwise it is set to zero.  Note that $t$ is bounded by 
+This will perform a trial division followed by $t$ rounds of Miller-Rabin tests on $a$ and store the result in $result$.
+If $a$ passes all of the tests $result$ is set to one, otherwise it is set to zero.  Note that $t$ is bounded by
 $1 \le t < PRIME\_SIZE$ where $PRIME\_SIZE$ is the number of primes in the prime number table (by default this is $256$).
 
 \section{Next Prime}
@@ -1646,25 +1703,25 @@ $1 \le t < PRIME\_SIZE$ where $PRIME\_SIZE$ is the number of primes in the prime
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_prime_next_prime(mp_int *a, int t, int bbs_style)
 \end{alltt}
-This finds the next prime after $a$ that passes mp\_prime\_is\_prime() with $t$ tests.  Set $bbs\_style$ to one if you 
-want only the next prime congruent to $3 \mbox{ mod } 4$, otherwise set it to zero to find any next prime.  
+This finds the next prime after $a$ that passes mp\_prime\_is\_prime() with $t$ tests.  Set $bbs\_style$ to one if you
+want only the next prime congruent to $3 \mbox{ mod } 4$, otherwise set it to zero to find any next prime.
 
 \section{Random Primes}
 \index{mp\_prime\_random}
 \begin{alltt}
-int mp_prime_random(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int bbs, 
+int mp_prime_random(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int bbs,
                     ltm_prime_callback cb, void *dat)
 \end{alltt}
 This will find a prime greater than $256^{size}$ which can be ``bbs\_style'' or not depending on $bbs$ and must pass
-$t$ rounds of tests.  The ``ltm\_prime\_callback'' is a typedef for 
+$t$ rounds of tests.  The ``ltm\_prime\_callback'' is a typedef for
 
 \begin{alltt}
 typedef int ltm_prime_callback(unsigned char *dst, int len, void *dat);
 \end{alltt}
 
 Which is a function that must read $len$ bytes (and return the amount stored) into $dst$.  The $dat$ variable is simply
-copied from the original input.  It can be used to pass RNG context data to the callback.  The function 
-mp\_prime\_random() is more suitable for generating primes which must be secret (as in the case of RSA) since there 
+copied from the original input.  It can be used to pass RNG context data to the callback.  The function
+mp\_prime\_random() is more suitable for generating primes which must be secret (as in the case of RSA) since there
 is no skew on the least significant bits.
 
 \textit{Note:}  As of v0.30 of the LibTomMath library this function has been deprecated.  It is still available
@@ -1673,13 +1730,13 @@ but users are encouraged to use the new mp\_prime\_random\_ex() function instead
 \subsection{Extended Generation}
 \index{mp\_prime\_random\_ex}
 \begin{alltt}
-int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a,    int t, 
-                       int     size, int flags, 
+int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a,    int t,
+                       int     size, int flags,
                        ltm_prime_callback cb, void *dat);
 \end{alltt}
 This will generate a prime in $a$ using $t$ tests of the primality testing algorithms.  The variable $size$
 specifies the bit length of the prime desired.  The variable $flags$ specifies one of several options available
-(see fig. \ref{fig:primeopts}) which can be OR'ed together.  The callback parameters are used as in 
+(see fig. \ref{fig:primeopts}) which can be OR'ed together.  The callback parameters are used as in
 mp\_prime\_random().
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -1717,8 +1774,8 @@ by the conversion before storing any data use the following function.
 \begin{alltt}
 int mp_radix_size (mp_int * a, int radix, int *size)
 \end{alltt}
-This stores in ``size'' the number of characters (including space for the NUL terminator) required.  Upon error this 
-function returns an error code and ``size'' will be zero.  
+This stores in ``size'' the number of characters (including space for the NUL terminator) required.  Upon error this
+function returns an error code and ``size'' will be zero.
 
 \subsection{From ASCII}
 \index{mp\_read\_radix}
@@ -1764,13 +1821,13 @@ int mp_to_signed_bin(mp_int *a, unsigned char *b);
 \end{alltt}
 They operate essentially the same as the unsigned copies except they prefix the data with zero or non--zero
 byte depending on the sign.  If the sign is zpos (e.g. not negative) the prefix is zero, otherwise the prefix
-is non--zero.  
+is non--zero.
 
 \chapter{Algebraic Functions}
 \section{Extended Euclidean Algorithm}
 \index{mp\_exteuclid}
 \begin{alltt}
-int mp_exteuclid(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, 
+int mp_exteuclid(mp_int *a, mp_int *b,
                  mp_int *U1, mp_int *U2, mp_int *U3);
 \end{alltt}
 
@@ -1780,7 +1837,7 @@ This finds the triple U1/U2/U3 using the Extended Euclidean algorithm such that
 a \cdot U1 + b \cdot U2 = U3
 \end{equation}
 
-Any of the U1/U2/U3 paramters can be set to \textbf{NULL} if they are not desired.  
+Any of the U1/U2/U3 paramters can be set to \textbf{NULL} if they are not desired.
 
 \section{Greatest Common Divisor}
 \index{mp\_gcd}
@@ -1804,7 +1861,28 @@ int mp_jacobi (mp_int * a, mp_int * p, int *c)
 This will compute the Jacobi symbol for $a$ with respect to $p$.  If $p$ is prime this essentially computes the Legendre
 symbol.  The result is stored in $c$ and can take on one of three values $\lbrace -1, 0, 1 \rbrace$.  If $p$ is prime
 then the result will be $-1$ when $a$ is not a quadratic residue modulo $p$.  The result will be $0$ if $a$ divides $p$
-and the result will be $1$ if $a$ is a quadratic residue modulo $p$.  
+and the result will be $1$ if $a$ is a quadratic residue modulo $p$.
+
+\section{Modular square root}
+\index{mp\_sqrtmod\_prime}
+\begin{alltt}
+int mp_sqrtmod_prime(mp_int *n, mp_int *p, mp_int *r)
+\end{alltt}
+
+This will solve the modular equatioon $r^2 = n \mod p$ where $p$ is a prime number greater than 2 (odd prime).
+The result is returned in the third argument $r$, the function returns \textbf{MP\_OKAY} on success,
+other return values indicate failure.
+
+The implementation is split for two different cases:
+
+1. if $p \mod 4 == 3$ we apply \href{http://cacr.uwaterloo.ca/hac/}{Handbook of Applied Cryptography algorithm 3.36} and compute $r$ directly as
+$r = n^{(p+1)/4} \mod p$
+
+2. otherwise we use \href{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonelli-Shanks_algorithm}{Tonelli-Shanks algorithm}
+
+The function does not check the primality of parameter $p$ thus it is up to the caller to assure that this parameter
+is a prime number. When $p$ is a composite the function behaviour is undefined, it may even return a false-positive
+\textbf{MP\_OKAY}.
 
 \section{Modular Inverse}
 \index{mp\_invmod}
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_error.c b/libtommath/bn_error.c
index 6393bb0..3abf1a7 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_error.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_error.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_ERROR_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,12 +12,12 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 static const struct {
      int code;
-     char *msg;
+     const char *msg;
 } msgs[] = {
      { MP_OKAY, "Successful" },
      { MP_MEM,  "Out of heap" },
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ static const struct {
 };
 
 /* return a char * string for a given code */
-char *mp_error_to_string(int code)
+const char *mp_error_to_string(int code)
 {
    int x;
 
@@ -41,3 +41,7 @@ char *mp_error_to_string(int code)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_fast_mp_invmod.c b/libtommath/bn_fast_mp_invmod.c
index fafd9dc..aa41098 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_fast_mp_invmod.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_fast_mp_invmod.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* computes the modular inverse via binary extended euclidean algorithm, 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ int fast_mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   int     res, neg;
 
   /* 2. [modified] b must be odd   */
-  if (mp_iseven (b) == 1) {
+  if (mp_iseven (b) == MP_YES) {
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
@@ -57,13 +57,13 @@ int fast_mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 
 top:
   /* 4.  while u is even do */
-  while (mp_iseven (&u) == 1) {
+  while (mp_iseven (&u) == MP_YES) {
     /* 4.1 u = u/2 */
     if ((res = mp_div_2 (&u, &u)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_ERR;
     }
     /* 4.2 if B is odd then */
-    if (mp_isodd (&B) == 1) {
+    if (mp_isodd (&B) == MP_YES) {
       if ((res = mp_sub (&B, &x, &B)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_ERR;
       }
@@ -75,13 +75,13 @@ top:
   }
 
   /* 5.  while v is even do */
-  while (mp_iseven (&v) == 1) {
+  while (mp_iseven (&v) == MP_YES) {
     /* 5.1 v = v/2 */
     if ((res = mp_div_2 (&v, &v)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_ERR;
     }
     /* 5.2 if D is odd then */
-    if (mp_isodd (&D) == 1) {
+    if (mp_isodd (&D) == MP_YES) {
       /* D = (D-x)/2 */
       if ((res = mp_sub (&D, &x, &D)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_ERR;
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ top:
   }
 
   /* if not zero goto step 4 */
-  if (mp_iszero (&u) == 0) {
+  if (mp_iszero (&u) == MP_NO) {
     goto top;
   }
 
@@ -142,3 +142,7 @@ LBL_ERR:mp_clear_multi (&x, &y, &u, &v, &B, &D, NULL);
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.c b/libtommath/bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.c
index e941dc2..a63839d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* computes xR**-1 == x (mod N) via Montgomery Reduction
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
   olduse = x->used;
 
   /* grow a as required */
-  if (x->alloc < n->used + 1) {
+  if (x->alloc < (n->used + 1)) {
     if ((res = mp_grow (x, n->used + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
     }
@@ -42,8 +42,8 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
    * an array of double precision words W[...]
    */
   {
-    register mp_word *_W;
-    register mp_digit *tmpx;
+    mp_word *_W;
+    mp_digit *tmpx;
 
     /* alias for the W[] array */
     _W   = W;
@@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
     }
 
     /* zero the high words of W[a->used..m->used*2] */
-    for (; ix < n->used * 2 + 1; ix++) {
+    for (; ix < ((n->used * 2) + 1); ix++) {
       *_W++ = 0;
     }
   }
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
      * by casting the value down to a mp_digit.  Note this requires
      * that W[ix-1] have  the carry cleared (see after the inner loop)
      */
-    register mp_digit mu;
+    mp_digit mu;
     mu = (mp_digit) (((W[ix] & MP_MASK) * rho) & MP_MASK);
 
     /* a = a + mu * m * b**i
@@ -90,9 +90,9 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
      * first m->used words of W[] have the carries fixed
      */
     {
-      register int iy;
-      register mp_digit *tmpn;
-      register mp_word *_W;
+      int iy;
+      mp_digit *tmpn;
+      mp_word *_W;
 
       /* alias for the digits of the modulus */
       tmpn = n->dp;
@@ -115,8 +115,8 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
    * significant digits we zeroed].
    */
   {
-    register mp_digit *tmpx;
-    register mp_word *_W, *_W1;
+    mp_digit *tmpx;
+    mp_word *_W, *_W1;
 
     /* nox fix rest of carries */
 
@@ -126,7 +126,7 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
     /* alias for next word, where the carry goes */
     _W = W + ++ix;
 
-    for (; ix <= n->used * 2 + 1; ix++) {
+    for (; ix <= ((n->used * 2) + 1); ix++) {
       *_W++ += *_W1++ >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT);
     }
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
     /* alias for shifted double precision result */
     _W = W + n->used;
 
-    for (ix = 0; ix < n->used + 1; ix++) {
+    for (ix = 0; ix < (n->used + 1); ix++) {
       *tmpx++ = (mp_digit)(*_W++ & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
     }
 
@@ -166,3 +166,7 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.c b/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.c
index ab157b9..acd13b4 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* Fast (comba) multiplier
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 {
   int     olduse, res, pa, ix, iz;
   mp_digit W[MP_WARRAY];
-  register mp_word  _W;
+  mp_word  _W;
 
   /* grow the destination as required */
   if (c->alloc < digs) {
@@ -78,16 +78,16 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 
       /* make next carry */
       _W = _W >> ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT);
- }
+  }
 
   /* setup dest */
   olduse  = c->used;
   c->used = pa;
 
   {
-    register mp_digit *tmpc;
+    mp_digit *tmpc;
     tmpc = c->dp;
-    for (ix = 0; ix < pa+1; ix++) {
+    for (ix = 0; ix < (pa + 1); ix++) {
       /* now extract the previous digit [below the carry] */
       *tmpc++ = W[ix];
     }
@@ -101,3 +101,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c b/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c
index ec9f58a..b96cf60 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* this is a modified version of fast_s_mul_digs that only produces
@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
   c->used = pa;
 
   {
-    register mp_digit *tmpc;
+    mp_digit *tmpc;
 
     tmpc = c->dp + digs;
     for (ix = digs; ix < pa; ix++) {
@@ -92,3 +92,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.c b/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.c
index 1abf24b..775c76f 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* the jist of squaring...
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
        * we halve the distance since they approach at a rate of 2x
        * and we have to round because odd cases need to be executed
        */
-      iy = MIN(iy, (ty-tx+1)>>1);
+      iy = MIN(iy, ((ty-tx)+1)>>1);
 
       /* execute loop */
       for (iz = 0; iz < iy; iz++) {
@@ -108,3 +108,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_2expt.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_2expt.c
index a32572d..2845814 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_2expt.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_2expt.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_2EXPT_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* computes a = 2**b 
@@ -29,12 +29,12 @@ mp_2expt (mp_int * a, int b)
   mp_zero (a);
 
   /* grow a to accomodate the single bit */
-  if ((res = mp_grow (a, b / DIGIT_BIT + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+  if ((res = mp_grow (a, (b / DIGIT_BIT) + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
     return res;
   }
 
   /* set the used count of where the bit will go */
-  a->used = b / DIGIT_BIT + 1;
+  a->used = (b / DIGIT_BIT) + 1;
 
   /* put the single bit in its place */
   a->dp[b / DIGIT_BIT] = ((mp_digit)1) << (b % DIGIT_BIT);
@@ -42,3 +42,7 @@ mp_2expt (mp_int * a, int b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_abs.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_abs.c
index dc51884..cc9c3db 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_abs.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_abs.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_ABS_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* b = |a| 
@@ -37,3 +37,7 @@ mp_abs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_add.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_add.c
index d9b8fa5..236fc75 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_add.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_add.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_ADD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* high level addition (handles signs) */
@@ -47,3 +47,7 @@ int mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_add_d.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_add_d.c
index 5281ad4..26a165b 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_add_d.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_add_d.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_ADD_D_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* single digit addition */
@@ -23,14 +23,14 @@ mp_add_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
   mp_digit *tmpa, *tmpc, mu;
 
   /* grow c as required */
-  if (c->alloc < a->used + 1) {
+  if (c->alloc < (a->used + 1)) {
      if ((res = mp_grow(c, a->used + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
         return res;
      }
   }
 
   /* if a is negative and |a| >= b, call c = |a| - b */
-  if (a->sign == MP_NEG && (a->used > 1 || a->dp[0] >= b)) {
+  if ((a->sign == MP_NEG) && ((a->used > 1) || (a->dp[0] >= b))) {
      /* temporarily fix sign of a */
      a->sign = MP_ZPOS;
 
@@ -107,3 +107,7 @@ mp_add_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_addmod.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_addmod.c
index bff193f..825c928 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_addmod.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_addmod.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_ADDMOD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* d = a + b (mod c) */
@@ -35,3 +35,7 @@ mp_addmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_and.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_and.c
index 02bef18..3b6b03e 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_and.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_and.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_AND_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* AND two ints together */
@@ -51,3 +51,7 @@ mp_and (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_clamp.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_clamp.c
index 74887bb..d4fb70d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_clamp.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_clamp.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* trim unused digits 
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ mp_clamp (mp_int * a)
   /* decrease used while the most significant digit is
    * zero.
    */
-  while (a->used > 0 && a->dp[a->used - 1] == 0) {
+  while ((a->used > 0) && (a->dp[a->used - 1] == 0)) {
     --(a->used);
   }
 
@@ -38,3 +38,7 @@ mp_clamp (mp_int * a)
   }
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_clear.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_clear.c
index bd07e76..17ef9d5 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_clear.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_clear.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* clear one (frees)  */
@@ -38,3 +38,7 @@ mp_clear (mp_int * a)
   }
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_clear_multi.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_clear_multi.c
index c3ad7a8..441a200 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_clear_multi.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_clear_multi.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
@@ -28,3 +28,7 @@ void mp_clear_multi(mp_int *mp, ...)
     va_end(args);
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp.c
index 943249d..15179ca 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_CMP_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* compare two ints (signed)*/
@@ -37,3 +37,7 @@ mp_cmp (const mp_int * a, const mp_int * b)
   }
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp_d.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp_d.c
index ecec091..0c9fc86 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp_d.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp_d.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_CMP_D_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* compare a digit */
@@ -38,3 +38,7 @@ int mp_cmp_d(const mp_int * a, mp_digit b)
   }
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp_mag.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp_mag.c
index b23a191..a537608 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp_mag.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_cmp_mag.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* compare maginitude of two ints (unsigned) */
@@ -49,3 +49,7 @@ int mp_cmp_mag (const mp_int * a, const mp_int * b)
   return MP_EQ;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_cnt_lsb.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_cnt_lsb.c
index f205e8c..b638dc4 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_cnt_lsb.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_cnt_lsb.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 static const int lnz[16] = { 
@@ -26,12 +26,12 @@ int mp_cnt_lsb(const mp_int *a)
    mp_digit q, qq;
 
    /* easy out */
-   if (mp_iszero(a) == 1) {
+   if (mp_iszero(a) == MP_YES) {
       return 0;
    }
 
    /* scan lower digits until non-zero */
-   for (x = 0; x < a->used && a->dp[x] == 0; x++);
+   for (x = 0; (x < a->used) && (a->dp[x] == 0); x++) {}
    q = a->dp[x];
    x *= DIGIT_BIT;
 
@@ -47,3 +47,7 @@ int mp_cnt_lsb(const mp_int *a)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_copy.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_copy.c
index ffbc0d4..c15f961 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_copy.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_copy.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_COPY_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* copy, b = a */
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ mp_copy (const mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 
   /* zero b and copy the parameters over */
   {
-    register mp_digit *tmpa, *tmpb;
+    mp_digit *tmpa, *tmpb;
 
     /* pointer aliases */
 
@@ -62,3 +62,7 @@ mp_copy (const mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_count_bits.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_count_bits.c
index 00d364e..47aa569 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_count_bits.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_count_bits.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* returns the number of bits in an int */
@@ -39,3 +39,7 @@ mp_count_bits (const mp_int * a)
   return r;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_div.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_div.c
index de4ca04..3ca5d7f 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_div.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_div.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_DIV_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 #ifdef BN_MP_DIV_SMALL
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ int mp_div(mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
    int    res, n, n2;
 
   /* is divisor zero ? */
-  if (mp_iszero (b) == 1) {
+  if (mp_iszero (b) == MP_YES) {
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
@@ -40,9 +40,9 @@ int mp_div(mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
     }
     return res;
   }
-	
+
   /* init our temps */
-  if ((res = mp_init_multi(&ta, &tb, &tq, &q, NULL) != MP_OKAY)) {
+  if ((res = mp_init_multi(&ta, &tb, &tq, &q, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
      return res;
   }
 
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ int mp_div(mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
   mp_set(&tq, 1);
   n = mp_count_bits(a) - mp_count_bits(b);
   if (((res = mp_abs(a, &ta)) != MP_OKAY) ||
-      ((res = mp_abs(b, &tb)) != MP_OKAY) || 
+      ((res = mp_abs(b, &tb)) != MP_OKAY) ||
       ((res = mp_mul_2d(&tb, n, &tb)) != MP_OKAY) ||
       ((res = mp_mul_2d(&tq, n, &tq)) != MP_OKAY)) {
       goto LBL_ERR;
@@ -71,7 +71,7 @@ int mp_div(mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
 
   /* now q == quotient and ta == remainder */
   n  = a->sign;
-  n2 = (a->sign == b->sign ? MP_ZPOS : MP_NEG);
+  n2 = (a->sign == b->sign) ? MP_ZPOS : MP_NEG;
   if (c != NULL) {
      mp_exch(c, &q);
      c->sign  = (mp_iszero(c) == MP_YES) ? MP_ZPOS : n2;
@@ -87,17 +87,17 @@ LBL_ERR:
 
 #else
 
-/* integer signed division. 
+/* integer signed division.
  * c*b + d == a [e.g. a/b, c=quotient, d=remainder]
  * HAC pp.598 Algorithm 14.20
  *
- * Note that the description in HAC is horribly 
- * incomplete.  For example, it doesn't consider 
- * the case where digits are removed from 'x' in 
- * the inner loop.  It also doesn't consider the 
+ * Note that the description in HAC is horribly
+ * incomplete.  For example, it doesn't consider
+ * the case where digits are removed from 'x' in
+ * the inner loop.  It also doesn't consider the
  * case that y has fewer than three digits, etc..
  *
- * The overall algorithm is as described as 
+ * The overall algorithm is as described as
  * 14.20 from HAC but fixed to treat these cases.
 */
 int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
   int     res, n, t, i, norm, neg;
 
   /* is divisor zero ? */
-  if (mp_iszero (b) == 1) {
+  if (mp_iszero (b) == MP_YES) {
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
@@ -187,51 +187,52 @@ int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
       continue;
     }
 
-    /* step 3.1 if xi == yt then set q{i-t-1} to b-1, 
+    /* step 3.1 if xi == yt then set q{i-t-1} to b-1,
      * otherwise set q{i-t-1} to (xi*b + x{i-1})/yt */
     if (x.dp[i] == y.dp[t]) {
-      q.dp[i - t - 1] = ((((mp_digit)1) << DIGIT_BIT) - 1);
+      q.dp[(i - t) - 1] = ((((mp_digit)1) << DIGIT_BIT) - 1);
     } else {
       mp_word tmp;
       tmp = ((mp_word) x.dp[i]) << ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT);
       tmp |= ((mp_word) x.dp[i - 1]);
       tmp /= ((mp_word) y.dp[t]);
-      if (tmp > (mp_word) MP_MASK)
+      if (tmp > (mp_word) MP_MASK) {
         tmp = MP_MASK;
-      q.dp[i - t - 1] = (mp_digit) (tmp & (mp_word) (MP_MASK));
+      }
+      q.dp[(i - t) - 1] = (mp_digit) (tmp & (mp_word) (MP_MASK));
     }
 
-    /* while (q{i-t-1} * (yt * b + y{t-1})) > 
-             xi * b**2 + xi-1 * b + xi-2 
-     
-       do q{i-t-1} -= 1; 
+    /* while (q{i-t-1} * (yt * b + y{t-1})) >
+             xi * b**2 + xi-1 * b + xi-2
+
+       do q{i-t-1} -= 1;
     */
-    q.dp[i - t - 1] = (q.dp[i - t - 1] + 1) & MP_MASK;
+    q.dp[(i - t) - 1] = (q.dp[(i - t) - 1] + 1) & MP_MASK;
     do {
-      q.dp[i - t - 1] = (q.dp[i - t - 1] - 1) & MP_MASK;
+      q.dp[(i - t) - 1] = (q.dp[(i - t) - 1] - 1) & MP_MASK;
 
       /* find left hand */
       mp_zero (&t1);
-      t1.dp[0] = (t - 1 < 0) ? 0 : y.dp[t - 1];
+      t1.dp[0] = ((t - 1) < 0) ? 0 : y.dp[t - 1];
       t1.dp[1] = y.dp[t];
       t1.used = 2;
-      if ((res = mp_mul_d (&t1, q.dp[i - t - 1], &t1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      if ((res = mp_mul_d (&t1, q.dp[(i - t) - 1], &t1)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_Y;
       }
 
       /* find right hand */
-      t2.dp[0] = (i - 2 < 0) ? 0 : x.dp[i - 2];
-      t2.dp[1] = (i - 1 < 0) ? 0 : x.dp[i - 1];
+      t2.dp[0] = ((i - 2) < 0) ? 0 : x.dp[i - 2];
+      t2.dp[1] = ((i - 1) < 0) ? 0 : x.dp[i - 1];
       t2.dp[2] = x.dp[i];
       t2.used = 3;
     } while (mp_cmp_mag(&t1, &t2) == MP_GT);
 
     /* step 3.3 x = x - q{i-t-1} * y * b**{i-t-1} */
-    if ((res = mp_mul_d (&y, q.dp[i - t - 1], &t1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+    if ((res = mp_mul_d (&y, q.dp[(i - t) - 1], &t1)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_Y;
     }
 
-    if ((res = mp_lshd (&t1, i - t - 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+    if ((res = mp_lshd (&t1, (i - t) - 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_Y;
     }
 
@@ -244,23 +245,23 @@ int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
       if ((res = mp_copy (&y, &t1)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_Y;
       }
-      if ((res = mp_lshd (&t1, i - t - 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      if ((res = mp_lshd (&t1, (i - t) - 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_Y;
       }
       if ((res = mp_add (&x, &t1, &x)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_Y;
       }
 
-      q.dp[i - t - 1] = (q.dp[i - t - 1] - 1UL) & MP_MASK;
+      q.dp[(i - t) - 1] = (q.dp[(i - t) - 1] - 1UL) & MP_MASK;
     }
   }
 
-  /* now q is the quotient and x is the remainder 
-   * [which we have to normalize] 
+  /* now q is the quotient and x is the remainder
+   * [which we have to normalize]
    */
-  
+
   /* get sign before writing to c */
-  x.sign = x.used == 0 ? MP_ZPOS : a->sign;
+  x.sign = (x.used == 0) ? MP_ZPOS : a->sign;
 
   if (c != NULL) {
     mp_clamp (&q);
@@ -269,7 +270,9 @@ int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
   }
 
   if (d != NULL) {
-    mp_div_2d (&x, norm, &x, NULL);
+    if ((res = mp_div_2d (&x, norm, &x, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      goto LBL_Y;
+    }
     mp_exch (&x, d);
   }
 
@@ -286,3 +289,7 @@ LBL_Q:mp_clear (&q);
 #endif
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_div_2.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_div_2.c
index 186a959..d2a213f 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_div_2.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_div_2.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* b = a/2 */
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ int mp_div_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   oldused = b->used;
   b->used = a->used;
   {
-    register mp_digit r, rr, *tmpa, *tmpb;
+    mp_digit r, rr, *tmpa, *tmpb;
 
     /* source alias */
     tmpa = a->dp + b->used - 1;
@@ -62,3 +62,7 @@ int mp_div_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_div_2d.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_div_2d.c
index d7b7e05..49d7479 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_div_2d.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_div_2d.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* shift right by a certain bit count (store quotient in c, optional remainder in d) */
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ int mp_div_2d (const mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
   /* shift any bit count < DIGIT_BIT */
   D = (mp_digit) (b % DIGIT_BIT);
   if (D != 0) {
-    register mp_digit *tmpc, mask, shift;
+    mp_digit *tmpc, mask, shift;
 
     /* mask */
     mask = (((mp_digit)1) << D) - 1;
@@ -91,3 +91,7 @@ int mp_div_2d (const mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_div_3.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_div_3.c
index 79a9816..c2b76fb 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_div_3.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_div_3.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_DIV_3_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* divide by three (based on routine from MPI and the GMP manual) */
@@ -73,3 +73,7 @@ mp_div_3 (mp_int * a, mp_int *c, mp_digit * d)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_div_d.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_div_d.c
index af18d0a..7dc0904 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_div_d.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_div_d.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_DIV_D_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 static int s_is_power_of_two(mp_digit b, int *p)
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ static int s_is_power_of_two(mp_digit b, int *p)
    int x;
 
    /* quick out - if (b & (b-1)) isn't zero, b isn't a power of two */
-   if ((b==0) || (b & (b-1))) {
+   if ((b == 0) || ((b & (b-1)) != 0)) {
        return 0;
    }
    for (x = 1; x < DIGIT_BIT; x++) {
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ int mp_div_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c, mp_digit * d)
   }
 
   /* quick outs */
-  if (b == 1 || mp_iszero(a) == 1) {
+  if ((b == 1) || (mp_iszero(a) == MP_YES)) {
      if (d != NULL) {
         *d = 0;
      }
@@ -108,3 +108,7 @@ int mp_div_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c, mp_digit * d)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.c
index 8ad31dc..599d929 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* determines if a number is a valid DR modulus */
@@ -37,3 +37,7 @@ int mp_dr_is_modulus(mp_int *a)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_reduce.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_reduce.c
index 8337591..2273c79 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_reduce.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_reduce.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* reduce "x" in place modulo "n" using the Diminished Radix algorithm.
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ mp_dr_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit k)
   m = n->used;
 
   /* ensure that "x" has at least 2m digits */
-  if (x->alloc < m + m) {
+  if (x->alloc < (m + m)) {
     if ((err = mp_grow (x, m + m)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return err;
     }
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@ top:
 
   /* compute (x mod B**m) + k * [x/B**m] inline and inplace */
   for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {
-      r         = ((mp_word)*tmpx2++) * ((mp_word)k) + *tmpx1 + mu;
+      r         = (((mp_word)*tmpx2++) * (mp_word)k) + *tmpx1 + mu;
       *tmpx1++  = (mp_digit)(r & MP_MASK);
       mu        = (mp_digit)(r >> ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT));
   }
@@ -82,9 +82,15 @@ top:
    * Each successive "recursion" makes the input smaller and smaller.
    */
   if (mp_cmp_mag (x, n) != MP_LT) {
-    s_mp_sub(x, n, x);
+    if ((err = s_mp_sub(x, n, x)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      return err;
+    }
     goto top;
   }
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_setup.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_setup.c
index de00e2d..1bccb2b 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_setup.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_dr_setup.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* determines the setup value */
@@ -26,3 +26,7 @@ void mp_dr_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_exch.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_exch.c
index b7bd186..634193b 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_exch.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_exch.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_EXCH_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* swap the elements of two integers, for cases where you can't simply swap the 
@@ -28,3 +28,7 @@ mp_exch (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   *b = t;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_expt_d.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_expt_d.c
index 132f480..61c5a1d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_expt_d.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_expt_d.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_EXPT_D_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,42 +12,17 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
-/* calculate c = a**b  using a square-multiply algorithm */
+/* wrapper function for mp_expt_d_ex() */
 int mp_expt_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 {
-  int     res, x;
-  mp_int  g;
-
-  if ((res = mp_init_copy (&g, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
-    return res;
-  }
-
-  /* set initial result */
-  mp_set (c, 1);
-
-  for (x = 0; x < (int) DIGIT_BIT; x++) {
-    /* square */
-    if ((res = mp_sqr (c, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
-      mp_clear (&g);
-      return res;
-    }
-
-    /* if the bit is set multiply */
-    if ((b & (mp_digit) (((mp_digit)1) << (DIGIT_BIT - 1))) != 0) {
-      if ((res = mp_mul (c, &g, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
-         mp_clear (&g);
-         return res;
-      }
-    }
-
-    /* shift to next bit */
-    b <<= 1;
-  }
-
-  mp_clear (&g);
-  return MP_OKAY;
+  return mp_expt_d_ex(a, b, c, 0);
 }
+
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..649d224
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+#include <tommath_private.h>
+#ifdef BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
+ */
+
+/* calculate c = a**b  using a square-multiply algorithm */
+int mp_expt_d_ex (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c, int fast)
+{
+  int     res;
+  unsigned int x;
+
+  mp_int  g;
+
+  if ((res = mp_init_copy (&g, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
+    return res;
+  }
+
+  /* set initial result */
+  mp_set (c, 1);
+
+  if (fast != 0) {
+    while (b > 0) {
+      /* if the bit is set multiply */
+      if ((b & 1) != 0) {
+        if ((res = mp_mul (c, &g, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
+          mp_clear (&g);
+          return res;
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* square */
+      if (b > 1) {
+        if ((res = mp_sqr (&g, &g)) != MP_OKAY) {
+          mp_clear (&g);
+          return res;
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* shift to next bit */
+      b >>= 1;
+    }
+  }
+  else {
+    for (x = 0; x < DIGIT_BIT; x++) {
+      /* square */
+      if ((res = mp_sqr (c, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
+        mp_clear (&g);
+        return res;
+      }
+
+      /* if the bit is set multiply */
+      if ((b & (mp_digit) (((mp_digit)1) << (DIGIT_BIT - 1))) != 0) {
+        if ((res = mp_mul (c, &g, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
+           mp_clear (&g);
+           return res;
+        }
+      }
+
+      /* shift to next bit */
+      b <<= 1;
+    }
+  } /* if ... else */
+
+  mp_clear (&g);
+  return MP_OKAY;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_exptmod.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_exptmod.c
index b7d9fb7..0973e44 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_exptmod.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_exptmod.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
     
   /* if the modulus is odd or dr != 0 use the montgomery method */
 #ifdef BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
-  if (mp_isodd (P) == 1 || dr !=  0) {
+  if ((mp_isodd (P) == MP_YES) || (dr !=  0)) {
     return mp_exptmod_fast (G, X, P, Y, dr);
   } else {
 #endif
@@ -106,3 +106,7 @@ int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_exptmod_fast.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_exptmod_fast.c
index 1902e79..8d280bd 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_exptmod_fast.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_exptmod_fast.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* computes Y == G**X mod P, HAC pp.616, Algorithm 14.85
@@ -96,8 +96,8 @@ int mp_exptmod_fast (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode
 
      /* automatically pick the comba one if available (saves quite a few calls/ifs) */
 #ifdef BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
-     if (((P->used * 2 + 1) < MP_WARRAY) &&
-          P->used < (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof (mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)))) {
+     if ((((P->used * 2) + 1) < MP_WARRAY) &&
+          (P->used < (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT))))) {
         redux = fast_mp_montgomery_reduce;
      } else 
 #endif
@@ -219,12 +219,12 @@ int mp_exptmod_fast (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode
      * in the exponent.  Technically this opt is not required but it
      * does lower the # of trivial squaring/reductions used
      */
-    if (mode == 0 && y == 0) {
+    if ((mode == 0) && (y == 0)) {
       continue;
     }
 
     /* if the bit is zero and mode == 1 then we square */
-    if (mode == 1 && y == 0) {
+    if ((mode == 1) && (y == 0)) {
       if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_RES;
       }
@@ -266,7 +266,7 @@ int mp_exptmod_fast (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode
   }
 
   /* if bits remain then square/multiply */
-  if (mode == 2 && bitcpy > 0) {
+  if ((mode == 2) && (bitcpy > 0)) {
     /* square then multiply if the bit is set */
     for (x = 0; x < bitcpy; x++) {
       if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -314,3 +314,8 @@ LBL_M:
   return err;
 }
 #endif
+
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_exteuclid.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_exteuclid.c
index 2e69ce1..fbbd92c 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_exteuclid.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_exteuclid.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_EXTEUCLID_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
-/* Extended euclidean algorithm of (a, b) produces 
+/* Extended euclidean algorithm of (a, b) produces
    a*u1 + b*u2 = u3
  */
 int mp_exteuclid(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *U1, mp_int *U2, mp_int *U3)
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ int mp_exteuclid(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *U1, mp_int *U2, mp_int *U3)
 
    /* make sure U3 >= 0 */
    if (u3.sign == MP_NEG) {
-      mp_neg(&u1, &u1);
-      mp_neg(&u2, &u2);
-      mp_neg(&u3, &u3);
+       if ((err = mp_neg(&u1, &u1)) != MP_OKAY)                                   { goto _ERR; }
+       if ((err = mp_neg(&u2, &u2)) != MP_OKAY)                                   { goto _ERR; }
+       if ((err = mp_neg(&u3, &u3)) != MP_OKAY)                                   { goto _ERR; }
    }
 
    /* copy result out */
@@ -76,3 +76,7 @@ _ERR: mp_clear_multi(&u1, &u2, &u3, &v1, &v2, &v3, &t1, &t2, &t3, &q, &tmp, NULL
    return err;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_fread.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_fread.c
index 44e1ea8..a4fa8c9 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_fread.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_fread.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_FREAD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* read a bigint from a file stream in ASCII */
@@ -61,3 +61,7 @@ int mp_fread(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_fwrite.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_fwrite.c
index b0ec29e..90f1fc5 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_fwrite.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_fwrite.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_FWRITE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 int mp_fwrite(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream)
@@ -46,3 +46,7 @@ int mp_fwrite(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_gcd.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_gcd.c
index 68cfa03..16acfd9 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_gcd.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_gcd.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_GCD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* Greatest Common Divisor using the binary method */
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ int mp_gcd (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
      }
   }
 
-  while (mp_iszero(&v) == 0) {
+  while (mp_iszero(&v) == MP_NO) {
      /* make sure v is the largest */
      if (mp_cmp_mag(&u, &v) == MP_GT) {
         /* swap u and v to make sure v is >= u */
@@ -99,3 +99,7 @@ LBL_U:mp_clear (&v);
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_get_int.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_get_int.c
index 762cb23..99fb850 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_get_int.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_get_int.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_GET_INT_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,25 +12,25 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* get the lower 32-bits of an mp_int */
-unsigned long mp_get_int(mp_int * a) 
+unsigned long mp_get_int(mp_int * a)
 {
   int i;
-  unsigned long res;
+  mp_min_u32 res;
 
   if (a->used == 0) {
      return 0;
   }
 
   /* get number of digits of the lsb we have to read */
-  i = MIN(a->used,(int)((sizeof(unsigned long)*CHAR_BIT+DIGIT_BIT-1)/DIGIT_BIT))-1;
+  i = MIN(a->used,(int)(((sizeof(unsigned long) * CHAR_BIT) + DIGIT_BIT - 1) / DIGIT_BIT)) - 1;
 
   /* get most significant digit of result */
   res = DIGIT(a,i);
-   
+
   while (--i >= 0) {
     res = (res << DIGIT_BIT) | DIGIT(a,i);
   }
@@ -39,3 +39,7 @@ unsigned long mp_get_int(mp_int * a)
   return res & 0xFFFFFFFFUL;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_grow.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_grow.c
index b5b2407..cbdcfed 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_grow.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_grow.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_GROW_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* grow as required */
@@ -51,3 +51,7 @@ int mp_grow (mp_int * a, int size)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_init.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_init.c
index ddb2d07..7a57730 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_init.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_init.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_INIT_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* init a new mp_int */
@@ -40,3 +40,7 @@ int mp_init (mp_int * a)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_init_copy.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_init_copy.c
index 2410a9f..9e15f36 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_init_copy.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_init_copy.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* creates "a" then copies b into it */
@@ -20,9 +20,13 @@ int mp_init_copy (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 {
   int     res;
 
-  if ((res = mp_init (a)) != MP_OKAY) {
+  if ((res = mp_init_size (a, b->used)) != MP_OKAY) {
     return res;
   }
   return mp_copy (b, a);
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_init_multi.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_init_multi.c
index 44e3fe6..52220a3 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_init_multi.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_init_multi.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ int mp_init_multi(mp_int *mp, ...)
             /* now start cleaning up */            
             cur_arg = mp;
             va_start(clean_args, mp);
-            while (n--) {
+            while (n-- != 0) {
                 mp_clear(cur_arg);
                 cur_arg = va_arg(clean_args, mp_int*);
             }
@@ -53,3 +53,7 @@ int mp_init_multi(mp_int *mp, ...)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_init_set.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_init_set.c
index dc08867..c337e50 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_init_set.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_init_set.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_INIT_SET_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* initialize and set a digit */
@@ -26,3 +26,7 @@ int mp_init_set (mp_int * a, mp_digit b)
   return err;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_init_set_int.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_init_set_int.c
index 56b27e0..c88f14e 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_init_set_int.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_init_set_int.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_INIT_SET_INT_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* initialize and set a digit */
@@ -25,3 +25,7 @@ int mp_init_set_int (mp_int * a, unsigned long b)
   return mp_set_int(a, b);
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_init_size.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_init_size.c
index 8ed2c2a..e1d1b51 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_init_size.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_init_size.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* init an mp_init for a given size */
@@ -42,3 +42,7 @@ int mp_init_size (mp_int * a, int size)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_invmod.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_invmod.c
index fdb6c88..44951e5 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_invmod.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_invmod.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_INVMOD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,28 +12,32 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* hac 14.61, pp608 */
 int mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 {
   /* b cannot be negative */
-  if (b->sign == MP_NEG || mp_iszero(b) == 1) {
+  if ((b->sign == MP_NEG) || (mp_iszero(b) == MP_YES)) {
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
 #ifdef BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
   /* if the modulus is odd we can use a faster routine instead */
-  if (mp_isodd (b) == 1) {
+  if (mp_isodd (b) == MP_YES) {
     return fast_mp_invmod (a, b, c);
   }
 #endif
 
 #ifdef BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
   return mp_invmod_slow(a, b, c);
-#endif
-
+#else
   return MP_VAL;
+#endif
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_invmod_slow.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_invmod_slow.c
index e079819..a21f947 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_invmod_slow.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_invmod_slow.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* hac 14.61, pp608 */
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ int mp_invmod_slow (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   int     res;
 
   /* b cannot be negative */
-  if (b->sign == MP_NEG || mp_iszero(b) == 1) {
+  if ((b->sign == MP_NEG) || (mp_iszero(b) == MP_YES)) {
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ int mp_invmod_slow (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   }
 
   /* 2. [modified] if x,y are both even then return an error! */
-  if (mp_iseven (&x) == 1 && mp_iseven (&y) == 1) {
+  if ((mp_iseven (&x) == MP_YES) && (mp_iseven (&y) == MP_YES)) {
     res = MP_VAL;
     goto LBL_ERR;
   }
@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ int mp_invmod_slow (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 
 top:
   /* 4.  while u is even do */
-  while (mp_iseven (&u) == 1) {
+  while (mp_iseven (&u) == MP_YES) {
     /* 4.1 u = u/2 */
     if ((res = mp_div_2 (&u, &u)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_ERR;
     }
     /* 4.2 if A or B is odd then */
-    if (mp_isodd (&A) == 1 || mp_isodd (&B) == 1) {
+    if ((mp_isodd (&A) == MP_YES) || (mp_isodd (&B) == MP_YES)) {
       /* A = (A+y)/2, B = (B-x)/2 */
       if ((res = mp_add (&A, &y, &A)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_ERR;
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ top:
   }
 
   /* 5.  while v is even do */
-  while (mp_iseven (&v) == 1) {
+  while (mp_iseven (&v) == MP_YES) {
     /* 5.1 v = v/2 */
     if ((res = mp_div_2 (&v, &v)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_ERR;
     }
     /* 5.2 if C or D is odd then */
-    if (mp_isodd (&C) == 1 || mp_isodd (&D) == 1) {
+    if ((mp_isodd (&C) == MP_YES) || (mp_isodd (&D) == MP_YES)) {
       /* C = (C+y)/2, D = (D-x)/2 */
       if ((res = mp_add (&C, &y, &C)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_ERR;
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ top:
   }
 
   /* if not zero goto step 4 */
-  if (mp_iszero (&u) == 0)
+  if (mp_iszero (&u) == MP_NO)
     goto top;
 
   /* now a = C, b = D, gcd == g*v */
@@ -169,3 +169,7 @@ LBL_ERR:mp_clear_multi (&x, &y, &u, &v, &A, &B, &C, &D, NULL);
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_is_square.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_is_square.c
index 926b449..9f065ef 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_is_square.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_is_square.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_IS_SQUARE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* Check if remainders are possible squares - fast exclude non-squares */
@@ -82,13 +82,13 @@ int mp_is_square(mp_int *arg,int *ret)
    * free "t" so the easiest way is to goto ERR.  We know that res
    * is already equal to MP_OKAY from the mp_mod call 
    */ 
-  if ( (1L<<(r%11)) & 0x5C4L )             goto ERR;
-  if ( (1L<<(r%13)) & 0x9E4L )             goto ERR;
-  if ( (1L<<(r%17)) & 0x5CE8L )            goto ERR;
-  if ( (1L<<(r%19)) & 0x4F50CL )           goto ERR;
-  if ( (1L<<(r%23)) & 0x7ACCA0L )          goto ERR;
-  if ( (1L<<(r%29)) & 0xC2EDD0CL )         goto ERR;
-  if ( (1L<<(r%31)) & 0x6DE2B848L )        goto ERR;
+  if (((1L<<(r%11)) & 0x5C4L) != 0L)       goto ERR;
+  if (((1L<<(r%13)) & 0x9E4L) != 0L)       goto ERR;
+  if (((1L<<(r%17)) & 0x5CE8L) != 0L)      goto ERR;
+  if (((1L<<(r%19)) & 0x4F50CL) != 0L)     goto ERR;
+  if (((1L<<(r%23)) & 0x7ACCA0L) != 0L)    goto ERR;
+  if (((1L<<(r%29)) & 0xC2EDD0CL) != 0L)   goto ERR;
+  if (((1L<<(r%31)) & 0x6DE2B848L) != 0L)  goto ERR;
 
   /* Final check - is sqr(sqrt(arg)) == arg ? */
   if ((res = mp_sqrt(arg,&t)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -103,3 +103,7 @@ ERR:mp_clear(&t);
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_jacobi.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_jacobi.c
index 1644698..3c114e3 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_jacobi.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_jacobi.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_JACOBI_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,27 +12,39 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* computes the jacobi c = (a | n) (or Legendre if n is prime)
  * HAC pp. 73 Algorithm 2.149
+ * HAC is wrong here, as the special case of (0 | 1) is not
+ * handled correctly.
  */
-int mp_jacobi (mp_int * a, mp_int * p, int *c)
+int mp_jacobi (mp_int * a, mp_int * n, int *c)
 {
   mp_int  a1, p1;
   int     k, s, r, res;
   mp_digit residue;
 
-  /* if p <= 0 return MP_VAL */
-  if (mp_cmp_d(p, 0) != MP_GT) {
+  /* if a < 0 return MP_VAL */
+  if (mp_isneg(a) == MP_YES) {
      return MP_VAL;
   }
 
-  /* step 1.  if a == 0, return 0 */
-  if (mp_iszero (a) == 1) {
-    *c = 0;
-    return MP_OKAY;
+  /* if n <= 0 return MP_VAL */
+  if (mp_cmp_d(n, 0) != MP_GT) {
+     return MP_VAL;
+  }
+
+  /* step 1. handle case of a == 0 */
+  if (mp_iszero (a) == MP_YES) {
+     /* special case of a == 0 and n == 1 */
+     if (mp_cmp_d (n, 1) == MP_EQ) {
+       *c = 1;
+     } else {
+       *c = 0;
+     }
+     return MP_OKAY;
   }
 
   /* step 2.  if a == 1, return 1 */
@@ -64,17 +76,17 @@ int mp_jacobi (mp_int * a, mp_int * p, int *c)
     s = 1;
   } else {
     /* else set s=1 if p = 1/7 (mod 8) or s=-1 if p = 3/5 (mod 8) */
-    residue = p->dp[0] & 7;
+    residue = n->dp[0] & 7;
 
-    if (residue == 1 || residue == 7) {
+    if ((residue == 1) || (residue == 7)) {
       s = 1;
-    } else if (residue == 3 || residue == 5) {
+    } else if ((residue == 3) || (residue == 5)) {
       s = -1;
     }
   }
 
   /* step 5.  if p == 3 (mod 4) *and* a1 == 3 (mod 4) then s = -s */
-  if ( ((p->dp[0] & 3) == 3) && ((a1.dp[0] & 3) == 3)) {
+  if ( ((n->dp[0] & 3) == 3) && ((a1.dp[0] & 3) == 3)) {
     s = -s;
   }
 
@@ -83,7 +95,7 @@ int mp_jacobi (mp_int * a, mp_int * p, int *c)
     *c = s;
   } else {
     /* n1 = n mod a1 */
-    if ((res = mp_mod (p, &a1, &p1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+    if ((res = mp_mod (n, &a1, &p1)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_P1;
     }
     if ((res = mp_jacobi (&p1, &a1, &r)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -99,3 +111,7 @@ LBL_A1:mp_clear (&a1);
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.c
index 0d62b9b..d65e37e 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* c = |a| * |b| using Karatsuba Multiplication using 
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ int mp_karatsuba_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   y1.used = b->used - B;
 
   {
-    register int x;
-    register mp_digit *tmpa, *tmpb, *tmpx, *tmpy;
+    int x;
+    mp_digit *tmpa, *tmpb, *tmpx, *tmpy;
 
     /* we copy the digits directly instead of using higher level functions
      * since we also need to shift the digits
@@ -161,3 +161,7 @@ ERR:
   return err;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.c
index 829405a..739840d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* Karatsuba squaring, computes b = a*a using three 
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ int mp_karatsuba_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
     goto X0X0;
 
   {
-    register int x;
-    register mp_digit *dst, *src;
+    int x;
+    mp_digit *dst, *src;
 
     src = a->dp;
 
@@ -115,3 +115,7 @@ ERR:
   return err;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_lcm.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_lcm.c
index 1d53921..3bff571 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_lcm.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_lcm.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_LCM_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* computes least common multiple as |a*b|/(a, b) */
@@ -54,3 +54,7 @@ LBL_T:
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_lshd.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_lshd.c
index ce1e63b..f6f800f 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_lshd.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_lshd.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_LSHD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* shift left a certain amount of digits */
@@ -26,14 +26,14 @@ int mp_lshd (mp_int * a, int b)
   }
 
   /* grow to fit the new digits */
-  if (a->alloc < a->used + b) {
+  if (a->alloc < (a->used + b)) {
      if ((res = mp_grow (a, a->used + b)) != MP_OKAY) {
        return res;
      }
   }
 
   {
-    register mp_digit *top, *bottom;
+    mp_digit *top, *bottom;
 
     /* increment the used by the shift amount then copy upwards */
     a->used += b;
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ int mp_lshd (mp_int * a, int b)
     top = a->dp + a->used - 1;
 
     /* base */
-    bottom = a->dp + a->used - 1 - b;
+    bottom = (a->dp + a->used - 1) - b;
 
     /* much like mp_rshd this is implemented using a sliding window
      * except the window goes the otherway around.  Copying from
@@ -61,3 +61,7 @@ int mp_lshd (mp_int * a, int b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_mod.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_mod.c
index 98e155e..b67467d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_mod.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_mod.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MOD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
-/* c = a mod b, 0 <= c < b */
+/* c = a mod b, 0 <= c < b if b > 0, b < c <= 0 if b < 0 */
 int
 mp_mod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 {
@@ -31,14 +31,18 @@ mp_mod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
     return res;
   }
 
-  if (t.sign != b->sign) {
-    res = mp_add (b, &t, c);
-  } else {
+  if ((mp_iszero(&t) != MP_NO) || (t.sign == b->sign)) {
     res = MP_OKAY;
     mp_exch (&t, c);
+  } else {
+    res = mp_add (b, &t, c);
   }
 
   mp_clear (&t);
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_mod_2d.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_mod_2d.c
index 0170f65..954d64f 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_mod_2d.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_mod_2d.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* calc a value mod 2**b */
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ mp_mod_2d (const mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c)
   }
 
   /* zero digits above the last digit of the modulus */
-  for (x = (b / DIGIT_BIT) + ((b % DIGIT_BIT) == 0 ? 0 : 1); x < c->used; x++) {
+  for (x = (b / DIGIT_BIT) + (((b % DIGIT_BIT) == 0) ? 0 : 1); x < c->used; x++) {
     c->dp[x] = 0;
   }
   /* clear the digit that is not completely outside/inside the modulus */
@@ -49,3 +49,7 @@ mp_mod_2d (const mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_mod_d.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_mod_d.c
index f642ee8..d8722f0 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_mod_d.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_mod_d.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MOD_D_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 int
@@ -21,3 +21,7 @@ mp_mod_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_digit * c)
   return mp_div_d(a, b, NULL, c);
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.c
index 0748762..ea87cbd 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_CALC_NORMALIZATION_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /*
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ int mp_montgomery_calc_normalization (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   bits = mp_count_bits (b) % DIGIT_BIT;
 
   if (b->used > 1) {
-     if ((res = mp_2expt (a, (b->used - 1) * DIGIT_BIT + bits - 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+     if ((res = mp_2expt (a, ((b->used - 1) * DIGIT_BIT) + bits - 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
         return res;
      }
   } else {
@@ -53,3 +53,7 @@ int mp_montgomery_calc_normalization (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.c
index bc6abb8..af2cc58 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* computes xR**-1 == x (mod N) via Montgomery Reduction */
@@ -28,10 +28,10 @@ mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
    * than the available columns [255 per default] since carries
    * are fixed up in the inner loop.
    */
-  digs = n->used * 2 + 1;
+  digs = (n->used * 2) + 1;
   if ((digs < MP_WARRAY) &&
-      n->used <
-      (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof (mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)))) {
+      (n->used <
+      (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT))))) {
     return fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (x, n, rho);
   }
 
@@ -52,13 +52,13 @@ mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
      * following inner loop to reduce the
      * input one digit at a time
      */
-    mu = (mp_digit) (((mp_word)x->dp[ix]) * ((mp_word)rho) & MP_MASK);
+    mu = (mp_digit) (((mp_word)x->dp[ix] * (mp_word)rho) & MP_MASK);
 
     /* a = a + mu * m * b**i */
     {
-      register int iy;
-      register mp_digit *tmpn, *tmpx, u;
-      register mp_word r;
+      int iy;
+      mp_digit *tmpn, *tmpx, u;
+      mp_word r;
 
       /* alias for digits of the modulus */
       tmpn = n->dp;
@@ -72,8 +72,8 @@ mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
       /* Multiply and add in place */
       for (iy = 0; iy < n->used; iy++) {
         /* compute product and sum */
-        r       = ((mp_word)mu) * ((mp_word)*tmpn++) +
-                  ((mp_word) u) + ((mp_word) * tmpx);
+        r       = ((mp_word)mu * (mp_word)*tmpn++) +
+                   (mp_word) u + (mp_word) *tmpx;
 
         /* get carry */
         u       = (mp_digit)(r >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT));
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
 
 
       /* propagate carries upwards as required*/
-      while (u) {
+      while (u != 0) {
         *tmpx   += u;
         u        = *tmpx >> DIGIT_BIT;
         *tmpx++ &= MP_MASK;
@@ -112,3 +112,7 @@ mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_setup.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_setup.c
index b8e1887..264a2bd 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_setup.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_montgomery_setup.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* setups the montgomery reduction stuff */
@@ -36,20 +36,24 @@ mp_montgomery_setup (mp_int * n, mp_digit * rho)
   }
 
   x = (((b + 2) & 4) << 1) + b; /* here x*a==1 mod 2**4 */
-  x *= 2 - b * x;               /* here x*a==1 mod 2**8 */
+  x *= 2 - (b * x);             /* here x*a==1 mod 2**8 */
 #if !defined(MP_8BIT)
-  x *= 2 - b * x;               /* here x*a==1 mod 2**16 */
+  x *= 2 - (b * x);             /* here x*a==1 mod 2**16 */
 #endif
 #if defined(MP_64BIT) || !(defined(MP_8BIT) || defined(MP_16BIT))
-  x *= 2 - b * x;               /* here x*a==1 mod 2**32 */
+  x *= 2 - (b * x);             /* here x*a==1 mod 2**32 */
 #endif
 #ifdef MP_64BIT
-  x *= 2 - b * x;               /* here x*a==1 mod 2**64 */
+  x *= 2 - (b * x);             /* here x*a==1 mod 2**64 */
 #endif
 
   /* rho = -1/m mod b */
-  *rho = (unsigned long)(((mp_word)1 << ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT)) - x) & MP_MASK;
+  *rho = (mp_digit)(((mp_word)1 << ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT)) - x) & MP_MASK;
 
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_mul.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_mul.c
index fc024be..ea53d5e 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_mul.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_mul.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MUL_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* high level multiplication (handles sign) */
@@ -44,19 +44,24 @@ int mp_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 
 #ifdef BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
     if ((digs < MP_WARRAY) &&
-        MIN(a->used, b->used) <= 
-        (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof (mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)))) {
+        (MIN(a->used, b->used) <= 
+         (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT))))) {
       res = fast_s_mp_mul_digs (a, b, c, digs);
     } else 
 #endif
+    {
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
       res = s_mp_mul (a, b, c); /* uses s_mp_mul_digs */
 #else
       res = MP_VAL;
 #endif
-
+    }
   }
   c->sign = (c->used > 0) ? neg : MP_ZPOS;
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_2.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_2.c
index 2ca6022..9c72c7f 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_2.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_2.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* b = a*2 */
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ int mp_mul_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   int     x, res, oldused;
 
   /* grow to accomodate result */
-  if (b->alloc < a->used + 1) {
+  if (b->alloc < (a->used + 1)) {
     if ((res = mp_grow (b, a->used + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
     }
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ int mp_mul_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   b->used = a->used;
 
   {
-    register mp_digit r, rr, *tmpa, *tmpb;
+    mp_digit r, rr, *tmpa, *tmpb;
 
     /* alias for source */
     tmpa = a->dp;
@@ -76,3 +76,7 @@ int mp_mul_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_2d.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_2d.c
index 4ac2e4e..e9b284e 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_2d.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_2d.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* shift left by a certain bit count */
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@ int mp_mul_2d (const mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c)
      }
   }
 
-  if (c->alloc < (int)(c->used + b/DIGIT_BIT + 1)) {
-     if ((res = mp_grow (c, c->used + b / DIGIT_BIT + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+  if (c->alloc < (int)(c->used + (b / DIGIT_BIT) + 1)) {
+     if ((res = mp_grow (c, c->used + (b / DIGIT_BIT) + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        return res;
      }
   }
@@ -44,8 +44,8 @@ int mp_mul_2d (const mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c)
   /* shift any bit count < DIGIT_BIT */
   d = (mp_digit) (b % DIGIT_BIT);
   if (d != 0) {
-    register mp_digit *tmpc, shift, mask, r, rr;
-    register int x;
+    mp_digit *tmpc, shift, mask, r, rr;
+    int x;
 
     /* bitmask for carries */
     mask = (((mp_digit)1) << d) - 1;
@@ -79,3 +79,7 @@ int mp_mul_2d (const mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_d.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_d.c
index ba45a0c..e77da5d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_d.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_mul_d.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* multiply by a digit */
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ mp_mul_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
   int      ix, res, olduse;
 
   /* make sure c is big enough to hold a*b */
-  if (c->alloc < a->used + 1) {
+  if (c->alloc < (a->used + 1)) {
     if ((res = mp_grow (c, a->used + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
     }
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ mp_mul_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
   /* compute columns */
   for (ix = 0; ix < a->used; ix++) {
     /* compute product and carry sum for this term */
-    r       = ((mp_word) u) + ((mp_word)*tmpa++) * ((mp_word)b);
+    r       = (mp_word)u + ((mp_word)*tmpa++ * (mp_word)b);
 
     /* mask off higher bits to get a single digit */
     *tmpc++ = (mp_digit) (r & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
@@ -73,3 +73,7 @@ mp_mul_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_mulmod.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_mulmod.c
index 649b717..5ea88ef 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_mulmod.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_mulmod.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_MULMOD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* d = a * b (mod c) */
@@ -34,3 +34,7 @@ int mp_mulmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_n_root.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_n_root.c
index b2700a8..a14ee67 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_n_root.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_n_root.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,117 +12,19 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
-/* find the n'th root of an integer 
- *
- * Result found such that (c)**b <= a and (c+1)**b > a 
- *
- * This algorithm uses Newton's approximation 
- * x[i+1] = x[i] - f(x[i])/f'(x[i]) 
- * which will find the root in log(N) time where 
- * each step involves a fair bit.  This is not meant to 
- * find huge roots [square and cube, etc].
+/* wrapper function for mp_n_root_ex()
+ * computes c = (a)**(1/b) such that (c)**b <= a and (c+1)**b > a
  */
 int mp_n_root (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 {
-  mp_int  t1, t2, t3;
-  int     res, neg;
-
-  /* input must be positive if b is even */
-  if ((b & 1) == 0 && a->sign == MP_NEG) {
-    return MP_VAL;
-  }
-
-  if ((res = mp_init (&t1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-    return res;
-  }
-
-  if ((res = mp_init (&t2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-    goto LBL_T1;
-  }
-
-  if ((res = mp_init (&t3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-    goto LBL_T2;
-  }
-
-  /* if a is negative fudge the sign but keep track */
-  neg     = a->sign;
-  a->sign = MP_ZPOS;
-
-  /* t2 = 2 */
-  mp_set (&t2, 2);
-
-  do {
-    /* t1 = t2 */
-    if ((res = mp_copy (&t2, &t1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-      goto LBL_T3;
-    }
-
-    /* t2 = t1 - ((t1**b - a) / (b * t1**(b-1))) */
-    
-    /* t3 = t1**(b-1) */
-    if ((res = mp_expt_d (&t1, b - 1, &t3)) != MP_OKAY) {   
-      goto LBL_T3;
-    }
-
-    /* numerator */
-    /* t2 = t1**b */
-    if ((res = mp_mul (&t3, &t1, &t2)) != MP_OKAY) {    
-      goto LBL_T3;
-    }
-
-    /* t2 = t1**b - a */
-    if ((res = mp_sub (&t2, a, &t2)) != MP_OKAY) {  
-      goto LBL_T3;
-    }
-
-    /* denominator */
-    /* t3 = t1**(b-1) * b  */
-    if ((res = mp_mul_d (&t3, b, &t3)) != MP_OKAY) {    
-      goto LBL_T3;
-    }
-
-    /* t3 = (t1**b - a)/(b * t1**(b-1)) */
-    if ((res = mp_div (&t2, &t3, &t3, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {  
-      goto LBL_T3;
-    }
-
-    if ((res = mp_sub (&t1, &t3, &t2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-      goto LBL_T3;
-    }
-  }  while (mp_cmp (&t1, &t2) != MP_EQ);
-
-  /* result can be off by a few so check */
-  for (;;) {
-    if ((res = mp_expt_d (&t1, b, &t2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-      goto LBL_T3;
-    }
-
-    if (mp_cmp (&t2, a) == MP_GT) {
-      if ((res = mp_sub_d (&t1, 1, &t1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-         goto LBL_T3;
-      }
-    } else {
-      break;
-    }
-  }
-
-  /* reset the sign of a first */
-  a->sign = neg;
-
-  /* set the result */
-  mp_exch (&t1, c);
-
-  /* set the sign of the result */
-  c->sign = neg;
-
-  res = MP_OKAY;
-
-LBL_T3:mp_clear (&t3);
-LBL_T2:mp_clear (&t2);
-LBL_T1:mp_clear (&t1);
-  return res;
+  return mp_n_root_ex(a, b, c, 0);
 }
+
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_neg.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_neg.c
index 07fb148..952a991 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_neg.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_neg.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_NEG_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* b = -a */
@@ -34,3 +34,7 @@ int mp_neg (const mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_or.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_or.c
index aa5b1bd..b7f2e4f 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_or.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_or.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_OR_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* OR two ints together */
@@ -44,3 +44,7 @@ int mp_or (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_fermat.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_fermat.c
index 7b9b12e..9dc9e85 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_fermat.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_fermat.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* performs one Fermat test.
@@ -56,3 +56,7 @@ LBL_T:mp_clear (&t);
   return err;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.c
index 710c967..5854f08 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_PRIME_IS_DIVISIBLE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* determines if an integers is divisible by one 
@@ -44,3 +44,7 @@ int mp_prime_is_divisible (mp_int * a, int *result)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_is_prime.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_is_prime.c
index ce225a3..be5ebe4 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_is_prime.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_is_prime.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* performs a variable number of rounds of Miller-Rabin
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ int mp_prime_is_prime (mp_int * a, int t, int *result)
   *result = MP_NO;
 
   /* valid value of t? */
-  if (t <= 0 || t > PRIME_SIZE) {
+  if ((t <= 0) || (t > PRIME_SIZE)) {
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
@@ -77,3 +77,7 @@ LBL_B:mp_clear (&b);
   return err;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.c
index c5185b8..7b5c8d2 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* Miller-Rabin test of "a" to the base of "b" as described in 
@@ -67,10 +67,10 @@ int mp_prime_miller_rabin (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, int *result)
   }
 
   /* if y != 1 and y != n1 do */
-  if (mp_cmp_d (&y, 1) != MP_EQ && mp_cmp (&y, &n1) != MP_EQ) {
+  if ((mp_cmp_d (&y, 1) != MP_EQ) && (mp_cmp (&y, &n1) != MP_EQ)) {
     j = 1;
     /* while j <= s-1 and y != n1 */
-    while ((j <= (s - 1)) && mp_cmp (&y, &n1) != MP_EQ) {
+    while ((j <= (s - 1)) && (mp_cmp (&y, &n1) != MP_EQ)) {
       if ((err = mp_sqrmod (&y, a, &y)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_Y;
       }
@@ -97,3 +97,7 @@ LBL_N1:mp_clear (&n1);
   return err;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_next_prime.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_next_prime.c
index 2433e8c..9951dc3 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_next_prime.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_next_prime.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* finds the next prime after the number "a" using "t" trials
@@ -22,12 +22,12 @@
  */
 int mp_prime_next_prime(mp_int *a, int t, int bbs_style)
 {
-   int      err, res, x, y;
+   int      err, res = MP_NO, x, y;
    mp_digit res_tab[PRIME_SIZE], step, kstep;
    mp_int   b;
 
    /* ensure t is valid */
-   if (t <= 0 || t > PRIME_SIZE) {
+   if ((t <= 0) || (t > PRIME_SIZE)) {
       return MP_VAL;
    }
 
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ int mp_prime_next_prime(mp_int *a, int t, int bbs_style)
          if ((err = mp_sub_d(a, (a->dp[0] & 3) + 1, a)) != MP_OKAY) { return err; };
       }
    } else {
-      if (mp_iseven(a) == 1) {
+      if (mp_iseven(a) == MP_YES) {
          /* force odd */
          if ((err = mp_sub_d(a, 1, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
             return err;
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ int mp_prime_next_prime(mp_int *a, int t, int bbs_style)
                 y = 1;
              }
          }
-      } while (y == 1 && step < ((((mp_digit)1)<<DIGIT_BIT) - kstep));
+      } while ((y == 1) && (step < ((((mp_digit)1) << DIGIT_BIT) - kstep)));
 
       /* add the step */
       if ((err = mp_add_d(a, step, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -137,7 +137,7 @@ int mp_prime_next_prime(mp_int *a, int t, int bbs_style)
       }
 
       /* if didn't pass sieve and step == MAX then skip test */
-      if (y == 1 && step >= ((((mp_digit)1)<<DIGIT_BIT) - kstep)) {
+      if ((y == 1) && (step >= ((((mp_digit)1) << DIGIT_BIT) - kstep))) {
          continue;
       }
 
@@ -164,3 +164,7 @@ LBL_ERR:
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.c
index e57a43c..bca4229 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_PRIME_RABIN_MILLER_TRIALS_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 
@@ -46,3 +46,7 @@ int mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials(int size)
 
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_random_ex.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_random_ex.c
index a37477e..1efc4fc 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_random_ex.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_prime_random_ex.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* makes a truly random prime of a given size (bits),
@@ -21,7 +21,6 @@
  * 
  *   LTM_PRIME_BBS      - make prime congruent to 3 mod 4
  *   LTM_PRIME_SAFE     - make sure (p-1)/2 is prime as well (implies LTM_PRIME_BBS)
- *   LTM_PRIME_2MSB_OFF - make the 2nd highest bit zero
  *   LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON  - make the 2nd highest bit one
  *
  * You have to supply a callback which fills in a buffer with random bytes.  "dat" is a parameter you can
@@ -37,12 +36,12 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback
    int res, err, bsize, maskOR_msb_offset;
 
    /* sanity check the input */
-   if (size <= 1 || t <= 0) {
+   if ((size <= 1) || (t <= 0)) {
       return MP_VAL;
    }
 
    /* LTM_PRIME_SAFE implies LTM_PRIME_BBS */
-   if (flags & LTM_PRIME_SAFE) {
+   if ((flags & LTM_PRIME_SAFE) != 0) {
       flags |= LTM_PRIME_BBS;
    }
 
@@ -61,13 +60,13 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback
    /* calc the maskOR_msb */
    maskOR_msb        = 0;
    maskOR_msb_offset = ((size & 7) == 1) ? 1 : 0;
-   if (flags & LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON) {
+   if ((flags & LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON) != 0) {
       maskOR_msb       |= 0x80 >> ((9 - size) & 7);
    }  
 
    /* get the maskOR_lsb */
    maskOR_lsb         = 1;
-   if (flags & LTM_PRIME_BBS) {
+   if ((flags & LTM_PRIME_BBS) != 0) {
       maskOR_lsb     |= 3;
    }
 
@@ -95,7 +94,7 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback
          continue;
       }
 
-      if (flags & LTM_PRIME_SAFE) {
+      if ((flags & LTM_PRIME_SAFE) != 0) {
          /* see if (a-1)/2 is prime */
          if ((err = mp_sub_d(a, 1, a)) != MP_OKAY)                    { goto error; }
          if ((err = mp_div_2(a, a)) != MP_OKAY)                       { goto error; }
@@ -105,7 +104,7 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback
       }
    } while (res == MP_NO);
 
-   if (flags & LTM_PRIME_SAFE) {
+   if ((flags & LTM_PRIME_SAFE) != 0) {
       /* restore a to the original value */
       if ((err = mp_mul_2(a, a)) != MP_OKAY)                          { goto error; }
       if ((err = mp_add_d(a, 1, a)) != MP_OKAY)                       { goto error; }
@@ -119,3 +118,7 @@ error:
 
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_radix_size.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_radix_size.c
index 40c4d04..9c60401 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_radix_size.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_radix_size.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_RADIX_SIZE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* returns size of ASCII reprensentation */
@@ -24,14 +24,8 @@ int mp_radix_size (mp_int * a, int radix, int *size)
 
   *size = 0;
 
-  /* special case for binary */
-  if (radix == 2) {
-    *size = mp_count_bits (a) + (a->sign == MP_NEG ? 1 : 0) + 1;
-    return MP_OKAY;
-  }
-
   /* make sure the radix is in range */
-  if (radix < 2 || radix > 64) {
+  if ((radix < 2) || (radix > 64)) {
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
@@ -40,6 +34,12 @@ int mp_radix_size (mp_int * a, int radix, int *size)
     return MP_OKAY;
   }
 
+  /* special case for binary */
+  if (radix == 2) {
+    *size = mp_count_bits (a) + ((a->sign == MP_NEG) ? 1 : 0) + 1;
+    return MP_OKAY;
+  }
+
   /* digs is the digit count */
   digs = 0;
 
@@ -81,3 +81,7 @@ int mp_radix_size (mp_int * a, int radix, int *size)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_radix_smap.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_radix_smap.c
index 7aeb375..d1c75ad 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_radix_smap.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_radix_smap.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_RADIX_SMAP_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,9 +12,13 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* chars used in radix conversions */
 const char *mp_s_rmap = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz+/";
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_rand.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_rand.c
index 17c1fbe..4c9610d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_rand.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_rand.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_RAND_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* makes a pseudo-random int of a given size */
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ mp_rand (mp_int * a, int digits)
 
   /* first place a random non-zero digit */
   do {
-    d = ((mp_digit) abs (rand ())) & MP_MASK;
+    d = ((mp_digit) abs (MP_GEN_RANDOM())) & MP_MASK;
   } while (d == 0);
 
   if ((res = mp_add_d (a, d, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ mp_rand (mp_int * a, int digits)
       return res;
     }
 
-    if ((res = mp_add_d (a, ((mp_digit) abs (rand ())), a)) != MP_OKAY) {
+    if ((res = mp_add_d (a, ((mp_digit) abs (MP_GEN_RANDOM())), a)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
     }
   }
@@ -49,3 +49,7 @@ mp_rand (mp_int * a, int digits)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_read_radix.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_read_radix.c
index 4b92589..93ccd3b 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_read_radix.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_read_radix.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_READ_RADIX_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* read a string [ASCII] in a given radix */
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, const char *str, int radix)
   mp_zero(a);
 
   /* make sure the radix is ok */
-  if (radix < 2 || radix > 64) {
+  if ((radix < 2) || (radix > 64)) {
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
@@ -43,12 +43,12 @@ int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, const char *str, int radix)
   mp_zero (a);
   
   /* process each digit of the string */
-  while (*str) {
-    /* if the radix < 36 the conversion is case insensitive
+  while (*str != '\0') {
+    /* if the radix <= 36 the conversion is case insensitive
      * this allows numbers like 1AB and 1ab to represent the same  value
      * [e.g. in hex]
      */
-    ch = (char) ((radix < 36) ? toupper ((unsigned char) *str) : *str);
+    ch = (radix <= 36) ? (char)toupper((unsigned char)*str) : *str;
     for (y = 0; y < 64; y++) {
       if (ch == mp_s_rmap[y]) {
          break;
@@ -80,9 +80,13 @@ int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, const char *str, int radix)
   }
 
   /* set the sign only if a != 0 */
-  if (mp_iszero(a) != 1) {
+  if (mp_iszero(a) != MP_YES) {
      a->sign = neg;
   }
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_read_signed_bin.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_read_signed_bin.c
index 3ee8556..a4d4760 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_read_signed_bin.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_read_signed_bin.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_READ_SIGNED_BIN_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* read signed bin, big endian, first byte is 0==positive or 1==negative */
@@ -35,3 +35,7 @@ int mp_read_signed_bin (mp_int * a, const unsigned char *b, int c)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.c
index caf5be0..e8e5df8 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_READ_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* reads a unsigned char array, assumes the msb is stored first [big endian] */
@@ -37,15 +37,19 @@ int mp_read_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, const unsigned char *b, int c)
     }
 
 #ifndef MP_8BIT
-      a->dp[0] |= *b++;
-      a->used += 1;
+    a->dp[0] |= *b++;
+    a->used += 1;
 #else
-      a->dp[0] = (*b & MP_MASK);
-      a->dp[1] |= ((*b++ >> 7U) & 1);
-      a->used += 2;
+    a->dp[0] = (*b & MP_MASK);
+    a->dp[1] |= ((*b++ >> 7U) & 1);
+    a->used += 2;
 #endif
   }
   mp_clamp (a);
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce.c
index 4375e4e..e2c3a58 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
-/* reduces x mod m, assumes 0 < x < m**2, mu is 
+/* reduces x mod m, assumes 0 < x < m**2, mu is
  * precomputed via mp_reduce_setup.
  * From HAC pp.604 Algorithm 14.42
  */
@@ -30,10 +30,10 @@ int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
   }
 
   /* q1 = x / b**(k-1)  */
-  mp_rshd (&q, um - 1);         
+  mp_rshd (&q, um - 1);
 
   /* according to HAC this optimization is ok */
-  if (((unsigned long) um) > (((mp_digit)1) << (DIGIT_BIT - 1))) {
+  if (((mp_digit) um) > (((mp_digit)1) << (DIGIT_BIT - 1))) {
     if ((res = mp_mul (&q, mu, &q)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto CLEANUP;
     }
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
     if ((res = fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (&q, mu, &q, um)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto CLEANUP;
     }
-#else 
-    { 
+#else
+    {
       res = MP_VAL;
       goto CLEANUP;
     }
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
   }
 
   /* q3 = q2 / b**(k+1) */
-  mp_rshd (&q, um + 1);         
+  mp_rshd (&q, um + 1);
 
   /* x = x mod b**(k+1), quick (no division) */
   if ((res = mp_mod_2d (x, DIGIT_BIT * (um + 1), x)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -87,10 +87,14 @@ int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
       goto CLEANUP;
     }
   }
-  
+
 CLEANUP:
   mp_clear (&q);
 
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k.c
index 428f2ff..2876a75 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* reduces a modulo n where n is of the form 2**p - d */
@@ -20,38 +20,44 @@ int mp_reduce_2k(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_digit d)
 {
    mp_int q;
    int    p, res;
-   
+
    if ((res = mp_init(&q)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
    }
-   
-   p = mp_count_bits(n);    
+
+   p = mp_count_bits(n);
 top:
    /* q = a/2**p, a = a mod 2**p */
    if ((res = mp_div_2d(a, p, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    if (d != 1) {
       /* q = q * d */
-      if ((res = mp_mul_d(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) { 
+      if ((res = mp_mul_d(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto ERR;
       }
    }
-   
+
    /* a = a + q */
    if ((res = s_mp_add(a, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    if (mp_cmp_mag(a, n) != MP_LT) {
-      s_mp_sub(a, n, a);
+      if ((res = s_mp_sub(a, n, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
+         goto ERR;
+      }
       goto top;
    }
-   
+
 ERR:
    mp_clear(&q);
    return res;
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.c
index 8e52efa..3225214 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,10 +12,10 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
-/* reduces a modulo n where n is of the form 2**p - d 
+/* reduces a modulo n where n is of the form 2**p - d
    This differs from reduce_2k since "d" can be larger
    than a single digit.
 */
@@ -23,36 +23,42 @@ int mp_reduce_2k_l(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_int *d)
 {
    mp_int q;
    int    p, res;
-   
+
    if ((res = mp_init(&q)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
    }
-   
-   p = mp_count_bits(n);    
+
+   p = mp_count_bits(n);
 top:
    /* q = a/2**p, a = a mod 2**p */
    if ((res = mp_div_2d(a, p, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    /* q = q * d */
-   if ((res = mp_mul(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) { 
+   if ((res = mp_mul(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    /* a = a + q */
    if ((res = s_mp_add(a, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    if (mp_cmp_mag(a, n) != MP_LT) {
-      s_mp_sub(a, n, a);
+      if ((res = s_mp_sub(a, n, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
+         goto ERR;
+      }
       goto top;
    }
-   
+
 ERR:
    mp_clear(&q);
    return res;
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c
index ac043f6..545051e 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* determines the setup value */
@@ -41,3 +41,7 @@ int mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
    return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.c
index b59a1ed..59132dd 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* determines the setup value */
@@ -38,3 +38,7 @@ ERR:
    return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c
index 4655fcf..784947b 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* determines if mp_reduce_2k can be used */
@@ -46,3 +46,7 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.c
index 7b57865..c193f39 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* determines if reduce_2k_l can be used */
@@ -38,3 +38,7 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k_l(mp_int *a)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_setup.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_setup.c
index d8cefd9..f97eed5 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_setup.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_reduce_setup.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* pre-calculate the value required for Barrett reduction
@@ -28,3 +28,7 @@ int mp_reduce_setup (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   return mp_div (a, b, a, NULL);
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_rshd.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_rshd.c
index e6095b3..77b0f6c 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_rshd.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_rshd.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_RSHD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* shift right a certain amount of digits */
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ void mp_rshd (mp_int * a, int b)
   }
 
   {
-    register mp_digit *bottom, *top;
+    mp_digit *bottom, *top;
 
     /* shift the digits down */
 
@@ -66,3 +66,7 @@ void mp_rshd (mp_int * a, int b)
   a->used -= b;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_set.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_set.c
index c32fc42..cac48ea 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_set.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_set.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_SET_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* set to a digit */
@@ -23,3 +23,7 @@ void mp_set (mp_int * a, mp_digit b)
   a->used  = (a->dp[0] != 0) ? 1 : 0;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_set_int.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_set_int.c
index b0fc344..5aa59d5 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_set_int.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_set_int.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_SET_INT_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* set a 32-bit const */
@@ -42,3 +42,7 @@ int mp_set_int (mp_int * a, unsigned long b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_shrink.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_shrink.c
index bfdf93a..1ad2ede 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_shrink.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_shrink.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_SHRINK_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* shrink a bignum */
@@ -21,8 +21,9 @@ int mp_shrink (mp_int * a)
   mp_digit *tmp;
   int used = 1;
   
-  if(a->used > 0)
+  if(a->used > 0) {
     used = a->used;
+  }
   
   if (a->alloc != used) {
     if ((tmp = OPT_CAST(mp_digit) XREALLOC (a->dp, sizeof (mp_digit) * used)) == NULL) {
@@ -34,3 +35,7 @@ int mp_shrink (mp_int * a)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_signed_bin_size.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_signed_bin_size.c
index 8f88e76..0e760a6 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_signed_bin_size.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_signed_bin_size.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_SIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* get the size for an signed equivalent */
@@ -21,3 +21,7 @@ int mp_signed_bin_size (mp_int * a)
   return 1 + mp_unsigned_bin_size (a);
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_sqr.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_sqr.c
index 3938537..ad2099b 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_sqr.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_sqr.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_SQR_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* computes b = a*a */
@@ -29,26 +29,32 @@ mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   } else 
 #endif
 #ifdef BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-if (a->used >= KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF) {
+  if (a->used >= KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF) {
     res = mp_karatsuba_sqr (a, b);
   } else 
 #endif
   {
 #ifdef BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
     /* can we use the fast comba multiplier? */
-    if ((a->used * 2 + 1) < MP_WARRAY && 
-         a->used < 
-         (1 << (sizeof(mp_word) * CHAR_BIT - 2*DIGIT_BIT - 1))) {
+    if ((((a->used * 2) + 1) < MP_WARRAY) &&
+         (a->used <
+         (1 << (((sizeof(mp_word) * CHAR_BIT) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)) - 1)))) {
       res = fast_s_mp_sqr (a, b);
     } else
 #endif
+    {
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_SQR_C
       res = s_mp_sqr (a, b);
 #else
       res = MP_VAL;
 #endif
+    }
   }
   b->sign = MP_ZPOS;
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_sqrmod.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_sqrmod.c
index 6f90772..2f9463d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_sqrmod.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_sqrmod.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_SQRMOD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* c = a * a (mod b) */
@@ -35,3 +35,7 @@ mp_sqrmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_sqrt.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_sqrt.c
index 016b8ba..178059e 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_sqrt.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_sqrt.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 
 #ifdef BN_MP_SQRT_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 #ifndef NO_FLOATING_POINT
@@ -140,3 +140,7 @@ E2: mp_clear(&t1);
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_sub.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_sub.c
index 13cb43e..0d616c2 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_sub.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_sub.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_SUB_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* high level subtraction (handles signs) */
@@ -53,3 +53,7 @@ mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_sub_d.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_sub_d.c
index b1e4e3f..f5a932f 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_sub_d.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_sub_d.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_SUB_D_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* single digit subtraction */
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ mp_sub_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
   int       res, ix, oldused;
 
   /* grow c as required */
-  if (c->alloc < a->used + 1) {
+  if (c->alloc < (a->used + 1)) {
      if ((res = mp_grow(c, a->used + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
         return res;
      }
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ mp_sub_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
   tmpc    = c->dp;
 
   /* if a <= b simply fix the single digit */
-  if ((a->used == 1 && a->dp[0] <= b) || a->used == 0) {
+  if (((a->used == 1) && (a->dp[0] <= b)) || (a->used == 0)) {
      if (a->used == 1) {
         *tmpc++ = b - *tmpa;
      } else {
@@ -67,13 +67,13 @@ mp_sub_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 
      /* subtract first digit */
      *tmpc    = *tmpa++ - b;
-     mu       = *tmpc >> (sizeof(mp_digit) * CHAR_BIT - 1);
+     mu       = *tmpc >> ((sizeof(mp_digit) * CHAR_BIT) - 1);
      *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
 
      /* handle rest of the digits */
      for (ix = 1; ix < a->used; ix++) {
         *tmpc    = *tmpa++ - mu;
-        mu       = *tmpc >> (sizeof(mp_digit) * CHAR_BIT - 1);
+        mu       = *tmpc >> ((sizeof(mp_digit) * CHAR_BIT) - 1);
         *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
      }
   }
@@ -87,3 +87,7 @@ mp_sub_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_submod.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_submod.c
index 7461678..87e0889 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_submod.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_submod.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_SUBMOD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* d = a - b (mod c) */
@@ -36,3 +36,7 @@ mp_submod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
   return res;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_to_signed_bin.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_to_signed_bin.c
index 7871921..e9289ea 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_to_signed_bin.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_to_signed_bin.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* store in signed [big endian] format */
@@ -23,7 +23,11 @@ int mp_to_signed_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
   if ((res = mp_to_unsigned_bin (a, b + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
     return res;
   }
-  b[0] = (unsigned char) ((a->sign == MP_ZPOS) ? 0 : 1);
+  b[0] = (a->sign == MP_ZPOS) ? (unsigned char)0 : (unsigned char)1;
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.c
index 8da9961..d4fe6e6 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_N_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* store in signed [big endian] format */
@@ -25,3 +25,7 @@ int mp_to_signed_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen)
    return mp_to_signed_bin(a, b);
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.c
index 9496398..d3ef46f 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* store in unsigned [big endian] format */
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ int mp_to_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
   }
 
   x = 0;
-  while (mp_iszero (&t) == 0) {
+  while (mp_iszero (&t) == MP_NO) {
 #ifndef MP_8BIT
       b[x++] = (unsigned char) (t.dp[0] & 255);
 #else
@@ -42,3 +42,7 @@ int mp_to_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.c
index 4f2a31d..2da13cc 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_N_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* store in unsigned [big endian] format */
@@ -25,3 +25,7 @@ int mp_to_unsigned_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen)
    return mp_to_unsigned_bin(a, b);
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_toom_mul.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_toom_mul.c
index 9daefbd..4731f8f 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_toom_mul.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_toom_mul.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,31 +12,31 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
-/* multiplication using the Toom-Cook 3-way algorithm 
+/* multiplication using the Toom-Cook 3-way algorithm
  *
- * Much more complicated than Karatsuba but has a lower 
- * asymptotic running time of O(N**1.464).  This algorithm is 
- * only particularly useful on VERY large inputs 
+ * Much more complicated than Karatsuba but has a lower
+ * asymptotic running time of O(N**1.464).  This algorithm is
+ * only particularly useful on VERY large inputs
  * (we're talking 1000s of digits here...).
 */
 int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
 {
     mp_int w0, w1, w2, w3, w4, tmp1, tmp2, a0, a1, a2, b0, b1, b2;
     int res, B;
-        
+
     /* init temps */
-    if ((res = mp_init_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4, 
-                             &a0, &a1, &a2, &b0, &b1, 
+    if ((res = mp_init_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4,
+                             &a0, &a1, &a2, &b0, &b1,
                              &b2, &tmp1, &tmp2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
        return res;
     }
-    
+
     /* B */
     B = MIN(a->used, b->used) / 3;
-    
+
     /* a = a2 * B**2 + a1 * B + a0 */
     if ((res = mp_mod_2d(a, DIGIT_BIT * B, &a0)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
@@ -46,13 +46,15 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
        goto ERR;
     }
     mp_rshd(&a1, B);
-    mp_mod_2d(&a1, DIGIT_BIT * B, &a1);
+    if ((res = mp_mod_2d(&a1, DIGIT_BIT * B, &a1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
 
     if ((res = mp_copy(a, &a2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
     mp_rshd(&a2, B*2);
-    
+
     /* b = b2 * B**2 + b1 * B + b0 */
     if ((res = mp_mod_2d(b, DIGIT_BIT * B, &b0)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
@@ -62,23 +64,23 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
        goto ERR;
     }
     mp_rshd(&b1, B);
-    mp_mod_2d(&b1, DIGIT_BIT * B, &b1);
+    (void)mp_mod_2d(&b1, DIGIT_BIT * B, &b1);
 
     if ((res = mp_copy(b, &b2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
     mp_rshd(&b2, B*2);
-    
+
     /* w0 = a0*b0 */
     if ((res = mp_mul(&a0, &b0, &w0)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     /* w4 = a2 * b2 */
     if ((res = mp_mul(&a2, &b2, &w4)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     /* w1 = (a2 + 2(a1 + 2a0))(b2 + 2(b1 + 2b0)) */
     if ((res = mp_mul_2(&a0, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
@@ -92,7 +94,7 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, &a2, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     if ((res = mp_mul_2(&b0, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
@@ -105,11 +107,11 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if ((res = mp_add(&tmp2, &b2, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     if ((res = mp_mul(&tmp1, &tmp2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     /* w3 = (a0 + 2(a1 + 2a2))(b0 + 2(b1 + 2b2)) */
     if ((res = mp_mul_2(&a2, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
@@ -123,7 +125,7 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, &a0, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     if ((res = mp_mul_2(&b2, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
@@ -136,11 +138,11 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if ((res = mp_add(&tmp2, &b0, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     if ((res = mp_mul(&tmp1, &tmp2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
 
     /* w2 = (a2 + a1 + a0)(b2 + b1 + b0) */
     if ((res = mp_add(&a2, &a1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -158,123 +160,127 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if ((res = mp_mul(&tmp1, &tmp2, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
-    /* now solve the matrix 
-    
+
+    /* now solve the matrix
+
        0  0  0  0  1
        1  2  4  8  16
        1  1  1  1  1
        16 8  4  2  1
        1  0  0  0  0
-       
-       using 12 subtractions, 4 shifts, 
-              2 small divisions and 1 small multiplication 
+
+       using 12 subtractions, 4 shifts,
+              2 small divisions and 1 small multiplication
      */
-     
-     /* r1 - r4 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w4, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3 - r0 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w0, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r1/2 */
-     if ((res = mp_div_2(&w1, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3/2 */
-     if ((res = mp_div_2(&w3, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r2 - r0 - r4 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w0, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w4, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r1 - r2 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3 - r2 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r1 - 8r0 */
-     if ((res = mp_mul_2d(&w0, 3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &tmp1, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3 - 8r4 */
-     if ((res = mp_mul_2d(&w4, 3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &tmp1, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* 3r2 - r1 - r3 */
-     if ((res = mp_mul_d(&w2, 3, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w1, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w3, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r1 - r2 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3 - r2 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r1/3 */
-     if ((res = mp_div_3(&w1, &w1, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3/3 */
-     if ((res = mp_div_3(&w3, &w3, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     
-     /* at this point shift W[n] by B*n */
-     if ((res = mp_lshd(&w1, 1*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_lshd(&w2, 2*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_lshd(&w3, 3*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_lshd(&w4, 4*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }     
-     
-     if ((res = mp_add(&w0, &w1, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_add(&w2, &w3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_add(&w4, &tmp1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, c, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }     
-     
+
+    /* r1 - r4 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w4, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3 - r0 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w0, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r1/2 */
+    if ((res = mp_div_2(&w1, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3/2 */
+    if ((res = mp_div_2(&w3, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r2 - r0 - r4 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w0, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w4, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r1 - r2 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3 - r2 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r1 - 8r0 */
+    if ((res = mp_mul_2d(&w0, 3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &tmp1, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3 - 8r4 */
+    if ((res = mp_mul_2d(&w4, 3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &tmp1, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* 3r2 - r1 - r3 */
+    if ((res = mp_mul_d(&w2, 3, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w1, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w3, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r1 - r2 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3 - r2 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r1/3 */
+    if ((res = mp_div_3(&w1, &w1, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3/3 */
+    if ((res = mp_div_3(&w3, &w3, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+
+    /* at this point shift W[n] by B*n */
+    if ((res = mp_lshd(&w1, 1*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_lshd(&w2, 2*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_lshd(&w3, 3*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_lshd(&w4, 4*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+
+    if ((res = mp_add(&w0, &w1, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_add(&w2, &w3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_add(&w4, &tmp1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, c, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+
 ERR:
-     mp_clear_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4, 
-                    &a0, &a1, &a2, &b0, &b1, 
-                    &b2, &tmp1, &tmp2, NULL);
-     return res;
-}     
-     
+    mp_clear_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4,
+                   &a0, &a1, &a2, &b0, &b1,
+                   &b2, &tmp1, &tmp2, NULL);
+    return res;
+}
+
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_toom_sqr.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_toom_sqr.c
index 9e3f79c..69b69d4 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_toom_sqr.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_toom_sqr.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* squaring using Toom-Cook 3-way algorithm */
@@ -39,7 +39,9 @@ mp_toom_sqr(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
        goto ERR;
     }
     mp_rshd(&a1, B);
-    mp_mod_2d(&a1, DIGIT_BIT * B, &a1);
+    if ((res = mp_mod_2d(&a1, DIGIT_BIT * B, &a1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
 
     if ((res = mp_copy(a, &a2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
@@ -115,108 +117,112 @@ mp_toom_sqr(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
        using 12 subtractions, 4 shifts, 2 small divisions and 1 small multiplication.
      */
 
-     /* r1 - r4 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w4, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3 - r0 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w0, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r1/2 */
-     if ((res = mp_div_2(&w1, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3/2 */
-     if ((res = mp_div_2(&w3, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r2 - r0 - r4 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w0, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w4, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r1 - r2 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3 - r2 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r1 - 8r0 */
-     if ((res = mp_mul_2d(&w0, 3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &tmp1, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3 - 8r4 */
-     if ((res = mp_mul_2d(&w4, 3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &tmp1, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* 3r2 - r1 - r3 */
-     if ((res = mp_mul_d(&w2, 3, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w1, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w3, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r1 - r2 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3 - r2 */
-     if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r1/3 */
-     if ((res = mp_div_3(&w1, &w1, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     /* r3/3 */
-     if ((res = mp_div_3(&w3, &w3, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-
-     /* at this point shift W[n] by B*n */
-     if ((res = mp_lshd(&w1, 1*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_lshd(&w2, 2*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_lshd(&w3, 3*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_lshd(&w4, 4*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-
-     if ((res = mp_add(&w0, &w1, b)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_add(&w2, &w3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_add(&w4, &tmp1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
-     if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, b, b)) != MP_OKAY) {
-        goto ERR;
-     }
+    /* r1 - r4 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w4, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3 - r0 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w0, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r1/2 */
+    if ((res = mp_div_2(&w1, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3/2 */
+    if ((res = mp_div_2(&w3, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r2 - r0 - r4 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w0, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w4, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r1 - r2 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3 - r2 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r1 - 8r0 */
+    if ((res = mp_mul_2d(&w0, 3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &tmp1, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3 - 8r4 */
+    if ((res = mp_mul_2d(&w4, 3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &tmp1, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* 3r2 - r1 - r3 */
+    if ((res = mp_mul_d(&w2, 3, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w1, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w3, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r1 - r2 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3 - r2 */
+    if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r1/3 */
+    if ((res = mp_div_3(&w1, &w1, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    /* r3/3 */
+    if ((res = mp_div_3(&w3, &w3, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+
+    /* at this point shift W[n] by B*n */
+    if ((res = mp_lshd(&w1, 1*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_lshd(&w2, 2*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_lshd(&w3, 3*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_lshd(&w4, 4*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+
+    if ((res = mp_add(&w0, &w1, b)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_add(&w2, &w3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_add(&w4, &tmp1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
+    if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, b, b)) != MP_OKAY) {
+       goto ERR;
+    }
 
 ERR:
-     mp_clear_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4, &a0, &a1, &a2, &tmp1, NULL);
-     return res;
+    mp_clear_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4, &a0, &a1, &a2, &tmp1, NULL);
+    return res;
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_toradix.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_toradix.c
index 132743e..f04352d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_toradix.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_toradix.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_TORADIX_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* stores a bignum as a ASCII string in a given radix (2..64) */
@@ -24,12 +24,12 @@ int mp_toradix (mp_int * a, char *str, int radix)
   char   *_s = str;
 
   /* check range of the radix */
-  if (radix < 2 || radix > 64) {
+  if ((radix < 2) || (radix > 64)) {
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
   /* quick out if its zero */
-  if (mp_iszero(a) == 1) {
+  if (mp_iszero(a) == MP_YES) {
      *str++ = '0';
      *str = '\0';
      return MP_OKAY;
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int mp_toradix (mp_int * a, char *str, int radix)
   }
 
   digs = 0;
-  while (mp_iszero (&t) == 0) {
+  while (mp_iszero (&t) == MP_NO) {
     if ((res = mp_div_d (&t, (mp_digit) radix, &t, &d)) != MP_OKAY) {
       mp_clear (&t);
       return res;
@@ -69,3 +69,7 @@ int mp_toradix (mp_int * a, char *str, int radix)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_toradix_n.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_toradix_n.c
index dedce71..19b61d7 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_toradix_n.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_toradix_n.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_TORADIX_N_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* stores a bignum as a ASCII string in a given radix (2..64) 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ int mp_toradix_n(mp_int * a, char *str, int radix, int maxlen)
   char   *_s = str;
 
   /* check range of the maxlen, radix */
-  if (maxlen < 2 || radix < 2 || radix > 64) {
+  if ((maxlen < 2) || (radix < 2) || (radix > 64)) {
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ int mp_toradix_n(mp_int * a, char *str, int radix, int maxlen)
   }
 
   digs = 0;
-  while (mp_iszero (&t) == 0) {
+  while (mp_iszero (&t) == MP_NO) {
     if (--maxlen < 1) {
        /* no more room */
        break;
@@ -82,3 +82,7 @@ int mp_toradix_n(mp_int * a, char *str, int radix, int maxlen)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.c
index 58c18fb..0312625 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_UNSIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,13 +12,17 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* get the size for an unsigned equivalent */
 int mp_unsigned_bin_size (mp_int * a)
 {
   int     size = mp_count_bits (a);
-  return (size / 8 + ((size & 7) != 0 ? 1 : 0));
+  return (size / 8) + (((size & 7) != 0) ? 1 : 0);
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_xor.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_xor.c
index 432f42e..3c2ba9e 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_xor.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_xor.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_XOR_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* XOR two ints together */
@@ -45,3 +45,7 @@ mp_xor (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_mp_zero.c b/libtommath/bn_mp_zero.c
index d697a60..21365ed 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_mp_zero.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_mp_zero.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_MP_ZERO_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* set to zero */
@@ -30,3 +30,7 @@ void mp_zero (mp_int * a)
   }
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_prime_tab.c b/libtommath/bn_prime_tab.c
index c47c8bd..ae727a4 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_prime_tab.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_prime_tab.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_PRIME_TAB_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 const mp_digit ltm_prime_tab[] = {
   0x0002, 0x0003, 0x0005, 0x0007, 0x000B, 0x000D, 0x0011, 0x0013,
@@ -55,3 +55,7 @@ const mp_digit ltm_prime_tab[] = {
 #endif
 };
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_reverse.c b/libtommath/bn_reverse.c
index 9d7fd29..fc6eb2d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_reverse.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_reverse.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_REVERSE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* reverse an array, used for radix code */
@@ -33,3 +33,7 @@ bn_reverse (unsigned char *s, int len)
   }
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_add.c b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_add.c
index 7527bf8..c2ad649 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_add.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_add.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* low level addition, based on HAC pp.594, Algorithm 14.7 */
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ s_mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   }
 
   /* init result */
-  if (c->alloc < max + 1) {
+  if (c->alloc < (max + 1)) {
     if ((res = mp_grow (c, max + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
     }
@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ s_mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   c->used = max + 1;
 
   {
-    register mp_digit u, *tmpa, *tmpb, *tmpc;
-    register int i;
+    mp_digit u, *tmpa, *tmpb, *tmpc;
+    int i;
 
     /* alias for digit pointers */
 
@@ -103,3 +103,7 @@ s_mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_exptmod.c b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_exptmod.c
index ff6bd54..63e1b1e 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_exptmod.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_exptmod.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 #ifdef MP_LOW_MEM
    #define TAB_SIZE 32
@@ -164,12 +164,12 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
      * in the exponent.  Technically this opt is not required but it
      * does lower the # of trivial squaring/reductions used
      */
-    if (mode == 0 && y == 0) {
+    if ((mode == 0) && (y == 0)) {
       continue;
     }
 
     /* if the bit is zero and mode == 1 then we square */
-    if (mode == 1 && y == 0) {
+    if ((mode == 1) && (y == 0)) {
       if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_RES;
       }
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
   }
 
   /* if bits remain then square/multiply */
-  if (mode == 2 && bitcpy > 0) {
+  if ((mode == 2) && (bitcpy > 0)) {
     /* square then multiply if the bit is set */
     for (x = 0; x < bitcpy; x++) {
       if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -246,3 +246,7 @@ LBL_M:
   return err;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_mul_digs.c b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_mul_digs.c
index 401f32e..bd8553d 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_mul_digs.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_mul_digs.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* multiplies |a| * |b| and only computes upto digs digits of result
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ int s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 
   /* can we use the fast multiplier? */
   if (((digs) < MP_WARRAY) &&
-      MIN (a->used, b->used) < 
-          (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof (mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)))) {
+      (MIN (a->used, b->used) < 
+          (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT))))) {
     return fast_s_mp_mul_digs (a, b, c, digs);
   }
 
@@ -61,9 +61,9 @@ int s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
     /* compute the columns of the output and propagate the carry */
     for (iy = 0; iy < pb; iy++) {
       /* compute the column as a mp_word */
-      r       = ((mp_word)*tmpt) +
-                ((mp_word)tmpx) * ((mp_word)*tmpy++) +
-                ((mp_word) u);
+      r       = (mp_word)*tmpt +
+                ((mp_word)tmpx * (mp_word)*tmpy++) +
+                (mp_word)u;
 
       /* the new column is the lower part of the result */
       *tmpt++ = (mp_digit) (r & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ int s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
       u       = (mp_digit) (r >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT));
     }
     /* set carry if it is placed below digs */
-    if (ix + iy < digs) {
+    if ((ix + iy) < digs) {
       *tmpt = u;
     }
   }
@@ -84,3 +84,7 @@ int s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c
index f4dca76..153cea44 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* multiplies |a| * |b| and does not compute the lower digs digits
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
   /* can we use the fast multiplier? */
 #ifdef BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
   if (((a->used + b->used + 1) < MP_WARRAY)
-      && MIN (a->used, b->used) < (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof (mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)))) {
+      && (MIN (a->used, b->used) < (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT))))) {
     return fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (a, b, c, digs);
   }
 #endif
@@ -57,9 +57,9 @@ s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 
     for (iy = digs - ix; iy < pb; iy++) {
       /* calculate the double precision result */
-      r       = ((mp_word)*tmpt) +
-                ((mp_word)tmpx) * ((mp_word)*tmpy++) +
-                ((mp_word) u);
+      r       = (mp_word)*tmpt +
+                ((mp_word)tmpx * (mp_word)*tmpy++) +
+                (mp_word)u;
 
       /* get the lower part */
       *tmpt++ = (mp_digit) (r & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
@@ -75,3 +75,7 @@ s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_sqr.c b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_sqr.c
index 464663f..68c95bc 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_sqr.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_sqr.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_SQR_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* low level squaring, b = a*a, HAC pp.596-597, Algorithm 14.16 */
@@ -24,18 +24,18 @@ int s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   mp_digit u, tmpx, *tmpt;
 
   pa = a->used;
-  if ((res = mp_init_size (&t, 2*pa + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
+  if ((res = mp_init_size (&t, (2 * pa) + 1)) != MP_OKAY) {
     return res;
   }
 
   /* default used is maximum possible size */
-  t.used = 2*pa + 1;
+  t.used = (2 * pa) + 1;
 
   for (ix = 0; ix < pa; ix++) {
     /* first calculate the digit at 2*ix */
     /* calculate double precision result */
-    r = ((mp_word) t.dp[2*ix]) +
-        ((mp_word)a->dp[ix])*((mp_word)a->dp[ix]);
+    r = (mp_word)t.dp[2*ix] +
+        ((mp_word)a->dp[ix] * (mp_word)a->dp[ix]);
 
     /* store lower part in result */
     t.dp[ix+ix] = (mp_digit) (r & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ int s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
     tmpx        = a->dp[ix];
 
     /* alias for where to store the results */
-    tmpt        = t.dp + (2*ix + 1);
+    tmpt        = t.dp + ((2 * ix) + 1);
     
     for (iy = ix + 1; iy < pa; iy++) {
       /* first calculate the product */
@@ -78,3 +78,7 @@ int s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_sub.c b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_sub.c
index 328c9e5..c0ea556 100644
--- a/libtommath/bn_s_mp_sub.c
+++ b/libtommath/bn_s_mp_sub.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* low level subtraction (assumes |a| > |b|), HAC pp.595 Algorithm 14.9 */
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ s_mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   c->used = max;
 
   {
-    register mp_digit u, *tmpa, *tmpb, *tmpc;
-    register int i;
+    mp_digit u, *tmpa, *tmpb, *tmpc;
+    int i;
 
     /* alias for digit pointers */
     tmpa = a->dp;
@@ -47,14 +47,14 @@ s_mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
     u = 0;
     for (i = 0; i < min; i++) {
       /* T[i] = A[i] - B[i] - U */
-      *tmpc = *tmpa++ - *tmpb++ - u;
+      *tmpc = (*tmpa++ - *tmpb++) - u;
 
       /* U = carry bit of T[i]
        * Note this saves performing an AND operation since
        * if a carry does occur it will propagate all the way to the
        * MSB.  As a result a single shift is enough to get the carry
        */
-      u = *tmpc >> ((mp_digit)(CHAR_BIT * sizeof (mp_digit) - 1));
+      u = *tmpc >> ((mp_digit)((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_digit)) - 1));
 
       /* Clear carry from T[i] */
       *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
@@ -66,7 +66,7 @@ s_mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
       *tmpc = *tmpa++ - u;
 
       /* U = carry bit of T[i] */
-      u = *tmpc >> ((mp_digit)(CHAR_BIT * sizeof (mp_digit) - 1));
+      u = *tmpc >> ((mp_digit)((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_digit)) - 1));
 
       /* Clear carry from T[i] */
       *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
@@ -83,3 +83,7 @@ s_mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/bncore.c b/libtommath/bncore.c
index eb95a2e..9552714 100644
--- a/libtommath/bncore.c
+++ b/libtommath/bncore.c
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-#include <tommath.h>
+#include <tommath_private.h>
 #ifdef BNCORE_C
 /* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
  *
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://libtom.org
  */
 
 /* Known optimal configurations
@@ -30,3 +30,7 @@ int     KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = 80,      /* Min. number of digits before Karatsub
         TOOM_MUL_CUTOFF      = 350,      /* no optimal values of these are known yet so set em high */
         TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF      = 400; 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/booker.pl b/libtommath/booker.pl
index df8b30d..c2abae6 100644
--- a/libtommath/booker.pl
+++ b/libtommath/booker.pl
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ if (shift =~ /PDF/) {
    $graph = "";
 } else {
    $graph = ".ps";
-}   
+}
 
 open(IN,"<tommath.src") or die "Can't open source file";
 open(OUT,">tommath.tex") or die "Can't open destination file";
@@ -26,18 +26,18 @@ $x = 0;
 while (<IN>) {
    print ".";
    if (!(++$x % 80)) { print "\n"; }
-   #update the headings 
+   #update the headings
    if (~($_ =~ /\*/)) {
-      if ($_ =~ /\\chapter{.+}/) {
+      if ($_ =~ /\\chapter\{.+}/) {
           ++$chapter;
           $section = $subsection = 0;
-      } elsif ($_ =~ /\\section{.+}/) {
+      } elsif ($_ =~ /\\section\{.+}/) {
           ++$section;
           $subsection = 0;
-      } elsif ($_ =~ /\\subsection{.+}/) {
+      } elsif ($_ =~ /\\subsection\{.+}/) {
           ++$subsection;
       }
-   }      
+   }
 
    if ($_ =~ m/MARK/) {
       @m = split(",",$_);
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ $srcline = 0;
 while (<IN>) {
    ++$readline;
    ++$srcline;
-   
+
    if ($_ =~ m/MARK/) {
    } elsif ($_ =~ m/EXAM/ || $_ =~ m/LIST/) {
       if ($_ =~ m/EXAM/) {
@@ -64,29 +64,29 @@ while (<IN>) {
       } else {
          $skipheader = 0;
       }
-      
+
       # EXAM,file
       chomp($_);
       @m = split(",",$_);
       open(SRC,"<$m[1]") or die "Error:$srcline:Can't open source file $m[1]";
-      
+
       print "$srcline:Inserting $m[1]:";
-      
+
       $line = 0;
       $tmp = $m[1];
       $tmp =~ s/_/"\\_"/ge;
       print OUT "\\vspace{+3mm}\\begin{small}\n\\hspace{-5.1mm}{\\bf File}: $tmp\n\\vspace{-3mm}\n\\begin{alltt}\n";
       $wroteline += 5;
-      
+
       if ($skipheader == 1) {
-         # scan till next end of comment, e.g. skip license 
+         # scan till next end of comment, e.g. skip license
          while (<SRC>) {
             $text[$line++] = $_;
-            last if ($_ =~ /math\.libtomcrypt\.org/);
+            last if ($_ =~ /libtom\.org/);
          }
-         <SRC>;   
+         <SRC>;
       }
-      
+
       $inline = 0;
       while (<SRC>) {
       next if ($_ =~ /\$Source/);
@@ -100,11 +100,11 @@ while (<IN>) {
          $_ =~ s/}/"^}"/ge;
          $_ =~ s/\\/'\symbol{92}'/ge;
          $_ =~ s/\^/"\\"/ge;
-           
+
          printf OUT ("%03d   ", $line);
          for ($x = 0; $x < length($_); $x++) {
              print OUT chr(vec($_, $x, 8));
-             if ($x == 75) { 
+             if ($x == 75) {
                  print OUT "\n      ";
                  ++$wroteline;
              }
@@ -123,9 +123,9 @@ while (<IN>) {
      $txt = $_;
      while ($txt =~ m/@\d+,.+@/) {
         @m = split("@",$txt);      # splits into text, one, two
-        @parms = split(",",$m[1]);  # splits one,two into two elements 
-                
-        # now search from $parms[0] down for $parms[1] 
+        @parms = split(",",$m[1]);  # splits one,two into two elements
+
+        # now search from $parms[0] down for $parms[1]
         $found1 = 0;
         $found2 = 0;
         for ($i = $parms[0]; $i < $totlines && $found1 == 0; $i++) {
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@ while (<IN>) {
               $found1 = 1;
            }
         }
-        
+
         # now search backwards
         for ($i = $parms[0] - 1; $i >= 0 && $found2 == 0; $i--) {
            if ($text[$i] =~ m/\Q$parms[1]\E/) {
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ while (<IN>) {
               $found2 = 1;
            }
         }
-        
+
         # now use the closest match or the first if tied
         if ($found1 == 1 && $found2 == 0) {
            $found = 1;
@@ -160,8 +160,8 @@ while (<IN>) {
         } else {
            $found = 0;
         }
-                      
-        # if found replace 
+
+        # if found replace
         if ($found == 1) {
            $delta = $parms[0] - $foundline;
            print "Found replacement tag for \"$parms[1]\" on line $srcline which refers to line $foundline (delta $delta)\n";
@@ -169,8 +169,8 @@ while (<IN>) {
         } else {
            print "ERROR:  The tag \"$parms[1]\" on line $srcline was not found in the most recently parsed source!\n";
         }
-        
-        # remake the rest of the line 
+
+        # remake the rest of the line
         $cnt = @m;
         $txt = "";
         for ($i = 2; $i < $cnt; $i++) {
@@ -184,13 +184,13 @@ while (<IN>) {
       $txt = $_;
       while ($txt =~ /~.+~/) {
          @m = split("~", $txt);
-         
+
          # word is the second position
          $word = @m[1];
          $a = $index1{$word};
          $b = $index2{$word};
          $c = $index3{$word};
-         
+
          # if chapter (a) is zero it wasn't found
          if ($a == 0) {
             print "ERROR: the tag \"$word\" on line $srcline was not found previously marked.\n";
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ while (<IN>) {
             $str = $a;
             $str = $str . ".$b" if ($b != 0);
             $str = $str . ".$c" if ($c != 0);
-            
+
             if ($b == 0 && $c == 0) {
                # its a chapter
                if ($a <= 10) {
@@ -228,16 +228,16 @@ while (<IN>) {
                   $str = "chapter " . $str;
                }
             } else {
-               $str = "section " . $str     if ($b != 0 && $c == 0);            
+               $str = "section " . $str     if ($b != 0 && $c == 0);
                $str = "sub-section " . $str if ($b != 0 && $c != 0);
             }
-            
+
             #substitute
             $_ =~ s/~\Q$word\E~/$str/;
-            
+
             print "Found replacement tag for marker \"$word\" on line $srcline which refers to $str\n";
          }
-         
+
          # remake rest of the line
          $cnt = @m;
          $txt = "";
@@ -263,3 +263,5 @@ print "Read $readline lines, wrote $wroteline lines\n";
 
 close (OUT);
 close (IN);
+
+system('perl -pli -e "s/\s*$//" tommath.tex');
diff --git a/libtommath/callgraph.txt b/libtommath/callgraph.txt
index 2efcf24..e98a910 100644
--- a/libtommath/callgraph.txt
+++ b/libtommath/callgraph.txt
@@ -1,249 +1,140 @@
-BN_PRIME_TAB_C
-
-
-BN_MP_SQRT_C
-+--->BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXPT_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_ZERO_C
+
+
+BN_MP_SET_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+
+
+BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_C
++--->BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_S_MP_SUB_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_JACOBI_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
@@ -252,6 +143,13 @@ BN_MP_SQRT_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -259,42 +157,481 @@ BN_MP_SQRT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+
+
+BN_MP_ABS_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+
+
+BN_MP_RADIX_SMAP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_EXCH_C
+
+
+BN_MP_EXPORT_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_N_C
++--->BN_MP_UNSIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_N_C
++--->BN_MP_SIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_UNSIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_LCM_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_GCD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+
+
+BN_MP_PRIME_RABIN_MILLER_TRIALS_C
+
+
+BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_MUL_C
++--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_SQR_C
++--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_INIT_C
+
+
+BN_MP_2EXPT_C
 +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+
+
+BN_MP_SIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
++--->BN_MP_UNSIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+
+
+BN_MP_OR_C
 +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_MOD_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
@@ -303,6 +640,7 @@ BN_MP_SQRT_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
@@ -323,19 +661,25 @@ BN_MP_SQRT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -344,134 +688,933 @@ BN_MP_SQRT_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+
+
+BN_MP_DIV_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_ABS_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
++--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
++--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-
-
-BN_MP_EXCH_C
+BN_MP_INIT_SET_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 
 
-BN_MP_IS_SQUARE_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
++--->BN_MP_PRIME_IS_DIVISIBLE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_SET_INT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SET_INT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INVMOD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_GET_INT_C
-+--->BN_MP_SQRT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXPT_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_CALC_NORMALIZATION_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MULMOD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -509,43 +1652,327 @@ BN_MP_IS_SQUARE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SQRMOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_UNSIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+
+
+BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+
+
+BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
+
+
+BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
++--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+
+
+BN_MP_SUB_C
++--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+
+
+BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+
+
+BN_MP_SQRT_C
++--->BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_N_ROOT_EX_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -583,32 +2010,96 @@ BN_MP_IS_SQUARE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
@@ -661,18 +2152,14 @@ BN_MP_IS_SQUARE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -744,74 +2231,78 @@ BN_MP_IS_SQUARE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_MULMOD_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
@@ -852,7 +2343,6 @@ BN_MP_IS_SQUARE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
@@ -860,498 +2350,81 @@ BN_MP_IS_SQUARE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_NEG_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-
-
-BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_INVMOD_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-+--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -1359,14 +2432,23 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_INVMOD_C
++--->BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -1390,10 +2472,13 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -1404,6 +2489,9 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -1412,164 +2500,12 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
-+--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -1577,50 +2513,10 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -1628,154 +2524,23 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_CALC_NORMALIZATION_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MULMOD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -1799,10 +2564,13 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -1813,6 +2581,9 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -1821,169 +2592,60 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_OR_C
+BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
 +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_ZERO_C
-
-
-BN_MP_GROW_C
-
-
-BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-
-
-BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 +--->BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
@@ -2018,18 +2680,10 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -2040,6 +2694,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -2048,7 +2703,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
@@ -2107,18 +2761,10 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -2129,6 +2775,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -2137,7 +2784,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
@@ -2206,15 +2852,8 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -2224,9 +2863,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
@@ -2276,18 +2912,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
@@ -2352,15 +2984,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
@@ -2410,18 +3033,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -2468,15 +3087,8 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -2485,6 +3097,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -2493,7 +3106,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
@@ -2541,22 +3153,16 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -2609,18 +3215,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -2639,15 +3241,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -2690,15 +3283,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -2771,18 +3355,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -2822,15 +3402,8 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -2839,6 +3412,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -2847,7 +3421,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
@@ -2877,15 +3450,8 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -2894,6 +3460,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -2902,7 +3469,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
@@ -2950,22 +3516,16 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -3018,18 +3578,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -3044,312 +3600,87 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_SUBMOD_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
++--->BN_MP_SQRMOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-
-
-BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_TORADIX_N_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_CMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-
-
-BNCORE_C
-
-
-BN_MP_TORADIX_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_ADD_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_SQRMOD_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-
-
-BN_MP_INVMOD_C
-+--->BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
@@ -3358,7 +3689,6 @@ BN_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -3373,18 +3703,9 @@ BN_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -3393,8 +3714,7 @@ BN_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -3403,114 +3723,234 @@ BN_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_READ_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
++--->BN_MP_N_ROOT_EX_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -3519,41 +3959,14 @@ BN_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_AND_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
@@ -3562,13 +3975,6 @@ BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -3592,127 +3998,189 @@ BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_FWRITE_C
-+--->BN_MP_RADIX_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
+BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_TORADIX_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_S_MP_SQR_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXPT_D_C
+BN_MP_EXPT_D_C
++--->BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
@@ -3752,41 +4220,41 @@ BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
@@ -3824,122 +4292,51 @@ BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+
+
+BN_MP_XOR_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
++--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
@@ -3948,6 +4345,13 @@ BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -3956,6 +4360,7 @@ BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
@@ -3966,65 +4371,30 @@ BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_PRIME_RABIN_MILLER_TRIALS_C
+BN_MP_RSHD_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 
 
-BN_MP_RADIX_SIZE_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+BN_MP_NEG_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 
 
-BN_MP_READ_SIGNED_BIN_C
-+--->BN_MP_READ_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+BN_MP_SHRINK_C
 
 
 BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
@@ -4069,6 +4439,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
@@ -4134,6 +4505,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -4142,7 +4514,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -4212,6 +4583,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -4220,7 +4592,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
@@ -4346,18 +4717,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
@@ -4469,18 +4836,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -4536,6 +4899,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -4544,7 +4908,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
@@ -4592,22 +4955,16 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -4660,18 +5017,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -4800,18 +5153,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -4860,6 +5209,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -4868,7 +5218,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
@@ -4906,6 +5255,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -4914,7 +5264,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
@@ -4962,22 +5311,16 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -5030,18 +5373,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -5110,22 +5449,16 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -5175,6 +5508,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -5183,7 +5517,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
@@ -5201,19 +5534,62 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_RANDOM_EX_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 
 
-BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+
+
+BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
+
+
+BN_MP_IMPORT_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+
+
+BN_MP_FREAD_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+
+
+BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -5223,106 +5599,793 @@ BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_AND_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+BN_MP_SQRMOD_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_DIV_D_C
 +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_REDUCE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+
+
+BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_CALC_NORMALIZATION_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
+
+
+BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -5330,7 +6393,10 @@ BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -5338,38 +6404,713 @@ BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BNCORE_C
+
+
+BN_MP_TORADIX_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
++--->BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
++--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
++--->BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
++--->BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
++--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_CALC_NORMALIZATION_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_MULMOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+
+
+BN_MP_MUL_D_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_SET_LONG_LONG_C
+
+
+BN_MP_DIV_2_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_ERROR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_RAND_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 
 
-BN_MP_MOD_C
+BN_S_MP_SQR_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_CMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+
+
+BN_MP_N_ROOT_EX_C
 +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
@@ -5378,13 +7119,6 @@ BN_MP_MOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -5408,70 +7142,156 @@ BN_MP_MOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_INIT_C
+BN_MP_PRIME_IS_DIVISIBLE_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+BN_MP_INIT_SET_INT_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_INT_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+
+
+BN_MP_DIV_3_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
++--->BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+
+
+BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -5488,257 +7308,176 @@ BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_S_MP_ADD_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_READ_SIGNED_BIN_C
++--->BN_MP_READ_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+
+
+BN_MP_MOD_D_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
+BN_MP_SQRTMOD_PRIME_C
 +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_PRIME_IS_DIVISIBLE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_JACOBI_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INVMOD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INVMOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -5759,8 +7498,18 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -5769,109 +7518,9 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -5880,91 +7529,18 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -5972,13 +7548,18 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -5999,8 +7580,18 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -6009,6 +7600,9 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -6017,17 +7611,98 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
@@ -6046,9 +7721,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -6062,40 +7734,95 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
@@ -6114,9 +7841,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -6133,22 +7857,17 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -6156,56 +7875,58 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -6213,172 +7934,70 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_CALC_NORMALIZATION_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MULMOD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -6387,17 +8006,139 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_CALC_NORMALIZATION_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MULMOD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
@@ -6416,9 +8157,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -6432,117 +8170,138 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SQRMOD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
@@ -6561,9 +8320,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -6575,31 +8331,20 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -6607,157 +8352,83 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_IS_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_COPY_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-
-
-BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_READ_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
-+--->BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-+--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-+--->BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
-+--->BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-+--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_CALC_NORMALIZATION_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_INT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MULMOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_SQRMOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
@@ -6776,9 +8447,6 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
@@ -6790,43 +8458,38 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -6866,582 +8529,144 @@ BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
++--->BN_MP_MULMOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-
-
-BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_SET_INT_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_MOD_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_SQR_C
-+--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_MULMOD_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-
-
-BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-
-
-BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
 +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 
 
-BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-+--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_XOR_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_RADIX_SMAP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
-
-
-BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_CALC_NORMALIZATION_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_SUB_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-+--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+BN_REVERSE_C
 
 
 BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
@@ -7483,6 +8708,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
@@ -7543,6 +8769,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -7551,7 +8778,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -7621,6 +8847,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -7629,7 +8856,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
@@ -7755,18 +8981,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
@@ -7878,18 +9100,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -7945,6 +9163,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -7953,7 +9172,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
@@ -8001,22 +9219,16 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -8069,18 +9281,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -8209,18 +9417,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -8269,6 +9473,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -8277,7 +9482,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
@@ -8315,6 +9519,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -8323,7 +9528,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
@@ -8371,22 +9575,16 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -8439,18 +9637,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -8519,22 +9713,16 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -8584,6 +9772,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -8592,88 +9781,50 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_NEXT_PRIME_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_SIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
-+--->BN_MP_UNSIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-
-
-BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
+BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -8690,194 +9841,143 @@ BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_LCM_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_GCD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
+
+
+BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_SUB_D_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_ADD_C
++--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_REDUCE_C
++--->BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
@@ -8889,8 +9989,6 @@ BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
@@ -8931,22 +10029,16 @@ BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -8956,215 +10048,131 @@ BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_REVERSE_C
-
-
-BN_MP_PRIME_IS_DIVISIBLE_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_SET_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-
-
-BN_MP_GCD_C
-+--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
++--->BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_READ_RADIX_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-
-
-BN_MP_DIV_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
++--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_INIT_SET_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
 +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-
-
-BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
++--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_ERROR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_EXPT_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_INVMOD_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -9172,7 +10180,10 @@ BN_MP_EXPT_D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -9180,199 +10191,495 @@ BN_MP_EXPT_D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
++--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
++--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
++--->BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-
-
-BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_REDUCE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
@@ -9407,24 +10714,21 @@ BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -9432,29 +10736,25 @@ BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
++--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -9462,12 +10762,50 @@ BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -9475,38 +10813,204 @@ BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_CALC_NORMALIZATION_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MULMOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
@@ -9543,22 +11047,79 @@ BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -9570,143 +11131,90 @@ BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+
+
+BN_MP_LSHD_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+
+
+BN_MP_ADD_D_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_GET_LONG_C
+
+
+BN_MP_GET_LONG_LONG_C
+
+
+BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_EXTEUCLID_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -9742,76 +11250,63 @@ BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-
-
-BN_MP_ABS_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-
-
-BN_MP_INIT_SET_INT_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_INT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_SUB_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_NEG_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_C
-+--->BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+BN_MP_TORADIX_N_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -9819,21 +11314,28 @@ BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
-+--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+BN_MP_RADIX_SIZE_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -9841,185 +11343,85 @@ BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-
-
-BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_DIV_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
++--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-+--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-+--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
-+--->BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
+BN_MP_SET_INT_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 
 
-BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
 
 
-BN_MP_UNSIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
-+--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+BN_MP_MUL_2_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 
 
-BN_MP_ADDMOD_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+BN_MP_FWRITE_C
++--->BN_MP_RADIX_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_TORADIX_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-
-
-BN_MP_ADD_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_N_C
-+--->BN_MP_SIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_UNSIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -10027,71 +11429,92 @@ BN_MP_TO_SIGNED_BIN_N_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C
+BN_MP_GROW_C
 
 
-BN_MP_RAND_C
+BN_MP_READ_RADIX_C
 +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-
 
-BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
-
-
-BN_MP_2EXPT_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 
-
-BN_MP_RSHD_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
++--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_SHRINK_C
+BN_PRIME_TAB_C
 
 
-BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_N_C
-+--->BN_MP_UNSIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-+--->BN_MP_TO_UNSIGNED_BIN_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+BN_MP_IS_SQUARE_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_D_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_REDUCE_C
-+--->BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_SET_INT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_SET_INT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
@@ -10117,7 +11540,6 @@ BN_MP_REDUCE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
@@ -10128,8 +11550,6 @@ BN_MP_REDUCE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -10140,173 +11560,300 @@ BN_MP_REDUCE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_GET_INT_C
++--->BN_MP_SQRT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_N_ROOT_EX_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_GET_INT_C
-
-
-BN_MP_JACOBI_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_MOD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
@@ -10315,7 +11862,6 @@ BN_MP_JACOBI_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
@@ -10332,20 +11878,23 @@ BN_MP_JACOBI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -10354,160 +11903,24 @@ BN_MP_JACOBI_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_MUL_C
-+--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_EXTEUCLID_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
++--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
@@ -10548,137 +11961,120 @@ BN_MP_EXTEUCLID_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_NEG_C
-+--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-
-
-BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_FREAD_C
-+--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+BN_MP_COPY_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 
 
-BN_MP_REDUCE_SETUP_C
-+--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
++--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
-+--->BN_MP_MUL_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_SQR_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
@@ -10686,7 +12082,6 @@ BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -10696,86 +12091,55 @@ BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+|   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-+--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_C
-+--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_LSHD_C
-+--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-
-
-BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
-+--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+BN_MP_GCD_C
++--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-+--->BN_MP_SUB_D_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_D_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 +--->BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
 +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
@@ -10787,6 +12151,165 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+
+
+BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
++--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_FAST_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
++--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
++--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+
+
+BN_MP_SUBMOD_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+
+
+BN_MP_GET_INT_C
+
+
+BN_MP_SET_LONG_C
+
+
+BN_MP_ADDMOD_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_ADD_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
++--->BN_MP_MOD_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
+
+
+BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
++--->BN_MP_CMP_D_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
 +--->BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_INVMOD_C
 |   |   +--->BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
@@ -10821,10 +12344,18 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -10835,6 +12366,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -10843,7 +12375,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
@@ -10902,10 +12433,18 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -10916,6 +12455,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -10924,7 +12464,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
@@ -10993,8 +12532,15 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -11004,6 +12550,10 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
@@ -11053,18 +12603,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
@@ -11129,6 +12675,15 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
@@ -11178,18 +12733,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -11236,8 +12787,15 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -11246,6 +12804,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -11254,7 +12813,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
@@ -11302,22 +12860,16 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -11370,18 +12922,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -11400,6 +12948,15 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -11442,6 +12999,15 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -11514,18 +13080,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -11565,8 +13127,15 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -11575,6 +13144,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -11583,7 +13153,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
@@ -11613,8 +13182,15 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
+|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -11623,6 +13199,7 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
@@ -11631,7 +13208,6 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
@@ -11679,22 +13255,16 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
@@ -11747,18 +13317,14 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
 |   |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
 |   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
@@ -11773,141 +13339,18 @@ BN_MP_PRIME_MILLER_RABIN_C
 |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 +--->BN_MP_CMP_C
 |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-+--->BN_MP_SQRMOD_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MOD_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_2_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_3_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   |   +--->BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SQR_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-|   +--->BN_MP_MOD_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_DIV_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COPY_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SET_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ABS_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_LSHD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_RSHD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_MUL_D_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_ADD_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
-|   |   |   +--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
-|   |   |   |   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-|   |   +--->BN_MP_EXCH_C
 +--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
-BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
-
-
-BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
+BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_SETUP_L_C
++--->BN_MP_INIT_C
++--->BN_MP_2EXPT_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_ZERO_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
++--->BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
++--->BN_S_MP_SUB_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_GROW_C
+|   +--->BN_MP_CLAMP_C
++--->BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 
 
diff --git a/libtommath/changes.txt b/libtommath/changes.txt
index 4fc0913..d70d589 100644
--- a/libtommath/changes.txt
+++ b/libtommath/changes.txt
@@ -1,11 +1,32 @@
+Feb 5th, 2016
+v1.0.0
+       -- Bump to 1.0.0
+       -- Dirkjan Bussink provided a faster version of mp_expt_d()
+       -- Moritz Lenz contributed a fix to mp_mod()
+          and provided mp_get_long() and mp_set_long()
+       -- Fixed bugs in mp_read_radix(), mp_radix_size
+          Thanks to shameister, Gerhard R,
+       -- Christopher Brown provided mp_export() and mp_import()
+       -- Improvements in the code of mp_init_copy()
+          Thanks to ramkumarkoppu,
+       -- lomereiter provided mp_balance_mul()
+       -- Alexander Boström from the heimdal project contributed patches to
+          mp_prime_next_prime() and mp_invmod() and added a mp_isneg() macro
+       -- Fix build issues for Linux x32 ABI
+       -- Added mp_get_long_long() and mp_set_long_long()
+       -- Carlin provided a patch to use arc4random() instead of rand()
+          on platforms where it is supported
+       -- Karel Miko provided mp_sqrtmod_prime()
+
+
 July 23rd, 2010
 v0.42.0
        -- Fix for mp_prime_next_prime() bug when checking generated prime
        -- allow mp_shrink to shrink initialized, but empty MPI's
-       -- Added project and solution files for Visual Studio 2005 and Visual Studio 2008. 
+       -- Added project and solution files for Visual Studio 2005 and Visual Studio 2008.
 
 March 10th, 2007
-v0.41  -- Wolfgang Ehrhardt suggested a quick fix to mp_div_d() which makes the detection of powers of two quicker. 
+v0.41  -- Wolfgang Ehrhardt suggested a quick fix to mp_div_d() which makes the detection of powers of two quicker.
        -- [CRI] Added libtommath.dsp for Visual C++ users.
 
 December 24th, 2006
@@ -22,11 +43,11 @@ v0.39  -- Jim Wigginton pointed out my Montgomery examples in figures 6.4 and 6.
 Jan 26th, 2006
 v0.38  -- broken makefile.shared fixed
        -- removed some carry stores that were not required [updated text]
-       
+
 November 18th, 2005
 v0.37  -- [Don Porter] reported on a TCL list [HEY SEND ME BUGREPORTS ALREADY!!!] that mp_add_d() would compute -0 with some inputs.  Fixed.
        -- [rinick@gmail.com] reported the makefile.bcc was messed up.  Fixed.
-       -- [Kevin Kenny] reported some issues with mp_toradix_n().  Now it doesn't require a min of 3 chars of output.  
+       -- [Kevin Kenny] reported some issues with mp_toradix_n().  Now it doesn't require a min of 3 chars of output.
        -- Made the make command renamable.  Wee
 
 August 1st, 2005
@@ -36,8 +57,8 @@ v0.36  -- LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON was fixed and the "OFF" flag was removed.
        -- Ported LTC patch to fix the prime_random_ex() function to get the bitsize correct [and the maskOR flags]
        -- Kevin Kenny pointed out a stray //
        -- David Hulton pointed out a typo in the textbook [mp_montgomery_setup() pseudo-code]
-       -- Neal Hamilton (Elliptic Semiconductor) pointed out that my Karatsuba notation was backwards and that I could use 
-          unsigned operations in the routine.  
+       -- Neal Hamilton (Elliptic Semiconductor) pointed out that my Karatsuba notation was backwards and that I could use
+          unsigned operations in the routine.
        -- Paul Schmidt pointed out a linking error in mp_exptmod() when BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C is undefined (and another for read_radix)
        -- Updated makefiles to be way more flexible
 
@@ -48,7 +69,7 @@ v0.35  -- Stupid XOR function missing line again... oops.
        -- [Wolfgang Ehrhardt] Suggested a fix for mp_reduce() which avoided underruns.  ;-)
        -- mp_rand() would emit one too many digits and it was possible to get a 0 out of it ... oops
        -- Added montgomery to the testing to make sure it handles 1..10 digit moduli correctly
-       -- Fixed bug in comba that would lead to possible erroneous outputs when "pa < digs" 
+       -- Fixed bug in comba that would lead to possible erroneous outputs when "pa < digs"
        -- Fixed bug in mp_toradix_size for "0" [Kevin Kenny]
        -- Updated chapters 1-5 of the textbook ;-) It now talks about the new comba code!
 
@@ -59,7 +80,7 @@ v0.34  -- Fixed two more small errors in mp_prime_random_ex()
        -- Added "large" diminished radix support.  Speeds up things like DSA where the moduli is of the form 2^k - P for some P < 2^(k/2) or so
           Actually is faster than Montgomery on my AMD64 (and probably much faster on a P4)
        -- Updated the manual a bit
-       -- Ok so I haven't done the textbook work yet... My current freelance gig has landed me in France till the 
+       -- Ok so I haven't done the textbook work yet... My current freelance gig has landed me in France till the
           end of Feb/05.  Once I get back I'll have tons of free time and I plan to go to town on the book.
           As of this release the API will freeze.  At least until the book catches up with all the changes.  I welcome
           bug reports but new algorithms will have to wait.
@@ -76,7 +97,7 @@ v0.33  -- Fixed "small" variant for mp_div() which would munge with negative div
 October 29th, 2004
 v0.32  -- Added "makefile.shared" for shared object support
        -- Added more to the build options/configs in the manual
-       -- Started the Depends framework, wrote dep.pl to scan deps and 
+       -- Started the Depends framework, wrote dep.pl to scan deps and
           produce "callgraph.txt" ;-)
        -- Wrote SC_RSA_1 which will enable close to the minimum required to perform
           RSA on 32-bit [or 64-bit] platforms with LibTomCrypt
@@ -84,7 +105,7 @@ v0.32  -- Added "makefile.shared" for shared object support
           you want to use as your mp_div() at build time.  Saves roughly 8KB or so.
        -- Renamed a few files and changed some comments to make depends system work better.
           (No changes to function names)
-       -- Merged in new Combas that perform 2 reads per inner loop instead of the older 
+       -- Merged in new Combas that perform 2 reads per inner loop instead of the older
           3reads/2writes per inner loop of the old code.  Really though if you want speed
           learn to use TomsFastMath ;-)
 
@@ -113,8 +134,8 @@ v0.30  -- Added "mp_toradix_n" which stores upto "n-1" least significant digits
           call.
        -- Removed /etclib directory [um LibTomPoly deprecates this].
        -- Fixed mp_mod() so the sign of the result agrees with the sign of the modulus.
-       ++ N.B.  My semester is almost up so expect updates to the textbook to be posted to the libtomcrypt.org 
-          website.  
+       ++ N.B.  My semester is almost up so expect updates to the textbook to be posted to the libtomcrypt.org
+          website.
 
 Jan 25th, 2004
 v0.29  ++ Note: "Henrik" from the v0.28 changelog refers to Henrik Goldman ;-)
diff --git a/libtommath/demo/demo.c b/libtommath/demo/demo.c
index e1f8a5e..b46b7f8 100644
--- a/libtommath/demo/demo.c
+++ b/libtommath/demo/demo.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include <string.h>
 #include <time.h>
 
 #ifdef IOWNANATHLON
@@ -7,6 +8,28 @@
 #define SLEEP
 #endif
 
+/*
+ * Configuration
+ */
+#ifndef LTM_DEMO_TEST_VS_MTEST
+#define LTM_DEMO_TEST_VS_MTEST 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef LTM_DEMO_TEST_REDUCE_2K_L
+/* This test takes a moment so we disable it by default, but it can be:
+ * 0 to disable testing
+ * 1 to make the test with P = 2^1024 - 0x2A434 B9FDEC95 D8F9D550 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF
+ * 2 to make the test with P = 2^2048 - 0x1 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 4945DDBF 8EA2A91D 5776399B B83E188F
+ */
+#define LTM_DEMO_TEST_REDUCE_2K_L 0
+#endif
+
+#ifdef LTM_DEMO_REAL_RAND
+#define LTM_DEMO_RAND_SEED  time(NULL)
+#else
+#define LTM_DEMO_RAND_SEED  23
+#endif
+
 #include "tommath.h"
 
 void ndraw(mp_int * a, char *name)
@@ -16,12 +39,16 @@ void ndraw(mp_int * a, char *name)
    printf("%s: ", name);
    mp_toradix(a, buf, 10);
    printf("%s\n", buf);
+   mp_toradix(a, buf, 16);
+   printf("0x%s\n", buf);
 }
 
+#if LTM_DEMO_TEST_VS_MTEST
 static void draw(mp_int * a)
 {
    ndraw(a, "");
 }
+#endif
 
 
 unsigned long lfsr = 0xAAAAAAAAUL;
@@ -37,183 +64,392 @@ int lbit(void)
    }
 }
 
+#if defined(LTM_DEMO_REAL_RAND) && !defined(_WIN32)
+static FILE* fd_urandom;
+#endif
 int myrng(unsigned char *dst, int len, void *dat)
 {
    int x;
-
-   for (x = 0; x < len; x++)
-      dst[x] = rand() & 0xFF;
+   (void)dat;
+#if defined(LTM_DEMO_REAL_RAND)
+   if (!fd_urandom) {
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+      fprintf(stderr, "\nno /dev/urandom\n");
+#endif
+   }
+   else {
+      return fread(dst, 1, len, fd_urandom);
+   }
+#endif
+   for (x = 0; x < len; ) {
+      unsigned int r = (unsigned int)rand();
+      do {
+         dst[x++] = r & 0xFF;
+         r >>= 8;
+      } while((r != 0) && (x < len));
+   }
    return len;
 }
 
+#if LTM_DEMO_TEST_VS_MTEST != 0
+static void _panic(int l)
+{
+  fprintf(stderr, "\n%d: fgets failed\n", l);
+  exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
+}
+#endif
 
+mp_int a, b, c, d, e, f;
+
+static void _cleanup(void)
+{
+  mp_clear_multi(&a, &b, &c, &d, &e, &f, NULL);
+  printf("\n");
+
+#ifdef LTM_DEMO_REAL_RAND
+  if(fd_urandom)
+     fclose(fd_urandom);
+#endif
+}
+struct mp_sqrtmod_prime_st {
+   unsigned long p;
+   unsigned long n;
+   mp_digit r;
+};
+struct mp_sqrtmod_prime_st sqrtmod_prime[] = {
+      { 5, 14, 3 },
+      { 7, 9, 4 },
+      { 113, 2, 62 }
+};
+struct mp_jacobi_st {
+   unsigned long n;
+   int c[16];
+};
+struct mp_jacobi_st jacobi[] = {
+      { 3, {  1, -1,  0,  1, -1,  0,  1, -1,  0,  1, -1,  0,  1, -1,  0,  1 } },
+      { 5, {  0,  1, -1, -1,  1,  0,  1, -1, -1,  1,  0,  1, -1, -1,  1,  0 } },
+      { 7, {  1, -1,  1, -1, -1,  0,  1,  1, -1,  1, -1, -1,  0,  1,  1, -1 } },
+      { 9, { -1,  1,  0,  1,  1,  0,  1,  1,  0,  1,  1,  0,  1,  1,  0,  1 } },
+};
 
 char cmd[4096], buf[4096];
 int main(void)
 {
-   mp_int a, b, c, d, e, f;
-   unsigned long expt_n, add_n, sub_n, mul_n, div_n, sqr_n, mul2d_n, div2d_n,
-      gcd_n, lcm_n, inv_n, div2_n, mul2_n, add_d_n, sub_d_n, t;
    unsigned rr;
-   int i, n, err, cnt, ix, old_kara_m, old_kara_s;
+   int cnt, ix;
+#if LTM_DEMO_TEST_VS_MTEST
+   unsigned long expt_n, add_n, sub_n, mul_n, div_n, sqr_n, mul2d_n, div2d_n,
+      gcd_n, lcm_n, inv_n, div2_n, mul2_n, add_d_n, sub_d_n;
+   char* ret;
+#else
+   unsigned long s, t;
+   unsigned long long q, r;
    mp_digit mp;
+   int i, n, err, should;
+#endif
 
+   if (mp_init_multi(&a, &b, &c, &d, &e, &f, NULL)!= MP_OKAY)
+     return EXIT_FAILURE;
 
-   mp_init(&a);
-   mp_init(&b);
-   mp_init(&c);
-   mp_init(&d);
-   mp_init(&e);
-   mp_init(&f);
-
-   srand(time(NULL));
+   atexit(_cleanup);
 
-#if 0
-   // test montgomery 
-   printf("Testing montgomery...\n");
-   for (i = 1; i < 10; i++) {
-      printf("Testing digit size: %d\n", i);
-      for (n = 0; n < 1000; n++) {
-         mp_rand(&a, i);
-         a.dp[0] |= 1;
-
-         // let's see if R is right
-         mp_montgomery_calc_normalization(&b, &a);
-         mp_montgomery_setup(&a, &mp);
+#if defined(LTM_DEMO_REAL_RAND)
+   if (!fd_urandom) {
+      fd_urandom = fopen("/dev/urandom", "r");
+      if (!fd_urandom) {
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+         fprintf(stderr, "\ncould not open /dev/urandom\n");
+#endif
+      }
+   }
+#endif
+   srand(LTM_DEMO_RAND_SEED);
 
-         // now test a random reduction 
-         for (ix = 0; ix < 100; ix++) {
-             mp_rand(&c, 1 + abs(rand()) % (2*i));
-             mp_copy(&c, &d);
-             mp_copy(&c, &e);
+#ifdef MP_8BIT
+   printf("Digit size 8 Bit \n");
+#endif
+#ifdef MP_16BIT
+   printf("Digit size 16 Bit \n");
+#endif
+#ifdef MP_32BIT
+   printf("Digit size 32 Bit \n");
+#endif
+#ifdef MP_64BIT
+   printf("Digit size 64 Bit \n");
+#endif
+   printf("Size of mp_digit: %u\n", (unsigned int)sizeof(mp_digit));
+   printf("Size of mp_word: %u\n", (unsigned int)sizeof(mp_word));
+   printf("DIGIT_BIT: %d\n", DIGIT_BIT);
+   printf("MP_PREC: %d\n", MP_PREC);
+
+#if LTM_DEMO_TEST_VS_MTEST == 0
+   // trivial stuff
+   mp_set_int(&a, 5);
+   mp_neg(&a, &b);
+   if (mp_cmp(&a, &b) != MP_GT) {
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+   }
+   if (mp_cmp(&b, &a) != MP_LT) {
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+   }
+   mp_neg(&a, &a);
+   if (mp_cmp(&b, &a) != MP_EQ) {
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+   }
+   mp_abs(&a, &b);
+   if (mp_isneg(&b) != MP_NO) {
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+   }
+   mp_add_d(&a, 1, &b);
+   mp_add_d(&a, 6, &b);
 
-             mp_mod(&d, &a, &d);
-             mp_montgomery_reduce(&c, &a, mp);
-             mp_mulmod(&c, &b, &a, &c);
 
-             if (mp_cmp(&c, &d) != MP_EQ) { 
-printf("d = e mod a, c = e MOD a\n");
-mp_todecimal(&a, buf); printf("a = %s\n", buf);
-mp_todecimal(&e, buf); printf("e = %s\n", buf);
-mp_todecimal(&d, buf); printf("d = %s\n", buf);
-mp_todecimal(&c, buf); printf("c = %s\n", buf);
-printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
+   mp_set_int(&a, 0);
+   mp_set_int(&b, 1);
+   if ((err = mp_jacobi(&a, &b, &i)) != MP_OKAY) {
+      printf("Failed executing mp_jacobi(0 | 1) %s.\n", mp_error_to_string(err));
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+   }
+   if (i != 1) {
+      printf("Failed trivial mp_jacobi(0 | 1) %d != 1\n", i);
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
+   }
+   for (cnt = 0; cnt < (int)(sizeof(jacobi)/sizeof(jacobi[0])); ++cnt) {
+      mp_set_int(&b, jacobi[cnt].n);
+      /* only test positive values of a */
+      for (n = -5; n <= 10; ++n) {
+         mp_set_int(&a, abs(n));
+         should = MP_OKAY;
+         if (n < 0) {
+            mp_neg(&a, &a);
+            /* Until #44 is fixed the negative a's must fail */
+            should = MP_VAL;
+         }
+         if ((err = mp_jacobi(&a, &b, &i)) != should) {
+            printf("Failed executing mp_jacobi(%d | %lu) %s.\n", n, jacobi[cnt].n, mp_error_to_string(err));
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+         }
+         if (err == MP_OKAY && i != jacobi[cnt].c[n + 5]) {
+            printf("Failed trivial mp_jacobi(%d | %lu) %d != %d\n", n, jacobi[cnt].n, i, jacobi[cnt].c[n + 5]);
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
          }
       }
    }
-   printf("done\n");
 
    // test mp_get_int
-   printf("Testing: mp_get_int\n");
+   printf("\n\nTesting: mp_get_int");
    for (i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
-      t = ((unsigned long) rand() * rand() + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
-      mp_set_int(&a, t);
-      if (t != mp_get_int(&a)) {
-	 printf("mp_get_int() bad result!\n");
-	 return 1;
+      t = ((unsigned long) rand () * rand () + 1) & 0xFFFFFFFF;
+      mp_set_int (&a, t);
+      if (t != mp_get_int (&a)) {
+         printf ("\nmp_get_int() bad result!");
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
    }
    mp_set_int(&a, 0);
    if (mp_get_int(&a) != 0) {
-      printf("mp_get_int() bad result!\n");
-      return 1;
+      printf("\nmp_get_int() bad result!");
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
    mp_set_int(&a, 0xffffffff);
    if (mp_get_int(&a) != 0xffffffff) {
-      printf("mp_get_int() bad result!\n");
-      return 1;
+      printf("\nmp_get_int() bad result!");
+      return EXIT_FAILURE;
    }
+
+   printf("\n\nTesting: mp_get_long\n");
+   for (i = 0; i < (int)(sizeof(unsigned long)*CHAR_BIT) - 1; ++i) {
+      t = (1ULL << (i+1)) - 1;
+      if (!t)
+         t = -1;
+      printf(" t = 0x%lx i = %d\r", t, i);
+      do {
+         if (mp_set_long(&a, t) != MP_OKAY) {
+            printf("\nmp_set_long() error!");
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+         }
+         s = mp_get_long(&a);
+         if (s != t) {
+            printf("\nmp_get_long() bad result! 0x%lx != 0x%lx", s, t);
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+         }
+         t <<= 1;
+      } while(t);
+   }
+
+   printf("\n\nTesting: mp_get_long_long\n");
+   for (i = 0; i < (int)(sizeof(unsigned long long)*CHAR_BIT) - 1; ++i) {
+      r = (1ULL << (i+1)) - 1;
+      if (!r)
+         r = -1;
+      printf(" r = 0x%llx i = %d\r", r, i);
+      do {
+         if (mp_set_long_long(&a, r) != MP_OKAY) {
+            printf("\nmp_set_long_long() error!");
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+         }
+         q = mp_get_long_long(&a);
+         if (q != r) {
+            printf("\nmp_get_long_long() bad result! 0x%llx != 0x%llx", q, r);
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+         }
+         r <<= 1;
+      } while(r);
+   }
+
    // test mp_sqrt
-   printf("Testing: mp_sqrt\n");
+   printf("\n\nTesting: mp_sqrt\n");
    for (i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
-      printf("%6d\r", i);
-      fflush(stdout);
-      n = (rand() & 15) + 1;
-      mp_rand(&a, n);
-      if (mp_sqrt(&a, &b) != MP_OKAY) {
-	 printf("mp_sqrt() error!\n");
-	 return 1;
+      printf ("%6d\r", i);
+      fflush (stdout);
+      n = (rand () & 15) + 1;
+      mp_rand (&a, n);
+      if (mp_sqrt (&a, &b) != MP_OKAY) {
+         printf ("\nmp_sqrt() error!");
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
+      }
+      mp_n_root_ex (&a, 2, &c, 0);
+      mp_n_root_ex (&a, 2, &d, 1);
+      if (mp_cmp_mag (&c, &d) != MP_EQ) {
+         printf ("\nmp_n_root_ex() bad result!");
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
-      mp_n_root(&a, 2, &a);
-      if (mp_cmp_mag(&b, &a) != MP_EQ) {
-	 printf("mp_sqrt() bad result!\n");
-	 return 1;
+      if (mp_cmp_mag (&b, &c) != MP_EQ) {
+         printf ("mp_sqrt() bad result!\n");
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
    }
 
-   printf("\nTesting: mp_is_square\n");
+   printf("\n\nTesting: mp_is_square\n");
    for (i = 0; i < 1000; ++i) {
-      printf("%6d\r", i);
-      fflush(stdout);
+      printf ("%6d\r", i);
+      fflush (stdout);
 
       /* test mp_is_square false negatives */
-      n = (rand() & 7) + 1;
-      mp_rand(&a, n);
-      mp_sqr(&a, &a);
-      if (mp_is_square(&a, &n) != MP_OKAY) {
-	 printf("fn:mp_is_square() error!\n");
-	 return 1;
+      n = (rand () & 7) + 1;
+      mp_rand (&a, n);
+      mp_sqr (&a, &a);
+      if (mp_is_square (&a, &n) != MP_OKAY) {
+         printf ("\nfn:mp_is_square() error!");
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
       if (n == 0) {
-	 printf("fn:mp_is_square() bad result!\n");
-	 return 1;
+         printf ("\nfn:mp_is_square() bad result!");
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
 
       /* test for false positives */
-      mp_add_d(&a, 1, &a);
-      if (mp_is_square(&a, &n) != MP_OKAY) {
-	 printf("fp:mp_is_square() error!\n");
-	 return 1;
+      mp_add_d (&a, 1, &a);
+      if (mp_is_square (&a, &n) != MP_OKAY) {
+         printf ("\nfp:mp_is_square() error!");
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
       if (n == 1) {
-	 printf("fp:mp_is_square() bad result!\n");
-	 return 1;
+         printf ("\nfp:mp_is_square() bad result!");
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
 
    }
    printf("\n\n");
 
+   // r^2 = n (mod p)
+   for (i = 0; i < (int)(sizeof(sqrtmod_prime)/sizeof(sqrtmod_prime[0])); ++i) {
+      mp_set_int(&a, sqrtmod_prime[i].p);
+      mp_set_int(&b, sqrtmod_prime[i].n);
+      if (mp_sqrtmod_prime(&b, &a, &c) != MP_OKAY) {
+         printf("Failed executing %d. mp_sqrtmod_prime\n", (i+1));
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
+      }
+      if (mp_cmp_d(&c, sqrtmod_prime[i].r) != MP_EQ) {
+         printf("Failed %d. trivial mp_sqrtmod_prime\n", (i+1));
+         ndraw(&c, "r");
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
+      }
+   }
+
    /* test for size */
    for (ix = 10; ix < 128; ix++) {
-      printf("Testing (not safe-prime): %9d bits    \r", ix);
-      fflush(stdout);
-      err =
-	 mp_prime_random_ex(&a, 8, ix,
-			    (rand() & 1) ? LTM_PRIME_2MSB_OFF :
-			    LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON, myrng, NULL);
+      printf ("Testing (not safe-prime): %9d bits    \r", ix);
+      fflush (stdout);
+      err = mp_prime_random_ex (&a, 8, ix,
+                                (rand () & 1) ? 0 : LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON, myrng,
+                                NULL);
       if (err != MP_OKAY) {
-	 printf("failed with err code %d\n", err);
-	 return EXIT_FAILURE;
+         printf ("failed with err code %d\n", err);
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
-      if (mp_count_bits(&a) != ix) {
-	 printf("Prime is %d not %d bits!!!\n", mp_count_bits(&a), ix);
-	 return EXIT_FAILURE;
+      if (mp_count_bits (&a) != ix) {
+         printf ("Prime is %d not %d bits!!!\n", mp_count_bits (&a), ix);
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
    }
+   printf("\n");
 
    for (ix = 16; ix < 128; ix++) {
-      printf("Testing (   safe-prime): %9d bits    \r", ix);
-      fflush(stdout);
-      err =
-	 mp_prime_random_ex(&a, 8, ix,
-			    ((rand() & 1) ? LTM_PRIME_2MSB_OFF :
-			     LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON) | LTM_PRIME_SAFE, myrng,
-			    NULL);
+      printf ("Testing (    safe-prime): %9d bits    \r", ix);
+      fflush (stdout);
+      err = mp_prime_random_ex (
+            &a, 8, ix, ((rand () & 1) ? 0 : LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON) | LTM_PRIME_SAFE,
+            myrng, NULL);
       if (err != MP_OKAY) {
-	 printf("failed with err code %d\n", err);
-	 return EXIT_FAILURE;
+         printf ("failed with err code %d\n", err);
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
-      if (mp_count_bits(&a) != ix) {
-	 printf("Prime is %d not %d bits!!!\n", mp_count_bits(&a), ix);
-	 return EXIT_FAILURE;
+      if (mp_count_bits (&a) != ix) {
+         printf ("Prime is %d not %d bits!!!\n", mp_count_bits (&a), ix);
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
       /* let's see if it's really a safe prime */
-      mp_sub_d(&a, 1, &a);
-      mp_div_2(&a, &a);
-      mp_prime_is_prime(&a, 8, &cnt);
+      mp_sub_d (&a, 1, &a);
+      mp_div_2 (&a, &a);
+      mp_prime_is_prime (&a, 8, &cnt);
       if (cnt != MP_YES) {
-	 printf("sub is not prime!\n");
-	 return EXIT_FAILURE;
+         printf ("sub is not prime!\n");
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
+      }
+   }
+
+   printf("\n\n");
+
+   // test montgomery
+   printf("Testing: montgomery...\n");
+   for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
+      if (i == 10)
+         i = 1000;
+      printf(" digit size: %2d\r", i);
+      fflush(stdout);
+      for (n = 0; n < 1000; n++) {
+         mp_rand(&a, i);
+         a.dp[0] |= 1;
+
+         // let's see if R is right
+         mp_montgomery_calc_normalization(&b, &a);
+         mp_montgomery_setup(&a, &mp);
+
+         // now test a random reduction
+         for (ix = 0; ix < 100; ix++) {
+             mp_rand(&c, 1 + abs(rand()) % (2*i));
+             mp_copy(&c, &d);
+             mp_copy(&c, &e);
+
+             mp_mod(&d, &a, &d);
+             mp_montgomery_reduce(&c, &a, mp);
+             mp_mulmod(&c, &b, &a, &c);
+
+             if (mp_cmp(&c, &d) != MP_EQ) {
+printf("d = e mod a, c = e MOD a\n");
+mp_todecimal(&a, buf); printf("a = %s\n", buf);
+mp_todecimal(&e, buf); printf("e = %s\n", buf);
+mp_todecimal(&d, buf); printf("d = %s\n", buf);
+mp_todecimal(&c, buf); printf("c = %s\n", buf);
+printf("compare no compare!\n"); return EXIT_FAILURE; }
+             /* only one big montgomery reduction */
+             if (i > 10)
+             {
+                n = 1000;
+                ix = 100;
+             }
+         }
       }
    }
 
@@ -239,120 +475,123 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 #endif
 
    /* test mp_cnt_lsb */
-   printf("testing mp_cnt_lsb...\n");
+   printf("\n\nTesting: mp_cnt_lsb");
    mp_set(&a, 1);
    for (ix = 0; ix < 1024; ix++) {
-      if (mp_cnt_lsb(&a) != ix) {
-	 printf("Failed at %d, %d\n", ix, mp_cnt_lsb(&a));
-	 return 0;
+      if (mp_cnt_lsb (&a) != ix) {
+         printf ("Failed at %d, %d\n", ix, mp_cnt_lsb (&a));
+         return EXIT_FAILURE;
       }
-      mp_mul_2(&a, &a);
+      mp_mul_2 (&a, &a);
    }
 
 /* test mp_reduce_2k */
-   printf("Testing mp_reduce_2k...\n");
+   printf("\n\nTesting: mp_reduce_2k\n");
    for (cnt = 3; cnt <= 128; ++cnt) {
       mp_digit tmp;
 
-      mp_2expt(&a, cnt);
-      mp_sub_d(&a, 2, &a);	/* a = 2**cnt - 2 */
+      mp_2expt (&a, cnt);
+      mp_sub_d (&a, 2, &a); /* a = 2**cnt - 2 */
 
-
-      printf("\nTesting %4d bits", cnt);
-      printf("(%d)", mp_reduce_is_2k(&a));
-      mp_reduce_2k_setup(&a, &tmp);
-      printf("(%d)", tmp);
+      printf ("\r %4d bits", cnt);
+      printf ("(%d)", mp_reduce_is_2k (&a));
+      mp_reduce_2k_setup (&a, &tmp);
+      printf ("(%lu)", (unsigned long) tmp);
       for (ix = 0; ix < 1000; ix++) {
-	 if (!(ix & 127)) {
-	    printf(".");
-	    fflush(stdout);
-	 }
-	 mp_rand(&b, (cnt / DIGIT_BIT + 1) * 2);
-	 mp_copy(&c, &b);
-	 mp_mod(&c, &a, &c);
-	 mp_reduce_2k(&b, &a, 2);
-	 if (mp_cmp(&c, &b)) {
-	    printf("FAILED\n");
-	    exit(0);
-	 }
+         if (!(ix & 127)) {
+            printf (".");
+            fflush (stdout);
+         }
+         mp_rand (&b, (cnt / DIGIT_BIT + 1) * 2);
+         mp_copy (&c, &b);
+         mp_mod (&c, &a, &c);
+         mp_reduce_2k (&b, &a, 2);
+         if (mp_cmp (&c, &b)) {
+            printf ("FAILED\n");
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+         }
       }
    }
 
 /* test mp_div_3  */
-   printf("Testing mp_div_3...\n");
+   printf("\n\nTesting: mp_div_3...\n");
    mp_set(&d, 3);
    for (cnt = 0; cnt < 10000;) {
-      mp_digit r1, r2;
+      mp_digit r2;
 
       if (!(++cnt & 127))
-	 printf("%9d\r", cnt);
+      {
+        printf("%9d\r", cnt);
+        fflush(stdout);
+      }
       mp_rand(&a, abs(rand()) % 128 + 1);
       mp_div(&a, &d, &b, &e);
       mp_div_3(&a, &c, &r2);
 
       if (mp_cmp(&b, &c) || mp_cmp_d(&e, r2)) {
-	 printf("\n\nmp_div_3 => Failure\n");
+	 printf("\nmp_div_3 => Failure\n");
       }
    }
-   printf("\n\nPassed div_3 testing\n");
+   printf("\nPassed div_3 testing");
 
 /* test the DR reduction */
-   printf("testing mp_dr_reduce...\n");
+   printf("\n\nTesting: mp_dr_reduce...\n");
    for (cnt = 2; cnt < 32; cnt++) {
-      printf("%d digit modulus\n", cnt);
-      mp_grow(&a, cnt);
-      mp_zero(&a);
+      printf ("\r%d digit modulus", cnt);
+      mp_grow (&a, cnt);
+      mp_zero (&a);
       for (ix = 1; ix < cnt; ix++) {
-	 a.dp[ix] = MP_MASK;
+         a.dp[ix] = MP_MASK;
       }
       a.used = cnt;
       a.dp[0] = 3;
 
-      mp_rand(&b, cnt - 1);
-      mp_copy(&b, &c);
+      mp_rand (&b, cnt - 1);
+      mp_copy (&b, &c);
 
       rr = 0;
       do {
-	 if (!(rr & 127)) {
-	    printf("%9lu\r", rr);
-	    fflush(stdout);
-	 }
-	 mp_sqr(&b, &b);
-	 mp_add_d(&b, 1, &b);
-	 mp_copy(&b, &c);
-
-	 mp_mod(&b, &a, &b);
-	 mp_dr_reduce(&c, &a, (((mp_digit) 1) << DIGIT_BIT) - a.dp[0]);
+         if (!(rr & 127)) {
+            printf (".");
+            fflush (stdout);
+         }
+         mp_sqr (&b, &b);
+         mp_add_d (&b, 1, &b);
+         mp_copy (&b, &c);
 
-	 if (mp_cmp(&b, &c) != MP_EQ) {
-	    printf("Failed on trial %lu\n", rr);
-	    exit(-1);
+         mp_mod (&b, &a, &b);
+         mp_dr_setup(&a, &mp),
+         mp_dr_reduce (&c, &a, mp);
 
-	 }
+         if (mp_cmp (&b, &c) != MP_EQ) {
+            printf ("Failed on trial %u\n", rr);
+            return EXIT_FAILURE;
+         }
       } while (++rr < 500);
-      printf("Passed DR test for %d digits\n", cnt);
+      printf (" passed");
+      fflush (stdout);
    }
 
-#endif
-
+#if LTM_DEMO_TEST_REDUCE_2K_L
 /* test the mp_reduce_2k_l code */
-#if 0
-#if 0
+#if LTM_DEMO_TEST_REDUCE_2K_L == 1
 /* first load P with 2^1024 - 0x2A434 B9FDEC95 D8F9D550 FFFFFFFF FFFFFFFF */
    mp_2expt(&a, 1024);
    mp_read_radix(&b, "2A434B9FDEC95D8F9D550FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF", 16);
    mp_sub(&a, &b, &a);
-#elif 1
+#elif LTM_DEMO_TEST_REDUCE_2K_L == 2
 /*  p = 2^2048 - 0x1 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 4945DDBF 8EA2A91D 5776399B B83E188F  */
    mp_2expt(&a, 2048);
    mp_read_radix(&b,
 		 "1000000000000000000000000000000004945DDBF8EA2A91D5776399BB83E188F",
 		 16);
    mp_sub(&a, &b, &a);
+#else
+#error oops
 #endif
 
    mp_todecimal(&a, buf);
-   printf("p==%s\n", buf);
+   printf("\n\np==%s\n", buf);
 /* now mp_reduce_is_2k_l() should return */
    if (mp_reduce_is_2k_l(&a) != 1) {
       printf("mp_reduce_is_2k_l() return 0, should be 1\n");
@@ -363,9 +602,9 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
    mp_rand(&b, 64);
    mp_mod(&b, &a, &b);
    mp_copy(&b, &c);
-   printf("testing mp_reduce_2k_l...");
+   printf("Testing: mp_reduce_2k_l...");
    fflush(stdout);
-   for (cnt = 0; cnt < (1UL << 20); cnt++) {
+   for (cnt = 0; cnt < (int)(1UL << 20); cnt++) {
       mp_sqr(&b, &b);
       mp_add_d(&b, 1, &b);
       mp_reduce_2k_l(&b, &a, &d);
@@ -373,7 +612,7 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
       mp_add_d(&c, 1, &c);
       mp_mod(&c, &a, &c);
       if (mp_cmp(&b, &c) != MP_EQ) {
-	 printf("mp_reduce_2k_l() failed at step %lu\n", cnt);
+	 printf("mp_reduce_2k_l() failed at step %d\n", cnt);
 	 mp_tohex(&b, buf);
 	 printf("b == %s\n", buf);
 	 mp_tohex(&c, buf);
@@ -382,7 +621,9 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
       }
    }
    printf("...Passed\n");
-#endif
+#endif /* LTM_DEMO_TEST_REDUCE_2K_L */
+
+#else
 
    div2_n = mul2_n = inv_n = expt_n = lcm_n = gcd_n = add_n =
       sub_n = mul_n = div_n = sqr_n = mul2d_n = div2d_n = cnt = add_d_n =
@@ -428,17 +669,17 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	 ("%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu/%4lu ",
 	  add_n, sub_n, mul_n, div_n, sqr_n, mul2d_n, div2d_n, gcd_n, lcm_n,
 	  expt_n, inv_n, div2_n, mul2_n, add_d_n, sub_d_n);
-      fgets(cmd, 4095, stdin);
+      ret=fgets(cmd, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
       cmd[strlen(cmd) - 1] = 0;
-      printf("%s  ]\r", cmd);
+      printf("%-6s ]\r", cmd);
       fflush(stdout);
       if (!strcmp(cmd, "mul2d")) {
 	 ++mul2d_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 sscanf(buf, "%d", &rr);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
 
 	 mp_mul_2d(&a, rr, &a);
@@ -447,15 +688,15 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    printf("mul2d failed, rr == %d\n", rr);
 	    draw(&a);
 	    draw(&b);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "div2d")) {
 	 ++div2d_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 sscanf(buf, "%d", &rr);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
 
 	 mp_div_2d(&a, rr, &a, &e);
@@ -467,15 +708,15 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    printf("div2d failed, rr == %d\n", rr);
 	    draw(&a);
 	    draw(&b);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "add")) {
 	 ++add_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&c, buf, 64);
 	 mp_copy(&a, &d);
 	 mp_add(&d, &b, &d);
@@ -485,7 +726,7 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
 	    draw(&d);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
 
 	 /* test the sign/unsigned storage functions */
@@ -498,7 +739,7 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    printf("mp_signed_bin failure!\n");
 	    draw(&c);
 	    draw(&d);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
 
 
@@ -510,16 +751,16 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    printf("mp_unsigned_bin failure!\n");
 	    draw(&c);
 	    draw(&d);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
 
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "sub")) {
 	 ++sub_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&c, buf, 64);
 	 mp_copy(&a, &d);
 	 mp_sub(&d, &b, &d);
@@ -529,15 +770,15 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
 	    draw(&d);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "mul")) {
 	 ++mul_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&c, buf, 64);
 	 mp_copy(&a, &d);
 	 mp_mul(&d, &b, &d);
@@ -547,17 +788,17 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
 	    draw(&d);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "div")) {
 	 ++div_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&c, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&d, buf, 64);
 
 	 mp_div(&a, &b, &e, &f);
@@ -570,14 +811,14 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&d);
 	    draw(&e);
 	    draw(&f);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
 
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "sqr")) {
 	 ++sqr_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
 	 mp_copy(&a, &c);
 	 mp_sqr(&c, &c);
@@ -586,15 +827,15 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&a);
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "gcd")) {
 	 ++gcd_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&c, buf, 64);
 	 mp_copy(&a, &d);
 	 mp_gcd(&d, &b, &d);
@@ -605,15 +846,15 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
 	    draw(&d);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "lcm")) {
 	 ++lcm_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&c, buf, 64);
 	 mp_copy(&a, &d);
 	 mp_lcm(&d, &b, &d);
@@ -624,17 +865,17 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
 	    draw(&d);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "expt")) {
 	 ++expt_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&c, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&d, buf, 64);
 	 mp_copy(&a, &e);
 	 mp_exptmod(&e, &b, &c, &e);
@@ -645,15 +886,15 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&c);
 	    draw(&d);
 	    draw(&e);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "invmod")) {
 	 ++inv_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&c, buf, 64);
 	 mp_invmod(&a, &b, &d);
 	 mp_mulmod(&d, &a, &b, &e);
@@ -663,16 +904,17 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
 	    draw(&d);
+	    draw(&e);
 	    mp_gcd(&a, &b, &e);
 	    draw(&e);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
 
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "div2")) {
 	 ++div2_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
 	 mp_div_2(&a, &c);
 	 if (mp_cmp(&c, &b) != MP_EQ) {
@@ -680,13 +922,13 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&a);
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "mul2")) {
 	 ++mul2_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
 	 mp_mul_2(&a, &c);
 	 if (mp_cmp(&c, &b) != MP_EQ) {
@@ -694,15 +936,15 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&a);
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "add_d")) {
 	 ++add_d_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 sscanf(buf, "%d", &ix);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
 	 mp_add_d(&a, ix, &c);
 	 if (mp_cmp(&b, &c) != MP_EQ) {
@@ -711,15 +953,15 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
 	    printf("d == %d\n", ix);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
       } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "sub_d")) {
 	 ++sub_d_n;
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, buf, 64);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 sscanf(buf, "%d", &ix);
-	 fgets(buf, 4095, stdin);
+	 ret=fgets(buf, 4095, stdin); if(!ret){_panic(__LINE__);}
 	 mp_read_radix(&b, buf, 64);
 	 mp_sub_d(&a, ix, &c);
 	 if (mp_cmp(&b, &c) != MP_EQ) {
@@ -728,9 +970,17 @@ printf("compare no compare!\n"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); }
 	    draw(&b);
 	    draw(&c);
 	    printf("d == %d\n", ix);
-	    return 0;
+	    return EXIT_FAILURE;
 	 }
+      } else if (!strcmp(cmd, "exit")) {
+         printf("\nokay, exiting now\n");
+         break;
       }
    }
+#endif
    return 0;
 }
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/demo/timing.c b/libtommath/demo/timing.c
index bb3be52..1bd8489 100644
--- a/libtommath/demo/timing.c
+++ b/libtommath/demo/timing.c
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #include <tommath.h>
 #include <time.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
 
 ulong64 _tt;
 
@@ -10,6 +11,12 @@ ulong64 _tt;
 #define SLEEP
 #endif
 
+#ifdef LTM_TIMING_REAL_RAND
+#define LTM_TIMING_RAND_SEED  time(NULL)
+#else
+#define LTM_TIMING_RAND_SEED  23
+#endif
+
 
 void ndraw(mp_int * a, char *name)
 {
@@ -44,10 +51,12 @@ static ulong64 TIMFUNC(void)
 {
 #if defined __GNUC__
 #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
-   unsigned long long a;
-   __asm__ __volatile__("rdtsc\nmovl %%eax,%0\nmovl %%edx,4+%0\n"::
-			"m"(a):"%eax", "%edx");
-   return a;
+  /* version from http://www.mcs.anl.gov/~kazutomo/rdtsc.html
+   * the old code always got a warning issued by gcc, clang did not complain...
+   */
+  unsigned hi, lo;
+  __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=a"(lo), "=d"(hi));
+  return ((ulong64)lo)|( ((ulong64)hi)<<32);
 #else /* gcc-IA64 version */
    unsigned long result;
    __asm__ __volatile__("mov %0=ar.itc":"=r"(result)::"memory");
@@ -78,12 +87,24 @@ static ulong64 TIMFUNC(void)
 //#define DO8(x) DO4(x); DO4(x);
 //#define DO(x)  DO8(x); DO8(x);
 
+#ifdef TIMING_NO_LOGS
+#define FOPEN(a, b)     NULL
+#define FPRINTF(a,b,c,d)
+#define FFLUSH(a)
+#define FCLOSE(a)       (void)(a)
+#else
+#define FOPEN(a,b)       fopen(a,b)
+#define FPRINTF(a,b,c,d) fprintf(a,b,c,d)
+#define FFLUSH(a)        fflush(a)
+#define FCLOSE(a)        fclose(a)
+#endif
+
 int main(void)
 {
    ulong64 tt, gg, CLK_PER_SEC;
    FILE *log, *logb, *logc, *logd;
    mp_int a, b, c, d, e, f;
-   int n, cnt, ix, old_kara_m, old_kara_s;
+   int n, cnt, ix, old_kara_m, old_kara_s, old_toom_m, old_toom_s;
    unsigned rr;
 
    mp_init(&a);
@@ -93,19 +114,15 @@ int main(void)
    mp_init(&e);
    mp_init(&f);
 
-   srand(time(NULL));
-
+   srand(LTM_TIMING_RAND_SEED);
 
-   /* temp. turn off TOOM */
-   TOOM_MUL_CUTOFF = TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF = 100000;
 
    CLK_PER_SEC = TIMFUNC();
    sleep(1);
    CLK_PER_SEC = TIMFUNC() - CLK_PER_SEC;
 
    printf("CLK_PER_SEC == %llu\n", CLK_PER_SEC);
-   goto exptmod;
-   log = fopen("logs/add.log", "w");
+   log = FOPEN("logs/add.log", "w");
    for (cnt = 8; cnt <= 128; cnt += 8) {
       SLEEP;
       mp_rand(&a, cnt);
@@ -121,12 +138,12 @@ int main(void)
       } while (++rr < 100000);
       printf("Adding\t\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
 	     mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
-      fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt * DIGIT_BIT, tt);
-      fflush(log);
+      FPRINTF(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt * DIGIT_BIT, tt);
+      FFLUSH(log);
    }
-   fclose(log);
+   FCLOSE(log);
 
-   log = fopen("logs/sub.log", "w");
+   log = FOPEN("logs/sub.log", "w");
    for (cnt = 8; cnt <= 128; cnt += 8) {
       SLEEP;
       mp_rand(&a, cnt);
@@ -143,22 +160,26 @@ int main(void)
 
       printf("Subtracting\t\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
 	     mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
-      fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt * DIGIT_BIT, tt);
-      fflush(log);
+      FPRINTF(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt * DIGIT_BIT, tt);
+      FFLUSH(log);
    }
-   fclose(log);
+   FCLOSE(log);
 
    /* do mult/square twice, first without karatsuba and second with */
- multtest:
    old_kara_m = KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF;
    old_kara_s = KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF;
-   for (ix = 0; ix < 2; ix++) {
-      printf("With%s Karatsuba\n", (ix == 0) ? "out" : "");
-
-      KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = (ix == 0) ? 9999 : old_kara_m;
-      KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = (ix == 0) ? 9999 : old_kara_s;
-
-      log = fopen((ix == 0) ? "logs/mult.log" : "logs/mult_kara.log", "w");
+   /* currently toom-cook cut-off is too high to kick in, so we just use the karatsuba values */
+   old_toom_m = old_kara_m;
+   old_toom_s = old_kara_m;
+   for (ix = 0; ix < 3; ix++) {
+      printf("With%s Karatsuba, With%s Toom\n", (ix == 0) ? "out" : "", (ix == 1) ? "out" : "");
+
+      KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = (ix == 1) ? old_kara_m : 9999;
+      KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = (ix == 1) ? old_kara_s : 9999;
+      TOOM_MUL_CUTOFF = (ix == 2) ? old_toom_m : 9999;
+      TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF = (ix == 2) ? old_toom_s : 9999;
+
+      log = FOPEN((ix == 0) ? "logs/mult.log" : (ix == 1) ? "logs/mult_kara.log" : "logs/mult_toom.log", "w");
       for (cnt = 4; cnt <= 10240 / DIGIT_BIT; cnt += 2) {
 	 SLEEP;
 	 mp_rand(&a, cnt);
@@ -174,12 +195,12 @@ int main(void)
 	 } while (++rr < 100);
 	 printf("Multiplying\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
 		mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
-	 fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);
-	 fflush(log);
+	 FPRINTF(log, "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);
+	 FFLUSH(log);
       }
-      fclose(log);
+      FCLOSE(log);
 
-      log = fopen((ix == 0) ? "logs/sqr.log" : "logs/sqr_kara.log", "w");
+      log = FOPEN((ix == 0) ? "logs/sqr.log" : (ix == 1) ? "logs/sqr_kara.log" : "logs/sqr_toom.log", "w");
       for (cnt = 4; cnt <= 10240 / DIGIT_BIT; cnt += 2) {
 	 SLEEP;
 	 mp_rand(&a, cnt);
@@ -194,13 +215,12 @@ int main(void)
 	 } while (++rr < 100);
 	 printf("Squaring\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
 		mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
-	 fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);
-	 fflush(log);
+	 FPRINTF(log, "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);
+	 FFLUSH(log);
       }
-      fclose(log);
+      FCLOSE(log);
 
    }
- exptmod:
 
    {
       char *primes[] = {
@@ -235,10 +255,10 @@ int main(void)
 	 "1214855636816562637502584060163403830270705000634713483015101384881871978446801224798536155406895823305035467591632531067547890948695117172076954220727075688048751022421198712032848890056357845974246560748347918630050853933697792254955890439720297560693579400297062396904306270145886830719309296352765295712183040773146419022875165382778007040109957609739589875590885701126197906063620133954893216612678838507540777138437797705602453719559017633986486649523611975865005712371194067612263330335590526176087004421363598470302731349138773205901447704682181517904064735636518462452242791676541725292378925568296858010151852326316777511935037531017413910506921922450666933202278489024521263798482237150056835746454842662048692127173834433089016107854491097456725016327709663199738238442164843147132789153725513257167915555162094970853584447993125488607696008169807374736711297007473812256272245489405898470297178738029484459690836250560495461579533254473316340608217876781986188705928270735695752830825527963838355419762516246028680280988020401914551825487349990306976304093109384451438813251211051597392127491464898797406789175453067960072008590614886532333015881171367104445044718144312416815712216611576221546455968770801413440778423979",
 	 NULL
       };
-      log = fopen("logs/expt.log", "w");
-      logb = fopen("logs/expt_dr.log", "w");
-      logc = fopen("logs/expt_2k.log", "w");
-      logd = fopen("logs/expt_2kl.log", "w");
+      log = FOPEN("logs/expt.log", "w");
+      logb = FOPEN("logs/expt_dr.log", "w");
+      logc = FOPEN("logs/expt_2k.log", "w");
+      logd = FOPEN("logs/expt_2kl.log", "w");
       for (n = 0; primes[n]; n++) {
 	 SLEEP;
 	 mp_read_radix(&a, primes[n], 10);
@@ -271,17 +291,17 @@ int main(void)
 	 }
 	 printf("Exponentiating\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
 		mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
-	 fprintf(n < 4 ? logd : (n < 9) ? logc : (n < 16) ? logb : log,
+	 FPRINTF(n < 4 ? logd : (n < 9) ? logc : (n < 16) ? logb : log,
 		 "%d %9llu\n", mp_count_bits(&a), tt);
       }
    }
-   fclose(log);
-   fclose(logb);
-   fclose(logc);
-   fclose(logd);
+   FCLOSE(log);
+   FCLOSE(logb);
+   FCLOSE(logc);
+   FCLOSE(logd);
 
-   log = fopen("logs/invmod.log", "w");
-   for (cnt = 4; cnt <= 128; cnt += 4) {
+   log = FOPEN("logs/invmod.log", "w");
+   for (cnt = 4; cnt <= 32; cnt += 4) {
       SLEEP;
       mp_rand(&a, cnt);
       mp_rand(&b, cnt);
@@ -307,9 +327,13 @@ int main(void)
       }
       printf("Inverting mod\t%4d-bit => %9llu/sec, %9llu cycles\n",
 	     mp_count_bits(&a), CLK_PER_SEC / tt, tt);
-      fprintf(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt * DIGIT_BIT, tt);
+      FPRINTF(log, "%d %9llu\n", cnt * DIGIT_BIT, tt);
    }
-   fclose(log);
+   FCLOSE(log);
 
    return 0;
 }
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/dep.pl b/libtommath/dep.pl
index c39e27e..0a5d19a 100644
--- a/libtommath/dep.pl
+++ b/libtommath/dep.pl
@@ -68,7 +68,7 @@ foreach my $filename (glob "bn*.c") {
           $line = $';
           # now $& is the match, we want to skip over LTM keywords like
           # mp_int, mp_word, mp_digit
-          if (!($& eq "mp_digit") && !($& eq "mp_word") && !($& eq "mp_int")) {
+          if (!($& eq "mp_digit") && !($& eq "mp_word") && !($& eq "mp_int") && !($& eq "mp_min_u32")) {
              my $a = $&;
              $a =~ tr/[a-z]/[A-Z]/;
              $a = "BN_" . $a . "_C";
diff --git a/libtommath/etc/2kprime.c b/libtommath/etc/2kprime.c
index 67a2777..9450283 100644
--- a/libtommath/etc/2kprime.c
+++ b/libtommath/etc/2kprime.c
@@ -73,3 +73,12 @@ int main(void)
    
    return 0;
 }   
+       
+         
+            
+            
+          
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/etc/drprime.c b/libtommath/etc/drprime.c
index 0d0fdb9..c7d253f 100644
--- a/libtommath/etc/drprime.c
+++ b/libtommath/etc/drprime.c
@@ -57,3 +57,8 @@ int main(void)
    
    return 0;
 }
+
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/etc/mersenne.c b/libtommath/etc/mersenne.c
index 28ac834..ae6725a 100644
--- a/libtommath/etc/mersenne.c
+++ b/libtommath/etc/mersenne.c
@@ -138,3 +138,7 @@ main (void)
   }
   return 0;
 }
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/etc/mont.c b/libtommath/etc/mont.c
index 7839675..45cf3fd 100644
--- a/libtommath/etc/mont.c
+++ b/libtommath/etc/mont.c
@@ -39,3 +39,12 @@ int main(void)
     
     return 0;
 }
+
+
+
+
+
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/etc/pprime.c b/libtommath/etc/pprime.c
index 955f19e..9f94423 100644
--- a/libtommath/etc/pprime.c
+++ b/libtommath/etc/pprime.c
@@ -394,3 +394,7 @@ main (void)
 
   return 0;
 }
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/etc/tune.c b/libtommath/etc/tune.c
index acb146f..c2ac998 100644
--- a/libtommath/etc/tune.c
+++ b/libtommath/etc/tune.c
@@ -6,18 +6,23 @@
 #include <time.h>
 
 /* how many times todo each size mult.  Depends on your computer.  For slow computers
- * this can be low like 5 or 10.  For fast [re: Athlon] should be 25 - 50 or so 
+ * this can be low like 5 or 10.  For fast [re: Athlon] should be 25 - 50 or so
  */
 #define TIMES (1UL<<14UL)
 
+#ifndef X86_TIMER
+
 /* RDTSC from Scott Duplichan */
 static ulong64 TIMFUNC (void)
    {
    #if defined __GNUC__
       #if defined(__i386__) || defined(__x86_64__)
-         unsigned long long a;
-         __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc\nmovl %%eax,%0\nmovl %%edx,4+%0\n"::"m"(a):"%eax","%edx");
-         return a;
+        /* version from http://www.mcs.anl.gov/~kazutomo/rdtsc.html
+         * the old code always got a warning issued by gcc, clang did not complain...
+         */
+        unsigned hi, lo;
+        __asm__ __volatile__ ("rdtsc" : "=a"(lo), "=d"(hi));
+        return ((ulong64)lo)|( ((ulong64)hi)<<32);
       #else /* gcc-IA64 version */
          unsigned long result;
          __asm__ __volatile__("mov %0=ar.itc" : "=r"(result) :: "memory");
@@ -42,8 +47,6 @@ static ulong64 TIMFUNC (void)
    }
 
 
-#ifndef X86_TIMER
-
 /* generic ISO C timer */
 ulong64 LBL_T;
 void t_start(void) { LBL_T = TIMFUNC(); }
@@ -67,7 +70,7 @@ ulong64 time_mult(int size, int s)
   mp_rand (&a, size);
   mp_rand (&b, size);
 
-  if (s == 1) { 
+  if (s == 1) {
       KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = size;
   } else {
       KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = 100000;
@@ -95,7 +98,7 @@ ulong64 time_sqr(int size, int s)
 
   mp_rand (&a, size);
 
-  if (s == 1) { 
+  if (s == 1) {
       KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = size;
   } else {
       KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = 100000;
@@ -117,7 +120,7 @@ main (void)
   ulong64 t1, t2;
   int x, y;
 
-  for (x = 8; ; x += 2) { 
+  for (x = 8; ; x += 2) {
      t1 = time_mult(x, 0);
      t2 = time_mult(x, 1);
      printf("%d: %9llu %9llu, %9llu\n", x, t1, t2, t2 - t1);
@@ -125,7 +128,7 @@ main (void)
   }
   y = x;
 
-  for (x = 8; ; x += 2) { 
+  for (x = 8; ; x += 2) {
      t1 = time_sqr(x, 0);
      t2 = time_sqr(x, 1);
      printf("%d: %9llu %9llu, %9llu\n", x, t1, t2, t2 - t1);
@@ -136,3 +139,7 @@ main (void)
 
   return 0;
 }
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/gen.pl b/libtommath/gen.pl
index 7236591..57f65ac 100644
--- a/libtommath/gen.pl
+++ b/libtommath/gen.pl
@@ -14,4 +14,6 @@ foreach my $filename (glob "bn*.c") {
    close SRC or die "Error closing $filename after reading: $!";
 }
 print OUT "\n/* EOF */\n";
-close OUT or die "Error closing mpi.c after writing: $!";
\ No newline at end of file
+close OUT or die "Error closing mpi.c after writing: $!";
+
+system('perl -pli -e "s/\s*$//" mpi.c');
diff --git a/libtommath/makefile b/libtommath/makefile
index 70de306..f90971c 100644
--- a/libtommath/makefile
+++ b/libtommath/makefile
@@ -2,98 +2,66 @@
 #
 #Tom St Denis
 
-#version of library 
-VERSION=0.42.0
-
-CFLAGS  +=  -I./ -Wall -W -Wshadow -Wsign-compare
-
-ifndef MAKE
-   MAKE=make
-endif
-
-ifndef IGNORE_SPEED
-
-#for speed 
-CFLAGS += -O3 -funroll-loops
-
-#for size 
-#CFLAGS += -Os
-
-#x86 optimizations [should be valid for any GCC install though]
-CFLAGS  += -fomit-frame-pointer
-
-#debug
-#CFLAGS += -g3
-
-endif
-
-#install as this user
-ifndef INSTALL_GROUP
-   GROUP=wheel
+ifeq ($V,1)
+silent=
 else
-   GROUP=$(INSTALL_GROUP)
+silent=@
 endif
 
-ifndef INSTALL_USER
-   USER=root
-else
-   USER=$(INSTALL_USER)
+%.o: %.c
+ifneq ($V,1)
+	@echo "   * ${CC} $@"
 endif
+	${silent} ${CC} -c ${CFLAGS} $^ -o $@
 
 #default files to install
 ifndef LIBNAME
    LIBNAME=libtommath.a
 endif
 
-default: ${LIBNAME}
-
-HEADERS=tommath.h tommath_class.h tommath_superclass.h
-
-#LIBPATH-The directory for libtommath to be installed to.
-#INCPATH-The directory to install the header files for libtommath.
-#DATAPATH-The directory to install the pdf docs.
-DESTDIR=
-LIBPATH=/usr/lib
-INCPATH=/usr/include
-DATAPATH=/usr/share/doc/libtommath/pdf
-
-OBJECTS=bncore.o bn_mp_init.o bn_mp_clear.o bn_mp_exch.o bn_mp_grow.o bn_mp_shrink.o \
-bn_mp_clamp.o bn_mp_zero.o  bn_mp_set.o bn_mp_set_int.o bn_mp_init_size.o bn_mp_copy.o \
-bn_mp_init_copy.o bn_mp_abs.o bn_mp_neg.o bn_mp_cmp_mag.o bn_mp_cmp.o bn_mp_cmp_d.o \
-bn_mp_rshd.o bn_mp_lshd.o bn_mp_mod_2d.o bn_mp_div_2d.o bn_mp_mul_2d.o bn_mp_div_2.o \
-bn_mp_mul_2.o bn_s_mp_add.o bn_s_mp_sub.o bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_digs.o \
-bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.o bn_s_mp_sqr.o \
-bn_mp_add.o bn_mp_sub.o bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.o bn_mp_mul.o bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.o \
-bn_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_div.o bn_mp_mod.o bn_mp_add_d.o bn_mp_sub_d.o bn_mp_mul_d.o \
-bn_mp_div_d.o bn_mp_mod_d.o bn_mp_expt_d.o bn_mp_addmod.o bn_mp_submod.o \
-bn_mp_mulmod.o bn_mp_sqrmod.o bn_mp_gcd.o bn_mp_lcm.o bn_fast_mp_invmod.o bn_mp_invmod.o \
-bn_mp_reduce.o bn_mp_montgomery_setup.o bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.o bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.o \
-bn_mp_exptmod_fast.o bn_mp_exptmod.o bn_mp_2expt.o bn_mp_n_root.o bn_mp_jacobi.o bn_reverse.o \
-bn_mp_count_bits.o bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_read_signed_bin.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.o \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin.o bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.o bn_mp_signed_bin_size.o  \
-bn_mp_xor.o bn_mp_and.o bn_mp_or.o bn_mp_rand.o bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.o \
-bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.o bn_prime_tab.o bn_mp_prime_fermat.o bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.o \
-bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o \
-bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o \
-bn_mp_toom_mul.o bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_div_3.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o \
-bn_mp_radix_smap.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_radix_size.o \
-bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_error.o \
-bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o \
-bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_is_square.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
-bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o
+coverage: LIBNAME:=-Wl,--whole-archive $(LIBNAME)  -Wl,--no-whole-archive
+
+include makefile.include
+
+LCOV_ARGS=--directory .
+
+#START_INS
+OBJECTS=bncore.o bn_error.o bn_fast_mp_invmod.o bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.o bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.o \
+bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_2expt.o bn_mp_abs.o bn_mp_add.o bn_mp_add_d.o \
+bn_mp_addmod.o bn_mp_and.o bn_mp_clamp.o bn_mp_clear.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_cmp.o bn_mp_cmp_d.o \
+bn_mp_cmp_mag.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_mp_copy.o bn_mp_count_bits.o bn_mp_div_2.o bn_mp_div_2d.o bn_mp_div_3.o \
+bn_mp_div.o bn_mp_div_d.o bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_exch.o \
+bn_mp_export.o bn_mp_expt_d.o bn_mp_expt_d_ex.o bn_mp_exptmod.o bn_mp_exptmod_fast.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o \
+bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_gcd.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_get_long.o bn_mp_get_long_long.o \
+bn_mp_grow.o bn_mp_import.o bn_mp_init.o bn_mp_init_copy.o bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
+bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_init_size.o bn_mp_invmod.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_is_square.o \
+bn_mp_jacobi.o bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.o bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.o bn_mp_lcm.o bn_mp_lshd.o bn_mp_mod_2d.o \
+bn_mp_mod.o bn_mp_mod_d.o bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.o bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.o \
+bn_mp_montgomery_setup.o bn_mp_mul_2.o bn_mp_mul_2d.o bn_mp_mul.o bn_mp_mul_d.o bn_mp_mulmod.o bn_mp_neg.o \
+bn_mp_n_root.o bn_mp_n_root_ex.o bn_mp_or.o bn_mp_prime_fermat.o bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.o \
+bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o \
+bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_radix_size.o bn_mp_radix_smap.o \
+bn_mp_rand.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_read_signed_bin.o bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_reduce_2k.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o bn_mp_reduce.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o bn_mp_rshd.o bn_mp_set.o bn_mp_set_int.o \
+bn_mp_set_long.o bn_mp_set_long_long.o bn_mp_shrink.o bn_mp_signed_bin_size.o bn_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_sqrmod.o \
+bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_sqrtmod_prime.o bn_mp_sub.o bn_mp_sub_d.o bn_mp_submod.o bn_mp_toom_mul.o \
+bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o bn_mp_to_signed_bin.o bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o \
+bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.o bn_mp_xor.o bn_mp_zero.o \
+bn_prime_tab.o bn_reverse.o bn_s_mp_add.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o bn_s_mp_mul_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o \
+bn_s_mp_sqr.o bn_s_mp_sub.o
+
+#END_INS
 
 $(LIBNAME):  $(OBJECTS)
 	$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $@ $(OBJECTS)
-	ranlib $@
+	$(RANLIB) $@
 
 #make a profiled library (takes a while!!!)
 #
 # This will build the library with profile generation
 # then run the test demo and rebuild the library.
-# 
+#
 # So far I've seen improvements in the MP math
 profiled:
 	make CFLAGS="$(CFLAGS) -fprofile-arcs -DTESTING" timing
@@ -101,35 +69,42 @@ profiled:
 	rm -f *.a *.o ltmtest
 	make CFLAGS="$(CFLAGS) -fbranch-probabilities"
 
-#make a single object profiled library 
+#make a single object profiled library
 profiled_single:
 	perl gen.pl
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -fprofile-arcs -DTESTING -c mpi.c -o mpi.o
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -DTESTING -DTIMER demo/timing.c mpi.o -o ltmtest
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -DTESTING -DTIMER demo/timing.c mpi.o -lgcov -o ltmtest
 	./ltmtest
 	rm -f *.o ltmtest
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -fbranch-probabilities -DTESTING -c mpi.c -o mpi.o
 	$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) $(LIBNAME) mpi.o
-	ranlib $(LIBNAME)	
+	ranlib $(LIBNAME)
 
 install: $(LIBNAME)
-	install -d -g $(GROUP) -o $(USER) $(DESTDIR)$(LIBPATH)
-	install -d -g $(GROUP) -o $(USER) $(DESTDIR)$(INCPATH)
-	install -g $(GROUP) -o $(USER) $(LIBNAME) $(DESTDIR)$(LIBPATH)
-	install -g $(GROUP) -o $(USER) $(HEADERS) $(DESTDIR)$(INCPATH)
+	install -d $(DESTDIR)$(LIBPATH)
+	install -d $(DESTDIR)$(INCPATH)
+	install -m 644 $(LIBNAME) $(DESTDIR)$(LIBPATH)
+	install -m 644 $(HEADERS_PUB) $(DESTDIR)$(INCPATH)
 
 test: $(LIBNAME) demo/demo.o
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) demo/demo.o $(LIBNAME) -o test
-	
-mtest: test	
-	cd mtest ; $(CC) $(CFLAGS) mtest.c -o mtest
-        
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) demo/demo.o $(LIBNAME) $(LFLAGS) -o test
+
+test_standalone: $(LIBNAME) demo/demo.o
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) demo/demo.o $(LIBNAME) $(LFLAGS) -o test
+
+.PHONY: mtest
+mtest:
+	cd mtest ; $(CC) $(CFLAGS) -O0 mtest.c $(LFLAGS) -o mtest
+
 timing: $(LIBNAME)
-	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -DTIMER demo/timing.c $(LIBNAME) -o ltmtest
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -DTIMER demo/timing.c $(LIBNAME) $(LFLAGS) -o ltmtest
+
+coveralls: coverage
+	cpp-coveralls
 
 # makes the LTM book DVI file, requires tetex, perl and makeindex [part of tetex I think]
 docdvi: tommath.src
-	cd pics ; MAKE=${MAKE} ${MAKE} 
+	cd pics ; MAKE=${MAKE} ${MAKE}
 	echo "hello" > tommath.ind
 	perl booker.pl
 	latex tommath > /dev/null
@@ -139,17 +114,37 @@ docdvi: tommath.src
 
 # poster, makes the single page PDF poster
 poster: poster.tex
+	cp poster.tex poster.bak
+	touch --reference=poster.tex poster.bak
+	(printf "%s" "\def\fixedpdfdate{"; date +'D:%Y%m%d%H%M%S%:z' -d @$$(stat --format=%Y poster.tex) | sed "s/:\([0-9][0-9]\)$$/'\1'}/g") > poster-deterministic.tex
+	printf "%s\n" "\pdfinfo{" >> poster-deterministic.tex
+	printf "%s\n" "  /CreationDate (\fixedpdfdate)" >> poster-deterministic.tex
+	printf "%s\n}\n" "  /ModDate (\fixedpdfdate)" >> poster-deterministic.tex
+	cat poster.tex >> poster-deterministic.tex
+	mv poster-deterministic.tex poster.tex
+	touch --reference=poster.bak poster.tex
 	pdflatex poster
-	rm -f poster.aux poster.log 
+	sed -b -i 's,^/ID \[.*\]$$,/ID [<0> <0>],g' poster.pdf
+	mv poster.bak poster.tex
+	rm -f poster.aux poster.log poster.out
 
 # makes the LTM book PDF file, requires tetex, cleans up the LaTeX temp files
 docs:   docdvi
 	dvipdf tommath
 	rm -f tommath.log tommath.aux tommath.dvi tommath.idx tommath.toc tommath.lof tommath.ind tommath.ilg
 	cd pics ; MAKE=${MAKE} ${MAKE} clean
-	
+
 #LTM user manual
 mandvi: bn.tex
+	cp bn.tex bn.bak
+	touch --reference=bn.tex bn.bak
+	(printf "%s" "\def\fixedpdfdate{"; date +'D:%Y%m%d%H%M%S%:z' -d @$$(stat --format=%Y bn.tex) | sed "s/:\([0-9][0-9]\)$$/'\1'}/g") > bn-deterministic.tex
+	printf "%s\n" "\pdfinfo{" >> bn-deterministic.tex
+	printf "%s\n" "  /CreationDate (\fixedpdfdate)" >> bn-deterministic.tex
+	printf "%s\n}\n" "  /ModDate (\fixedpdfdate)" >> bn-deterministic.tex
+	cat bn.tex >> bn-deterministic.tex
+	mv bn-deterministic.tex bn.tex
+	touch --reference=bn.bak bn.tex
 	echo "hello" > bn.ind
 	latex bn > /dev/null
 	latex bn > /dev/null
@@ -159,28 +154,36 @@ mandvi: bn.tex
 #LTM user manual [pdf]
 manual:	mandvi
 	pdflatex bn >/dev/null
+	sed -b -i 's,^/ID \[.*\]$$,/ID [<0> <0>],g' bn.pdf
+	mv bn.bak bn.tex
 	rm -f bn.aux bn.dvi bn.log bn.idx bn.lof bn.out bn.toc
 
-pretty: 
+pretty:
 	perl pretty.build
 
-clean:
-	rm -f *.bat *.pdf *.o *.a *.obj *.lib *.exe *.dll etclib/*.o demo/demo.o test ltmtest mpitest mtest/mtest mtest/mtest.exe \
-        *.idx *.toc *.log *.aux *.dvi *.lof *.ind *.ilg *.ps *.log *.s mpi.c *.da *.dyn *.dpi tommath.tex `find . -type f | grep [~] | xargs` *.lo *.la
-	rm -rf .libs
-	cd etc ; MAKE=${MAKE} ${MAKE} clean
-	cd pics ; MAKE=${MAKE} ${MAKE} clean
-
-#zipup the project (take that!)
+#\zipup the project (take that!)
 no_oops: clean
-	cd .. ; cvs commit 
+	cd .. ; cvs commit
 	echo Scanning for scratch/dirty files
 	find . -type f | grep -v CVS | xargs -n 1 bash mess.sh
 
-zipup: clean manual poster docs
-	perl gen.pl ; mv mpi.c pre_gen/ ; \
-	cd .. ; rm -rf ltm* libtommath-$(VERSION) ; mkdir libtommath-$(VERSION) ; \
-	cp -R ./libtommath/* ./libtommath-$(VERSION)/ ; \
-	tar -c libtommath-$(VERSION)/* | bzip2 -9vvc > ltm-$(VERSION).tar.bz2 ; \
-	zip -9 -r ltm-$(VERSION).zip libtommath-$(VERSION)/* ; \
-	mv -f ltm* ~ ; rm -rf libtommath-$(VERSION)
+.PHONY: pre_gen
+pre_gen:
+	perl gen.pl
+	sed -e 's/[[:blank:]]*$$//' mpi.c > pre_gen/mpi.c
+	rm mpi.c
+
+zipup:
+	rm -rf ../libtommath-$(VERSION) \
+		&& rm -f ../ltm-$(VERSION).zip ../ltm-$(VERSION).zip.asc ../ltm-$(VERSION).tar.xz ../ltm-$(VERSION).tar.xz.asc
+	git archive HEAD --prefix=libtommath-$(VERSION)/ > ../libtommath-$(VERSION).tar
+	cd .. ; tar xf libtommath-$(VERSION).tar
+	MAKE=${MAKE} ${MAKE} -C ../libtommath-$(VERSION) clean manual poster docs
+	tar -c ../libtommath-$(VERSION)/* | xz -9 > ../ltm-$(VERSION).tar.xz
+	find ../libtommath-$(VERSION)/ -type f -exec unix2dos -q {} \;
+	cd .. ; zip -9r ltm-$(VERSION).zip libtommath-$(VERSION)
+	gpg -b -a ../ltm-$(VERSION).tar.xz && gpg -b -a ../ltm-$(VERSION).zip
+
+new_file:
+	bash updatemakes.sh
+	perl dep.pl
diff --git a/libtommath/makefile.bcc b/libtommath/makefile.bcc
index 67743d9..a0cfd74 100644
--- a/libtommath/makefile.bcc
+++ b/libtommath/makefile.bcc
@@ -7,33 +7,35 @@ LIB = tlib
 CC = bcc32
 CFLAGS = -c -O2 -I.
 
-OBJECTS=bncore.obj bn_mp_init.obj bn_mp_clear.obj bn_mp_exch.obj bn_mp_grow.obj bn_mp_shrink.obj \
-bn_mp_clamp.obj bn_mp_zero.obj  bn_mp_set.obj bn_mp_set_int.obj bn_mp_init_size.obj bn_mp_copy.obj \
-bn_mp_init_copy.obj bn_mp_abs.obj bn_mp_neg.obj bn_mp_cmp_mag.obj bn_mp_cmp.obj bn_mp_cmp_d.obj \
-bn_mp_rshd.obj bn_mp_lshd.obj bn_mp_mod_2d.obj bn_mp_div_2d.obj bn_mp_mul_2d.obj bn_mp_div_2.obj \
-bn_mp_mul_2.obj bn_s_mp_add.obj bn_s_mp_sub.obj bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.obj bn_s_mp_mul_digs.obj \
-bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.obj bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.obj bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.obj bn_s_mp_sqr.obj \
-bn_mp_add.obj bn_mp_sub.obj bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.obj bn_mp_mul.obj bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.obj \
-bn_mp_sqr.obj bn_mp_div.obj bn_mp_mod.obj bn_mp_add_d.obj bn_mp_sub_d.obj bn_mp_mul_d.obj \
-bn_mp_div_d.obj bn_mp_mod_d.obj bn_mp_expt_d.obj bn_mp_addmod.obj bn_mp_submod.obj \
-bn_mp_mulmod.obj bn_mp_sqrmod.obj bn_mp_gcd.obj bn_mp_lcm.obj bn_fast_mp_invmod.obj bn_mp_invmod.obj \
-bn_mp_reduce.obj bn_mp_montgomery_setup.obj bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.obj bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.obj \
-bn_mp_exptmod_fast.obj bn_mp_exptmod.obj bn_mp_2expt.obj bn_mp_n_root.obj bn_mp_jacobi.obj bn_reverse.obj \
-bn_mp_count_bits.obj bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.obj bn_mp_read_signed_bin.obj bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.obj \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin.obj bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.obj bn_mp_signed_bin_size.obj  \
-bn_mp_xor.obj bn_mp_and.obj bn_mp_or.obj bn_mp_rand.obj bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.obj \
-bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.obj bn_prime_tab.obj bn_mp_prime_fermat.obj bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.obj \
-bn_mp_prime_is_prime.obj bn_mp_prime_next_prime.obj bn_mp_dr_reduce.obj \
-bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.obj bn_mp_dr_setup.obj bn_mp_reduce_setup.obj \
-bn_mp_toom_mul.obj bn_mp_toom_sqr.obj bn_mp_div_3.obj bn_s_mp_exptmod.obj \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k.obj bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.obj \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.obj \
-bn_mp_radix_smap.obj bn_mp_read_radix.obj bn_mp_toradix.obj bn_mp_radix_size.obj \
-bn_mp_fread.obj bn_mp_fwrite.obj bn_mp_cnt_lsb.obj bn_error.obj \
-bn_mp_init_multi.obj bn_mp_clear_multi.obj bn_mp_exteuclid.obj bn_mp_toradix_n.obj \
-bn_mp_prime_random_ex.obj bn_mp_get_int.obj bn_mp_sqrt.obj bn_mp_is_square.obj \
-bn_mp_init_set.obj bn_mp_init_set_int.obj bn_mp_invmod_slow.obj bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.obj \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.obj bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.obj
+#START_INS
+OBJECTS=bncore.obj bn_error.obj bn_fast_mp_invmod.obj bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.obj bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.obj \
+bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.obj bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.obj bn_mp_2expt.obj bn_mp_abs.obj bn_mp_add.obj bn_mp_add_d.obj \
+bn_mp_addmod.obj bn_mp_and.obj bn_mp_clamp.obj bn_mp_clear.obj bn_mp_clear_multi.obj bn_mp_cmp.obj bn_mp_cmp_d.obj \
+bn_mp_cmp_mag.obj bn_mp_cnt_lsb.obj bn_mp_copy.obj bn_mp_count_bits.obj bn_mp_div_2.obj bn_mp_div_2d.obj bn_mp_div_3.obj \
+bn_mp_div.obj bn_mp_div_d.obj bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.obj bn_mp_dr_reduce.obj bn_mp_dr_setup.obj bn_mp_exch.obj \
+bn_mp_export.obj bn_mp_expt_d.obj bn_mp_expt_d_ex.obj bn_mp_exptmod.obj bn_mp_exptmod_fast.obj bn_mp_exteuclid.obj \
+bn_mp_fread.obj bn_mp_fwrite.obj bn_mp_gcd.obj bn_mp_get_int.obj bn_mp_get_long.obj bn_mp_get_long_long.obj \
+bn_mp_grow.obj bn_mp_import.obj bn_mp_init.obj bn_mp_init_copy.obj bn_mp_init_multi.obj bn_mp_init_set.obj \
+bn_mp_init_set_int.obj bn_mp_init_size.obj bn_mp_invmod.obj bn_mp_invmod_slow.obj bn_mp_is_square.obj \
+bn_mp_jacobi.obj bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.obj bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.obj bn_mp_lcm.obj bn_mp_lshd.obj bn_mp_mod_2d.obj \
+bn_mp_mod.obj bn_mp_mod_d.obj bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.obj bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.obj \
+bn_mp_montgomery_setup.obj bn_mp_mul_2.obj bn_mp_mul_2d.obj bn_mp_mul.obj bn_mp_mul_d.obj bn_mp_mulmod.obj bn_mp_neg.obj \
+bn_mp_n_root.obj bn_mp_n_root_ex.obj bn_mp_or.obj bn_mp_prime_fermat.obj bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.obj \
+bn_mp_prime_is_prime.obj bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.obj bn_mp_prime_next_prime.obj \
+bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.obj bn_mp_prime_random_ex.obj bn_mp_radix_size.obj bn_mp_radix_smap.obj \
+bn_mp_rand.obj bn_mp_read_radix.obj bn_mp_read_signed_bin.obj bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k.obj \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.obj bn_mp_reduce.obj \
+bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.obj bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_setup.obj bn_mp_rshd.obj bn_mp_set.obj bn_mp_set_int.obj \
+bn_mp_set_long.obj bn_mp_set_long_long.obj bn_mp_shrink.obj bn_mp_signed_bin_size.obj bn_mp_sqr.obj bn_mp_sqrmod.obj \
+bn_mp_sqrt.obj bn_mp_sqrtmod_prime.obj bn_mp_sub.obj bn_mp_sub_d.obj bn_mp_submod.obj bn_mp_toom_mul.obj \
+bn_mp_toom_sqr.obj bn_mp_toradix.obj bn_mp_toradix_n.obj bn_mp_to_signed_bin.obj bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.obj \
+bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.obj bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.obj bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.obj bn_mp_xor.obj bn_mp_zero.obj \
+bn_prime_tab.obj bn_reverse.obj bn_s_mp_add.obj bn_s_mp_exptmod.obj bn_s_mp_mul_digs.obj bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.obj \
+bn_s_mp_sqr.obj bn_s_mp_sub.obj
+
+#END_INS
+
+HEADERS=tommath.h tommath_class.h tommath_superclass.h
 
 TARGET = libtommath.lib
 
diff --git a/libtommath/makefile.cygwin_dll b/libtommath/makefile.cygwin_dll
index 85b10c7..59acad3 100644
--- a/libtommath/makefile.cygwin_dll
+++ b/libtommath/makefile.cygwin_dll
@@ -8,37 +8,39 @@
 CFLAGS  +=  -I./ -Wall -W -Wshadow -O3 -funroll-loops -mno-cygwin
 
 #x86 optimizations [should be valid for any GCC install though]
-CFLAGS  += -fomit-frame-pointer 
+CFLAGS  += -fomit-frame-pointer
 
 default: windll
 
-OBJECTS=bncore.o bn_mp_init.o bn_mp_clear.o bn_mp_exch.o bn_mp_grow.o bn_mp_shrink.o \
-bn_mp_clamp.o bn_mp_zero.o  bn_mp_set.o bn_mp_set_int.o bn_mp_init_size.o bn_mp_copy.o \
-bn_mp_init_copy.o bn_mp_abs.o bn_mp_neg.o bn_mp_cmp_mag.o bn_mp_cmp.o bn_mp_cmp_d.o \
-bn_mp_rshd.o bn_mp_lshd.o bn_mp_mod_2d.o bn_mp_div_2d.o bn_mp_mul_2d.o bn_mp_div_2.o \
-bn_mp_mul_2.o bn_s_mp_add.o bn_s_mp_sub.o bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_digs.o \
-bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.o bn_s_mp_sqr.o \
-bn_mp_add.o bn_mp_sub.o bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.o bn_mp_mul.o bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.o \
-bn_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_div.o bn_mp_mod.o bn_mp_add_d.o bn_mp_sub_d.o bn_mp_mul_d.o \
-bn_mp_div_d.o bn_mp_mod_d.o bn_mp_expt_d.o bn_mp_addmod.o bn_mp_submod.o \
-bn_mp_mulmod.o bn_mp_sqrmod.o bn_mp_gcd.o bn_mp_lcm.o bn_fast_mp_invmod.o bn_mp_invmod.o \
-bn_mp_reduce.o bn_mp_montgomery_setup.o bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.o bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.o \
-bn_mp_exptmod_fast.o bn_mp_exptmod.o bn_mp_2expt.o bn_mp_n_root.o bn_mp_jacobi.o bn_reverse.o \
-bn_mp_count_bits.o bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_read_signed_bin.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.o \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin.o bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.o bn_mp_signed_bin_size.o  \
-bn_mp_xor.o bn_mp_and.o bn_mp_or.o bn_mp_rand.o bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.o \
-bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.o bn_prime_tab.o bn_mp_prime_fermat.o bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.o \
-bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o \
-bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o \
-bn_mp_toom_mul.o bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_div_3.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o \
-bn_mp_radix_smap.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_radix_size.o \
-bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_error.o \
-bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o \
-bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_is_square.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
-bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o
+#START_INS
+OBJECTS=bncore.o bn_error.o bn_fast_mp_invmod.o bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.o bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.o \
+bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_2expt.o bn_mp_abs.o bn_mp_add.o bn_mp_add_d.o \
+bn_mp_addmod.o bn_mp_and.o bn_mp_clamp.o bn_mp_clear.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_cmp.o bn_mp_cmp_d.o \
+bn_mp_cmp_mag.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_mp_copy.o bn_mp_count_bits.o bn_mp_div_2.o bn_mp_div_2d.o bn_mp_div_3.o \
+bn_mp_div.o bn_mp_div_d.o bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_exch.o \
+bn_mp_export.o bn_mp_expt_d.o bn_mp_expt_d_ex.o bn_mp_exptmod.o bn_mp_exptmod_fast.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o \
+bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_gcd.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_get_long.o bn_mp_get_long_long.o \
+bn_mp_grow.o bn_mp_import.o bn_mp_init.o bn_mp_init_copy.o bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
+bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_init_size.o bn_mp_invmod.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_is_square.o \
+bn_mp_jacobi.o bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.o bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.o bn_mp_lcm.o bn_mp_lshd.o bn_mp_mod_2d.o \
+bn_mp_mod.o bn_mp_mod_d.o bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.o bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.o \
+bn_mp_montgomery_setup.o bn_mp_mul_2.o bn_mp_mul_2d.o bn_mp_mul.o bn_mp_mul_d.o bn_mp_mulmod.o bn_mp_neg.o \
+bn_mp_n_root.o bn_mp_n_root_ex.o bn_mp_or.o bn_mp_prime_fermat.o bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.o \
+bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o \
+bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_radix_size.o bn_mp_radix_smap.o \
+bn_mp_rand.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_read_signed_bin.o bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_reduce_2k.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o bn_mp_reduce.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o bn_mp_rshd.o bn_mp_set.o bn_mp_set_int.o \
+bn_mp_set_long.o bn_mp_set_long_long.o bn_mp_shrink.o bn_mp_signed_bin_size.o bn_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_sqrmod.o \
+bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_sqrtmod_prime.o bn_mp_sub.o bn_mp_sub_d.o bn_mp_submod.o bn_mp_toom_mul.o \
+bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o bn_mp_to_signed_bin.o bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o \
+bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.o bn_mp_xor.o bn_mp_zero.o \
+bn_prime_tab.o bn_reverse.o bn_s_mp_add.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o bn_s_mp_mul_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o \
+bn_s_mp_sqr.o bn_s_mp_sub.o
+
+#END_INS
+
+HEADERS=tommath.h tommath_class.h tommath_superclass.h
 
 # make a Windows DLL via Cygwin
 windll:  $(OBJECTS)
diff --git a/libtommath/makefile.icc b/libtommath/makefile.icc
index cf70ab0..1563802 100644
--- a/libtommath/makefile.icc
+++ b/libtommath/makefile.icc
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ CFLAGS  +=  -I./
 # -ax?   specifies make code specifically for ? but compatible with IA-32
 # -x?    specifies compile solely for ? [not specifically IA-32 compatible]
 #
-# where ? is 
+# where ? is
 #   K - PIII
 #   W - first P4 [Williamette]
 #   N - P4 Northwood
@@ -29,7 +29,6 @@ default: libtommath.a
 
 #default files to install
 LIBNAME=libtommath.a
-HEADERS=tommath.h
 
 #LIBPATH-The directory for libtomcrypt to be installed to.
 #INCPATH-The directory to install the header files for libtommath.
@@ -39,33 +38,35 @@ LIBPATH=/usr/lib
 INCPATH=/usr/include
 DATAPATH=/usr/share/doc/libtommath/pdf
 
-OBJECTS=bncore.o bn_mp_init.o bn_mp_clear.o bn_mp_exch.o bn_mp_grow.o bn_mp_shrink.o \
-bn_mp_clamp.o bn_mp_zero.o  bn_mp_set.o bn_mp_set_int.o bn_mp_init_size.o bn_mp_copy.o \
-bn_mp_init_copy.o bn_mp_abs.o bn_mp_neg.o bn_mp_cmp_mag.o bn_mp_cmp.o bn_mp_cmp_d.o \
-bn_mp_rshd.o bn_mp_lshd.o bn_mp_mod_2d.o bn_mp_div_2d.o bn_mp_mul_2d.o bn_mp_div_2.o \
-bn_mp_mul_2.o bn_s_mp_add.o bn_s_mp_sub.o bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_digs.o \
-bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.o bn_s_mp_sqr.o \
-bn_mp_add.o bn_mp_sub.o bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.o bn_mp_mul.o bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.o \
-bn_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_div.o bn_mp_mod.o bn_mp_add_d.o bn_mp_sub_d.o bn_mp_mul_d.o \
-bn_mp_div_d.o bn_mp_mod_d.o bn_mp_expt_d.o bn_mp_addmod.o bn_mp_submod.o \
-bn_mp_mulmod.o bn_mp_sqrmod.o bn_mp_gcd.o bn_mp_lcm.o bn_fast_mp_invmod.o bn_mp_invmod.o \
-bn_mp_reduce.o bn_mp_montgomery_setup.o bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.o bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.o \
-bn_mp_exptmod_fast.o bn_mp_exptmod.o bn_mp_2expt.o bn_mp_n_root.o bn_mp_jacobi.o bn_reverse.o \
-bn_mp_count_bits.o bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_read_signed_bin.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.o \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin.o bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.o bn_mp_signed_bin_size.o  \
-bn_mp_xor.o bn_mp_and.o bn_mp_or.o bn_mp_rand.o bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.o \
-bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.o bn_prime_tab.o bn_mp_prime_fermat.o bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.o \
-bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o \
-bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o \
-bn_mp_toom_mul.o bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_div_3.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o \
-bn_mp_radix_smap.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_radix_size.o \
-bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_error.o \
-bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o \
-bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_is_square.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
-bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o
+#START_INS
+OBJECTS=bncore.o bn_error.o bn_fast_mp_invmod.o bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.o bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.o \
+bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_2expt.o bn_mp_abs.o bn_mp_add.o bn_mp_add_d.o \
+bn_mp_addmod.o bn_mp_and.o bn_mp_clamp.o bn_mp_clear.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_cmp.o bn_mp_cmp_d.o \
+bn_mp_cmp_mag.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_mp_copy.o bn_mp_count_bits.o bn_mp_div_2.o bn_mp_div_2d.o bn_mp_div_3.o \
+bn_mp_div.o bn_mp_div_d.o bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_exch.o \
+bn_mp_export.o bn_mp_expt_d.o bn_mp_expt_d_ex.o bn_mp_exptmod.o bn_mp_exptmod_fast.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o \
+bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_gcd.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_get_long.o bn_mp_get_long_long.o \
+bn_mp_grow.o bn_mp_import.o bn_mp_init.o bn_mp_init_copy.o bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
+bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_init_size.o bn_mp_invmod.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_is_square.o \
+bn_mp_jacobi.o bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.o bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.o bn_mp_lcm.o bn_mp_lshd.o bn_mp_mod_2d.o \
+bn_mp_mod.o bn_mp_mod_d.o bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.o bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.o \
+bn_mp_montgomery_setup.o bn_mp_mul_2.o bn_mp_mul_2d.o bn_mp_mul.o bn_mp_mul_d.o bn_mp_mulmod.o bn_mp_neg.o \
+bn_mp_n_root.o bn_mp_n_root_ex.o bn_mp_or.o bn_mp_prime_fermat.o bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.o \
+bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o \
+bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_radix_size.o bn_mp_radix_smap.o \
+bn_mp_rand.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_read_signed_bin.o bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_reduce_2k.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o bn_mp_reduce.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o bn_mp_rshd.o bn_mp_set.o bn_mp_set_int.o \
+bn_mp_set_long.o bn_mp_set_long_long.o bn_mp_shrink.o bn_mp_signed_bin_size.o bn_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_sqrmod.o \
+bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_sqrtmod_prime.o bn_mp_sub.o bn_mp_sub_d.o bn_mp_submod.o bn_mp_toom_mul.o \
+bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o bn_mp_to_signed_bin.o bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o \
+bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.o bn_mp_xor.o bn_mp_zero.o \
+bn_prime_tab.o bn_reverse.o bn_s_mp_add.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o bn_s_mp_mul_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o \
+bn_s_mp_sqr.o bn_s_mp_sub.o
+
+#END_INS
+
+HEADERS=tommath.h tommath_class.h tommath_superclass.h
 
 libtommath.a:  $(OBJECTS)
 	$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) libtommath.a $(OBJECTS)
@@ -75,7 +76,7 @@ libtommath.a:  $(OBJECTS)
 #
 # This will build the library with profile generation
 # then run the test demo and rebuild the library.
-# 
+#
 # So far I've seen improvements in the MP math
 profiled:
 	make -f makefile.icc CFLAGS="$(CFLAGS) -prof_gen -DTESTING" timing
@@ -83,7 +84,7 @@ profiled:
 	rm -f *.a *.o ltmtest
 	make -f makefile.icc CFLAGS="$(CFLAGS) -prof_use"
 
-#make a single object profiled library 
+#make a single object profiled library
 profiled_single:
 	perl gen.pl
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -prof_gen -DTESTING -c mpi.c -o mpi.o
@@ -92,7 +93,7 @@ profiled_single:
 	rm -f *.o ltmtest
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -prof_use -ip -DTESTING -c mpi.c -o mpi.o
 	$(AR) $(ARFLAGS) libtommath.a mpi.o
-	ranlib libtommath.a	
+	ranlib libtommath.a
 
 install: libtommath.a
 	install -d -g $(GROUP) -o $(USER) $(DESTDIR)$(LIBPATH)
@@ -102,10 +103,10 @@ install: libtommath.a
 
 test: libtommath.a demo/demo.o
 	$(CC) demo/demo.o libtommath.a -o test
-	
-mtest: test	
+
+mtest: test
 	cd mtest ; $(CC) $(CFLAGS) mtest.c -o mtest
-        
+
 timing: libtommath.a
 	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -DTIMER demo/timing.c libtommath.a -o ltmtest
 
diff --git a/libtommath/makefile.msvc b/libtommath/makefile.msvc
index 5edebec..a47aadd 100644
--- a/libtommath/makefile.msvc
+++ b/libtommath/makefile.msvc
@@ -6,33 +6,33 @@ CFLAGS = /I. /Ox /DWIN32 /W3 /Fo$@
 
 default: library
 
-OBJECTS=bncore.obj bn_mp_init.obj bn_mp_clear.obj bn_mp_exch.obj bn_mp_grow.obj bn_mp_shrink.obj \
-bn_mp_clamp.obj bn_mp_zero.obj  bn_mp_set.obj bn_mp_set_int.obj bn_mp_init_size.obj bn_mp_copy.obj \
-bn_mp_init_copy.obj bn_mp_abs.obj bn_mp_neg.obj bn_mp_cmp_mag.obj bn_mp_cmp.obj bn_mp_cmp_d.obj \
-bn_mp_rshd.obj bn_mp_lshd.obj bn_mp_mod_2d.obj bn_mp_div_2d.obj bn_mp_mul_2d.obj bn_mp_div_2.obj \
-bn_mp_mul_2.obj bn_s_mp_add.obj bn_s_mp_sub.obj bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.obj bn_s_mp_mul_digs.obj \
-bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.obj bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.obj bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.obj bn_s_mp_sqr.obj \
-bn_mp_add.obj bn_mp_sub.obj bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.obj bn_mp_mul.obj bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.obj \
-bn_mp_sqr.obj bn_mp_div.obj bn_mp_mod.obj bn_mp_add_d.obj bn_mp_sub_d.obj bn_mp_mul_d.obj \
-bn_mp_div_d.obj bn_mp_mod_d.obj bn_mp_expt_d.obj bn_mp_addmod.obj bn_mp_submod.obj \
-bn_mp_mulmod.obj bn_mp_sqrmod.obj bn_mp_gcd.obj bn_mp_lcm.obj bn_fast_mp_invmod.obj bn_mp_invmod.obj \
-bn_mp_reduce.obj bn_mp_montgomery_setup.obj bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.obj bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.obj \
-bn_mp_exptmod_fast.obj bn_mp_exptmod.obj bn_mp_2expt.obj bn_mp_n_root.obj bn_mp_jacobi.obj bn_reverse.obj \
-bn_mp_count_bits.obj bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.obj bn_mp_read_signed_bin.obj bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.obj \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin.obj bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.obj bn_mp_signed_bin_size.obj  \
-bn_mp_xor.obj bn_mp_and.obj bn_mp_or.obj bn_mp_rand.obj bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.obj \
-bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.obj bn_prime_tab.obj bn_mp_prime_fermat.obj bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.obj \
-bn_mp_prime_is_prime.obj bn_mp_prime_next_prime.obj bn_mp_dr_reduce.obj \
-bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.obj bn_mp_dr_setup.obj bn_mp_reduce_setup.obj \
-bn_mp_toom_mul.obj bn_mp_toom_sqr.obj bn_mp_div_3.obj bn_s_mp_exptmod.obj \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k.obj bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.obj \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.obj \
-bn_mp_radix_smap.obj bn_mp_read_radix.obj bn_mp_toradix.obj bn_mp_radix_size.obj \
-bn_mp_fread.obj bn_mp_fwrite.obj bn_mp_cnt_lsb.obj bn_error.obj \
-bn_mp_init_multi.obj bn_mp_clear_multi.obj bn_mp_exteuclid.obj bn_mp_toradix_n.obj \
-bn_mp_prime_random_ex.obj bn_mp_get_int.obj bn_mp_sqrt.obj bn_mp_is_square.obj \
-bn_mp_init_set.obj bn_mp_init_set_int.obj bn_mp_invmod_slow.obj bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.obj \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.obj bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.obj
+#START_INS
+OBJECTS=bncore.obj bn_error.obj bn_fast_mp_invmod.obj bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.obj bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.obj \
+bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.obj bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.obj bn_mp_2expt.obj bn_mp_abs.obj bn_mp_add.obj bn_mp_add_d.obj \
+bn_mp_addmod.obj bn_mp_and.obj bn_mp_clamp.obj bn_mp_clear.obj bn_mp_clear_multi.obj bn_mp_cmp.obj bn_mp_cmp_d.obj \
+bn_mp_cmp_mag.obj bn_mp_cnt_lsb.obj bn_mp_copy.obj bn_mp_count_bits.obj bn_mp_div_2.obj bn_mp_div_2d.obj bn_mp_div_3.obj \
+bn_mp_div.obj bn_mp_div_d.obj bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.obj bn_mp_dr_reduce.obj bn_mp_dr_setup.obj bn_mp_exch.obj \
+bn_mp_export.obj bn_mp_expt_d.obj bn_mp_expt_d_ex.obj bn_mp_exptmod.obj bn_mp_exptmod_fast.obj bn_mp_exteuclid.obj \
+bn_mp_fread.obj bn_mp_fwrite.obj bn_mp_gcd.obj bn_mp_get_int.obj bn_mp_get_long.obj bn_mp_get_long_long.obj \
+bn_mp_grow.obj bn_mp_import.obj bn_mp_init.obj bn_mp_init_copy.obj bn_mp_init_multi.obj bn_mp_init_set.obj \
+bn_mp_init_set_int.obj bn_mp_init_size.obj bn_mp_invmod.obj bn_mp_invmod_slow.obj bn_mp_is_square.obj \
+bn_mp_jacobi.obj bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.obj bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.obj bn_mp_lcm.obj bn_mp_lshd.obj bn_mp_mod_2d.obj \
+bn_mp_mod.obj bn_mp_mod_d.obj bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.obj bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.obj \
+bn_mp_montgomery_setup.obj bn_mp_mul_2.obj bn_mp_mul_2d.obj bn_mp_mul.obj bn_mp_mul_d.obj bn_mp_mulmod.obj bn_mp_neg.obj \
+bn_mp_n_root.obj bn_mp_n_root_ex.obj bn_mp_or.obj bn_mp_prime_fermat.obj bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.obj \
+bn_mp_prime_is_prime.obj bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.obj bn_mp_prime_next_prime.obj \
+bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.obj bn_mp_prime_random_ex.obj bn_mp_radix_size.obj bn_mp_radix_smap.obj \
+bn_mp_rand.obj bn_mp_read_radix.obj bn_mp_read_signed_bin.obj bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k.obj \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.obj bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.obj bn_mp_reduce.obj \
+bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.obj bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.obj bn_mp_reduce_setup.obj bn_mp_rshd.obj bn_mp_set.obj bn_mp_set_int.obj \
+bn_mp_set_long.obj bn_mp_set_long_long.obj bn_mp_shrink.obj bn_mp_signed_bin_size.obj bn_mp_sqr.obj bn_mp_sqrmod.obj \
+bn_mp_sqrt.obj bn_mp_sqrtmod_prime.obj bn_mp_sub.obj bn_mp_sub_d.obj bn_mp_submod.obj bn_mp_toom_mul.obj \
+bn_mp_toom_sqr.obj bn_mp_toradix.obj bn_mp_toradix_n.obj bn_mp_to_signed_bin.obj bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.obj \
+bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.obj bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.obj bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.obj bn_mp_xor.obj bn_mp_zero.obj \
+bn_prime_tab.obj bn_reverse.obj bn_s_mp_add.obj bn_s_mp_exptmod.obj bn_s_mp_mul_digs.obj bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.obj \
+bn_s_mp_sqr.obj bn_s_mp_sub.obj
+
+#END_INS
 
 HEADERS=tommath.h tommath_class.h tommath_superclass.h
 
diff --git a/libtommath/makefile.shared b/libtommath/makefile.shared
index f17bbbd..559720e 100644
--- a/libtommath/makefile.shared
+++ b/libtommath/makefile.shared
@@ -1,102 +1,71 @@
 #Makefile for GCC
 #
 #Tom St Denis
-VERSION=0:41
-
-CC = libtool --mode=compile --tag=CC gcc
-
-CFLAGS  +=  -I./ -Wall -W -Wshadow -Wsign-compare
-
-ifndef IGNORE_SPEED
-
-#for speed 
-CFLAGS += -O3 -funroll-loops
-
-#for size 
-#CFLAGS += -Os
-
-#x86 optimizations [should be valid for any GCC install though]
-CFLAGS  += -fomit-frame-pointer
-
-endif
-
-#install as this user
-ifndef INSTALL_GROUP
-   GROUP=wheel
-else
-   GROUP=$(INSTALL_GROUP)
-endif
-
-ifndef INSTALL_USER
-   USER=root
-else
-   USER=$(INSTALL_USER)
-endif
-
-default: libtommath.la
 
 #default files to install
 ifndef LIBNAME
    LIBNAME=libtommath.la
 endif
-ifndef LIBNAME_S
-   LIBNAME_S=libtommath.a
-endif
-HEADERS=tommath.h tommath_class.h tommath_superclass.h
-
-#LIBPATH-The directory for libtommath to be installed to.
-#INCPATH-The directory to install the header files for libtommath.
-#DATAPATH-The directory to install the pdf docs.
-DESTDIR=
-LIBPATH=/usr/lib
-INCPATH=/usr/include
-DATAPATH=/usr/share/doc/libtommath/pdf
 
-OBJECTS=bncore.o bn_mp_init.o bn_mp_clear.o bn_mp_exch.o bn_mp_grow.o bn_mp_shrink.o \
-bn_mp_clamp.o bn_mp_zero.o  bn_mp_set.o bn_mp_set_int.o bn_mp_init_size.o bn_mp_copy.o \
-bn_mp_init_copy.o bn_mp_abs.o bn_mp_neg.o bn_mp_cmp_mag.o bn_mp_cmp.o bn_mp_cmp_d.o \
-bn_mp_rshd.o bn_mp_lshd.o bn_mp_mod_2d.o bn_mp_div_2d.o bn_mp_mul_2d.o bn_mp_div_2.o \
-bn_mp_mul_2.o bn_s_mp_add.o bn_s_mp_sub.o bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_digs.o \
-bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.o bn_s_mp_sqr.o \
-bn_mp_add.o bn_mp_sub.o bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.o bn_mp_mul.o bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.o \
-bn_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_div.o bn_mp_mod.o bn_mp_add_d.o bn_mp_sub_d.o bn_mp_mul_d.o \
-bn_mp_div_d.o bn_mp_mod_d.o bn_mp_expt_d.o bn_mp_addmod.o bn_mp_submod.o \
-bn_mp_mulmod.o bn_mp_sqrmod.o bn_mp_gcd.o bn_mp_lcm.o bn_fast_mp_invmod.o bn_mp_invmod.o \
-bn_mp_reduce.o bn_mp_montgomery_setup.o bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.o bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.o \
-bn_mp_exptmod_fast.o bn_mp_exptmod.o bn_mp_2expt.o bn_mp_n_root.o bn_mp_jacobi.o bn_reverse.o \
-bn_mp_count_bits.o bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_read_signed_bin.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.o \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin.o bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.o bn_mp_signed_bin_size.o  \
-bn_mp_xor.o bn_mp_and.o bn_mp_or.o bn_mp_rand.o bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.o \
-bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.o bn_prime_tab.o bn_mp_prime_fermat.o bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.o \
-bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o \
-bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o \
-bn_mp_toom_mul.o bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_div_3.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o \
-bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o \
-bn_mp_radix_smap.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_radix_size.o \
-bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_error.o \
-bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o \
-bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_is_square.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
-bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o \
-bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o
+include makefile.include
+
+LT	?= libtool
+LTCOMPILE = $(LT) --mode=compile --tag=CC $(CC)
+
+LCOV_ARGS=--directory .libs --directory .
+
+#START_INS
+OBJECTS=bncore.o bn_error.o bn_fast_mp_invmod.o bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.o bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.o \
+bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_2expt.o bn_mp_abs.o bn_mp_add.o bn_mp_add_d.o \
+bn_mp_addmod.o bn_mp_and.o bn_mp_clamp.o bn_mp_clear.o bn_mp_clear_multi.o bn_mp_cmp.o bn_mp_cmp_d.o \
+bn_mp_cmp_mag.o bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_mp_copy.o bn_mp_count_bits.o bn_mp_div_2.o bn_mp_div_2d.o bn_mp_div_3.o \
+bn_mp_div.o bn_mp_div_d.o bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.o bn_mp_dr_reduce.o bn_mp_dr_setup.o bn_mp_exch.o \
+bn_mp_export.o bn_mp_expt_d.o bn_mp_expt_d_ex.o bn_mp_exptmod.o bn_mp_exptmod_fast.o bn_mp_exteuclid.o \
+bn_mp_fread.o bn_mp_fwrite.o bn_mp_gcd.o bn_mp_get_int.o bn_mp_get_long.o bn_mp_get_long_long.o \
+bn_mp_grow.o bn_mp_import.o bn_mp_init.o bn_mp_init_copy.o bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
+bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_init_size.o bn_mp_invmod.o bn_mp_invmod_slow.o bn_mp_is_square.o \
+bn_mp_jacobi.o bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.o bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.o bn_mp_lcm.o bn_mp_lshd.o bn_mp_mod_2d.o \
+bn_mp_mod.o bn_mp_mod_d.o bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.o bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.o \
+bn_mp_montgomery_setup.o bn_mp_mul_2.o bn_mp_mul_2d.o bn_mp_mul.o bn_mp_mul_d.o bn_mp_mulmod.o bn_mp_neg.o \
+bn_mp_n_root.o bn_mp_n_root_ex.o bn_mp_or.o bn_mp_prime_fermat.o bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.o \
+bn_mp_prime_is_prime.o bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.o bn_mp_prime_next_prime.o \
+bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.o bn_mp_prime_random_ex.o bn_mp_radix_size.o bn_mp_radix_smap.o \
+bn_mp_rand.o bn_mp_read_radix.o bn_mp_read_signed_bin.o bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_reduce_2k.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.o bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.o bn_mp_reduce.o \
+bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.o bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.o bn_mp_reduce_setup.o bn_mp_rshd.o bn_mp_set.o bn_mp_set_int.o \
+bn_mp_set_long.o bn_mp_set_long_long.o bn_mp_shrink.o bn_mp_signed_bin_size.o bn_mp_sqr.o bn_mp_sqrmod.o \
+bn_mp_sqrt.o bn_mp_sqrtmod_prime.o bn_mp_sub.o bn_mp_sub_d.o bn_mp_submod.o bn_mp_toom_mul.o \
+bn_mp_toom_sqr.o bn_mp_toradix.o bn_mp_toradix_n.o bn_mp_to_signed_bin.o bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.o \
+bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.o bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.o bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.o bn_mp_xor.o bn_mp_zero.o \
+bn_prime_tab.o bn_reverse.o bn_s_mp_add.o bn_s_mp_exptmod.o bn_s_mp_mul_digs.o bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.o \
+bn_s_mp_sqr.o bn_s_mp_sub.o
+
+#END_INS
 
 objs: $(OBJECTS)
 
+.c.o:
+	$(LTCOMPILE) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ -c $<
+
 $(LIBNAME):  $(OBJECTS)
-	libtool --mode=link gcc *.lo -o $(LIBNAME) -rpath $(LIBPATH) -version-info $(VERSION)
+	$(LT) --mode=link --tag=CC $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) *.lo -o $(LIBNAME) -rpath $(LIBPATH) -version-info $(VERSION_SO)
 
 install: $(LIBNAME)
-	install -d -g $(GROUP) -o $(USER) $(DESTDIR)$(LIBPATH)
-	libtool --mode=install install -c $(LIBNAME) $(DESTDIR)$(LIBPATH)/$(LIBNAME)
-	install -d -g $(GROUP) -o $(USER) $(DESTDIR)$(INCPATH)
-	install -g $(GROUP) -o $(USER) $(HEADERS) $(DESTDIR)$(INCPATH)
+	install -d $(DESTDIR)$(LIBPATH)
+	install -d $(DESTDIR)$(INCPATH)
+	$(LT) --mode=install install -c $(LIBNAME) $(DESTDIR)$(LIBPATH)/$(LIBNAME)
+	install -m 644 $(HEADERS_PUB) $(DESTDIR)$(INCPATH)
 
 test: $(LIBNAME) demo/demo.o
-	gcc $(CFLAGS) -c demo/demo.c -o demo/demo.o
-	libtool --mode=link gcc -o test demo/demo.o $(LIBNAME_S)
-	
-mtest: test	
-	cd mtest ; gcc $(CFLAGS) mtest.c -o mtest
-        
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c demo/demo.c -o demo/demo.o
+	$(LT) --mode=link $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o test demo/demo.o $(LIBNAME)
+
+test_standalone: $(LIBNAME) demo/demo.o
+	$(CC) $(CFLAGS) -c demo/demo.c -o demo/demo.o
+	$(LT) --mode=link $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o test demo/demo.o $(LIBNAME)
+
+mtest:
+	cd mtest ; $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) mtest.c -o mtest
+
 timing: $(LIBNAME)
-	gcc $(CFLAGS) -DTIMER demo/timing.c $(LIBNAME_S) -o ltmtest
+	$(LT) --mode=link $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -DTIMER demo/timing.c $(LIBNAME) -o ltmtest
diff --git a/libtommath/mtest/logtab.h b/libtommath/mtest/logtab.h
index addd3ab..751111e 100644
--- a/libtommath/mtest/logtab.h
+++ b/libtommath/mtest/logtab.h
@@ -17,3 +17,8 @@ const float s_logv_2[] = {
    0.169293808, 0.168613099, 0.167948779, 0.167300179, 	/* 60 61 62 63 */
    0.166666667
 };
+
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/mtest/mpi-config.h b/libtommath/mtest/mpi-config.h
index a347263..fc2a885 100644
--- a/libtommath/mtest/mpi-config.h
+++ b/libtommath/mtest/mpi-config.h
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 /* Default configuration for MPI library */
+/* $Id$ */
 
 #ifndef MPI_CONFIG_H_
 #define MPI_CONFIG_H_
@@ -83,3 +84,7 @@
 
 
 /* crc==3287762869, version==2, Sat Feb 02 06:43:53 2002 */
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/mtest/mpi-types.h b/libtommath/mtest/mpi-types.h
index 42ccfc3..f99d7ee 100644
--- a/libtommath/mtest/mpi-types.h
+++ b/libtommath/mtest/mpi-types.h
@@ -13,3 +13,8 @@ typedef int                mp_err;
 #define MP_DIGIT_SIZE      2
 #define DIGIT_FMT          "%04X"
 #define RADIX              (MP_DIGIT_MAX+1)
+
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/mtest/mpi.c b/libtommath/mtest/mpi.c
index 4566e89..567b12d 100644
--- a/libtommath/mtest/mpi.c
+++ b/libtommath/mtest/mpi.c
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
     Copyright (C) 1998 Michael J. Fromberger, All Rights Reserved
 
     Arbitrary precision integer arithmetic library
+
+    $Id$
  */
 
 #include "mpi.h"
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@
 #define DIAG(T,V)
 #endif
 
-/* 
+/*
    If MP_LOGTAB is not defined, use the math library to compute the
    logarithms on the fly.  Otherwise, use the static table below.
    Pick which works best for your system.
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@
 
 /*
   A table of the logs of 2 for various bases (the 0 and 1 entries of
-  this table are meaningless and should not be referenced).  
+  this table are meaningless and should not be referenced).
 
   This table is used to compute output lengths for the mp_toradix()
   function.  Since a number n in radix r takes up about log_r(n)
@@ -41,7 +43,7 @@
   log_r(n) = log_2(n) * log_r(2)
 
   This table, therefore, is a table of log_r(2) for 2 <= r <= 36,
-  which are the output bases supported.  
+  which are the output bases supported.
  */
 
 #include "logtab.h"
@@ -102,7 +104,7 @@ static const char *const mp_err_string[] = {
 /* Value to digit maps for radix conversion   */
 
 /* s_dmap_1 - standard digits and letters */
-static const char *s_dmap_1 = 
+static const char *s_dmap_1 =
   "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz+/";
 
 #if 0
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ static const char *s_dmap_2 =
 
 /* {{{ Static function declarations */
 
-/* 
+/*
    If MP_MACRO is false, these will be defined as actual functions;
    otherwise, suitable macro definitions will be used.  This works
    around the fact that ANSI C89 doesn't support an 'inline' keyword
@@ -256,7 +258,7 @@ mp_err mp_init_array(mp_int mp[], int count)
   return MP_OKAY;
 
  CLEANUP:
-  while(--pos >= 0) 
+  while(--pos >= 0)
     mp_clear(&mp[pos]);
 
   return res;
@@ -353,7 +355,7 @@ mp_err mp_copy(mp_int *from, mp_int *to)
     if(ALLOC(to) >= USED(from)) {
       s_mp_setz(DIGITS(to) + USED(from), ALLOC(to) - USED(from));
       s_mp_copy(DIGITS(from), DIGITS(to), USED(from));
-      
+
     } else {
       if((tmp = s_mp_alloc(USED(from), sizeof(mp_digit))) == NULL)
 	return MP_MEM;
@@ -443,7 +445,7 @@ void   mp_clear_array(mp_int mp[], int count)
 {
   ARGCHK(mp != NULL && count > 0, MP_BADARG);
 
-  while(--count >= 0) 
+  while(--count >= 0)
     mp_clear(&mp[count]);
 
 } /* end mp_clear_array() */
@@ -453,7 +455,7 @@ void   mp_clear_array(mp_int mp[], int count)
 /* {{{ mp_zero(mp) */
 
 /*
-  mp_zero(mp) 
+  mp_zero(mp)
 
   Set mp to zero.  Does not change the allocated size of the structure,
   and therefore cannot fail (except on a bad argument, which we ignore)
@@ -504,7 +506,7 @@ mp_err mp_set_int(mp_int *mp, long z)
     if((res = s_mp_mul_2d(mp, CHAR_BIT)) != MP_OKAY)
       return res;
 
-    res = s_mp_add_d(mp, 
+    res = s_mp_add_d(mp,
 		     (mp_digit)((v >> (ix * CHAR_BIT)) & UCHAR_MAX));
     if(res != MP_OKAY)
       return res;
@@ -839,9 +841,9 @@ mp_err mp_neg(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
   if((res = mp_copy(a, b)) != MP_OKAY)
     return res;
 
-  if(s_mp_cmp_d(b, 0) == MP_EQ) 
+  if(s_mp_cmp_d(b, 0) == MP_EQ)
     SIGN(b) = MP_ZPOS;
-  else 
+  else
     SIGN(b) = (SIGN(b) == MP_NEG) ? MP_ZPOS : MP_NEG;
 
   return MP_OKAY;
@@ -868,7 +870,7 @@ mp_err mp_add(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
   if(SIGN(a) == SIGN(b)) { /* same sign:  add values, keep sign */
 
     /* Commutativity of addition lets us do this in either order,
-       so we avoid having to use a temporary even if the result 
+       so we avoid having to use a temporary even if the result
        is supposed to replace the output
      */
     if(c == b) {
@@ -878,14 +880,14 @@ mp_err mp_add(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
       if(c != a && (res = mp_copy(a, c)) != MP_OKAY)
 	return res;
 
-      if((res = s_mp_add(c, b)) != MP_OKAY) 
+      if((res = s_mp_add(c, b)) != MP_OKAY)
 	return res;
     }
 
   } else if((cmp = s_mp_cmp(a, b)) > 0) {  /* different sign: a > b   */
 
     /* If the output is going to be clobbered, we will use a temporary
-       variable; otherwise, we'll do it without touching the memory 
+       variable; otherwise, we'll do it without touching the memory
        allocator at all, if possible
      */
     if(c == b) {
@@ -1017,7 +1019,7 @@ mp_err mp_sub(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
       mp_clear(&tmp);
 
     } else {
-      if(c != b && ((res = mp_copy(b, c)) != MP_OKAY)) 
+      if(c != b && ((res = mp_copy(b, c)) != MP_OKAY))
 	return res;
 
       if((res = s_mp_sub(c, a)) != MP_OKAY)
@@ -1064,12 +1066,12 @@ mp_err mp_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if((res = s_mp_mul(c, b)) != MP_OKAY)
       return res;
   }
-  
+
   if(sgn == MP_ZPOS || s_mp_cmp_d(c, 0) == MP_EQ)
     SIGN(c) = MP_ZPOS;
   else
     SIGN(c) = sgn;
-  
+
   return MP_OKAY;
 
 } /* end mp_mul() */
@@ -1158,7 +1160,7 @@ mp_err mp_div(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *q, mp_int *r)
 	return res;
     }
 
-    if(q) 
+    if(q)
       mp_zero(q);
 
     return MP_OKAY;
@@ -1204,10 +1206,10 @@ mp_err mp_div(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *q, mp_int *r)
     SIGN(&rtmp) = MP_ZPOS;
 
   /* Copy output, if it is needed      */
-  if(q) 
+  if(q)
     s_mp_exch(&qtmp, q);
 
-  if(r) 
+  if(r)
     s_mp_exch(&rtmp, r);
 
 CLEANUP:
@@ -1262,7 +1264,7 @@ mp_err mp_expt(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
   mp_int   s, x;
   mp_err   res;
   mp_digit d;
-  int      dig, bit;
+  unsigned int bit, dig;
 
   ARGCHK(a != NULL && b != NULL && c != NULL, MP_BADARG);
 
@@ -1284,12 +1286,12 @@ mp_err mp_expt(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     /* Loop over bits of each non-maximal digit */
     for(bit = 0; bit < DIGIT_BIT; bit++) {
       if(d & 1) {
-	if((res = s_mp_mul(&s, &x)) != MP_OKAY) 
+	if((res = s_mp_mul(&s, &x)) != MP_OKAY)
 	  goto CLEANUP;
       }
 
       d >>= 1;
-      
+
       if((res = s_mp_sqr(&x)) != MP_OKAY)
 	goto CLEANUP;
     }
@@ -1309,7 +1311,7 @@ mp_err mp_expt(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if((res = s_mp_sqr(&x)) != MP_OKAY)
       goto CLEANUP;
   }
-  
+
   if(mp_iseven(b))
     SIGN(&s) = SIGN(a);
 
@@ -1360,7 +1362,7 @@ mp_err mp_mod(mp_int *a, mp_int *m, mp_int *c)
 
   /*
      If |a| > m, we need to divide to get the remainder and take the
-     absolute value.  
+     absolute value.
 
      If |a| < m, we don't need to do any division, just copy and adjust
      the sign (if a is negative).
@@ -1374,7 +1376,7 @@ mp_err mp_mod(mp_int *a, mp_int *m, mp_int *c)
   if((mag = s_mp_cmp(a, m)) > 0) {
     if((res = mp_div(a, m, NULL, c)) != MP_OKAY)
       return res;
-    
+
     if(SIGN(c) == MP_NEG) {
       if((res = mp_add(c, m, c)) != MP_OKAY)
 	return res;
@@ -1389,7 +1391,7 @@ mp_err mp_mod(mp_int *a, mp_int *m, mp_int *c)
 	return res;
 
     }
-    
+
   } else {
     mp_zero(c);
 
@@ -1462,9 +1464,9 @@ mp_err mp_sqrt(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
     return MP_RANGE;
 
   /* Special cases for zero and one, trivial     */
-  if(mp_cmp_d(a, 0) == MP_EQ || mp_cmp_d(a, 1) == MP_EQ) 
+  if(mp_cmp_d(a, 0) == MP_EQ || mp_cmp_d(a, 1) == MP_EQ)
     return mp_copy(a, b);
-    
+
   /* Initialize the temporaries we'll use below  */
   if((res = mp_init_size(&t, USED(a))) != MP_OKAY)
     return res;
@@ -1506,7 +1508,7 @@ mp_add_d(&x, 1, &x);
  CLEANUP:
   mp_clear(&x);
  X:
-  mp_clear(&t); 
+  mp_clear(&t);
 
   return res;
 
@@ -1624,7 +1626,7 @@ mp_err mp_sqrmod(mp_int *a, mp_int *m, mp_int *c)
   Compute c = (a ** b) mod m.  Uses a standard square-and-multiply
   method with modular reductions at each step. (This is basically the
   same code as mp_expt(), except for the addition of the reductions)
-  
+
   The modular reductions are done using Barrett's algorithm (see
   s_mp_reduce() below for details)
  */
@@ -1635,7 +1637,7 @@ mp_err mp_exptmod(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *m, mp_int *c)
   mp_err   res;
   mp_digit d, *db = DIGITS(b);
   mp_size  ub = USED(b);
-  int      dig, bit;
+  unsigned int bit, dig;
 
   ARGCHK(a != NULL && b != NULL && c != NULL, MP_BADARG);
 
@@ -1653,7 +1655,7 @@ mp_err mp_exptmod(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *m, mp_int *c)
   mp_set(&s, 1);
 
   /* mu = b^2k / m */
-  s_mp_add_d(&mu, 1); 
+  s_mp_add_d(&mu, 1);
   s_mp_lshd(&mu, 2 * USED(m));
   if((res = mp_div(&mu, m, &mu, NULL)) != MP_OKAY)
     goto CLEANUP;
@@ -1864,7 +1866,7 @@ int    mp_cmp_int(mp_int *a, long z)
   int     out;
 
   ARGCHK(a != NULL, MP_EQ);
-  
+
   mp_init(&tmp); mp_set_int(&tmp, z);
   out = mp_cmp(a, &tmp);
   mp_clear(&tmp);
@@ -1951,13 +1953,13 @@ mp_err mp_gcd(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
   if(mp_isodd(&u)) {
     if((res = mp_copy(&v, &t)) != MP_OKAY)
       goto CLEANUP;
-    
+
     /* t = -v */
     if(SIGN(&v) == MP_ZPOS)
       SIGN(&t) = MP_NEG;
     else
       SIGN(&t) = MP_ZPOS;
-    
+
   } else {
     if((res = mp_copy(&u, &t)) != MP_OKAY)
       goto CLEANUP;
@@ -2150,7 +2152,7 @@ mp_err mp_xgcd(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *g, mp_int *x, mp_int *y)
 
       if(y)
 	if((res = mp_copy(&D, y)) != MP_OKAY) goto CLEANUP;
-      
+
       if(g)
 	if((res = mp_mul(&gx, &v, g)) != MP_OKAY) goto CLEANUP;
 
@@ -2253,7 +2255,7 @@ void   mp_print(mp_int *mp, FILE *ofp)
 
 /* {{{ mp_read_signed_bin(mp, str, len) */
 
-/* 
+/*
    mp_read_signed_bin(mp, str, len)
 
    Read in a raw value (base 256) into the given mp_int
@@ -2330,16 +2332,16 @@ mp_err  mp_read_unsigned_bin(mp_int *mp, unsigned char *str, int len)
     if((res = mp_add_d(mp, str[ix], mp)) != MP_OKAY)
       return res;
   }
-  
+
   return MP_OKAY;
-  
+
 } /* end mp_read_unsigned_bin() */
 
 /* }}} */
 
 /* {{{ mp_unsigned_bin_size(mp) */
 
-int     mp_unsigned_bin_size(mp_int *mp) 
+int     mp_unsigned_bin_size(mp_int *mp)
 {
   mp_digit   topdig;
   int        count;
@@ -2385,7 +2387,7 @@ mp_err mp_to_unsigned_bin(mp_int *mp, unsigned char *str)
 
   /* Generate digits in reverse order */
   while(dp < end) {
-    int      ix;
+    unsigned int ix;
 
     d = *dp;
     for(ix = 0; ix < sizeof(mp_digit); ++ix) {
@@ -2438,7 +2440,7 @@ int    mp_count_bits(mp_int *mp)
   }
 
   return len;
-  
+
 } /* end mp_count_bits() */
 
 /* }}} */
@@ -2460,14 +2462,14 @@ mp_err  mp_read_radix(mp_int *mp, unsigned char *str, int radix)
   mp_err  res;
   mp_sign sig = MP_ZPOS;
 
-  ARGCHK(mp != NULL && str != NULL && radix >= 2 && radix <= MAX_RADIX, 
+  ARGCHK(mp != NULL && str != NULL && radix >= 2 && radix <= MAX_RADIX,
 	 MP_BADARG);
 
   mp_zero(mp);
 
   /* Skip leading non-digit characters until a digit or '-' or '+' */
-  while(str[ix] && 
-	(s_mp_tovalue(str[ix], radix) < 0) && 
+  while(str[ix] &&
+	(s_mp_tovalue(str[ix], radix) < 0) &&
 	str[ix] != '-' &&
 	str[ix] != '+') {
     ++ix;
@@ -2523,7 +2525,7 @@ int    mp_radix_size(mp_int *mp, int radix)
 /* num = number of digits
    qty = number of bits per digit
    radix = target base
-   
+
    Return the number of digits in the specified radix that would be
    needed to express 'num' digits of 'qty' bits each.
  */
@@ -2539,7 +2541,7 @@ int    mp_value_radix_size(int num, int qty, int radix)
 
 /* {{{ mp_toradix(mp, str, radix) */
 
-mp_err mp_toradix(mp_int *mp, unsigned char *str, int radix)
+mp_err mp_toradix(mp_int *mp, char *str, int radix)
 {
   int  ix, pos = 0;
 
@@ -2585,14 +2587,14 @@ mp_err mp_toradix(mp_int *mp, unsigned char *str, int radix)
     /* Reverse the digits and sign indicator     */
     ix = 0;
     while(ix < pos) {
-      char tmp = str[ix];
+      char _tmp = str[ix];
 
       str[ix] = str[pos];
-      str[pos] = tmp;
+      str[pos] = _tmp;
       ++ix;
       --pos;
     }
-    
+
     mp_clear(&tmp);
   }
 
@@ -2804,18 +2806,18 @@ void     s_mp_exch(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
 
 /* {{{ s_mp_lshd(mp, p) */
 
-/* 
+/*
    Shift mp leftward by p digits, growing if needed, and zero-filling
    the in-shifted digits at the right end.  This is a convenient
    alternative to multiplication by powers of the radix
- */   
+ */
 
 mp_err   s_mp_lshd(mp_int *mp, mp_size p)
 {
   mp_err   res;
   mp_size  pos;
   mp_digit *dp;
-  int     ix;
+  int ix;
 
   if(p == 0)
     return MP_OKAY;
@@ -2827,11 +2829,11 @@ mp_err   s_mp_lshd(mp_int *mp, mp_size p)
   dp = DIGITS(mp);
 
   /* Shift all the significant figures over as needed */
-  for(ix = pos - p; ix >= 0; ix--) 
+  for(ix = pos - p; ix >= 0; ix--)
     dp[ix + p] = dp[ix];
 
   /* Fill the bottom digits with zeroes */
-  for(ix = 0; ix < p; ix++)
+  for(ix = 0; (unsigned)ix < p; ix++)
     dp[ix] = 0;
 
   return MP_OKAY;
@@ -2842,7 +2844,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_lshd(mp_int *mp, mp_size p)
 
 /* {{{ s_mp_rshd(mp, p) */
 
-/* 
+/*
    Shift mp rightward by p digits.  Maintains the invariant that
    digits above the precision are all zero.  Digits shifted off the
    end are lost.  Cannot fail.
@@ -2896,7 +2898,7 @@ void     s_mp_div_2(mp_int *mp)
 
 mp_err s_mp_mul_2(mp_int *mp)
 {
-  int      ix;
+  unsigned int ix;
   mp_digit kin = 0, kout, *dp = DIGITS(mp);
   mp_err   res;
 
@@ -2968,7 +2970,7 @@ mp_err    s_mp_mul_2d(mp_int *mp, mp_digit d)
   mp_err   res;
   mp_digit save, next, mask, *dp;
   mp_size  used;
-  int      ix;
+  unsigned int ix;
 
   if((res = s_mp_lshd(mp, d / DIGIT_BIT)) != MP_OKAY)
     return res;
@@ -3052,7 +3054,7 @@ void     s_mp_div_2d(mp_int *mp, mp_digit d)
   end of the division process).
 
   We multiply by the smallest power of 2 that gives us a leading digit
-  at least half the radix.  By choosing a power of 2, we simplify the 
+  at least half the radix.  By choosing a power of 2, we simplify the
   multiplication and division steps to simple shifts.
  */
 mp_digit s_mp_norm(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
@@ -3064,7 +3066,7 @@ mp_digit s_mp_norm(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
     t <<= 1;
     ++d;
   }
-    
+
   if(d != 0) {
     s_mp_mul_2d(a, d);
     s_mp_mul_2d(b, d);
@@ -3186,14 +3188,14 @@ mp_err   s_mp_mul_d(mp_int *a, mp_digit d)
      test guarantees we have enough storage to do this safely.
    */
   if(k) {
-    dp[max] = k; 
+    dp[max] = k;
     USED(a) = max + 1;
   }
 
   s_mp_clamp(a);
 
   return MP_OKAY;
-  
+
 } /* end s_mp_mul_d() */
 
 /* }}} */
@@ -3287,7 +3289,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_add(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)        /* magnitude addition      */
   }
 
   /* If we run out of 'b' digits before we're actually done, make
-     sure the carries get propagated upward...  
+     sure the carries get propagated upward...
    */
   used = USED(a);
   while(w && ix < used) {
@@ -3349,7 +3351,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_sub(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)        /* magnitude subtract      */
   /* Clobber any leading zeroes we created    */
   s_mp_clamp(a);
 
-  /* 
+  /*
      If there was a borrow out, then |b| > |a| in violation
      of our input invariant.  We've already done the work,
      but we'll at least complain about it...
@@ -3385,7 +3387,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_reduce(mp_int *x, mp_int *m, mp_int *mu)
   s_mp_mod_2d(&q, (mp_digit)(DIGIT_BIT * (um + 1)));
 #else
   s_mp_mul_dig(&q, m, um + 1);
-#endif  
+#endif
 
   /* x = x - q */
   if((res = mp_sub(x, &q, x)) != MP_OKAY)
@@ -3439,7 +3441,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
 
   pb = DIGITS(b);
   for(ix = 0; ix < ub; ++ix, ++pb) {
-    if(*pb == 0) 
+    if(*pb == 0)
       continue;
 
     /* Inner product:  Digits of a */
@@ -3478,7 +3480,7 @@ void   s_mp_kmul(mp_digit *a, mp_digit *b, mp_digit *out, mp_size len)
   for(ix = 0; ix < len; ++ix, ++b) {
     if(*b == 0)
       continue;
-    
+
     pa = a;
     for(jx = 0; jx < len; ++jx, ++pa) {
       pt = out + ix + jx;
@@ -3545,7 +3547,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_sqr(mp_int *a)
      */
     for(jx = ix + 1, pa2 = DIGITS(a) + jx; jx < used; ++jx, ++pa2) {
       mp_word  u = 0, v;
-      
+
       /* Store this in a temporary to avoid indirections later */
       pt = pbt + ix + jx;
 
@@ -3566,7 +3568,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_sqr(mp_int *a)
       v = *pt + k;
 
       /* If we do not already have an overflow carry, check to see
-	 if the addition will cause one, and set the carry out if so 
+	 if the addition will cause one, and set the carry out if so
        */
       u |= ((MP_WORD_MAX - v) < w);
 
@@ -3590,7 +3592,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_sqr(mp_int *a)
     /* If we are carrying out, propagate the carry to the next digit
        in the output.  This may cascade, so we have to be somewhat
        circumspect -- but we will have enough precision in the output
-       that we won't overflow 
+       that we won't overflow
      */
     kx = 1;
     while(k) {
@@ -3662,7 +3664,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_div(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
   while(ix >= 0) {
     /* Find a partial substring of a which is at least b */
     while(s_mp_cmp(&rem, b) < 0 && ix >= 0) {
-      if((res = s_mp_lshd(&rem, 1)) != MP_OKAY) 
+      if((res = s_mp_lshd(&rem, 1)) != MP_OKAY)
 	goto CLEANUP;
 
       if((res = s_mp_lshd(&quot, 1)) != MP_OKAY)
@@ -3674,8 +3676,8 @@ mp_err   s_mp_div(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
     }
 
     /* If we didn't find one, we're finished dividing    */
-    if(s_mp_cmp(&rem, b) < 0) 
-      break;    
+    if(s_mp_cmp(&rem, b) < 0)
+      break;
 
     /* Compute a guess for the next quotient digit       */
     q = DIGIT(&rem, USED(&rem) - 1);
@@ -3693,7 +3695,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_div(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
     if((res = s_mp_mul_d(&t, q)) != MP_OKAY)
       goto CLEANUP;
 
-    /* 
+    /*
        If it's too big, back it off.  We should not have to do this
        more than once, or, in rare cases, twice.  Knuth describes a
        method by which this could be reduced to a maximum of once, but
@@ -3717,7 +3719,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_div(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
   }
 
   /* Denormalize remainder                */
-  if(d != 0) 
+  if(d != 0)
     s_mp_div_2d(&rem, d);
 
   s_mp_clamp(&quot);
@@ -3725,7 +3727,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_div(mp_int *a, mp_int *b)
 
   /* Copy quotient back to output         */
   s_mp_exch(&quot, a);
-  
+
   /* Copy remainder back to output        */
   s_mp_exch(&rem, b);
 
@@ -3755,7 +3757,7 @@ mp_err   s_mp_2expt(mp_int *a, mp_digit k)
   mp_zero(a);
   if((res = s_mp_pad(a, dig + 1)) != MP_OKAY)
     return res;
-  
+
   DIGIT(a, dig) |= (1 << bit);
 
   return MP_OKAY;
@@ -3813,7 +3815,7 @@ int      s_mp_cmp_d(mp_int *a, mp_digit d)
   if(ua > 1)
     return MP_GT;
 
-  if(*ap < d) 
+  if(*ap < d)
     return MP_LT;
   else if(*ap > d)
     return MP_GT;
@@ -3855,7 +3857,7 @@ int      s_mp_ispow2(mp_int *v)
     }
 
     return ((uv - 1) * DIGIT_BIT) + extra;
-  } 
+  }
 
   return -1;
 
@@ -3899,7 +3901,7 @@ int      s_mp_ispow2d(mp_digit d)
 int      s_mp_tovalue(char ch, int r)
 {
   int    val, xch;
-  
+
   if(r > 36)
     xch = ch;
   else
@@ -3915,7 +3917,7 @@ int      s_mp_tovalue(char ch, int r)
     val = 62;
   else if(xch == '/')
     val = 63;
-  else 
+  else
     return -1;
 
   if(val < 0 || val >= r)
@@ -3937,7 +3939,7 @@ int      s_mp_tovalue(char ch, int r)
   The results may be odd if you use a radix < 2 or > 64, you are
   expected to know what you're doing.
  */
-  
+
 char     s_mp_todigit(int val, int r, int low)
 {
   char   ch;
@@ -3958,7 +3960,7 @@ char     s_mp_todigit(int val, int r, int low)
 
 /* {{{ s_mp_outlen(bits, radix) */
 
-/* 
+/*
    Return an estimate for how long a string is needed to hold a radix
    r representation of a number with 'bits' significant bits.
 
@@ -3977,3 +3979,7 @@ int      s_mp_outlen(int bits, int r)
 /*------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
 /* HERE THERE BE DRAGONS                                                  */
 /* crc==4242132123, version==2, Sat Feb 02 06:43:52 2002 */
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/mtest/mpi.h b/libtommath/mtest/mpi.h
index 211421f..5accb52 100644
--- a/libtommath/mtest/mpi.h
+++ b/libtommath/mtest/mpi.h
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@
     Copyright (C) 1998 Michael J. Fromberger, All Rights Reserved
 
     Arbitrary precision integer arithmetic library
+
+    $Id$
  */
 
 #ifndef _H_MPI_
@@ -208,7 +210,7 @@ int    mp_count_bits(mp_int *mp);
 mp_err mp_read_radix(mp_int *mp, unsigned char *str, int radix);
 int    mp_radix_size(mp_int *mp, int radix);
 int    mp_value_radix_size(int num, int qty, int radix);
-mp_err mp_toradix(mp_int *mp, unsigned char *str, int radix);
+mp_err mp_toradix(mp_int *mp, char *str, int radix);
 
 int    mp_char2value(char ch, int r);
 
@@ -223,3 +225,7 @@ int    mp_char2value(char ch, int r);
 const  char  *mp_strerror(mp_err ec);
 
 #endif /* end _H_MPI_ */
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/mtest/mtest.c b/libtommath/mtest/mtest.c
index d46f456..56b5a90 100644
--- a/libtommath/mtest/mtest.c
+++ b/libtommath/mtest/mtest.c
@@ -39,39 +39,71 @@ mulmod
 #include <time.h>
 #include "mpi.c"
 
+#ifdef LTM_MTEST_REAL_RAND
+#define getRandChar() fgetc(rng)
 FILE *rng;
+#else
+#define getRandChar() (rand()&0xFF)
+#endif
 
 void rand_num(mp_int *a)
 {
-   int n, size;
+   int size;
    unsigned char buf[2048];
+   size_t sz;
 
-   size = 1 + ((fgetc(rng)<<8) + fgetc(rng)) % 101;
-   buf[0] = (fgetc(rng)&1)?1:0;
-   fread(buf+1, 1, size, rng);
-   while (buf[1] == 0) buf[1] = fgetc(rng);
+   size = 1 + ((getRandChar()<<8) + getRandChar()) % 101;
+   buf[0] = (getRandChar()&1)?1:0;
+#ifdef LTM_MTEST_REAL_RAND
+   sz = fread(buf+1, 1, size, rng);
+#else
+   sz = 1;
+   while (sz < (unsigned)size) {
+       buf[sz] = getRandChar();
+       ++sz;
+   }
+#endif
+   if (sz != (unsigned)size) {
+       fprintf(stderr, "\nWarning: fread failed\n\n");
+   }
+   while (buf[1] == 0) buf[1] = getRandChar();
    mp_read_raw(a, buf, 1+size);
 }
 
 void rand_num2(mp_int *a)
 {
-   int n, size;
+   int size;
    unsigned char buf[2048];
+   size_t sz;
 
-   size = 10 + ((fgetc(rng)<<8) + fgetc(rng)) % 101;
-   buf[0] = (fgetc(rng)&1)?1:0;
-   fread(buf+1, 1, size, rng);
-   while (buf[1] == 0) buf[1] = fgetc(rng);
+   size = 10 + ((getRandChar()<<8) + getRandChar()) % 101;
+   buf[0] = (getRandChar()&1)?1:0;
+#ifdef LTM_MTEST_REAL_RAND
+   sz = fread(buf+1, 1, size, rng);
+#else
+   sz = 1;
+   while (sz < (unsigned)size) {
+       buf[sz] = getRandChar();
+       ++sz;
+   }
+#endif
+   if (sz != (unsigned)size) {
+       fprintf(stderr, "\nWarning: fread failed\n\n");
+   }
+   while (buf[1] == 0) buf[1] = getRandChar();
    mp_read_raw(a, buf, 1+size);
 }
 
 #define mp_to64(a, b) mp_toradix(a, b, 64)
 
-int main(void)
+int main(int argc, char *argv[])
 {
    int n, tmp;
+   long long max;
    mp_int a, b, c, d, e;
+#ifdef MTEST_NO_FULLSPEED
    clock_t t1;
+#endif
    char buf[4096];
 
    mp_init(&a);
@@ -80,6 +112,22 @@ int main(void)
    mp_init(&d);
    mp_init(&e);
 
+   if (argc > 1) {
+       max = strtol(argv[1], NULL, 0);
+       if (max < 0) {
+           if (max > -64) {
+               max = (1 << -(max)) + 1;
+           } else {
+               max = 1;
+           }
+       } else if (max == 0) {
+           max = 1;
+       }
+   }
+   else {
+       max = 0;
+   }
+
 
    /* initial (2^n - 1)^2 testing, makes sure the comba multiplier works [it has the new carry code] */
 /*
@@ -98,6 +146,7 @@ int main(void)
    }
 */
 
+#ifdef LTM_MTEST_REAL_RAND
    rng = fopen("/dev/urandom", "rb");
    if (rng == NULL) {
       rng = fopen("/dev/random", "rb");
@@ -106,16 +155,27 @@ int main(void)
          rng = stdin;
       }
    }
+#else
+   srand(23);
+#endif
 
+#ifdef MTEST_NO_FULLSPEED
    t1 = clock();
+#endif
    for (;;) {
-#if 0
+#ifdef MTEST_NO_FULLSPEED
       if (clock() - t1 > CLOCKS_PER_SEC) {
          sleep(2);
          t1 = clock();
       }
 #endif
-       n = fgetc(rng) % 15;
+       n = getRandChar() % 15;
+
+       if (max != 0) {
+           --max;
+           if (max == 0)
+             n = 255;
+       }
 
    if (n == 0) {
        /* add tests */
@@ -180,7 +240,7 @@ int main(void)
       /* mul_2d test */
       rand_num(&a);
       mp_copy(&a, &b);
-      n = fgetc(rng) & 63;
+      n = getRandChar() & 63;
       mp_mul_2d(&b, n, &b);
       mp_to64(&a, buf);
       printf("mul2d\n");
@@ -192,7 +252,7 @@ int main(void)
       /* div_2d test */
       rand_num(&a);
       mp_copy(&a, &b);
-      n = fgetc(rng) & 63;
+      n = getRandChar() & 63;
       mp_div_2d(&b, n, &b, NULL);
       mp_to64(&a, buf);
       printf("div2d\n");
@@ -297,8 +357,18 @@ int main(void)
       printf("%s\n%d\n", buf, tmp);
       mp_to64(&b, buf);
       printf("%s\n", buf);
+   } else if (n == 255) {
+      printf("exit\n");
+      break;
    }
+
    }
+#ifdef LTM_MTEST_REAL_RAND
    fclose(rng);
+#endif
    return 0;
 }
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/pre_gen/mpi.c b/libtommath/pre_gen/mpi.c
index d2224c0..1b1052a 100644
--- a/libtommath/pre_gen/mpi.c
+++ b/libtommath/pre_gen/mpi.c
@@ -43,6 +43,10 @@ char *mp_error_to_string(int code)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_error.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_fast_mp_invmod.c */
@@ -63,10 +67,10 @@ char *mp_error_to_string(int code)
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* computes the modular inverse via binary extended euclidean algorithm, 
- * that is c = 1/a mod b 
+/* computes the modular inverse via binary extended euclidean algorithm,
+ * that is c = 1/a mod b
  *
- * Based on slow invmod except this is optimized for the case where b is 
+ * Based on slow invmod except this is optimized for the case where b is
  * odd as per HAC Note 14.64 on pp. 610
  */
 int fast_mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
@@ -191,6 +195,10 @@ LBL_ERR:mp_clear_multi (&x, &y, &u, &v, &B, &D, NULL);
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_fast_mp_invmod.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.c */
@@ -363,6 +371,10 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.c */
@@ -385,15 +397,15 @@ int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
 
 /* Fast (comba) multiplier
  *
- * This is the fast column-array [comba] multiplier.  It is 
- * designed to compute the columns of the product first 
- * then handle the carries afterwards.  This has the effect 
+ * This is the fast column-array [comba] multiplier.  It is
+ * designed to compute the columns of the product first
+ * then handle the carries afterwards.  This has the effect
  * of making the nested loops that compute the columns very
  * simple and schedulable on super-scalar processors.
  *
- * This has been modified to produce a variable number of 
- * digits of output so if say only a half-product is required 
- * you don't have to compute the upper half (a feature 
+ * This has been modified to produce a variable number of
+ * digits of output so if say only a half-product is required
+ * you don't have to compute the upper half (a feature
  * required for fast Barrett reduction).
  *
  * Based on Algorithm 14.12 on pp.595 of HAC.
@@ -417,7 +429,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 
   /* clear the carry */
   _W = 0;
-  for (ix = 0; ix < pa; ix++) { 
+  for (ix = 0; ix < pa; ix++) {
       int      tx, ty;
       int      iy;
       mp_digit *tmpx, *tmpy;
@@ -430,7 +442,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
       tmpx = a->dp + tx;
       tmpy = b->dp + ty;
 
-      /* this is the number of times the loop will iterrate, essentially 
+      /* this is the number of times the loop will iterrate, essentially
          while (tx++ < a->used && ty-- >= 0) { ... }
        */
       iy = MIN(a->used-tx, ty+1);
@@ -470,6 +482,10 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c */
@@ -516,7 +532,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
   /* number of output digits to produce */
   pa = a->used + b->used;
   _W = 0;
-  for (ix = digs; ix < pa; ix++) { 
+  for (ix = digs; ix < pa; ix++) {
       int      tx, ty, iy;
       mp_digit *tmpx, *tmpy;
 
@@ -528,7 +544,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
       tmpx = a->dp + tx;
       tmpy = b->dp + ty;
 
-      /* this is the number of times the loop will iterrate, essentially its 
+      /* this is the number of times the loop will iterrate, essentially its
          while (tx++ < a->used && ty-- >= 0) { ... }
        */
       iy = MIN(a->used-tx, ty+1);
@@ -544,7 +560,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
       /* make next carry */
       _W = _W >> ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT);
   }
-  
+
   /* setup dest */
   olduse  = c->used;
   c->used = pa;
@@ -568,6 +584,10 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.c */
@@ -589,10 +609,10 @@ int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
  */
 
 /* the jist of squaring...
- * you do like mult except the offset of the tmpx [one that 
- * starts closer to zero] can't equal the offset of tmpy.  
+ * you do like mult except the offset of the tmpx [one that
+ * starts closer to zero] can't equal the offset of tmpy.
  * So basically you set up iy like before then you min it with
- * (ty-tx) so that it never happens.  You double all those 
+ * (ty-tx) so that it never happens.  You double all those
  * you add in the inner loop
 
 After that loop you do the squares and add them in.
@@ -614,7 +634,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 
   /* number of output digits to produce */
   W1 = 0;
-  for (ix = 0; ix < pa; ix++) { 
+  for (ix = 0; ix < pa; ix++) {
       int      tx, ty, iy;
       mp_word  _W;
       mp_digit *tmpy;
@@ -635,7 +655,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
        */
       iy = MIN(a->used-tx, ty+1);
 
-      /* now for squaring tx can never equal ty 
+      /* now for squaring tx can never equal ty
        * we halve the distance since they approach at a rate of 2x
        * and we have to round because odd cases need to be executed
        */
@@ -682,6 +702,10 @@ int fast_s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_2expt.c */
@@ -702,7 +726,7 @@ int fast_s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* computes a = 2**b 
+/* computes a = 2**b
  *
  * Simple algorithm which zeroes the int, grows it then just sets one bit
  * as required.
@@ -730,6 +754,10 @@ mp_2expt (mp_int * a, int b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_2expt.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_abs.c */
@@ -750,7 +778,7 @@ mp_2expt (mp_int * a, int b)
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* b = |a| 
+/* b = |a|
  *
  * Simple function copies the input and fixes the sign to positive
  */
@@ -773,6 +801,10 @@ mp_abs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_abs.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_add.c */
@@ -826,6 +858,10 @@ int mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_add.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_add_d.c */
@@ -938,6 +974,10 @@ mp_add_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_add_d.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_addmod.c */
@@ -979,6 +1019,10 @@ mp_addmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_addmod.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_and.c */
@@ -1036,6 +1080,10 @@ mp_and (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_and.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_clamp.c */
@@ -1056,7 +1104,7 @@ mp_and (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* trim unused digits 
+/* trim unused digits
  *
  * This is used to ensure that leading zero digits are
  * trimed and the leading "used" digit will be non-zero
@@ -1080,6 +1128,10 @@ mp_clamp (mp_int * a)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_clamp.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_clear.c */
@@ -1124,6 +1176,10 @@ mp_clear (mp_int * a)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_clear.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_clear_multi.c */
@@ -1145,7 +1201,7 @@ mp_clear (mp_int * a)
  */
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
-void mp_clear_multi(mp_int *mp, ...) 
+void mp_clear_multi(mp_int *mp, ...)
 {
     mp_int* next_mp = mp;
     va_list args;
@@ -1158,6 +1214,10 @@ void mp_clear_multi(mp_int *mp, ...)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_clear_multi.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_cmp.c */
@@ -1190,7 +1250,7 @@ mp_cmp (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
         return MP_GT;
      }
   }
-  
+
   /* compare digits */
   if (a->sign == MP_NEG) {
      /* if negative compare opposite direction */
@@ -1201,6 +1261,10 @@ mp_cmp (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_cmp.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_cmp_d.c */
@@ -1245,6 +1309,10 @@ int mp_cmp_d(mp_int * a, mp_digit b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_cmp_d.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_cmp_mag.c */
@@ -1275,7 +1343,7 @@ int mp_cmp_mag (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   if (a->used > b->used) {
     return MP_GT;
   }
-  
+
   if (a->used < b->used) {
     return MP_LT;
   }
@@ -1300,6 +1368,10 @@ int mp_cmp_mag (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_cmp_mag.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_cnt_lsb.c */
@@ -1320,7 +1392,7 @@ int mp_cmp_mag (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-static const int lnz[16] = { 
+static const int lnz[16] = {
    4, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0, 2, 0, 1, 0
 };
 
@@ -1353,6 +1425,10 @@ int mp_cnt_lsb(mp_int *a)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_cnt_lsb.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_copy.c */
@@ -1421,6 +1497,10 @@ mp_copy (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_copy.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_count_bits.c */
@@ -1455,7 +1535,7 @@ mp_count_bits (mp_int * a)
 
   /* get number of digits and add that */
   r = (a->used - 1) * DIGIT_BIT;
-  
+
   /* take the last digit and count the bits in it */
   q = a->dp[a->used - 1];
   while (q > ((mp_digit) 0)) {
@@ -1466,6 +1546,10 @@ mp_count_bits (mp_int * a)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_count_bits.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_div.c */
@@ -1521,7 +1605,7 @@ int mp_div(mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
   mp_set(&tq, 1);
   n = mp_count_bits(a) - mp_count_bits(b);
   if (((res = mp_abs(a, &ta)) != MP_OKAY) ||
-      ((res = mp_abs(b, &tb)) != MP_OKAY) || 
+      ((res = mp_abs(b, &tb)) != MP_OKAY) ||
       ((res = mp_mul_2d(&tb, n, &tb)) != MP_OKAY) ||
       ((res = mp_mul_2d(&tq, n, &tq)) != MP_OKAY)) {
       goto LBL_ERR;
@@ -1558,17 +1642,17 @@ LBL_ERR:
 
 #else
 
-/* integer signed division. 
+/* integer signed division.
  * c*b + d == a [e.g. a/b, c=quotient, d=remainder]
  * HAC pp.598 Algorithm 14.20
  *
- * Note that the description in HAC is horribly 
- * incomplete.  For example, it doesn't consider 
- * the case where digits are removed from 'x' in 
- * the inner loop.  It also doesn't consider the 
+ * Note that the description in HAC is horribly
+ * incomplete.  For example, it doesn't consider
+ * the case where digits are removed from 'x' in
+ * the inner loop.  It also doesn't consider the
  * case that y has fewer than three digits, etc..
  *
- * The overall algorithm is as described as 
+ * The overall algorithm is as described as
  * 14.20 from HAC but fixed to treat these cases.
 */
 int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
@@ -1658,7 +1742,7 @@ int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
       continue;
     }
 
-    /* step 3.1 if xi == yt then set q{i-t-1} to b-1, 
+    /* step 3.1 if xi == yt then set q{i-t-1} to b-1,
      * otherwise set q{i-t-1} to (xi*b + x{i-1})/yt */
     if (x.dp[i] == y.dp[t]) {
       q.dp[i - t - 1] = ((((mp_digit)1) << DIGIT_BIT) - 1);
@@ -1672,10 +1756,10 @@ int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
       q.dp[i - t - 1] = (mp_digit) (tmp & (mp_word) (MP_MASK));
     }
 
-    /* while (q{i-t-1} * (yt * b + y{t-1})) > 
-             xi * b**2 + xi-1 * b + xi-2 
-     
-       do q{i-t-1} -= 1; 
+    /* while (q{i-t-1} * (yt * b + y{t-1})) >
+             xi * b**2 + xi-1 * b + xi-2
+
+       do q{i-t-1} -= 1;
     */
     q.dp[i - t - 1] = (q.dp[i - t - 1] + 1) & MP_MASK;
     do {
@@ -1726,10 +1810,10 @@ int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
     }
   }
 
-  /* now q is the quotient and x is the remainder 
-   * [which we have to normalize] 
+  /* now q is the quotient and x is the remainder
+   * [which we have to normalize]
    */
-  
+
   /* get sign before writing to c */
   x.sign = x.used == 0 ? MP_ZPOS : a->sign;
 
@@ -1758,6 +1842,10 @@ LBL_Q:mp_clear (&q);
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_div.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_div_2.c */
@@ -1826,6 +1914,10 @@ int mp_div_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_div_2.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_div_2d.c */
@@ -1923,6 +2015,10 @@ int mp_div_2d (mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_div_2d.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_div_3.c */
@@ -1951,14 +2047,14 @@ mp_div_3 (mp_int * a, mp_int *c, mp_digit * d)
   mp_word  w, t;
   mp_digit b;
   int      res, ix;
-  
+
   /* b = 2**DIGIT_BIT / 3 */
   b = (((mp_word)1) << ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT)) / ((mp_word)3);
 
   if ((res = mp_init_size(&q, a->used)) != MP_OKAY) {
      return res;
   }
-  
+
   q.used = a->used;
   q.sign = a->sign;
   w = 0;
@@ -1996,12 +2092,16 @@ mp_div_3 (mp_int * a, mp_int *c, mp_digit * d)
      mp_exch(&q, c);
   }
   mp_clear(&q);
-  
+
   return res;
 }
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_div_3.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_div_d.c */
@@ -2086,13 +2186,13 @@ int mp_div_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c, mp_digit * d)
   if ((res = mp_init_size(&q, a->used)) != MP_OKAY) {
      return res;
   }
-  
+
   q.used = a->used;
   q.sign = a->sign;
   w = 0;
   for (ix = a->used - 1; ix >= 0; ix--) {
      w = (w << ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT)) | ((mp_word)a->dp[ix]);
-     
+
      if (w >= b) {
         t = (mp_digit)(w / b);
         w -= ((mp_word)t) * ((mp_word)b);
@@ -2101,22 +2201,26 @@ int mp_div_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c, mp_digit * d)
       }
       q.dp[ix] = (mp_digit)t;
   }
-  
+
   if (d != NULL) {
      *d = (mp_digit)w;
   }
-  
+
   if (c != NULL) {
      mp_clamp(&q);
      mp_exch(&q, c);
   }
   mp_clear(&q);
-  
+
   return res;
 }
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_div_d.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.c */
@@ -2160,6 +2264,10 @@ int mp_dr_is_modulus(mp_int *a)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_dr_is_modulus.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_dr_reduce.c */
@@ -2254,6 +2362,10 @@ top:
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_dr_reduce.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_dr_setup.c */
@@ -2280,12 +2392,16 @@ void mp_dr_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
    /* the casts are required if DIGIT_BIT is one less than
     * the number of bits in a mp_digit [e.g. DIGIT_BIT==31]
     */
-   *d = (mp_digit)((((mp_word)1) << ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT)) - 
+   *d = (mp_digit)((((mp_word)1) << ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT)) -
         ((mp_word)a->dp[0]));
 }
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_dr_setup.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_exch.c */
@@ -2306,7 +2422,7 @@ void mp_dr_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* swap the elements of two integers, for cases where you can't simply swap the 
+/* swap the elements of two integers, for cases where you can't simply swap the
  * mp_int pointers around
  */
 void
@@ -2320,6 +2436,10 @@ mp_exch (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_exch.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_expt_d.c */
@@ -2377,6 +2497,10 @@ int mp_expt_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_expt_d.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_exptmod.c */
@@ -2441,7 +2565,7 @@ int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
      err = mp_exptmod(&tmpG, &tmpX, P, Y);
      mp_clear_multi(&tmpG, &tmpX, NULL);
      return err;
-#else 
+#else
      /* no invmod */
      return MP_VAL;
 #endif
@@ -2468,7 +2592,7 @@ int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
      dr = mp_reduce_is_2k(P) << 1;
   }
 #endif
-    
+
   /* if the modulus is odd or dr != 0 use the montgomery method */
 #ifdef BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
   if (mp_isodd (P) == 1 || dr !=  0) {
@@ -2489,6 +2613,10 @@ int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_exptmod.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_exptmod_fast.c */
@@ -2578,7 +2706,7 @@ int mp_exptmod_fast (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode
 
   /* determine and setup reduction code */
   if (redmode == 0) {
-#ifdef BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C     
+#ifdef BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_SETUP_C
      /* now setup montgomery  */
      if ((err = mp_montgomery_setup (P, &mp)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_M;
@@ -2593,7 +2721,7 @@ int mp_exptmod_fast (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode
      if (((P->used * 2 + 1) < MP_WARRAY) &&
           P->used < (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof (mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)))) {
         redux = fast_mp_montgomery_reduce;
-     } else 
+     } else
 #endif
      {
 #ifdef BN_MP_MONTGOMERY_REDUCE_C
@@ -2644,7 +2772,7 @@ int mp_exptmod_fast (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode
      if ((err = mp_montgomery_calc_normalization (&res, P)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto LBL_RES;
      }
-#else 
+#else
      err = MP_VAL;
      goto LBL_RES;
 #endif
@@ -2809,6 +2937,11 @@ LBL_M:
 }
 #endif
 
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_exptmod_fast.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_exteuclid.c */
@@ -2829,7 +2962,7 @@ LBL_M:
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* Extended euclidean algorithm of (a, b) produces 
+/* Extended euclidean algorithm of (a, b) produces
    a*u1 + b*u2 = u3
  */
 int mp_exteuclid(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *U1, mp_int *U2, mp_int *U3)
@@ -2891,6 +3024,10 @@ _ERR: mp_clear_multi(&u1, &u2, &u3, &v1, &v2, &v3, &t1, &t2, &t3, &q, &tmp, NULL
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_exteuclid.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_fread.c */
@@ -2915,10 +3052,10 @@ _ERR: mp_clear_multi(&u1, &u2, &u3, &v1, &v2, &v3, &t1, &t2, &t3, &q, &tmp, NULL
 int mp_fread(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream)
 {
    int err, ch, neg, y;
-   
+
    /* clear a */
    mp_zero(a);
-   
+
    /* if first digit is - then set negative */
    ch = fgetc(stream);
    if (ch == '-') {
@@ -2927,7 +3064,7 @@ int mp_fread(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream)
    } else {
       neg = MP_ZPOS;
    }
-   
+
    for (;;) {
       /* find y in the radix map */
       for (y = 0; y < radix; y++) {
@@ -2938,7 +3075,7 @@ int mp_fread(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream)
       if (y == radix) {
          break;
       }
-      
+
       /* shift up and add */
       if ((err = mp_mul_d(a, radix, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
          return err;
@@ -2946,18 +3083,22 @@ int mp_fread(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream)
       if ((err = mp_add_d(a, y, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
          return err;
       }
-      
+
       ch = fgetc(stream);
    }
    if (mp_cmp_d(a, 0) != MP_EQ) {
       a->sign = neg;
    }
-   
+
    return MP_OKAY;
 }
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_fread.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_fwrite.c */
@@ -2982,7 +3123,7 @@ int mp_fwrite(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream)
 {
    char *buf;
    int err, len, x;
-   
+
    if ((err = mp_radix_size(a, radix, &len)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return err;
    }
@@ -2991,25 +3132,29 @@ int mp_fwrite(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream)
    if (buf == NULL) {
       return MP_MEM;
    }
-   
+
    if ((err = mp_toradix(a, buf, radix)) != MP_OKAY) {
       XFREE (buf);
       return err;
    }
-   
+
    for (x = 0; x < len; x++) {
        if (fputc(buf[x], stream) == EOF) {
           XFREE (buf);
           return MP_VAL;
        }
    }
-   
+
    XFREE (buf);
    return MP_OKAY;
 }
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_fwrite.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_gcd.c */
@@ -3091,17 +3236,17 @@ int mp_gcd (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
         /* swap u and v to make sure v is >= u */
         mp_exch(&u, &v);
      }
-     
+
      /* subtract smallest from largest */
      if ((res = s_mp_sub(&v, &u, &v)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_V;
      }
-     
+
      /* Divide out all factors of two */
      if ((res = mp_div_2d(&v, mp_cnt_lsb(&v), &v, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_V;
-     } 
-  } 
+     }
+  }
 
   /* multiply by 2**k which we divided out at the beginning */
   if ((res = mp_mul_2d (&u, k, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -3115,6 +3260,10 @@ LBL_U:mp_clear (&v);
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_gcd.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_get_int.c */
@@ -3136,7 +3285,7 @@ LBL_U:mp_clear (&v);
  */
 
 /* get the lower 32-bits of an mp_int */
-unsigned long mp_get_int(mp_int * a) 
+unsigned long mp_get_int(mp_int * a)
 {
   int i;
   unsigned long res;
@@ -3150,7 +3299,7 @@ unsigned long mp_get_int(mp_int * a)
 
   /* get most significant digit of result */
   res = DIGIT(a,i);
-   
+
   while (--i >= 0) {
     res = (res << DIGIT_BIT) | DIGIT(a,i);
   }
@@ -3160,6 +3309,10 @@ unsigned long mp_get_int(mp_int * a)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_get_int.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_grow.c */
@@ -3217,6 +3370,10 @@ int mp_grow (mp_int * a, int size)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_grow.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_init.c */
@@ -3263,6 +3420,10 @@ int mp_init (mp_int * a)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_init.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_init_copy.c */
@@ -3295,6 +3456,10 @@ int mp_init_copy (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_init_copy.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_init_multi.c */
@@ -3316,7 +3481,7 @@ int mp_init_copy (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
  */
 #include <stdarg.h>
 
-int mp_init_multi(mp_int *mp, ...) 
+int mp_init_multi(mp_int *mp, ...)
 {
     mp_err res = MP_OKAY;      /* Assume ok until proven otherwise */
     int n = 0;                 /* Number of ok inits */
@@ -3330,11 +3495,11 @@ int mp_init_multi(mp_int *mp, ...)
                succeeded in init-ing, then return error.
             */
             va_list clean_args;
-            
+
             /* end the current list */
             va_end(args);
-            
-            /* now start cleaning up */            
+
+            /* now start cleaning up */
             cur_arg = mp;
             va_start(clean_args, mp);
             while (n--) {
@@ -3354,6 +3519,10 @@ int mp_init_multi(mp_int *mp, ...)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_init_multi.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_init_set.c */
@@ -3386,6 +3555,10 @@ int mp_init_set (mp_int * a, mp_digit b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_init_set.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_init_set_int.c */
@@ -3417,6 +3590,10 @@ int mp_init_set_int (mp_int * a, unsigned long b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_init_set_int.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_init_size.c */
@@ -3444,7 +3621,7 @@ int mp_init_size (mp_int * a, int size)
 
   /* pad size so there are always extra digits */
   size += (MP_PREC * 2) - (size % MP_PREC);	
-  
+
   /* alloc mem */
   a->dp = OPT_CAST(mp_digit) XMALLOC (sizeof (mp_digit) * size);
   if (a->dp == NULL) {
@@ -3465,6 +3642,10 @@ int mp_init_size (mp_int * a, int size)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_init_size.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_invmod.c */
@@ -3508,6 +3689,10 @@ int mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_invmod.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_invmod_slow.c */
@@ -3540,7 +3725,7 @@ int mp_invmod_slow (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
   }
 
   /* init temps */
-  if ((res = mp_init_multi(&x, &y, &u, &v, 
+  if ((res = mp_init_multi(&x, &y, &u, &v,
                            &A, &B, &C, &D, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
      return res;
   }
@@ -3667,14 +3852,14 @@ top:
          goto LBL_ERR;
       }
   }
-  
+
   /* too big */
   while (mp_cmp_mag(&C, b) != MP_LT) {
       if ((res = mp_sub(&C, b, &C)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto LBL_ERR;
       }
   }
-  
+
   /* C is now the inverse */
   mp_exch (&C, c);
   res = MP_OKAY;
@@ -3683,6 +3868,10 @@ LBL_ERR:mp_clear_multi (&x, &y, &u, &v, &A, &B, &C, &D, NULL);
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_invmod_slow.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_is_square.c */
@@ -3726,7 +3915,7 @@ static const char rem_105[105] = {
 };
 
 /* Store non-zero to ret if arg is square, and zero if not */
-int mp_is_square(mp_int *arg,int *ret) 
+int mp_is_square(mp_int *arg,int *ret)
 {
   int           res;
   mp_digit      c;
@@ -3734,7 +3923,7 @@ int mp_is_square(mp_int *arg,int *ret)
   unsigned long r;
 
   /* Default to Non-square :) */
-  *ret = MP_NO; 
+  *ret = MP_NO;
 
   if (arg->sign == MP_NEG) {
     return MP_VAL;
@@ -3768,8 +3957,8 @@ int mp_is_square(mp_int *arg,int *ret)
   r = mp_get_int(&t);
   /* Check for other prime modules, note it's not an ERROR but we must
    * free "t" so the easiest way is to goto ERR.  We know that res
-   * is already equal to MP_OKAY from the mp_mod call 
-   */ 
+   * is already equal to MP_OKAY from the mp_mod call
+   */
   if ( (1L<<(r%11)) & 0x5C4L )             goto ERR;
   if ( (1L<<(r%13)) & 0x9E4L )             goto ERR;
   if ( (1L<<(r%17)) & 0x5CE8L )            goto ERR;
@@ -3792,6 +3981,10 @@ ERR:mp_clear(&t);
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_is_square.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_jacobi.c */
@@ -3897,6 +4090,10 @@ LBL_A1:mp_clear (&a1);
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_jacobi.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.c */
@@ -3917,33 +4114,33 @@ LBL_A1:mp_clear (&a1);
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* c = |a| * |b| using Karatsuba Multiplication using 
+/* c = |a| * |b| using Karatsuba Multiplication using
  * three half size multiplications
  *
- * Let B represent the radix [e.g. 2**DIGIT_BIT] and 
- * let n represent half of the number of digits in 
+ * Let B represent the radix [e.g. 2**DIGIT_BIT] and
+ * let n represent half of the number of digits in
  * the min(a,b)
  *
  * a = a1 * B**n + a0
  * b = b1 * B**n + b0
  *
- * Then, a * b => 
+ * Then, a * b =>
    a1b1 * B**2n + ((a1 + a0)(b1 + b0) - (a0b0 + a1b1)) * B + a0b0
  *
- * Note that a1b1 and a0b0 are used twice and only need to be 
- * computed once.  So in total three half size (half # of 
- * digit) multiplications are performed, a0b0, a1b1 and 
+ * Note that a1b1 and a0b0 are used twice and only need to be
+ * computed once.  So in total three half size (half # of
+ * digit) multiplications are performed, a0b0, a1b1 and
  * (a1+b1)(a0+b0)
  *
  * Note that a multiplication of half the digits requires
- * 1/4th the number of single precision multiplications so in 
- * total after one call 25% of the single precision multiplications 
- * are saved.  Note also that the call to mp_mul can end up back 
- * in this function if the a0, a1, b0, or b1 are above the threshold.  
- * This is known as divide-and-conquer and leads to the famous 
- * O(N**lg(3)) or O(N**1.584) work which is asymptopically lower than 
- * the standard O(N**2) that the baseline/comba methods use.  
- * Generally though the overhead of this method doesn't pay off 
+ * 1/4th the number of single precision multiplications so in
+ * total after one call 25% of the single precision multiplications
+ * are saved.  Note also that the call to mp_mul can end up back
+ * in this function if the a0, a1, b0, or b1 are above the threshold.
+ * This is known as divide-and-conquer and leads to the famous
+ * O(N**lg(3)) or O(N**1.584) work which is asymptopically lower than
+ * the standard O(N**2) that the baseline/comba methods use.
+ * Generally though the overhead of this method doesn't pay off
  * until a certain size (N ~ 80) is reached.
  */
 int mp_karatsuba_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
@@ -4011,7 +4208,7 @@ int mp_karatsuba_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
     }
   }
 
-  /* only need to clamp the lower words since by definition the 
+  /* only need to clamp the lower words since by definition the
    * upper words x1/y1 must have a known number of digits
    */
   mp_clamp (&x0);
@@ -4019,7 +4216,7 @@ int mp_karatsuba_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 
   /* now calc the products x0y0 and x1y1 */
   /* after this x0 is no longer required, free temp [x0==t2]! */
-  if (mp_mul (&x0, &y0, &x0y0) != MP_OKAY)  
+  if (mp_mul (&x0, &y0, &x0y0) != MP_OKAY)
     goto X1Y1;          /* x0y0 = x0*y0 */
   if (mp_mul (&x1, &y1, &x1y1) != MP_OKAY)
     goto X1Y1;          /* x1y1 = x1*y1 */
@@ -4064,6 +4261,10 @@ ERR:
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.c */
@@ -4084,11 +4285,11 @@ ERR:
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* Karatsuba squaring, computes b = a*a using three 
+/* Karatsuba squaring, computes b = a*a using three
  * half size squarings
  *
- * See comments of karatsuba_mul for details.  It 
- * is essentially the same algorithm but merely 
+ * See comments of karatsuba_mul for details.  It
+ * is essentially the same algorithm but merely
  * tuned to perform recursive squarings.
  */
 int mp_karatsuba_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
@@ -4185,6 +4386,10 @@ ERR:
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_lcm.c */
@@ -4245,6 +4450,10 @@ LBL_T:
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_lcm.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_lshd.c */
@@ -4312,6 +4521,10 @@ int mp_lshd (mp_int * a, int b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_lshd.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_mod.c */
@@ -4360,6 +4573,10 @@ mp_mod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_mod.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_mod_2d.c */
@@ -4415,6 +4632,10 @@ mp_mod_2d (mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_mod_2d.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_mod_d.c */
@@ -4442,6 +4663,10 @@ mp_mod_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_digit * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_mod_d.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.c */
@@ -4501,6 +4726,10 @@ int mp_montgomery_calc_normalization (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_montgomery_calc_normalization.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.c */
@@ -4619,6 +4848,10 @@ mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_montgomery_setup.c */
@@ -4678,6 +4911,10 @@ mp_montgomery_setup (mp_int * n, mp_digit * rho)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_montgomery_setup.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_mul.c */
@@ -4708,29 +4945,29 @@ int mp_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 #ifdef BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
   if (MIN (a->used, b->used) >= TOOM_MUL_CUTOFF) {
     res = mp_toom_mul(a, b, c);
-  } else 
+  } else
 #endif
 #ifdef BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
   /* use Karatsuba? */
   if (MIN (a->used, b->used) >= KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF) {
     res = mp_karatsuba_mul (a, b, c);
-  } else 
+  } else
 #endif
   {
     /* can we use the fast multiplier?
      *
-     * The fast multiplier can be used if the output will 
-     * have less than MP_WARRAY digits and the number of 
+     * The fast multiplier can be used if the output will
+     * have less than MP_WARRAY digits and the number of
      * digits won't affect carry propagation
      */
     int     digs = a->used + b->used + 1;
 
 #ifdef BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
     if ((digs < MP_WARRAY) &&
-        MIN(a->used, b->used) <= 
+        MIN(a->used, b->used) <=
         (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof (mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)))) {
       res = fast_s_mp_mul_digs (a, b, c, digs);
-    } else 
+    } else
 #endif
 #ifdef BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
       res = s_mp_mul (a, b, c); /* uses s_mp_mul_digs */
@@ -4744,6 +4981,10 @@ int mp_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_mul.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_mul_2.c */
@@ -4784,24 +5025,24 @@ int mp_mul_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 
     /* alias for source */
     tmpa = a->dp;
-    
+
     /* alias for dest */
     tmpb = b->dp;
 
     /* carry */
     r = 0;
     for (x = 0; x < a->used; x++) {
-    
-      /* get what will be the *next* carry bit from the 
-       * MSB of the current digit 
+
+      /* get what will be the *next* carry bit from the
+       * MSB of the current digit
        */
       rr = *tmpa >> ((mp_digit)(DIGIT_BIT - 1));
-      
+
       /* now shift up this digit, add in the carry [from the previous] */
       *tmpb++ = ((*tmpa++ << ((mp_digit)1)) | r) & MP_MASK;
-      
-      /* copy the carry that would be from the source 
-       * digit into the next iteration 
+
+      /* copy the carry that would be from the source
+       * digit into the next iteration
        */
       r = rr;
     }
@@ -4813,8 +5054,8 @@ int mp_mul_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
       ++(b->used);
     }
 
-    /* now zero any excess digits on the destination 
-     * that we didn't write to 
+    /* now zero any excess digits on the destination
+     * that we didn't write to
      */
     tmpb = b->dp + b->used;
     for (x = b->used; x < oldused; x++) {
@@ -4826,6 +5067,10 @@ int mp_mul_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_mul_2.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_mul_2d.c */
@@ -4900,7 +5145,7 @@ int mp_mul_2d (mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c)
       /* set the carry to the carry bits of the current word */
       r = rr;
     }
-    
+
     /* set final carry */
     if (r != 0) {
        c->dp[(c->used)++] = r;
@@ -4911,6 +5156,10 @@ int mp_mul_2d (mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_mul_2d.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_mul_d.c */
@@ -4990,6 +5239,10 @@ mp_mul_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_mul_d.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_mulmod.c */
@@ -5030,6 +5283,10 @@ int mp_mulmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_mulmod.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_n_root.c */
@@ -5050,14 +5307,14 @@ int mp_mulmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* find the n'th root of an integer 
+/* find the n'th root of an integer
  *
- * Result found such that (c)**b <= a and (c+1)**b > a 
+ * Result found such that (c)**b <= a and (c+1)**b > a
  *
- * This algorithm uses Newton's approximation 
- * x[i+1] = x[i] - f(x[i])/f'(x[i]) 
- * which will find the root in log(N) time where 
- * each step involves a fair bit.  This is not meant to 
+ * This algorithm uses Newton's approximation
+ * x[i+1] = x[i] - f(x[i])/f'(x[i])
+ * which will find the root in log(N) time where
+ * each step involves a fair bit.  This is not meant to
  * find huge roots [square and cube, etc].
  */
 int mp_n_root (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
@@ -5096,31 +5353,31 @@ int mp_n_root (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
     }
 
     /* t2 = t1 - ((t1**b - a) / (b * t1**(b-1))) */
-    
+
     /* t3 = t1**(b-1) */
-    if ((res = mp_expt_d (&t1, b - 1, &t3)) != MP_OKAY) {   
+    if ((res = mp_expt_d (&t1, b - 1, &t3)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_T3;
     }
 
     /* numerator */
     /* t2 = t1**b */
-    if ((res = mp_mul (&t3, &t1, &t2)) != MP_OKAY) {    
+    if ((res = mp_mul (&t3, &t1, &t2)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_T3;
     }
 
     /* t2 = t1**b - a */
-    if ((res = mp_sub (&t2, a, &t2)) != MP_OKAY) {  
+    if ((res = mp_sub (&t2, a, &t2)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_T3;
     }
 
     /* denominator */
     /* t3 = t1**(b-1) * b  */
-    if ((res = mp_mul_d (&t3, b, &t3)) != MP_OKAY) {    
+    if ((res = mp_mul_d (&t3, b, &t3)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_T3;
     }
 
     /* t3 = (t1**b - a)/(b * t1**(b-1)) */
-    if ((res = mp_div (&t2, &t3, &t3, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {  
+    if ((res = mp_div (&t2, &t3, &t3, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_T3;
     }
 
@@ -5162,6 +5419,10 @@ LBL_T1:mp_clear (&t1);
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_n_root.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_neg.c */
@@ -5202,6 +5463,10 @@ int mp_neg (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_neg.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_or.c */
@@ -5252,6 +5517,10 @@ int mp_or (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_or.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_prime_fermat.c */
@@ -5273,7 +5542,7 @@ int mp_or (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
  */
 
 /* performs one Fermat test.
- * 
+ *
  * If "a" were prime then b**a == b (mod a) since the order of
  * the multiplicative sub-group would be phi(a) = a-1.  That means
  * it would be the same as b**(a mod (a-1)) == b**1 == b (mod a).
@@ -5314,6 +5583,10 @@ LBL_T:mp_clear (&t);
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_prime_fermat.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.c */
@@ -5334,7 +5607,7 @@ LBL_T:mp_clear (&t);
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* determines if an integers is divisible by one 
+/* determines if an integers is divisible by one
  * of the first PRIME_SIZE primes or not
  *
  * sets result to 0 if not, 1 if yes
@@ -5364,6 +5637,10 @@ int mp_prime_is_divisible (mp_int * a, int *result)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_prime_is_prime.c */
@@ -5447,6 +5724,10 @@ LBL_B:mp_clear (&b);
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_prime_is_prime.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.c */
@@ -5467,11 +5748,11 @@ LBL_B:mp_clear (&b);
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* Miller-Rabin test of "a" to the base of "b" as described in 
+/* Miller-Rabin test of "a" to the base of "b" as described in
  * HAC pp. 139 Algorithm 4.24
  *
  * Sets result to 0 if definitely composite or 1 if probably prime.
- * Randomly the chance of error is no more than 1/4 and often 
+ * Randomly the chance of error is no more than 1/4 and often
  * very much lower.
  */
 int mp_prime_miller_rabin (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, int *result)
@@ -5485,7 +5766,7 @@ int mp_prime_miller_rabin (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, int *result)
   /* ensure b > 1 */
   if (mp_cmp_d(b, 1) != MP_GT) {
      return MP_VAL;
-  }     
+  }
 
   /* get n1 = a - 1 */
   if ((err = mp_init_copy (&n1, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -5550,6 +5831,10 @@ LBL_N1:mp_clear (&n1);
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_prime_next_prime.c */
@@ -5720,6 +6005,10 @@ LBL_ERR:
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_prime_next_prime.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.c */
@@ -5772,6 +6061,10 @@ int mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials(int size)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_prime_random_ex.c */
@@ -5795,7 +6088,7 @@ int mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials(int size)
 /* makes a truly random prime of a given size (bits),
  *
  * Flags are as follows:
- * 
+ *
  *   LTM_PRIME_BBS      - make prime congruent to 3 mod 4
  *   LTM_PRIME_SAFE     - make sure (p-1)/2 is prime as well (implies LTM_PRIME_BBS)
  *   LTM_PRIME_2MSB_OFF - make the 2nd highest bit zero
@@ -5840,7 +6133,7 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback
    maskOR_msb_offset = ((size & 7) == 1) ? 1 : 0;
    if (flags & LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON) {
       maskOR_msb       |= 0x80 >> ((9 - size) & 7);
-   }  
+   }
 
    /* get the maskOR_lsb */
    maskOR_lsb         = 1;
@@ -5854,7 +6147,7 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback
          err = MP_VAL;
          goto error;
       }
- 
+
       /* work over the MSbyte */
       tmp[0]    &= maskAND;
       tmp[0]    |= 1 << ((size - 1) & 7);
@@ -5868,7 +6161,7 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback
 
       /* is it prime? */
       if ((err = mp_prime_is_prime(a, t, &res)) != MP_OKAY)           { goto error; }
-      if (res == MP_NO) {  
+      if (res == MP_NO) {
          continue;
       }
 
@@ -5876,7 +6169,7 @@ int mp_prime_random_ex(mp_int *a, int t, int size, int flags, ltm_prime_callback
          /* see if (a-1)/2 is prime */
          if ((err = mp_sub_d(a, 1, a)) != MP_OKAY)                    { goto error; }
          if ((err = mp_div_2(a, a)) != MP_OKAY)                       { goto error; }
- 
+
          /* is it prime? */
          if ((err = mp_prime_is_prime(a, t, &res)) != MP_OKAY)        { goto error; }
       }
@@ -5897,6 +6190,10 @@ error:
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_prime_random_ex.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_radix_size.c */
@@ -5956,7 +6253,7 @@ int mp_radix_size (mp_int * a, int radix, int *size)
   }
 
   /* force temp to positive */
-  t.sign = MP_ZPOS; 
+  t.sign = MP_ZPOS;
 
   /* fetch out all of the digits */
   while (mp_iszero (&t) == MP_NO) {
@@ -5975,6 +6272,10 @@ int mp_radix_size (mp_int * a, int radix, int *size)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_radix_size.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_radix_smap.c */
@@ -5999,6 +6300,10 @@ int mp_radix_size (mp_int * a, int radix, int *size)
 const char *mp_s_rmap = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz+/";
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_radix_smap.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_rand.c */
@@ -6054,6 +6359,10 @@ mp_rand (mp_int * a, int digits)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_rand.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_read_radix.c */
@@ -6088,8 +6397,8 @@ int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, const char *str, int radix)
     return MP_VAL;
   }
 
-  /* if the leading digit is a 
-   * minus set the sign to negative. 
+  /* if the leading digit is a
+   * minus set the sign to negative.
    */
   if (*str == '-') {
     ++str;
@@ -6100,23 +6409,23 @@ int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, const char *str, int radix)
 
   /* set the integer to the default of zero */
   mp_zero (a);
-  
+
   /* process each digit of the string */
   while (*str) {
     /* if the radix < 36 the conversion is case insensitive
      * this allows numbers like 1AB and 1ab to represent the same  value
      * [e.g. in hex]
      */
-    ch = (char) ((radix < 36) ? toupper (*str) : *str);
+    ch = (char) ((radix < 36) ? toupper ((int)*str) : *str);
     for (y = 0; y < 64; y++) {
       if (ch == mp_s_rmap[y]) {
          break;
       }
     }
 
-    /* if the char was found in the map 
+    /* if the char was found in the map
      * and is less than the given radix add it
-     * to the number, otherwise exit the loop. 
+     * to the number, otherwise exit the loop.
      */
     if (y < radix) {
       if ((res = mp_mul_d (a, (mp_digit) radix, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -6130,7 +6439,7 @@ int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, const char *str, int radix)
     }
     ++str;
   }
-  
+
   /* set the sign only if a != 0 */
   if (mp_iszero(a) != 1) {
      a->sign = neg;
@@ -6139,6 +6448,10 @@ int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, const char *str, int radix)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_read_radix.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_read_signed_bin.c */
@@ -6180,6 +6493,10 @@ int mp_read_signed_bin (mp_int * a, const unsigned char *b, int c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_read_signed_bin.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.c */
@@ -6235,6 +6552,10 @@ int mp_read_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, const unsigned char *b, int c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_read_unsigned_bin.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce.c */
@@ -6255,7 +6576,7 @@ int mp_read_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, const unsigned char *b, int c)
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* reduces x mod m, assumes 0 < x < m**2, mu is 
+/* reduces x mod m, assumes 0 < x < m**2, mu is
  * precomputed via mp_reduce_setup.
  * From HAC pp.604 Algorithm 14.42
  */
@@ -6270,7 +6591,7 @@ int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
   }
 
   /* q1 = x / b**(k-1)  */
-  mp_rshd (&q, um - 1);         
+  mp_rshd (&q, um - 1);
 
   /* according to HAC this optimization is ok */
   if (((unsigned long) um) > (((mp_digit)1) << (DIGIT_BIT - 1))) {
@@ -6286,8 +6607,8 @@ int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
     if ((res = fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (&q, mu, &q, um)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto CLEANUP;
     }
-#else 
-    { 
+#else
+    {
       res = MP_VAL;
       goto CLEANUP;
     }
@@ -6295,7 +6616,7 @@ int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
   }
 
   /* q3 = q2 / b**(k+1) */
-  mp_rshd (&q, um + 1);         
+  mp_rshd (&q, um + 1);
 
   /* x = x mod b**(k+1), quick (no division) */
   if ((res = mp_mod_2d (x, DIGIT_BIT * (um + 1), x)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -6327,7 +6648,7 @@ int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
       goto CLEANUP;
     }
   }
-  
+
 CLEANUP:
   mp_clear (&q);
 
@@ -6335,6 +6656,10 @@ CLEANUP:
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_reduce.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce_2k.c */
@@ -6360,35 +6685,35 @@ int mp_reduce_2k(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_digit d)
 {
    mp_int q;
    int    p, res;
-   
+
    if ((res = mp_init(&q)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
    }
-   
-   p = mp_count_bits(n);    
+
+   p = mp_count_bits(n);
 top:
    /* q = a/2**p, a = a mod 2**p */
    if ((res = mp_div_2d(a, p, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    if (d != 1) {
       /* q = q * d */
-      if ((res = mp_mul_d(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) { 
+      if ((res = mp_mul_d(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) {
          goto ERR;
       }
    }
-   
+
    /* a = a + q */
    if ((res = s_mp_add(a, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    if (mp_cmp_mag(a, n) != MP_LT) {
       s_mp_sub(a, n, a);
       goto top;
    }
-   
+
 ERR:
    mp_clear(&q);
    return res;
@@ -6396,6 +6721,10 @@ ERR:
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_reduce_2k.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.c */
@@ -6416,7 +6745,7 @@ ERR:
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* reduces a modulo n where n is of the form 2**p - d 
+/* reduces a modulo n where n is of the form 2**p - d
    This differs from reduce_2k since "d" can be larger
    than a single digit.
 */
@@ -6424,33 +6753,33 @@ int mp_reduce_2k_l(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_int *d)
 {
    mp_int q;
    int    p, res;
-   
+
    if ((res = mp_init(&q)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
    }
-   
-   p = mp_count_bits(n);    
+
+   p = mp_count_bits(n);
 top:
    /* q = a/2**p, a = a mod 2**p */
    if ((res = mp_div_2d(a, p, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    /* q = q * d */
-   if ((res = mp_mul(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) { 
+   if ((res = mp_mul(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    /* a = a + q */
    if ((res = s_mp_add(a, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    if (mp_cmp_mag(a, n) != MP_LT) {
       s_mp_sub(a, n, a);
       goto top;
    }
-   
+
 ERR:
    mp_clear(&q);
    return res;
@@ -6458,6 +6787,10 @@ ERR:
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_reduce_2k_l.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c */
@@ -6483,28 +6816,32 @@ int mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
 {
    int res, p;
    mp_int tmp;
-   
+
    if ((res = mp_init(&tmp)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
    }
-   
+
    p = mp_count_bits(a);
    if ((res = mp_2expt(&tmp, p)) != MP_OKAY) {
       mp_clear(&tmp);
       return res;
    }
-   
+
    if ((res = s_mp_sub(&tmp, a, &tmp)) != MP_OKAY) {
       mp_clear(&tmp);
       return res;
    }
-   
+
    *d = tmp.dp[0];
    mp_clear(&tmp);
    return MP_OKAY;
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.c */
@@ -6530,25 +6867,29 @@ int mp_reduce_2k_setup_l(mp_int *a, mp_int *d)
 {
    int    res;
    mp_int tmp;
-   
+
    if ((res = mp_init(&tmp)) != MP_OKAY) {
       return res;
    }
-   
+
    if ((res = mp_2expt(&tmp, mp_count_bits(a))) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
    if ((res = s_mp_sub(&tmp, a, d)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto ERR;
    }
-   
+
 ERR:
    mp_clear(&tmp);
    return res;
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup_l.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c */
@@ -6574,7 +6915,7 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
 {
    int ix, iy, iw;
    mp_digit iz;
-   
+
    if (a->used == 0) {
       return MP_NO;
    } else if (a->used == 1) {
@@ -6583,7 +6924,7 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
       iy = mp_count_bits(a);
       iz = 1;
       iw = 1;
-    
+
       /* Test every bit from the second digit up, must be 1 */
       for (ix = DIGIT_BIT; ix < iy; ix++) {
           if ((a->dp[iw] & iz) == 0) {
@@ -6601,6 +6942,10 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.c */
@@ -6625,7 +6970,7 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
 int mp_reduce_is_2k_l(mp_int *a)
 {
    int ix, iy;
-   
+
    if (a->used == 0) {
       return MP_NO;
    } else if (a->used == 1) {
@@ -6638,13 +6983,17 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k_l(mp_int *a)
           }
       }
       return (iy >= (a->used/2)) ? MP_YES : MP_NO;
-      
+
    }
    return MP_NO;
 }
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_reduce_is_2k_l.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_reduce_setup.c */
@@ -6671,7 +7020,7 @@ int mp_reduce_is_2k_l(mp_int *a)
 int mp_reduce_setup (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 {
   int     res;
-  
+
   if ((res = mp_2expt (a, b->used * 2 * DIGIT_BIT)) != MP_OKAY) {
     return res;
   }
@@ -6679,6 +7028,10 @@ int mp_reduce_setup (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_reduce_setup.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_rshd.c */
@@ -6726,8 +7079,8 @@ void mp_rshd (mp_int * a, int b)
     /* top [offset into digits] */
     top = a->dp + b;
 
-    /* this is implemented as a sliding window where 
-     * the window is b-digits long and digits from 
+    /* this is implemented as a sliding window where
+     * the window is b-digits long and digits from
      * the top of the window are copied to the bottom
      *
      * e.g.
@@ -6745,12 +7098,16 @@ void mp_rshd (mp_int * a, int b)
       *bottom++ = 0;
     }
   }
-  
+
   /* remove excess digits */
   a->used -= b;
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_rshd.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_set.c */
@@ -6780,6 +7137,10 @@ void mp_set (mp_int * a, mp_digit b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_set.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_set_int.c */
@@ -6806,7 +7167,7 @@ int mp_set_int (mp_int * a, unsigned long b)
   int     x, res;
 
   mp_zero (a);
-  
+
   /* set four bits at a time */
   for (x = 0; x < 8; x++) {
     /* shift the number up four bits */
@@ -6828,6 +7189,10 @@ int mp_set_int (mp_int * a, unsigned long b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_set_int.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_shrink.c */
@@ -6853,10 +7218,10 @@ int mp_shrink (mp_int * a)
 {
   mp_digit *tmp;
   int used = 1;
-  
+
   if(a->used > 0)
     used = a->used;
-  
+
   if (a->alloc != used) {
     if ((tmp = OPT_CAST(mp_digit) XREALLOC (a->dp, sizeof (mp_digit) * used)) == NULL) {
       return MP_MEM;
@@ -6868,6 +7233,10 @@ int mp_shrink (mp_int * a)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_shrink.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_signed_bin_size.c */
@@ -6895,6 +7264,10 @@ int mp_signed_bin_size (mp_int * a)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_signed_bin_size.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_sqr.c */
@@ -6926,18 +7299,18 @@ mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
   if (a->used >= TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF) {
     res = mp_toom_sqr(a, b);
   /* Karatsuba? */
-  } else 
+  } else
 #endif
 #ifdef BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
 if (a->used >= KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF) {
     res = mp_karatsuba_sqr (a, b);
-  } else 
+  } else
 #endif
   {
 #ifdef BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
     /* can we use the fast comba multiplier? */
-    if ((a->used * 2 + 1) < MP_WARRAY && 
-         a->used < 
+    if ((a->used * 2 + 1) < MP_WARRAY &&
+         a->used <
          (1 << (sizeof(mp_word) * CHAR_BIT - 2*DIGIT_BIT - 1))) {
       res = fast_s_mp_sqr (a, b);
     } else
@@ -6953,6 +7326,10 @@ if (a->used >= KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF) {
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_sqr.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_sqrmod.c */
@@ -6994,6 +7371,10 @@ mp_sqrmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_sqrmod.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_sqrt.c */
@@ -7016,7 +7397,7 @@ mp_sqrmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
  */
 
 /* this function is less generic than mp_n_root, simpler and faster */
-int mp_sqrt(mp_int *arg, mp_int *ret) 
+int mp_sqrt(mp_int *arg, mp_int *ret)
 {
   int res;
   mp_int t1,t2;
@@ -7043,7 +7424,7 @@ int mp_sqrt(mp_int *arg, mp_int *ret)
   /* First approx. (not very bad for large arg) */
   mp_rshd (&t1,t1.used/2);
 
-  /* t1 > 0  */ 
+  /* t1 > 0  */
   if ((res = mp_div(arg,&t1,&t2,NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
     goto E1;
   }
@@ -7054,7 +7435,7 @@ int mp_sqrt(mp_int *arg, mp_int *ret)
     goto E1;
   }
   /* And now t1 > sqrt(arg) */
-  do { 
+  do {
     if ((res = mp_div(arg,&t1,&t2,NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto E1;
     }
@@ -7076,6 +7457,10 @@ E2: mp_clear(&t1);
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_sqrt.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_sub.c */
@@ -7135,6 +7520,10 @@ mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_sub.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_sub_d.c */
@@ -7228,6 +7617,10 @@ mp_sub_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_sub_d.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_submod.c */
@@ -7270,6 +7663,10 @@ mp_submod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_submod.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_to_signed_bin.c */
@@ -7303,6 +7700,10 @@ int mp_to_signed_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_to_signed_bin.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.c */
@@ -7334,6 +7735,10 @@ int mp_to_signed_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_to_signed_bin_n.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.c */
@@ -7382,6 +7787,10 @@ int mp_to_unsigned_bin (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.c */
@@ -7413,6 +7822,10 @@ int mp_to_unsigned_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_to_unsigned_bin_n.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_toom_mul.c */
@@ -7433,28 +7846,28 @@ int mp_to_unsigned_bin_n (mp_int * a, unsigned char *b, unsigned long *outlen)
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* multiplication using the Toom-Cook 3-way algorithm 
+/* multiplication using the Toom-Cook 3-way algorithm
  *
- * Much more complicated than Karatsuba but has a lower 
- * asymptotic running time of O(N**1.464).  This algorithm is 
- * only particularly useful on VERY large inputs 
+ * Much more complicated than Karatsuba but has a lower
+ * asymptotic running time of O(N**1.464).  This algorithm is
+ * only particularly useful on VERY large inputs
  * (we're talking 1000s of digits here...).
 */
 int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
 {
     mp_int w0, w1, w2, w3, w4, tmp1, tmp2, a0, a1, a2, b0, b1, b2;
     int res, B;
-        
+
     /* init temps */
-    if ((res = mp_init_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4, 
-                             &a0, &a1, &a2, &b0, &b1, 
+    if ((res = mp_init_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4,
+                             &a0, &a1, &a2, &b0, &b1,
                              &b2, &tmp1, &tmp2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
        return res;
     }
-    
+
     /* B */
     B = MIN(a->used, b->used) / 3;
-    
+
     /* a = a2 * B**2 + a1 * B + a0 */
     if ((res = mp_mod_2d(a, DIGIT_BIT * B, &a0)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
@@ -7470,7 +7883,7 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
        goto ERR;
     }
     mp_rshd(&a2, B*2);
-    
+
     /* b = b2 * B**2 + b1 * B + b0 */
     if ((res = mp_mod_2d(b, DIGIT_BIT * B, &b0)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
@@ -7486,17 +7899,17 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
        goto ERR;
     }
     mp_rshd(&b2, B*2);
-    
+
     /* w0 = a0*b0 */
     if ((res = mp_mul(&a0, &b0, &w0)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     /* w4 = a2 * b2 */
     if ((res = mp_mul(&a2, &b2, &w4)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     /* w1 = (a2 + 2(a1 + 2a0))(b2 + 2(b1 + 2b0)) */
     if ((res = mp_mul_2(&a0, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
@@ -7510,7 +7923,7 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, &a2, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     if ((res = mp_mul_2(&b0, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
@@ -7523,11 +7936,11 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if ((res = mp_add(&tmp2, &b2, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     if ((res = mp_mul(&tmp1, &tmp2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     /* w3 = (a0 + 2(a1 + 2a2))(b0 + 2(b1 + 2b2)) */
     if ((res = mp_mul_2(&a2, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
@@ -7541,7 +7954,7 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, &a0, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     if ((res = mp_mul_2(&b2, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
@@ -7554,11 +7967,11 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if ((res = mp_add(&tmp2, &b0, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
     if ((res = mp_mul(&tmp1, &tmp2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
+
 
     /* w2 = (a2 + a1 + a0)(b2 + b1 + b0) */
     if ((res = mp_add(&a2, &a1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) {
@@ -7576,19 +7989,19 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
     if ((res = mp_mul(&tmp1, &tmp2, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) {
        goto ERR;
     }
-    
-    /* now solve the matrix 
-    
+
+    /* now solve the matrix
+
        0  0  0  0  1
        1  2  4  8  16
        1  1  1  1  1
        16 8  4  2  1
        1  0  0  0  0
-       
-       using 12 subtractions, 4 shifts, 
-              2 small divisions and 1 small multiplication 
+
+       using 12 subtractions, 4 shifts,
+              2 small divisions and 1 small multiplication
      */
-     
+
      /* r1 - r4 */
      if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w4, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto ERR;
@@ -7660,7 +8073,7 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
      if ((res = mp_div_3(&w3, &w3, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto ERR;
      }
-     
+
      /* at this point shift W[n] by B*n */
      if ((res = mp_lshd(&w1, 1*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto ERR;
@@ -7673,8 +8086,8 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
      }
      if ((res = mp_lshd(&w4, 4*B)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto ERR;
-     }     
-     
+     }
+
      if ((res = mp_add(&w0, &w1, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto ERR;
      }
@@ -7686,17 +8099,21 @@ int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
      }
      if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, c, c)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto ERR;
-     }     
-     
+     }
+
 ERR:
-     mp_clear_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4, 
-                    &a0, &a1, &a2, &b0, &b1, 
+     mp_clear_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4,
+                    &a0, &a1, &a2, &b0, &b1,
                     &b2, &tmp1, &tmp2, NULL);
      return res;
-}     
-     
+}
+
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_toom_mul.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_toom_sqr.c */
@@ -7923,6 +8340,10 @@ ERR:
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_toom_sqr.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_toradix.c */
@@ -7998,6 +8419,10 @@ int mp_toradix (mp_int * a, char *str, int radix)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_toradix.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_toradix_n.c */
@@ -8018,9 +8443,9 @@ int mp_toradix (mp_int * a, char *str, int radix)
  * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 
-/* stores a bignum as a ASCII string in a given radix (2..64) 
+/* stores a bignum as a ASCII string in a given radix (2..64)
  *
- * Stores upto maxlen-1 chars and always a NULL byte 
+ * Stores upto maxlen-1 chars and always a NULL byte
  */
 int mp_toradix_n(mp_int * a, char *str, int radix, int maxlen)
 {
@@ -8053,7 +8478,7 @@ int mp_toradix_n(mp_int * a, char *str, int radix, int maxlen)
     /* store the flag and mark the number as positive */
     *str++ = '-';
     t.sign = MP_ZPOS;
- 
+
     /* subtract a char */
     --maxlen;
   }
@@ -8086,6 +8511,10 @@ int mp_toradix_n(mp_int * a, char *str, int radix, int maxlen)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_toradix_n.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.c */
@@ -8114,6 +8543,10 @@ int mp_unsigned_bin_size (mp_int * a)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_unsigned_bin_size.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_xor.c */
@@ -8165,6 +8598,10 @@ mp_xor (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_xor.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_mp_zero.c */
@@ -8201,6 +8638,10 @@ void mp_zero (mp_int * a)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_mp_zero.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_prime_tab.c */
@@ -8262,6 +8703,10 @@ const mp_digit ltm_prime_tab[] = {
 };
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_prime_tab.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_reverse.c */
@@ -8301,6 +8746,10 @@ bn_reverse (unsigned char *s, int len)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_reverse.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_s_mp_add.c */
@@ -8380,8 +8829,8 @@ s_mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
       *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
     }
 
-    /* now copy higher words if any, that is in A+B 
-     * if A or B has more digits add those in 
+    /* now copy higher words if any, that is in A+B
+     * if A or B has more digits add those in
      */
     if (min != max) {
       for (; i < max; i++) {
@@ -8410,6 +8859,10 @@ s_mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_s_mp_add.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_s_mp_exptmod.c */
@@ -8469,7 +8922,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
   /* init M array */
   /* init first cell */
   if ((err = mp_init(&M[1])) != MP_OKAY) {
-     return err; 
+     return err;
   }
 
   /* now init the second half of the array */
@@ -8487,7 +8940,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
   if ((err = mp_init (&mu)) != MP_OKAY) {
     goto LBL_M;
   }
-  
+
   if (redmode == 0) {
      if ((err = mp_reduce_setup (&mu, P)) != MP_OKAY) {
         goto LBL_MU;
@@ -8498,22 +8951,22 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
         goto LBL_MU;
      }
      redux = mp_reduce_2k_l;
-  }    
+  }
 
   /* create M table
    *
-   * The M table contains powers of the base, 
+   * The M table contains powers of the base,
    * e.g. M[x] = G**x mod P
    *
-   * The first half of the table is not 
+   * The first half of the table is not
    * computed though accept for M[0] and M[1]
    */
   if ((err = mp_mod (G, P, &M[1])) != MP_OKAY) {
     goto LBL_MU;
   }
 
-  /* compute the value at M[1<<(winsize-1)] by squaring 
-   * M[1] (winsize-1) times 
+  /* compute the value at M[1<<(winsize-1)] by squaring
+   * M[1] (winsize-1) times
    */
   if ((err = mp_copy (&M[1], &M[1 << (winsize - 1)])) != MP_OKAY) {
     goto LBL_MU;
@@ -8521,7 +8974,7 @@ int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode)
 
   for (x = 0; x < (winsize - 1); x++) {
     /* square it */
-    if ((err = mp_sqr (&M[1 << (winsize - 1)], 
+    if ((err = mp_sqr (&M[1 << (winsize - 1)],
                        &M[1 << (winsize - 1)])) != MP_OKAY) {
       goto LBL_MU;
     }
@@ -8662,6 +9115,10 @@ LBL_M:
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_s_mp_exptmod.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_s_mp_mul_digs.c */
@@ -8683,7 +9140,7 @@ LBL_M:
  */
 
 /* multiplies |a| * |b| and only computes upto digs digits of result
- * HAC pp. 595, Algorithm 14.12  Modified so you can control how 
+ * HAC pp. 595, Algorithm 14.12  Modified so you can control how
  * many digits of output are created.
  */
 int s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
@@ -8696,7 +9153,7 @@ int s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 
   /* can we use the fast multiplier? */
   if (((digs) < MP_WARRAY) &&
-      MIN (a->used, b->used) < 
+      MIN (a->used, b->used) <
           (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof (mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)))) {
     return fast_s_mp_mul_digs (a, b, c, digs);
   }
@@ -8718,10 +9175,10 @@ int s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
     /* setup some aliases */
     /* copy of the digit from a used within the nested loop */
     tmpx = a->dp[ix];
-    
+
     /* an alias for the destination shifted ix places */
     tmpt = t.dp + ix;
-    
+
     /* an alias for the digits of b */
     tmpy = b->dp;
 
@@ -8752,6 +9209,10 @@ int s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_s_mp_mul_digs.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c */
@@ -8833,6 +9294,10 @@ s_mp_mul_high_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_s_mp_mul_high_digs.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_s_mp_sqr.c */
@@ -8886,7 +9351,7 @@ int s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 
     /* alias for where to store the results */
     tmpt        = t.dp + (2*ix + 1);
-    
+
     for (iy = ix + 1; iy < pa; iy++) {
       /* first calculate the product */
       r       = ((mp_word)tmpx) * ((mp_word)a->dp[iy]);
@@ -8917,6 +9382,10 @@ int s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
 }
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_s_mp_sqr.c */
 
 /* Start: bn_s_mp_sub.c */
@@ -9006,6 +9475,10 @@ s_mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bn_s_mp_sub.c */
 
 /* Start: bncore.c */
@@ -9032,16 +9505,20 @@ s_mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
 -------------------------------------------------------------
  Intel P4 Northwood     /GCC v3.4.1   /        88/       128/LTM 0.32 ;-)
  AMD Athlon64           /GCC v3.4.4   /        80/       120/LTM 0.35
- 
+
 */
 
 int     KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF = 80,      /* Min. number of digits before Karatsuba multiplication is used. */
         KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF = 120,     /* Min. number of digits before Karatsuba squaring is used. */
-        
+
         TOOM_MUL_CUTOFF      = 350,      /* no optimal values of these are known yet so set em high */
-        TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF      = 400; 
+        TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF      = 400;
 #endif
 
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
+
 /* End: bncore.c */
 
 
diff --git a/libtommath/tommath.h b/libtommath/tommath.h
index 4b3a76f..da0e473 100644
--- a/libtommath/tommath.h
+++ b/libtommath/tommath.h
@@ -10,46 +10,27 @@
  * The library is free for all purposes without any express
  * guarantee it works.
  *
- * Tom St Denis, tomstdenis@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
  */
 #ifndef BN_H_
 #define BN_H_
 
 #include <stdio.h>
-#include <string.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
-#include <ctype.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
 #include <limits.h>
 
 #include <tommath_class.h>
 
-#ifndef MIN
-#   define MIN(x,y) ((x)<(y)?(x):(y))
-#endif
-
-#ifndef MAX
-#   define MAX(x,y) ((x)>(y)?(x):(y))
-#endif
-
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 extern "C" {
-
-/* C++ compilers don't like assigning void * to mp_digit * */
-#define  OPT_CAST(x)  (x *)
-
-#else
-
-/* C on the other hand doesn't care */
-#define  OPT_CAST(x)
-
 #endif
 
-
 /* detect 64-bit mode if possible */
-#if defined(__x86_64__) 
-#   if !(defined(MP_64BIT) && defined(MP_16BIT) && defined(MP_8BIT))
-#	define MP_64BIT
-#   endif
+#if defined(__x86_64__)
+   #if !(defined(MP_32BIT) || defined(MP_16BIT) || defined(MP_8BIT))
+      #define MP_64BIT
+   #endif
 #endif
 
 /* some default configurations.
@@ -61,70 +42,78 @@ extern "C" {
  * [any size beyond that is ok provided it doesn't overflow the data type]
  */
 #ifdef MP_8BIT
-   typedef unsigned char      mp_digit;
-   typedef unsigned short     mp_word;
+   typedef uint8_t              mp_digit;
+   typedef uint16_t             mp_word;
+#define MP_SIZEOF_MP_DIGIT      1
+#ifdef DIGIT_BIT
+#error You must not define DIGIT_BIT when using MP_8BIT
+#endif
 #elif defined(MP_16BIT)
-   typedef unsigned short     mp_digit;
-   typedef unsigned long      mp_word;
+   typedef uint16_t             mp_digit;
+   typedef uint32_t             mp_word;
+#define MP_SIZEOF_MP_DIGIT      2
+#ifdef DIGIT_BIT
+#error You must not define DIGIT_BIT when using MP_16BIT
+#endif
 #elif defined(MP_64BIT)
    /* for GCC only on supported platforms */
 #ifndef CRYPT
-   typedef unsigned long long ulong64;
-   typedef signed long long   long64;
+   typedef unsigned long long   ulong64;
+   typedef signed long long     long64;
 #endif
 
-   typedef unsigned long      mp_digit;
-   typedef unsigned long      mp_word __attribute__ ((mode(TI)));
+   typedef uint64_t mp_digit;
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+   typedef unsigned __int128    mp_word;
+#elif defined(__GNUC__)
+   typedef unsigned long        mp_word __attribute__ ((mode(TI)));
+#else
+   /* it seems you have a problem
+    * but we assume you can somewhere define your own uint128_t */
+   typedef uint128_t            mp_word;
+#endif
 
-#  define DIGIT_BIT          60
+   #define DIGIT_BIT            60
 #else
    /* this is the default case, 28-bit digits */
-   
+
    /* this is to make porting into LibTomCrypt easier :-) */
 #ifndef CRYPT
-#  if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
-      typedef unsigned __int64   ulong64;
-      typedef signed __int64     long64;
-#  else
-      typedef unsigned long long ulong64;
-      typedef signed long long   long64;
-#  endif
+   typedef unsigned long long   ulong64;
+   typedef signed long long     long64;
 #endif
 
-   typedef unsigned long      mp_digit;
-   typedef ulong64            mp_word;
+   typedef uint32_t             mp_digit;
+   typedef uint64_t             mp_word;
 
-#ifdef MP_31BIT   
+#ifdef MP_31BIT
    /* this is an extension that uses 31-bit digits */
-#  define DIGIT_BIT          31
+   #define DIGIT_BIT            31
 #else
    /* default case is 28-bit digits, defines MP_28BIT as a handy macro to test */
-#  define DIGIT_BIT          28
-#  define MP_28BIT
-#endif   
+   #define DIGIT_BIT            28
+   #define MP_28BIT
 #endif
-
-/* define heap macros */
-#ifndef CRYPT
-   /* default to libc stuff */
-#  ifndef XMALLOC
-#     define XMALLOC  malloc
-#     define XFREE    free
-#     define XREALLOC realloc
-#     define XCALLOC  calloc
-#  else
-      /* prototypes for our heap functions */
-      extern void *XMALLOC(size_t n);
-      extern void *XREALLOC(void *p, size_t n);
-      extern void *XCALLOC(size_t n, size_t s);
-      extern void XFREE(void *p);
-#  endif
 #endif
 
-
 /* otherwise the bits per digit is calculated automatically from the size of a mp_digit */
 #ifndef DIGIT_BIT
-#   define DIGIT_BIT     ((int)((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_digit) - 1)))  /* bits per digit */
+   #define DIGIT_BIT     (((CHAR_BIT * MP_SIZEOF_MP_DIGIT) - 1))  /* bits per digit */
+   typedef uint_least32_t mp_min_u32;
+#else
+   typedef mp_digit mp_min_u32;
+#endif
+
+/* platforms that can use a better rand function */
+#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__)
+    #define MP_USE_ALT_RAND 1
+#endif
+
+/* use arc4random on platforms that support it */
+#ifdef MP_USE_ALT_RAND
+    #define MP_GEN_RANDOM()    arc4random()
+#else
+    #define MP_GEN_RANDOM()    rand()
 #endif
 
 #define MP_DIGIT_BIT     DIGIT_BIT
@@ -165,15 +154,15 @@ extern int KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF,
 
 /* default precision */
 #ifndef MP_PREC
-#  ifndef MP_LOW_MEM
-#     define MP_PREC                 32     /* default digits of precision */
-#  else
-#     define MP_PREC                 8      /* default digits of precision */
-#  endif
+   #ifndef MP_LOW_MEM
+      #define MP_PREC                 32     /* default digits of precision */
+   #else
+      #define MP_PREC                 8      /* default digits of precision */
+   #endif
 #endif
 
 /* size of comba arrays, should be at least 2 * 2**(BITS_PER_WORD - BITS_PER_DIGIT*2) */
-#define MP_WARRAY               (1 << (sizeof(mp_word) * CHAR_BIT - 2 * DIGIT_BIT + 1))
+#define MP_WARRAY               (1 << (((sizeof(mp_word) * CHAR_BIT) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)) + 1))
 
 /* the infamous mp_int structure */
 typedef struct  {
@@ -190,7 +179,7 @@ typedef int ltm_prime_callback(unsigned char *dst, int len, void *dat);
 #define SIGN(m)    ((m)->sign)
 
 /* error code to char* string */
-char *mp_error_to_string(int code);
+const char *mp_error_to_string(int code);
 
 /* ---> init and deinit bignum functions <--- */
 /* init a bignum */
@@ -219,8 +208,9 @@ int mp_init_size(mp_int *a, int size);
 
 /* ---> Basic Manipulations <--- */
 #define mp_iszero(a) (((a)->used == 0) ? MP_YES : MP_NO)
-#define mp_iseven(a) (((a)->used == 0 || (((a)->dp[0] & 1) == 0)) ? MP_YES : MP_NO)
-#define mp_isodd(a)  (((a)->used > 0 && (((a)->dp[0] & 1) == 1)) ? MP_YES : MP_NO)
+#define mp_iseven(a) ((((a)->used > 0) && (((a)->dp[0] & 1u) == 0u)) ? MP_YES : MP_NO)
+#define mp_isodd(a)  ((((a)->used > 0) && (((a)->dp[0] & 1u) == 1u)) ? MP_YES : MP_NO)
+#define mp_isneg(a)  (((a)->sign != MP_ZPOS) ? MP_YES : MP_NO)
 
 /* set to zero */
 void mp_zero(mp_int *a);
@@ -231,9 +221,21 @@ void mp_set(mp_int *a, mp_digit b);
 /* set a 32-bit const */
 int mp_set_int(mp_int *a, unsigned long b);
 
+/* set a platform dependent unsigned long value */
+int mp_set_long(mp_int *a, unsigned long b);
+
+/* set a platform dependent unsigned long long value */
+int mp_set_long_long(mp_int *a, unsigned long long b);
+
 /* get a 32-bit value */
 unsigned long mp_get_int(mp_int * a);
 
+/* get a platform dependent unsigned long value */
+unsigned long mp_get_long(mp_int * a);
+
+/* get a platform dependent unsigned long long value */
+unsigned long long mp_get_long_long(mp_int * a);
+
 /* initialize and set a digit */
 int mp_init_set (mp_int * a, mp_digit b);
 
@@ -249,6 +251,12 @@ int mp_init_copy(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
 /* trim unused digits */
 void mp_clamp(mp_int *a);
 
+/* import binary data */
+int mp_import(mp_int* rop, size_t count, int order, size_t size, int endian, size_t nails, const void* op);
+
+/* export binary data */
+int mp_export(void* rop, size_t* countp, int order, size_t size, int endian, size_t nails, mp_int* op);
+
 /* ---> digit manipulation <--- */
 
 /* right shift by "b" digits */
@@ -257,19 +265,19 @@ void mp_rshd(mp_int *a, int b);
 /* left shift by "b" digits */
 int mp_lshd(mp_int *a, int b);
 
-/* c = a / 2**b */
+/* c = a / 2**b, implemented as c = a >> b */
 int mp_div_2d(const mp_int *a, int b, mp_int *c, mp_int *d);
 
 /* b = a/2 */
 int mp_div_2(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
 
-/* c = a * 2**b */
+/* c = a * 2**b, implemented as c = a << b */
 int mp_mul_2d(const mp_int *a, int b, mp_int *c);
 
 /* b = a*2 */
 int mp_mul_2(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
 
-/* c = a mod 2**d */
+/* c = a mod 2**b */
 int mp_mod_2d(const mp_int *a, int b, mp_int *c);
 
 /* computes a = 2**b */
@@ -347,6 +355,7 @@ int mp_div_3(mp_int *a, mp_int *c, mp_digit *d);
 
 /* c = a**b */
 int mp_expt_d(mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_int *c);
+int mp_expt_d_ex (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c, int fast);
 
 /* c = a mod b, 0 <= c < b  */
 int mp_mod_d(mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_digit *c);
@@ -382,10 +391,14 @@ int mp_lcm(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
  * returns error if a < 0 and b is even
  */
 int mp_n_root(mp_int *a, mp_digit b, mp_int *c);
+int mp_n_root_ex (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c, int fast);
 
 /* special sqrt algo */
 int mp_sqrt(mp_int *arg, mp_int *ret);
 
+/* special sqrt (mod prime) */
+int mp_sqrtmod_prime(mp_int *arg, mp_int *prime, mp_int *ret);
+
 /* is number a square? */
 int mp_is_square(mp_int *arg, int *ret);
 
@@ -453,7 +466,7 @@ int mp_exptmod(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c, mp_int *d);
 #endif
 
 /* table of first PRIME_SIZE primes */
-extern const mp_digit ltm_prime_tab[];
+extern const mp_digit ltm_prime_tab[PRIME_SIZE];
 
 /* result=1 if a is divisible by one of the first PRIME_SIZE primes */
 int mp_prime_is_divisible(mp_int *a, int *result);
@@ -469,7 +482,7 @@ int mp_prime_fermat(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, int *result);
 int mp_prime_miller_rabin(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, int *result);
 
 /* This gives [for a given bit size] the number of trials required
- * such that Miller-Rabin gives a prob of failure lower than 2^-96 
+ * such that Miller-Rabin gives a prob of failure lower than 2^-96
  */
 int mp_prime_rabin_miller_trials(int size);
 
@@ -490,7 +503,7 @@ int mp_prime_is_prime(mp_int *a, int t, int *result);
 int mp_prime_next_prime(mp_int *a, int t, int bbs_style);
 
 /* makes a truly random prime of a given size (bytes),
- * call with bbs = 1 if you want it to be congruent to 3 mod 4 
+ * call with bbs = 1 if you want it to be congruent to 3 mod 4
  *
  * You have to supply a callback which fills in a buffer with random bytes.  "dat" is a parameter you can
  * have passed to the callback (e.g. a state or something).  This function doesn't use "dat" itself
@@ -503,10 +516,9 @@ int mp_prime_next_prime(mp_int *a, int t, int bbs_style);
 /* makes a truly random prime of a given size (bits),
  *
  * Flags are as follows:
- * 
+ *
  *   LTM_PRIME_BBS      - make prime congruent to 3 mod 4
  *   LTM_PRIME_SAFE     - make sure (p-1)/2 is prime as well (implies LTM_PRIME_BBS)
- *   LTM_PRIME_2MSB_OFF - make the 2nd highest bit zero
  *   LTM_PRIME_2MSB_ON  - make the 2nd highest bit one
  *
  * You have to supply a callback which fills in a buffer with random bytes.  "dat" is a parameter you can
@@ -534,8 +546,10 @@ int mp_toradix(mp_int *a, char *str, int radix);
 int mp_toradix_n(mp_int * a, char *str, int radix, int maxlen);
 int mp_radix_size(mp_int *a, int radix, int *size);
 
+#ifndef LTM_NO_FILE
 int mp_fread(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream);
 int mp_fwrite(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream);
+#endif
 
 #define mp_read_raw(mp, str, len) mp_read_signed_bin((mp), (str), (len))
 #define mp_raw_size(mp)           mp_signed_bin_size(mp)
@@ -549,31 +563,13 @@ int mp_fwrite(mp_int *a, int radix, FILE *stream);
 #define mp_todecimal(M, S) mp_toradix((M), (S), 10)
 #define mp_tohex(M, S)     mp_toradix((M), (S), 16)
 
-/* lowlevel functions, do not call! */
-int s_mp_add(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
-int s_mp_sub(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
-#define s_mp_mul(a, b, c) s_mp_mul_digs(a, b, c, (a)->used + (b)->used + 1)
-int fast_s_mp_mul_digs(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c, int digs);
-int s_mp_mul_digs(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c, int digs);
-int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c, int digs);
-int s_mp_mul_high_digs(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c, int digs);
-int fast_s_mp_sqr(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
-int s_mp_sqr(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
-int mp_karatsuba_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
-int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
-int mp_karatsuba_sqr(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
-int mp_toom_sqr(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
-int fast_mp_invmod(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
-int mp_invmod_slow (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
-int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce(mp_int *a, mp_int *m, mp_digit mp);
-int mp_exptmod_fast(mp_int *G, mp_int *X, mp_int *P, mp_int *Y, int mode);
-int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int mode);
-void bn_reverse(unsigned char *s, int len);
-
-extern const char *mp_s_rmap;
-
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
 #endif
 
 #endif
+
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/tommath.out b/libtommath/tommath.out
index 9f62617..de4aada 100644
--- a/libtommath/tommath.out
+++ b/libtommath/tommath.out
@@ -1,139 +1,139 @@
-\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.1}{Introduction}{}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.1}{Multiple Precision Arithmetic}{chapter.1}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.1.1}{What is Multiple Precision Arithmetic?}{section.1.1}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.1.2}{The Need for Multiple Precision Arithmetic}{section.1.1}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.1.3}{Benefits of Multiple Precision Arithmetic}{section.1.1}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.2}{Purpose of This Text}{chapter.1}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.3}{Discussion and Notation}{chapter.1}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.1}{Notation}{section.1.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.2}{Precision Notation}{section.1.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.3}{Algorithm Inputs and Outputs}{section.1.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.4}{Mathematical Expressions}{section.1.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.5}{Work Effort}{section.1.3}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.4}{Exercises}{chapter.1}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.5}{Introduction to LibTomMath}{chapter.1}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.5.1}{What is LibTomMath?}{section.1.5}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.5.2}{Goals of LibTomMath}{section.1.5}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.6}{Choice of LibTomMath}{chapter.1}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.6.1}{Code Base}{section.1.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.6.2}{API Simplicity}{section.1.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.6.3}{Optimizations}{section.1.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.6.4}{Portability and Stability}{section.1.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.6.5}{Choice}{section.1.6}
-\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.2}{Getting Started}{}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.1}{Library Basics}{chapter.2}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.2}{What is a Multiple Precision Integer?}{chapter.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.2.1}{The mp\137int Structure}{section.2.2}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.3}{Argument Passing}{chapter.2}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.4}{Return Values}{chapter.2}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.5}{Initialization and Clearing}{chapter.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.5.1}{Initializing an mp\137int}{section.2.5}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.5.2}{Clearing an mp\137int}{section.2.5}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.6}{Maintenance Algorithms}{chapter.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.6.1}{Augmenting an mp\137int's Precision}{section.2.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.6.2}{Initializing Variable Precision mp\137ints}{section.2.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.6.3}{Multiple Integer Initializations and Clearings}{section.2.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.6.4}{Clamping Excess Digits}{section.2.6}
-\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.3}{Basic Operations}{}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.1}{Introduction}{chapter.3}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.2}{Assigning Values to mp\137int Structures}{chapter.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.2.1}{Copying an mp\137int}{section.3.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.2.2}{Creating a Clone}{section.3.2}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.3}{Zeroing an Integer}{chapter.3}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.4}{Sign Manipulation}{chapter.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.4.1}{Absolute Value}{section.3.4}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.4.2}{Integer Negation}{section.3.4}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.5}{Small Constants}{chapter.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.5.1}{Setting Small Constants}{section.3.5}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.5.2}{Setting Large Constants}{section.3.5}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.6}{Comparisons}{chapter.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.6.1}{Unsigned Comparisions}{section.3.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.6.2}{Signed Comparisons}{section.3.6}
-\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.4}{Basic Arithmetic}{}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.1}{Introduction}{chapter.4}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.2}{Addition and Subtraction}{chapter.4}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.2.1}{Low Level Addition}{section.4.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.2.2}{Low Level Subtraction}{section.4.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.2.3}{High Level Addition}{section.4.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.2.4}{High Level Subtraction}{section.4.2}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.3}{Bit and Digit Shifting}{chapter.4}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.3.1}{Multiplication by Two}{section.4.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.3.2}{Division by Two}{section.4.3}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.4}{Polynomial Basis Operations}{chapter.4}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.4.1}{Multiplication by x}{section.4.4}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.4.2}{Division by x}{section.4.4}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.5}{Powers of Two}{chapter.4}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.5.1}{Multiplication by Power of Two}{section.4.5}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.5.2}{Division by Power of Two}{section.4.5}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.5.3}{Remainder of Division by Power of Two}{section.4.5}
-\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.5}{Multiplication and Squaring}{}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.1}{The Multipliers}{chapter.5}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.2}{Multiplication}{chapter.5}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.1}{The Baseline Multiplication}{section.5.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.2}{Faster Multiplication by the ``Comba'' Method}{section.5.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.3}{Polynomial Basis Multiplication}{section.5.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.4}{Karatsuba Multiplication}{section.5.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.5}{Toom-Cook 3-Way Multiplication}{section.5.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.6}{Signed Multiplication}{section.5.2}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.3}{Squaring}{chapter.5}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.1}{The Baseline Squaring Algorithm}{section.5.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.2}{Faster Squaring by the ``Comba'' Method}{section.5.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.3}{Polynomial Basis Squaring}{section.5.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.4}{Karatsuba Squaring}{section.5.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.5}{Toom-Cook Squaring}{section.5.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.6}{High Level Squaring}{section.5.3}
-\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.6}{Modular Reduction}{}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.1}{Basics of Modular Reduction}{chapter.6}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.2}{The Barrett Reduction}{chapter.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.1}{Fixed Point Arithmetic}{section.6.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.2}{Choosing a Radix Point}{section.6.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.3}{Trimming the Quotient}{section.6.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.4}{Trimming the Residue}{section.6.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.5}{The Barrett Algorithm}{section.6.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.6}{The Barrett Setup Algorithm}{section.6.2}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.3}{The Montgomery Reduction}{chapter.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.3.1}{Digit Based Montgomery Reduction}{section.6.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.3.2}{Baseline Montgomery Reduction}{section.6.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.3.3}{Faster ``Comba'' Montgomery Reduction}{section.6.3}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.3.4}{Montgomery Setup}{section.6.3}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.4}{The Diminished Radix Algorithm}{chapter.6}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.4.1}{Choice of Moduli}{section.6.4}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.4.2}{Choice of k}{section.6.4}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.4.3}{Restricted Diminished Radix Reduction}{section.6.4}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.4.4}{Unrestricted Diminished Radix Reduction}{section.6.4}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.5}{Algorithm Comparison}{chapter.6}
-\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.7}{Exponentiation}{}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.1}{Exponentiation Basics}{chapter.7}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.7.1.1}{Single Digit Exponentiation}{section.7.1}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.2}{k-ary Exponentiation}{chapter.7}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.7.2.1}{Optimal Values of k}{section.7.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.7.2.2}{Sliding-Window Exponentiation}{section.7.2}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.3}{Modular Exponentiation}{chapter.7}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.7.3.1}{Barrett Modular Exponentiation}{section.7.3}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.4}{Quick Power of Two}{chapter.7}
-\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.8}{Higher Level Algorithms}{}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.8.1}{Integer Division with Remainder}{chapter.8}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.1.1}{Quotient Estimation}{section.8.1}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.1.2}{Normalized Integers}{section.8.1}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.1.3}{Radix- Division with Remainder}{section.8.1}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.8.2}{Single Digit Helpers}{chapter.8}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.2.1}{Single Digit Addition and Subtraction}{section.8.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.2.2}{Single Digit Multiplication}{section.8.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.2.3}{Single Digit Division}{section.8.2}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.2.4}{Single Digit Root Extraction}{section.8.2}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.8.3}{Random Number Generation}{chapter.8}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.8.4}{Formatted Representations}{chapter.8}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.4.1}{Reading Radix-n Input}{section.8.4}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.4.2}{Generating Radix-n Output}{section.8.4}
-\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.9}{Number Theoretic Algorithms}{}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.9.1}{Greatest Common Divisor}{chapter.9}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.1.1}{Complete Greatest Common Divisor}{section.9.1}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.9.2}{Least Common Multiple}{chapter.9}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.9.3}{Jacobi Symbol Computation}{chapter.9}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.3.1}{Jacobi Symbol}{section.9.3}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.9.4}{Modular Inverse}{chapter.9}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.4.1}{General Case}{section.9.4}
-\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.9.5}{Primality Tests}{chapter.9}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.5.1}{Trial Division}{section.9.5}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.5.2}{The Fermat Test}{section.9.5}
-\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.5.3}{The Miller-Rabin Test}{section.9.5}
+\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.1}{Introduction}{}% 1
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.1}{Multiple Precision Arithmetic}{chapter.1}% 2
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.1.1}{What is Multiple Precision Arithmetic?}{section.1.1}% 3
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.1.2}{The Need for Multiple Precision Arithmetic}{section.1.1}% 4
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.1.3}{Benefits of Multiple Precision Arithmetic}{section.1.1}% 5
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.2}{Purpose of This Text}{chapter.1}% 6
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.3}{Discussion and Notation}{chapter.1}% 7
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.1}{Notation}{section.1.3}% 8
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.2}{Precision Notation}{section.1.3}% 9
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.3}{Algorithm Inputs and Outputs}{section.1.3}% 10
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.4}{Mathematical Expressions}{section.1.3}% 11
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.3.5}{Work Effort}{section.1.3}% 12
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.4}{Exercises}{chapter.1}% 13
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.5}{Introduction to LibTomMath}{chapter.1}% 14
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.5.1}{What is LibTomMath?}{section.1.5}% 15
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.5.2}{Goals of LibTomMath}{section.1.5}% 16
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.6}{Choice of LibTomMath}{chapter.1}% 17
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.6.1}{Code Base}{section.1.6}% 18
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.6.2}{API Simplicity}{section.1.6}% 19
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.6.3}{Optimizations}{section.1.6}% 20
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.6.4}{Portability and Stability}{section.1.6}% 21
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.6.5}{Choice}{section.1.6}% 22
+\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.2}{Getting Started}{}% 23
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.1}{Library Basics}{chapter.2}% 24
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.2}{What is a Multiple Precision Integer?}{chapter.2}% 25
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.2.1}{The mp\137int Structure}{section.2.2}% 26
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.3}{Argument Passing}{chapter.2}% 27
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.4}{Return Values}{chapter.2}% 28
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.5}{Initialization and Clearing}{chapter.2}% 29
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.5.1}{Initializing an mp\137int}{section.2.5}% 30
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.5.2}{Clearing an mp\137int}{section.2.5}% 31
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.6}{Maintenance Algorithms}{chapter.2}% 32
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.6.1}{Augmenting an mp\137int's Precision}{section.2.6}% 33
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.6.2}{Initializing Variable Precision mp\137ints}{section.2.6}% 34
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.6.3}{Multiple Integer Initializations and Clearings}{section.2.6}% 35
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.6.4}{Clamping Excess Digits}{section.2.6}% 36
+\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.3}{Basic Operations}{}% 37
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.1}{Introduction}{chapter.3}% 38
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.2}{Assigning Values to mp\137int Structures}{chapter.3}% 39
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.2.1}{Copying an mp\137int}{section.3.2}% 40
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.2.2}{Creating a Clone}{section.3.2}% 41
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.3}{Zeroing an Integer}{chapter.3}% 42
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.4}{Sign Manipulation}{chapter.3}% 43
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.4.1}{Absolute Value}{section.3.4}% 44
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.4.2}{Integer Negation}{section.3.4}% 45
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.5}{Small Constants}{chapter.3}% 46
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.5.1}{Setting Small Constants}{section.3.5}% 47
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.5.2}{Setting Large Constants}{section.3.5}% 48
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.6}{Comparisons}{chapter.3}% 49
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.6.1}{Unsigned Comparisions}{section.3.6}% 50
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.6.2}{Signed Comparisons}{section.3.6}% 51
+\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.4}{Basic Arithmetic}{}% 52
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.1}{Introduction}{chapter.4}% 53
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.2}{Addition and Subtraction}{chapter.4}% 54
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.2.1}{Low Level Addition}{section.4.2}% 55
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.2.2}{Low Level Subtraction}{section.4.2}% 56
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.2.3}{High Level Addition}{section.4.2}% 57
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.2.4}{High Level Subtraction}{section.4.2}% 58
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.3}{Bit and Digit Shifting}{chapter.4}% 59
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.3.1}{Multiplication by Two}{section.4.3}% 60
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.3.2}{Division by Two}{section.4.3}% 61
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.4}{Polynomial Basis Operations}{chapter.4}% 62
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.4.1}{Multiplication by x}{section.4.4}% 63
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.4.2}{Division by x}{section.4.4}% 64
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.5}{Powers of Two}{chapter.4}% 65
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.5.1}{Multiplication by Power of Two}{section.4.5}% 66
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.5.2}{Division by Power of Two}{section.4.5}% 67
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.4.5.3}{Remainder of Division by Power of Two}{section.4.5}% 68
+\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.5}{Multiplication and Squaring}{}% 69
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.1}{The Multipliers}{chapter.5}% 70
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.2}{Multiplication}{chapter.5}% 71
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.1}{The Baseline Multiplication}{section.5.2}% 72
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.2}{Faster Multiplication by the ``Comba'' Method}{section.5.2}% 73
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.3}{Polynomial Basis Multiplication}{section.5.2}% 74
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.4}{Karatsuba Multiplication}{section.5.2}% 75
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.5}{Toom-Cook 3-Way Multiplication}{section.5.2}% 76
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.2.6}{Signed Multiplication}{section.5.2}% 77
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.5.3}{Squaring}{chapter.5}% 78
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.1}{The Baseline Squaring Algorithm}{section.5.3}% 79
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.2}{Faster Squaring by the ``Comba'' Method}{section.5.3}% 80
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.3}{Polynomial Basis Squaring}{section.5.3}% 81
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.4}{Karatsuba Squaring}{section.5.3}% 82
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.5}{Toom-Cook Squaring}{section.5.3}% 83
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.5.3.6}{High Level Squaring}{section.5.3}% 84
+\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.6}{Modular Reduction}{}% 85
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.1}{Basics of Modular Reduction}{chapter.6}% 86
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.2}{The Barrett Reduction}{chapter.6}% 87
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.1}{Fixed Point Arithmetic}{section.6.2}% 88
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.2}{Choosing a Radix Point}{section.6.2}% 89
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.3}{Trimming the Quotient}{section.6.2}% 90
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.4}{Trimming the Residue}{section.6.2}% 91
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.5}{The Barrett Algorithm}{section.6.2}% 92
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.2.6}{The Barrett Setup Algorithm}{section.6.2}% 93
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.3}{The Montgomery Reduction}{chapter.6}% 94
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.3.1}{Digit Based Montgomery Reduction}{section.6.3}% 95
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.3.2}{Baseline Montgomery Reduction}{section.6.3}% 96
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.3.3}{Faster ``Comba'' Montgomery Reduction}{section.6.3}% 97
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.3.4}{Montgomery Setup}{section.6.3}% 98
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.4}{The Diminished Radix Algorithm}{chapter.6}% 99
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.4.1}{Choice of Moduli}{section.6.4}% 100
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.4.2}{Choice of k}{section.6.4}% 101
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.4.3}{Restricted Diminished Radix Reduction}{section.6.4}% 102
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.6.4.4}{Unrestricted Diminished Radix Reduction}{section.6.4}% 103
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.6.5}{Algorithm Comparison}{chapter.6}% 104
+\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.7}{Exponentiation}{}% 105
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.1}{Exponentiation Basics}{chapter.7}% 106
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.7.1.1}{Single Digit Exponentiation}{section.7.1}% 107
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.2}{k-ary Exponentiation}{chapter.7}% 108
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.7.2.1}{Optimal Values of k}{section.7.2}% 109
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.7.2.2}{Sliding-Window Exponentiation}{section.7.2}% 110
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.3}{Modular Exponentiation}{chapter.7}% 111
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.7.3.1}{Barrett Modular Exponentiation}{section.7.3}% 112
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.7.4}{Quick Power of Two}{chapter.7}% 113
+\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.8}{Higher Level Algorithms}{}% 114
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.8.1}{Integer Division with Remainder}{chapter.8}% 115
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.1.1}{Quotient Estimation}{section.8.1}% 116
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.1.2}{Normalized Integers}{section.8.1}% 117
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.1.3}{Radix- Division with Remainder}{section.8.1}% 118
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.8.2}{Single Digit Helpers}{chapter.8}% 119
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.2.1}{Single Digit Addition and Subtraction}{section.8.2}% 120
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.2.2}{Single Digit Multiplication}{section.8.2}% 121
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.2.3}{Single Digit Division}{section.8.2}% 122
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.2.4}{Single Digit Root Extraction}{section.8.2}% 123
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.8.3}{Random Number Generation}{chapter.8}% 124
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.8.4}{Formatted Representations}{chapter.8}% 125
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.4.1}{Reading Radix-n Input}{section.8.4}% 126
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.8.4.2}{Generating Radix-n Output}{section.8.4}% 127
+\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.9}{Number Theoretic Algorithms}{}% 128
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.9.1}{Greatest Common Divisor}{chapter.9}% 129
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.1.1}{Complete Greatest Common Divisor}{section.9.1}% 130
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.9.2}{Least Common Multiple}{chapter.9}% 131
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.9.3}{Jacobi Symbol Computation}{chapter.9}% 132
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.3.1}{Jacobi Symbol}{section.9.3}% 133
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.9.4}{Modular Inverse}{chapter.9}% 134
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.4.1}{General Case}{section.9.4}% 135
+\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.9.5}{Primality Tests}{chapter.9}% 136
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.5.1}{Trial Division}{section.9.5}% 137
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.5.2}{The Fermat Test}{section.9.5}% 138
+\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.9.5.3}{The Miller-Rabin Test}{section.9.5}% 139
diff --git a/libtommath/tommath.src b/libtommath/tommath.src
index 4065822..768ed10 100644
--- a/libtommath/tommath.src
+++ b/libtommath/tommath.src
@@ -66,31 +66,20 @@ QUALCOMM Australia \\
 }
 }
 \maketitle
-This text has been placed in the public domain.  This text corresponds to the v0.39 release of the 
+This text has been placed in the public domain.  This text corresponds to the v0.39 release of the
 LibTomMath project.
 
-\begin{alltt}
-Tom St Denis
-111 Banning Rd
-Ottawa, Ontario
-K2L 1C3
-Canada
-
-Phone: 1-613-836-3160
-Email: tomstdenis@gmail.com
-\end{alltt}
-
-This text is formatted to the international B5 paper size of 176mm wide by 250mm tall using the \LaTeX{} 
+This text is formatted to the international B5 paper size of 176mm wide by 250mm tall using the \LaTeX{}
 {\em book} macro package and the Perl {\em booker} package.
 
 \tableofcontents
 \listoffigures
 \chapter*{Prefaces}
-When I tell people about my LibTom projects and that I release them as public domain they are often puzzled.  
-They ask why I did it and especially why I continue to work on them for free.  The best I can explain it is ``Because I can.''  
-Which seems odd and perhaps too terse for adult conversation. I often qualify it with ``I am able, I am willing.'' which 
+When I tell people about my LibTom projects and that I release them as public domain they are often puzzled.
+They ask why I did it and especially why I continue to work on them for free.  The best I can explain it is ``Because I can.''
+Which seems odd and perhaps too terse for adult conversation. I often qualify it with ``I am able, I am willing.'' which
 perhaps explains it better.  I am the first to admit there is not anything that special with what I have done.  Perhaps
-others can see that too and then we would have a society to be proud of.  My LibTom projects are what I am doing to give 
+others can see that too and then we would have a society to be proud of.  My LibTom projects are what I am doing to give
 back to society in the form of tools and knowledge that can help others in their endeavours.
 
 I started writing this book because it was the most logical task to further my goal of open academia.  The LibTomMath source
@@ -103,9 +92,9 @@ from relatively straightforward algebra and I hope that this book can be a valua
 This book and indeed much of the LibTom projects would not exist in their current form if it was not for a plethora
 of kind people donating their time, resources and kind words to help support my work.  Writing a text of significant
 length (along with the source code) is a tiresome and lengthy process.  Currently the LibTom project is four years old,
-comprises of literally thousands of users and over 100,000 lines of source code, TeX and other material.  People like Mads and Greg 
-were there at the beginning to encourage me to work well.  It is amazing how timely validation from others can boost morale to 
-continue the project. Definitely my parents were there for me by providing room and board during the many months of work in 2003.  
+comprises of literally thousands of users and over 100,000 lines of source code, TeX and other material.  People like Mads and Greg
+were there at the beginning to encourage me to work well.  It is amazing how timely validation from others can boost morale to
+continue the project. Definitely my parents were there for me by providing room and board during the many months of work in 2003.
 
 To my many friends whom I have met through the years I thank you for the good times and the words of encouragement.  I hope I
 honour your kind gestures with this project.
@@ -115,22 +104,22 @@ Open Source.  Open Academia.  Open Minds.
 \begin{flushright} Tom St Denis \end{flushright}
 
 \newpage
-I found the opportunity to work with Tom appealing for several reasons, not only could I broaden my own horizons, but also 
+I found the opportunity to work with Tom appealing for several reasons, not only could I broaden my own horizons, but also
 contribute to educate others facing the problem of having to handle big number mathematical calculations.
 
-This book is Tom's child and he has been caring and fostering the project ever since the beginning with a clear mind of 
-how he wanted the project to turn out. I have helped by proofreading the text and we have had several discussions about 
+This book is Tom's child and he has been caring and fostering the project ever since the beginning with a clear mind of
+how he wanted the project to turn out. I have helped by proofreading the text and we have had several discussions about
 the layout and language used.
 
-I hold a masters degree in cryptography from the University of Southern Denmark and have always been interested in the 
-practical aspects of cryptography. 
+I hold a masters degree in cryptography from the University of Southern Denmark and have always been interested in the
+practical aspects of cryptography.
 
-Having worked in the security consultancy business for several years in S\~{a}o Paulo, Brazil, I have been in touch with a 
-great deal of work in which multiple precision mathematics was needed. Understanding the possibilities for speeding up 
-multiple precision calculations is often very important since we deal with outdated machine architecture where modular 
+Having worked in the security consultancy business for several years in S\~{a}o Paulo, Brazil, I have been in touch with a
+great deal of work in which multiple precision mathematics was needed. Understanding the possibilities for speeding up
+multiple precision calculations is often very important since we deal with outdated machine architecture where modular
 reductions, for example, become painfully slow.
 
-This text is for people who stop and wonder when first examining algorithms such as RSA for the first time and asks 
+This text is for people who stop and wonder when first examining algorithms such as RSA for the first time and asks
 themselves, ``You tell me this is only secure for large numbers, fine; but how do you implement these numbers?''
 
 \begin{flushright}
@@ -142,22 +131,22 @@ Brazil
 \end{flushright}
 
 \newpage
-It's all because I broke my leg. That just happened to be at about the same time that Tom asked for someone to review the section of the book about 
-Karatsuba multiplication. I was laid up, alone and immobile, and thought ``Why not?'' I vaguely knew what Karatsuba multiplication was, but not 
+It's all because I broke my leg. That just happened to be at about the same time that Tom asked for someone to review the section of the book about
+Karatsuba multiplication. I was laid up, alone and immobile, and thought ``Why not?'' I vaguely knew what Karatsuba multiplication was, but not
 really, so I thought I could help, learn, and stop myself from watching daytime cable TV, all at once.
 
-At the time of writing this, I've still not met Tom or Mads in meatspace. I've been following Tom's progress since his first splash on the 
+At the time of writing this, I've still not met Tom or Mads in meatspace. I've been following Tom's progress since his first splash on the
 sci.crypt Usenet news group. I watched him go from a clueless newbie, to the cryptographic equivalent of a reformed smoker, to a real
-contributor to the field, over a period of about two years. I've been impressed with his obvious intelligence, and astounded by his productivity. 
+contributor to the field, over a period of about two years. I've been impressed with his obvious intelligence, and astounded by his productivity.
 Of course, he's young enough to be my own child, so he doesn't have my problems with staying awake.
 
-When I reviewed that single section of the book, in its very earliest form, I was very pleasantly surprised. So I decided to collaborate more fully, 
-and at least review all of it, and perhaps write some bits too. There's still a long way to go with it, and I have watched a number of close 
-friends go through the mill of publication, so I think that the way to go is longer than Tom thinks it is. Nevertheless, it's a good effort, 
+When I reviewed that single section of the book, in its very earliest form, I was very pleasantly surprised. So I decided to collaborate more fully,
+and at least review all of it, and perhaps write some bits too. There's still a long way to go with it, and I have watched a number of close
+friends go through the mill of publication, so I think that the way to go is longer than Tom thinks it is. Nevertheless, it's a good effort,
 and I'm pleased to be involved with it.
 
 \begin{flushright}
-Greg Rose, Sydney, Australia, June 2003. 
+Greg Rose, Sydney, Australia, June 2003.
 \end{flushright}
 
 \mainmatter
@@ -167,23 +156,23 @@ Greg Rose, Sydney, Australia, June 2003.
 
 \subsection{What is Multiple Precision Arithmetic?}
 When we think of long-hand arithmetic such as addition or multiplication we rarely consider the fact that we instinctively
-raise or lower the precision of the numbers we are dealing with.  For example, in decimal we almost immediate can 
-reason that $7$ times $6$ is $42$.  However, $42$ has two digits of precision as opposed to one digit we started with.  
-Further multiplications of say $3$ result in a larger precision result $126$.  In these few examples we have multiple 
+raise or lower the precision of the numbers we are dealing with.  For example, in decimal we almost immediate can
+reason that $7$ times $6$ is $42$.  However, $42$ has two digits of precision as opposed to one digit we started with.
+Further multiplications of say $3$ result in a larger precision result $126$.  In these few examples we have multiple
 precisions for the numbers we are working with.  Despite the various levels of precision a single subset\footnote{With the occasional optimization.}
- of algorithms can be designed to accomodate them.  
+ of algorithms can be designed to accomodate them.
 
 By way of comparison a fixed or single precision operation would lose precision on various operations.  For example, in
 the decimal system with fixed precision $6 \cdot 7 = 2$.
 
 Essentially at the heart of computer based multiple precision arithmetic are the same long-hand algorithms taught in
-schools to manually add, subtract, multiply and divide.  
+schools to manually add, subtract, multiply and divide.
 
 \subsection{The Need for Multiple Precision Arithmetic}
 The most prevalent need for multiple precision arithmetic, often referred to as ``bignum'' math, is within the implementation
-of public-key cryptography algorithms.   Algorithms such as RSA \cite{RSAREF} and Diffie-Hellman \cite{DHREF} require 
-integers of significant magnitude to resist known cryptanalytic attacks.  For example, at the time of this writing a 
-typical RSA modulus would be at least greater than $10^{309}$.  However, modern programming languages such as ISO C \cite{ISOC} and 
+of public-key cryptography algorithms.   Algorithms such as RSA \cite{RSAREF} and Diffie-Hellman \cite{DHREF} require
+integers of significant magnitude to resist known cryptanalytic attacks.  For example, at the time of this writing a
+typical RSA modulus would be at least greater than $10^{309}$.  However, modern programming languages such as ISO C \cite{ISOC} and
 Java \cite{JAVA} only provide instrinsic support for integers which are relatively small and single precision.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -201,27 +190,27 @@ Java \cite{JAVA} only provide instrinsic support for integers which are relative
 \label{fig:ISOC}
 \end{figure}
 
-The largest data type guaranteed to be provided by the ISO C programming 
-language\footnote{As per the ISO C standard.  However, each compiler vendor is allowed to augment the precision as they 
-see fit.}  can only represent values up to $10^{19}$ as shown in figure \ref{fig:ISOC}. On its own the C language is 
-insufficient to accomodate the magnitude required for the problem at hand.  An RSA modulus of magnitude $10^{19}$ could be 
-trivially factored\footnote{A Pollard-Rho factoring would take only $2^{16}$ time.} on the average desktop computer, 
-rendering any protocol based on the algorithm insecure.  Multiple precision algorithms solve this very problem by 
+The largest data type guaranteed to be provided by the ISO C programming
+language\footnote{As per the ISO C standard.  However, each compiler vendor is allowed to augment the precision as they
+see fit.}  can only represent values up to $10^{19}$ as shown in figure \ref{fig:ISOC}. On its own the C language is
+insufficient to accomodate the magnitude required for the problem at hand.  An RSA modulus of magnitude $10^{19}$ could be
+trivially factored\footnote{A Pollard-Rho factoring would take only $2^{16}$ time.} on the average desktop computer,
+rendering any protocol based on the algorithm insecure.  Multiple precision algorithms solve this very problem by
 extending the range of representable integers while using single precision data types.
 
-Most advancements in fast multiple precision arithmetic stem from the need for faster and more efficient cryptographic 
-primitives.  Faster modular reduction and exponentiation algorithms such as Barrett's algorithm, which have appeared in 
-various cryptographic journals, can render algorithms such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman more efficient.  In fact, several 
-major companies such as RSA Security, Certicom and Entrust have built entire product lines on the implementation and 
+Most advancements in fast multiple precision arithmetic stem from the need for faster and more efficient cryptographic
+primitives.  Faster modular reduction and exponentiation algorithms such as Barrett's algorithm, which have appeared in
+various cryptographic journals, can render algorithms such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman more efficient.  In fact, several
+major companies such as RSA Security, Certicom and Entrust have built entire product lines on the implementation and
 deployment of efficient algorithms.
 
-However, cryptography is not the only field of study that can benefit from fast multiple precision integer routines.  
-Another auxiliary use of multiple precision integers is high precision floating point data types.  
-The basic IEEE \cite{IEEE} standard floating point type is made up of an integer mantissa $q$, an exponent $e$ and a sign bit $s$.  
-Numbers are given in the form $n = q \cdot b^e \cdot -1^s$ where $b = 2$ is the most common base for IEEE.  Since IEEE 
-floating point is meant to be implemented in hardware the precision of the mantissa is often fairly small 
+However, cryptography is not the only field of study that can benefit from fast multiple precision integer routines.
+Another auxiliary use of multiple precision integers is high precision floating point data types.
+The basic IEEE \cite{IEEE} standard floating point type is made up of an integer mantissa $q$, an exponent $e$ and a sign bit $s$.
+Numbers are given in the form $n = q \cdot b^e \cdot -1^s$ where $b = 2$ is the most common base for IEEE.  Since IEEE
+floating point is meant to be implemented in hardware the precision of the mantissa is often fairly small
 (\textit{23, 48 and 64 bits}).  The mantissa is merely an integer and a multiple precision integer could be used to create
-a mantissa of much larger precision than hardware alone can efficiently support.  This approach could be useful where 
+a mantissa of much larger precision than hardware alone can efficiently support.  This approach could be useful where
 scientific applications must minimize the total output error over long calculations.
 
 Yet another use for large integers is within arithmetic on polynomials of large characteristic (i.e. $GF(p)[x]$ for large $p$).
@@ -229,152 +218,152 @@ In fact the library discussed within this text has already been used to form a p
 
 \subsection{Benefits of Multiple Precision Arithmetic}
 \index{precision}
-The benefit of multiple precision representations over single or fixed precision representations is that 
-no precision is lost while representing the result of an operation which requires excess precision.  For example, 
-the product of two $n$-bit integers requires at least $2n$ bits of precision to be represented faithfully.  A multiple 
-precision algorithm would augment the precision of the destination to accomodate the result while a single precision system 
+The benefit of multiple precision representations over single or fixed precision representations is that
+no precision is lost while representing the result of an operation which requires excess precision.  For example,
+the product of two $n$-bit integers requires at least $2n$ bits of precision to be represented faithfully.  A multiple
+precision algorithm would augment the precision of the destination to accomodate the result while a single precision system
 would truncate excess bits to maintain a fixed level of precision.
 
 It is possible to implement algorithms which require large integers with fixed precision algorithms.  For example, elliptic
-curve cryptography (\textit{ECC}) is often implemented on smartcards by fixing the precision of the integers to the maximum 
-size the system will ever need.  Such an approach can lead to vastly simpler algorithms which can accomodate the 
-integers required even if the host platform cannot natively accomodate them\footnote{For example, the average smartcard 
+curve cryptography (\textit{ECC}) is often implemented on smartcards by fixing the precision of the integers to the maximum
+size the system will ever need.  Such an approach can lead to vastly simpler algorithms which can accomodate the
+integers required even if the host platform cannot natively accomodate them\footnote{For example, the average smartcard
 processor has an 8 bit accumulator.}.  However, as efficient as such an approach may be, the resulting source code is not
 normally very flexible.  It cannot, at runtime, accomodate inputs of higher magnitude than the designer anticipated.
 
-Multiple precision algorithms have the most overhead of any style of arithmetic.  For the the most part the 
+Multiple precision algorithms have the most overhead of any style of arithmetic.  For the the most part the
 overhead can be kept to a minimum with careful planning, but overall, it is not well suited for most memory starved
-platforms.  However, multiple precision algorithms do offer the most flexibility in terms of the magnitude of the 
-inputs.  That is, the same algorithms based on multiple precision integers can accomodate any reasonable size input 
-without the designer's explicit forethought.  This leads to lower cost of ownership for the code as it only has to 
+platforms.  However, multiple precision algorithms do offer the most flexibility in terms of the magnitude of the
+inputs.  That is, the same algorithms based on multiple precision integers can accomodate any reasonable size input
+without the designer's explicit forethought.  This leads to lower cost of ownership for the code as it only has to
 be written and tested once.
 
 \section{Purpose of This Text}
-The purpose of this text is to instruct the reader regarding how to implement efficient multiple precision algorithms.  
-That is to not only explain a limited subset of the core theory behind the algorithms but also the various ``house keeping'' 
-elements that are neglected by authors of other texts on the subject.  Several well reknowned texts \cite{TAOCPV2,HAC} 
-give considerably detailed explanations of the theoretical aspects of algorithms and often very little information 
-regarding the practical implementation aspects.  
-
-In most cases how an algorithm is explained and how it is actually implemented are two very different concepts.  For 
-example, the Handbook of Applied Cryptography (\textit{HAC}), algorithm 14.7 on page 594, gives a relatively simple 
-algorithm for performing multiple precision integer addition.  However, the description lacks any discussion concerning 
+The purpose of this text is to instruct the reader regarding how to implement efficient multiple precision algorithms.
+That is to not only explain a limited subset of the core theory behind the algorithms but also the various ``house keeping''
+elements that are neglected by authors of other texts on the subject.  Several well reknowned texts \cite{TAOCPV2,HAC}
+give considerably detailed explanations of the theoretical aspects of algorithms and often very little information
+regarding the practical implementation aspects.
+
+In most cases how an algorithm is explained and how it is actually implemented are two very different concepts.  For
+example, the Handbook of Applied Cryptography (\textit{HAC}), algorithm 14.7 on page 594, gives a relatively simple
+algorithm for performing multiple precision integer addition.  However, the description lacks any discussion concerning
 the fact that the two integer inputs may be of differing magnitudes.  As a result the implementation is not as simple
-as the text would lead people to believe.  Similarly the division routine (\textit{algorithm 14.20, pp. 598}) does not 
+as the text would lead people to believe.  Similarly the division routine (\textit{algorithm 14.20, pp. 598}) does not
 discuss how to handle sign or handle the dividend's decreasing magnitude in the main loop (\textit{step \#3}).
 
-Both texts also do not discuss several key optimal algorithms required such as ``Comba'' and Karatsuba multipliers 
-and fast modular inversion, which we consider practical oversights.  These optimal algorithms are vital to achieve 
-any form of useful performance in non-trivial applications.  
+Both texts also do not discuss several key optimal algorithms required such as ``Comba'' and Karatsuba multipliers
+and fast modular inversion, which we consider practical oversights.  These optimal algorithms are vital to achieve
+any form of useful performance in non-trivial applications.
 
 To solve this problem the focus of this text is on the practical aspects of implementing a multiple precision integer
-package.  As a case study the ``LibTomMath''\footnote{Available at \url{http://math.libtomcrypt.com}} package is used 
-to demonstrate algorithms with real implementations\footnote{In the ISO C programming language.} that have been field 
-tested and work very well.  The LibTomMath library is freely available on the Internet for all uses and this text 
+package.  As a case study the ``LibTomMath''\footnote{Available at \url{http://math.libtomcrypt.com}} package is used
+to demonstrate algorithms with real implementations\footnote{In the ISO C programming language.} that have been field
+tested and work very well.  The LibTomMath library is freely available on the Internet for all uses and this text
 discusses a very large portion of the inner workings of the library.
 
-The algorithms that are presented will always include at least one ``pseudo-code'' description followed 
-by the actual C source code that implements the algorithm.  The pseudo-code can be used to implement the same 
-algorithm in other programming languages as the reader sees fit.  
+The algorithms that are presented will always include at least one ``pseudo-code'' description followed
+by the actual C source code that implements the algorithm.  The pseudo-code can be used to implement the same
+algorithm in other programming languages as the reader sees fit.
 
 This text shall also serve as a walkthrough of the creation of multiple precision algorithms from scratch.  Showing
-the reader how the algorithms fit together as well as where to start on various taskings.  
+the reader how the algorithms fit together as well as where to start on various taskings.
 
 \section{Discussion and Notation}
 \subsection{Notation}
 A multiple precision integer of $n$-digits shall be denoted as $x = (x_{n-1}, \ldots, x_1, x_0)_{ \beta }$ and represent
-the integer $x \equiv \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} x_i\beta^i$.  The elements of the array $x$ are said to be the radix $\beta$ digits 
-of the integer.  For example, $x = (1,2,3)_{10}$ would represent the integer 
-$1\cdot 10^2 + 2\cdot10^1 + 3\cdot10^0 = 123$.  
+the integer $x \equiv \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} x_i\beta^i$.  The elements of the array $x$ are said to be the radix $\beta$ digits
+of the integer.  For example, $x = (1,2,3)_{10}$ would represent the integer
+$1\cdot 10^2 + 2\cdot10^1 + 3\cdot10^0 = 123$.
 
 \index{mp\_int}
-The term ``mp\_int'' shall refer to a composite structure which contains the digits of the integer it represents, as well 
-as auxilary data required to manipulate the data.  These additional members are discussed further in section 
-\ref{sec:MPINT}.  For the purposes of this text a ``multiple precision integer'' and an ``mp\_int'' are assumed to be 
-synonymous.  When an algorithm is specified to accept an mp\_int variable it is assumed the various auxliary data members 
-are present as well.  An expression of the type \textit{variablename.item} implies that it should evaluate to the 
-member named ``item'' of the variable.  For example, a string of characters may have a member ``length'' which would 
-evaluate to the number of characters in the string.  If the string $a$ equals ``hello'' then it follows that 
-$a.length = 5$.  
+The term ``mp\_int'' shall refer to a composite structure which contains the digits of the integer it represents, as well
+as auxilary data required to manipulate the data.  These additional members are discussed further in section
+\ref{sec:MPINT}.  For the purposes of this text a ``multiple precision integer'' and an ``mp\_int'' are assumed to be
+synonymous.  When an algorithm is specified to accept an mp\_int variable it is assumed the various auxliary data members
+are present as well.  An expression of the type \textit{variablename.item} implies that it should evaluate to the
+member named ``item'' of the variable.  For example, a string of characters may have a member ``length'' which would
+evaluate to the number of characters in the string.  If the string $a$ equals ``hello'' then it follows that
+$a.length = 5$.
 
 For certain discussions more generic algorithms are presented to help the reader understand the final algorithm used
-to solve a given problem.  When an algorithm is described as accepting an integer input it is assumed the input is 
-a plain integer with no additional multiple-precision members.  That is, algorithms that use integers as opposed to 
-mp\_ints as inputs do not concern themselves with the housekeeping operations required such as memory management.  These 
+to solve a given problem.  When an algorithm is described as accepting an integer input it is assumed the input is
+a plain integer with no additional multiple-precision members.  That is, algorithms that use integers as opposed to
+mp\_ints as inputs do not concern themselves with the housekeeping operations required such as memory management.  These
 algorithms will be used to establish the relevant theory which will subsequently be used to describe a multiple
-precision algorithm to solve the same problem.  
+precision algorithm to solve the same problem.
 
 \subsection{Precision Notation}
-The variable $\beta$ represents the radix of a single digit of a multiple precision integer and 
-must be of the form $q^p$ for $q, p \in \Z^+$.  A single precision variable must be able to represent integers in 
-the range $0 \le x < q \beta$ while a double precision variable must be able to represent integers in the range 
-$0 \le x < q \beta^2$.  The extra radix-$q$ factor allows additions and subtractions to proceed without truncation of the 
+The variable $\beta$ represents the radix of a single digit of a multiple precision integer and
+must be of the form $q^p$ for $q, p \in \Z^+$.  A single precision variable must be able to represent integers in
+the range $0 \le x < q \beta$ while a double precision variable must be able to represent integers in the range
+$0 \le x < q \beta^2$.  The extra radix-$q$ factor allows additions and subtractions to proceed without truncation of the
 carry.  Since all modern computers are binary, it is assumed that $q$ is two.
 
 \index{mp\_digit} \index{mp\_word}
-Within the source code that will be presented for each algorithm, the data type \textbf{mp\_digit} will represent 
-a single precision integer type, while, the data type \textbf{mp\_word} will represent a double precision integer type.  In 
-several algorithms (notably the Comba routines) temporary results will be stored in arrays of double precision mp\_words.  
-For the purposes of this text $x_j$ will refer to the $j$'th digit of a single precision array and $\hat x_j$ will refer to 
+Within the source code that will be presented for each algorithm, the data type \textbf{mp\_digit} will represent
+a single precision integer type, while, the data type \textbf{mp\_word} will represent a double precision integer type.  In
+several algorithms (notably the Comba routines) temporary results will be stored in arrays of double precision mp\_words.
+For the purposes of this text $x_j$ will refer to the $j$'th digit of a single precision array and $\hat x_j$ will refer to
 the $j$'th digit of a double precision array.  Whenever an expression is to be assigned to a double precision
-variable it is assumed that all single precision variables are promoted to double precision during the evaluation.  
+variable it is assumed that all single precision variables are promoted to double precision during the evaluation.
 Expressions that are assigned to a single precision variable are truncated to fit within the precision of a single
 precision data type.
 
-For example, if $\beta = 10^2$ a single precision data type may represent a value in the 
+For example, if $\beta = 10^2$ a single precision data type may represent a value in the
 range $0 \le x < 10^3$, while a double precision data type may represent a value in the range $0 \le x < 10^5$.  Let
 $a = 23$ and $b = 49$ represent two single precision variables.  The single precision product shall be written
 as $c \leftarrow a \cdot b$ while the double precision product shall be written as $\hat c \leftarrow a \cdot b$.
-In this particular case, $\hat c = 1127$ and $c = 127$.  The most significant digit of the product would not fit 
-in a single precision data type and as a result $c \ne \hat c$.  
+In this particular case, $\hat c = 1127$ and $c = 127$.  The most significant digit of the product would not fit
+in a single precision data type and as a result $c \ne \hat c$.
 
 \subsection{Algorithm Inputs and Outputs}
 Within the algorithm descriptions all variables are assumed to be scalars of either single or double precision
-as indicated.  The only exception to this rule is when variables have been indicated to be of type mp\_int.  This 
-distinction is important as scalars are often used as array indicies and various other counters.  
+as indicated.  The only exception to this rule is when variables have been indicated to be of type mp\_int.  This
+distinction is important as scalars are often used as array indicies and various other counters.
 
 \subsection{Mathematical Expressions}
-The $\lfloor \mbox{ } \rfloor$ brackets imply an expression truncated to an integer not greater than the expression 
+The $\lfloor \mbox{ } \rfloor$ brackets imply an expression truncated to an integer not greater than the expression
 itself.  For example, $\lfloor 5.7 \rfloor = 5$.  Similarly the $\lceil \mbox{ } \rceil$ brackets imply an expression
-rounded to an integer not less than the expression itself.  For example, $\lceil 5.1 \rceil = 6$.  Typically when 
-the $/$ division symbol is used the intention is to perform an integer division with truncation.  For example, 
-$5/2 = 2$ which will often be written as $\lfloor 5/2 \rfloor = 2$ for clarity.  When an expression is written as a 
-fraction a real value division is implied, for example ${5 \over 2} = 2.5$.  
+rounded to an integer not less than the expression itself.  For example, $\lceil 5.1 \rceil = 6$.  Typically when
+the $/$ division symbol is used the intention is to perform an integer division with truncation.  For example,
+$5/2 = 2$ which will often be written as $\lfloor 5/2 \rfloor = 2$ for clarity.  When an expression is written as a
+fraction a real value division is implied, for example ${5 \over 2} = 2.5$.
 
 The norm of a multiple precision integer, for example $\vert \vert x \vert \vert$, will be used to represent the number of digits in the representation
-of the integer.  For example, $\vert \vert 123 \vert \vert = 3$ and $\vert \vert 79452 \vert \vert = 5$.  
+of the integer.  For example, $\vert \vert 123 \vert \vert = 3$ and $\vert \vert 79452 \vert \vert = 5$.
 
 \subsection{Work Effort}
 \index{big-Oh}
-To measure the efficiency of the specified algorithms, a modified big-Oh notation is used.  In this system all 
-single precision operations are considered to have the same cost\footnote{Except where explicitly noted.}.  
-That is a single precision addition, multiplication and division are assumed to take the same time to 
+To measure the efficiency of the specified algorithms, a modified big-Oh notation is used.  In this system all
+single precision operations are considered to have the same cost\footnote{Except where explicitly noted.}.
+That is a single precision addition, multiplication and division are assumed to take the same time to
 complete.  While this is generally not true in practice, it will simplify the discussions considerably.
 
-Some algorithms have slight advantages over others which is why some constants will not be removed in 
-the notation.  For example, a normal baseline multiplication (section \ref{sec:basemult}) requires $O(n^2)$ work while a 
-baseline squaring (section \ref{sec:basesquare}) requires $O({{n^2 + n}\over 2})$ work.  In standard big-Oh notation these 
-would both be said to be equivalent to $O(n^2)$.  However, 
-in the context of the this text this is not the case as the magnitude of the inputs will typically be rather small.  As a 
+Some algorithms have slight advantages over others which is why some constants will not be removed in
+the notation.  For example, a normal baseline multiplication (section \ref{sec:basemult}) requires $O(n^2)$ work while a
+baseline squaring (section \ref{sec:basesquare}) requires $O({{n^2 + n}\over 2})$ work.  In standard big-Oh notation these
+would both be said to be equivalent to $O(n^2)$.  However,
+in the context of the this text this is not the case as the magnitude of the inputs will typically be rather small.  As a
 result small constant factors in the work effort will make an observable difference in algorithm efficiency.
 
-All of the algorithms presented in this text have a polynomial time work level.  That is, of the form 
-$O(n^k)$ for $n, k \in \Z^{+}$.  This will help make useful comparisons in terms of the speed of the algorithms and how 
+All of the algorithms presented in this text have a polynomial time work level.  That is, of the form
+$O(n^k)$ for $n, k \in \Z^{+}$.  This will help make useful comparisons in terms of the speed of the algorithms and how
 various optimizations will help pay off in the long run.
 
 \section{Exercises}
 Within the more advanced chapters a section will be set aside to give the reader some challenging exercises related to
-the discussion at hand.  These exercises are not designed to be prize winning problems, but instead to be thought 
-provoking.  Wherever possible the problems are forward minded, stating problems that will be answered in subsequent 
-chapters.  The reader is encouraged to finish the exercises as they appear to get a better understanding of the 
-subject material.  
+the discussion at hand.  These exercises are not designed to be prize winning problems, but instead to be thought
+provoking.  Wherever possible the problems are forward minded, stating problems that will be answered in subsequent
+chapters.  The reader is encouraged to finish the exercises as they appear to get a better understanding of the
+subject material.
 
 That being said, the problems are designed to affirm knowledge of a particular subject matter.  Students in particular
 are encouraged to verify they can answer the problems correctly before moving on.
 
 Similar to the exercises of \cite[pp. ix]{TAOCPV2} these exercises are given a scoring system based on the difficulty of
-the problem.  However, unlike \cite{TAOCPV2} the problems do not get nearly as hard.  The scoring of these 
-exercises ranges from one (the easiest) to five (the hardest).  The following table sumarizes the 
+the problem.  However, unlike \cite{TAOCPV2} the problems do not get nearly as hard.  The scoring of these
+exercises ranges from one (the easiest) to five (the hardest).  The following table sumarizes the
 scoring system used.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -404,21 +393,21 @@ scoring system used.
 \end{figure}
 
 Problems at the first level are meant to be simple questions that the reader can answer quickly without programming a solution or
-devising new theory.  These problems are quick tests to see if the material is understood.  Problems at the second level 
+devising new theory.  These problems are quick tests to see if the material is understood.  Problems at the second level
 are also designed to be easy but will require a program or algorithm to be implemented to arrive at the answer.  These
-two levels are essentially entry level questions.  
+two levels are essentially entry level questions.
 
-Problems at the third level are meant to be a bit more difficult than the first two levels.  The answer is often 
-fairly obvious but arriving at an exacting solution requires some thought and skill.  These problems will almost always 
+Problems at the third level are meant to be a bit more difficult than the first two levels.  The answer is often
+fairly obvious but arriving at an exacting solution requires some thought and skill.  These problems will almost always
 involve devising a new algorithm or implementing a variation of another algorithm previously presented.  Readers who can
 answer these questions will feel comfortable with the concepts behind the topic at hand.
 
-Problems at the fourth level are meant to be similar to those of the level three questions except they will require 
-additional research to be completed.  The reader will most likely not know the answer right away, nor will the text provide 
-the exact details of the answer until a subsequent chapter.  
+Problems at the fourth level are meant to be similar to those of the level three questions except they will require
+additional research to be completed.  The reader will most likely not know the answer right away, nor will the text provide
+the exact details of the answer until a subsequent chapter.
 
-Problems at the fifth level are meant to be the hardest 
-problems relative to all the other problems in the chapter.  People who can correctly answer fifth level problems have a 
+Problems at the fifth level are meant to be the hardest
+problems relative to all the other problems in the chapter.  People who can correctly answer fifth level problems have a
 mastery of the subject matter at hand.
 
 Often problems will be tied together.  The purpose of this is to start a chain of thought that will be discussed in future chapters.  The reader
@@ -427,43 +416,43 @@ is encouraged to answer the follow-up problems and try to draw the relevance of
 \section{Introduction to LibTomMath}
 
 \subsection{What is LibTomMath?}
-LibTomMath is a free and open source multiple precision integer library written entirely in portable ISO C.  By portable it 
-is meant that the library does not contain any code that is computer platform dependent or otherwise problematic to use on 
-any given platform.  
+LibTomMath is a free and open source multiple precision integer library written entirely in portable ISO C.  By portable it
+is meant that the library does not contain any code that is computer platform dependent or otherwise problematic to use on
+any given platform.
 
 The library has been successfully tested under numerous operating systems including Unix\footnote{All of these
-trademarks belong to their respective rightful owners.}, MacOS, Windows, Linux, PalmOS and on standalone hardware such 
-as the Gameboy Advance.  The library is designed to contain enough functionality to be able to develop applications such 
+trademarks belong to their respective rightful owners.}, MacOS, Windows, Linux, PalmOS and on standalone hardware such
+as the Gameboy Advance.  The library is designed to contain enough functionality to be able to develop applications such
 as public key cryptosystems and still maintain a relatively small footprint.
 
 \subsection{Goals of LibTomMath}
 
-Libraries which obtain the most efficiency are rarely written in a high level programming language such as C.  However, 
-even though this library is written entirely in ISO C, considerable care has been taken to optimize the algorithm implementations within the 
-library.  Specifically the code has been written to work well with the GNU C Compiler (\textit{GCC}) on both x86 and ARM 
-processors.  Wherever possible, highly efficient algorithms, such as Karatsuba multiplication, sliding window 
-exponentiation and Montgomery reduction have been provided to make the library more efficient.  
+Libraries which obtain the most efficiency are rarely written in a high level programming language such as C.  However,
+even though this library is written entirely in ISO C, considerable care has been taken to optimize the algorithm implementations within the
+library.  Specifically the code has been written to work well with the GNU C Compiler (\textit{GCC}) on both x86 and ARM
+processors.  Wherever possible, highly efficient algorithms, such as Karatsuba multiplication, sliding window
+exponentiation and Montgomery reduction have been provided to make the library more efficient.
 
-Even with the nearly optimal and specialized algorithms that have been included the Application Programing Interface 
-(\textit{API}) has been kept as simple as possible.  Often generic place holder routines will make use of specialized 
-algorithms automatically without the developer's specific attention.  One such example is the generic multiplication 
-algorithm \textbf{mp\_mul()} which will automatically use Toom--Cook, Karatsuba, Comba or baseline multiplication 
-based on the magnitude of the inputs and the configuration of the library.  
+Even with the nearly optimal and specialized algorithms that have been included the Application Programing Interface
+(\textit{API}) has been kept as simple as possible.  Often generic place holder routines will make use of specialized
+algorithms automatically without the developer's specific attention.  One such example is the generic multiplication
+algorithm \textbf{mp\_mul()} which will automatically use Toom--Cook, Karatsuba, Comba or baseline multiplication
+based on the magnitude of the inputs and the configuration of the library.
 
-Making LibTomMath as efficient as possible is not the only goal of the LibTomMath project.  Ideally the library should 
+Making LibTomMath as efficient as possible is not the only goal of the LibTomMath project.  Ideally the library should
 be source compatible with another popular library which makes it more attractive for developers to use.  In this case the
-MPI library was used as a API template for all the basic functions.  MPI was chosen because it is another library that fits 
-in the same niche as LibTomMath.  Even though LibTomMath uses MPI as the template for the function names and argument 
+MPI library was used as a API template for all the basic functions.  MPI was chosen because it is another library that fits
+in the same niche as LibTomMath.  Even though LibTomMath uses MPI as the template for the function names and argument
 passing conventions, it has been written from scratch by Tom St Denis.
 
-The project is also meant to act as a learning tool for students, the logic being that no easy-to-follow ``bignum'' 
-library exists which can be used to teach computer science students how to perform fast and reliable multiple precision 
-integer arithmetic.  To this end the source code has been given quite a few comments and algorithm discussion points.  
+The project is also meant to act as a learning tool for students, the logic being that no easy-to-follow ``bignum''
+library exists which can be used to teach computer science students how to perform fast and reliable multiple precision
+integer arithmetic.  To this end the source code has been given quite a few comments and algorithm discussion points.
 
 \section{Choice of LibTomMath}
 LibTomMath was chosen as the case study of this text not only because the author of both projects is one and the same but
-for more worthy reasons.  Other libraries such as GMP \cite{GMP}, MPI \cite{MPI}, LIP \cite{LIP} and OpenSSL 
-\cite{OPENSSL} have multiple precision integer arithmetic routines but would not be ideal for this text for 
+for more worthy reasons.  Other libraries such as GMP \cite{GMP}, MPI \cite{MPI}, LIP \cite{LIP} and OpenSSL
+\cite{OPENSSL} have multiple precision integer arithmetic routines but would not be ideal for this text for
 reasons that will be explained in the following sub-sections.
 
 \subsection{Code Base}
@@ -472,115 +461,115 @@ segments of code littered throughout the source.  This clean and uncluttered app
 developer can more readily discern the true intent of a given section of source code without trying to keep track of
 what conditional code will be used.
 
-The code base of LibTomMath is well organized.  Each function is in its own separate source code file 
+The code base of LibTomMath is well organized.  Each function is in its own separate source code file
 which allows the reader to find a given function very quickly.  On average there are $76$ lines of code per source
 file which makes the source very easily to follow.  By comparison MPI and LIP are single file projects making code tracing
-very hard.  GMP has many conditional code segments which also hinder tracing.  
+very hard.  GMP has many conditional code segments which also hinder tracing.
 
 When compiled with GCC for the x86 processor and optimized for speed the entire library is approximately $100$KiB\footnote{The notation ``KiB'' means $2^{10}$ octets, similarly ``MiB'' means $2^{20}$ octets.}
- which is fairly small compared to GMP (over $250$KiB).  LibTomMath is slightly larger than MPI (which compiles to about 
+ which is fairly small compared to GMP (over $250$KiB).  LibTomMath is slightly larger than MPI (which compiles to about
 $50$KiB) but LibTomMath is also much faster and more complete than MPI.
 
 \subsection{API Simplicity}
-LibTomMath is designed after the MPI library and shares the API design.  Quite often programs that use MPI will build 
-with LibTomMath without change. The function names correlate directly to the action they perform.  Almost all of the 
-functions share the same parameter passing convention.  The learning curve is fairly shallow with the API provided 
-which is an extremely valuable benefit for the student and developer alike.  
+LibTomMath is designed after the MPI library and shares the API design.  Quite often programs that use MPI will build
+with LibTomMath without change. The function names correlate directly to the action they perform.  Almost all of the
+functions share the same parameter passing convention.  The learning curve is fairly shallow with the API provided
+which is an extremely valuable benefit for the student and developer alike.
 
-The LIP library is an example of a library with an API that is awkward to work with.  LIP uses function names that are often ``compressed'' to 
-illegible short hand.  LibTomMath does not share this characteristic.  
+The LIP library is an example of a library with an API that is awkward to work with.  LIP uses function names that are often ``compressed'' to
+illegible short hand.  LibTomMath does not share this characteristic.
 
 The GMP library also does not return error codes.  Instead it uses a POSIX.1 \cite{POSIX1} signal system where errors
 are signaled to the host application.  This happens to be the fastest approach but definitely not the most versatile.  In
-effect a math error (i.e. invalid input, heap error, etc) can cause a program to stop functioning which is definitely 
+effect a math error (i.e. invalid input, heap error, etc) can cause a program to stop functioning which is definitely
 undersireable in many situations.
 
 \subsection{Optimizations}
 While LibTomMath is certainly not the fastest library (GMP often beats LibTomMath by a factor of two) it does
-feature a set of optimal algorithms for tasks such as modular reduction, exponentiation, multiplication and squaring.  GMP 
+feature a set of optimal algorithms for tasks such as modular reduction, exponentiation, multiplication and squaring.  GMP
 and LIP also feature such optimizations while MPI only uses baseline algorithms with no optimizations.  GMP lacks a few
 of the additional modular reduction optimizations that LibTomMath features\footnote{At the time of this writing GMP
-only had Barrett and Montgomery modular reduction algorithms.}.  
+only had Barrett and Montgomery modular reduction algorithms.}.
 
 LibTomMath is almost always an order of magnitude faster than the MPI library at computationally expensive tasks such as modular
-exponentiation.  In the grand scheme of ``bignum'' libraries LibTomMath is faster than the average library and usually  
+exponentiation.  In the grand scheme of ``bignum'' libraries LibTomMath is faster than the average library and usually
 slower than the best libraries such as GMP and OpenSSL by only a small factor.
 
 \subsection{Portability and Stability}
-LibTomMath will build ``out of the box'' on any platform equipped with a modern version of the GNU C Compiler 
-(\textit{GCC}).  This means that without changes the library will build without configuration or setting up any 
-variables.  LIP and MPI will build ``out of the box'' as well but have numerous known bugs.  Most notably the author of 
-MPI has recently stopped working on his library and LIP has long since been discontinued.  
+LibTomMath will build ``out of the box'' on any platform equipped with a modern version of the GNU C Compiler
+(\textit{GCC}).  This means that without changes the library will build without configuration or setting up any
+variables.  LIP and MPI will build ``out of the box'' as well but have numerous known bugs.  Most notably the author of
+MPI has recently stopped working on his library and LIP has long since been discontinued.
 
 GMP requires a configuration script to run and will not build out of the box.   GMP and LibTomMath are still in active
 development and are very stable across a variety of platforms.
 
 \subsection{Choice}
 LibTomMath is a relatively compact, well documented, highly optimized and portable library which seems only natural for
-the case study of this text.  Various source files from the LibTomMath project will be included within the text.  However, 
-the reader is encouraged to download their own copy of the library to actually be able to work with the library.  
+the case study of this text.  Various source files from the LibTomMath project will be included within the text.  However,
+the reader is encouraged to download their own copy of the library to actually be able to work with the library.
 
 \chapter{Getting Started}
 \section{Library Basics}
-The trick to writing any useful library of source code is to build a solid foundation and work outwards from it.  First, 
-a problem along with allowable solution parameters should be identified and analyzed.  In this particular case the 
+The trick to writing any useful library of source code is to build a solid foundation and work outwards from it.  First,
+a problem along with allowable solution parameters should be identified and analyzed.  In this particular case the
 inability to accomodate multiple precision integers is the problem.  Futhermore, the solution must be written
 as portable source code that is reasonably efficient across several different computer platforms.
 
-After a foundation is formed the remainder of the library can be designed and implemented in a hierarchical fashion.  
-That is, to implement the lowest level dependencies first and work towards the most abstract functions last.  For example, 
+After a foundation is formed the remainder of the library can be designed and implemented in a hierarchical fashion.
+That is, to implement the lowest level dependencies first and work towards the most abstract functions last.  For example,
 before implementing a modular exponentiation algorithm one would implement a modular reduction algorithm.
-By building outwards from a base foundation instead of using a parallel design methodology the resulting project is 
+By building outwards from a base foundation instead of using a parallel design methodology the resulting project is
 highly modular.  Being highly modular is a desirable property of any project as it often means the resulting product
-has a small footprint and updates are easy to perform.  
+has a small footprint and updates are easy to perform.
 
-Usually when I start a project I will begin with the header files.  I define the data types I think I will need and 
-prototype the initial functions that are not dependent on other functions (within the library).  After I 
+Usually when I start a project I will begin with the header files.  I define the data types I think I will need and
+prototype the initial functions that are not dependent on other functions (within the library).  After I
 implement these base functions I prototype more dependent functions and implement them.   The process repeats until
-I implement all of the functions I require.  For example, in the case of LibTomMath I implemented functions such as 
-mp\_init() well before I implemented mp\_mul() and even further before I implemented mp\_exptmod().  As an example as to 
-why this design works note that the Karatsuba and Toom-Cook multipliers were written \textit{after} the 
-dependent function mp\_exptmod() was written.  Adding the new multiplication algorithms did not require changes to the 
-mp\_exptmod() function itself and lowered the total cost of ownership (\textit{so to speak}) and of development 
+I implement all of the functions I require.  For example, in the case of LibTomMath I implemented functions such as
+mp\_init() well before I implemented mp\_mul() and even further before I implemented mp\_exptmod().  As an example as to
+why this design works note that the Karatsuba and Toom-Cook multipliers were written \textit{after} the
+dependent function mp\_exptmod() was written.  Adding the new multiplication algorithms did not require changes to the
+mp\_exptmod() function itself and lowered the total cost of ownership (\textit{so to speak}) and of development
 for new algorithms.  This methodology allows new algorithms to be tested in a complete framework with relative ease.
 
 FIGU,design_process,Design Flow of the First Few Original LibTomMath Functions.
 
 Only after the majority of the functions were in place did I pursue a less hierarchical approach to auditing and optimizing
-the source code.  For example, one day I may audit the multipliers and the next day the polynomial basis functions.  
+the source code.  For example, one day I may audit the multipliers and the next day the polynomial basis functions.
 
-It only makes sense to begin the text with the preliminary data types and support algorithms required as well.  
+It only makes sense to begin the text with the preliminary data types and support algorithms required as well.
 This chapter discusses the core algorithms of the library which are the dependents for every other algorithm.
 
 \section{What is a Multiple Precision Integer?}
-Recall that most programming languages, in particular ISO C \cite{ISOC}, only have fixed precision data types that on their own cannot 
-be used to represent values larger than their precision will allow. The purpose of multiple precision algorithms is 
-to use fixed precision data types to create and manipulate multiple precision integers which may represent values 
-that are very large.  
+Recall that most programming languages, in particular ISO C \cite{ISOC}, only have fixed precision data types that on their own cannot
+be used to represent values larger than their precision will allow. The purpose of multiple precision algorithms is
+to use fixed precision data types to create and manipulate multiple precision integers which may represent values
+that are very large.
 
 As a well known analogy, school children are taught how to form numbers larger than nine by prepending more radix ten digits.  In the decimal system
-the largest single digit value is $9$.  However, by concatenating digits together larger numbers may be represented.  Newly prepended digits 
-(\textit{to the left}) are said to be in a different power of ten column.  That is, the number $123$ can be described as having a $1$ in the hundreds 
-column, $2$ in the tens column and $3$ in the ones column.  Or more formally $123 = 1 \cdot 10^2 + 2 \cdot 10^1 + 3 \cdot 10^0$.  Computer based 
-multiple precision arithmetic is essentially the same concept.  Larger integers are represented by adjoining fixed 
+the largest single digit value is $9$.  However, by concatenating digits together larger numbers may be represented.  Newly prepended digits
+(\textit{to the left}) are said to be in a different power of ten column.  That is, the number $123$ can be described as having a $1$ in the hundreds
+column, $2$ in the tens column and $3$ in the ones column.  Or more formally $123 = 1 \cdot 10^2 + 2 \cdot 10^1 + 3 \cdot 10^0$.  Computer based
+multiple precision arithmetic is essentially the same concept.  Larger integers are represented by adjoining fixed
 precision computer words with the exception that a different radix is used.
 
-What most people probably do not think about explicitly are the various other attributes that describe a multiple precision 
-integer.  For example, the integer $154_{10}$ has two immediately obvious properties.  First, the integer is positive, 
-that is the sign of this particular integer is positive as opposed to negative.  Second, the integer has three digits in 
-its representation.  There is an additional property that the integer posesses that does not concern pencil-and-paper 
-arithmetic.  The third property is how many digits placeholders are available to hold the integer.  
+What most people probably do not think about explicitly are the various other attributes that describe a multiple precision
+integer.  For example, the integer $154_{10}$ has two immediately obvious properties.  First, the integer is positive,
+that is the sign of this particular integer is positive as opposed to negative.  Second, the integer has three digits in
+its representation.  There is an additional property that the integer posesses that does not concern pencil-and-paper
+arithmetic.  The third property is how many digits placeholders are available to hold the integer.
 
 The human analogy of this third property is ensuring there is enough space on the paper to write the integer.  For example,
-if one starts writing a large number too far to the right on a piece of paper they will have to erase it and move left.  
+if one starts writing a large number too far to the right on a piece of paper they will have to erase it and move left.
 Similarly, computer algorithms must maintain strict control over memory usage to ensure that the digits of an integer
-will not exceed the allowed boundaries.  These three properties make up what is known as a multiple precision 
-integer or mp\_int for short.  
+will not exceed the allowed boundaries.  These three properties make up what is known as a multiple precision
+integer or mp\_int for short.
 
 \subsection{The mp\_int Structure}
 \label{sec:MPINT}
-The mp\_int structure is the ISO C based manifestation of what represents a multiple precision integer.  The ISO C standard does not provide for 
-any such data type but it does provide for making composite data types known as structures.  The following is the structure definition 
+The mp\_int structure is the ISO C based manifestation of what represents a multiple precision integer.  The ISO C standard does not provide for
+any such data type but it does provide for making composite data types known as structures.  The following is the structure definition
 used within LibTomMath.
 
 \index{mp\_int}
@@ -607,46 +596,46 @@ The mp\_int structure (fig. \ref{fig:mpint}) can be broken down as follows.
 
 \begin{enumerate}
 \item The \textbf{used} parameter denotes how many digits of the array \textbf{dp} contain the digits used to represent
-a given integer.  The \textbf{used} count must be positive (or zero) and may not exceed the \textbf{alloc} count.  
+a given integer.  The \textbf{used} count must be positive (or zero) and may not exceed the \textbf{alloc} count.
 
-\item The \textbf{alloc} parameter denotes how 
-many digits are available in the array to use by functions before it has to increase in size.  When the \textbf{used} count 
-of a result would exceed the \textbf{alloc} count all of the algorithms will automatically increase the size of the 
-array to accommodate the precision of the result.  
+\item The \textbf{alloc} parameter denotes how
+many digits are available in the array to use by functions before it has to increase in size.  When the \textbf{used} count
+of a result would exceed the \textbf{alloc} count all of the algorithms will automatically increase the size of the
+array to accommodate the precision of the result.
 
-\item The pointer \textbf{dp} points to a dynamically allocated array of digits that represent the given multiple 
-precision integer.  It is padded with $(\textbf{alloc} - \textbf{used})$ zero digits.  The array is maintained in a least 
+\item The pointer \textbf{dp} points to a dynamically allocated array of digits that represent the given multiple
+precision integer.  It is padded with $(\textbf{alloc} - \textbf{used})$ zero digits.  The array is maintained in a least
 significant digit order.  As a pencil and paper analogy the array is organized such that the right most digits are stored
-first starting at the location indexed by zero\footnote{In C all arrays begin at zero.} in the array.  For example, 
-if \textbf{dp} contains $\lbrace a, b, c, \ldots \rbrace$ where \textbf{dp}$_0 = a$, \textbf{dp}$_1 = b$, \textbf{dp}$_2 = c$, $\ldots$ then 
-it would represent the integer $a + b\beta + c\beta^2 + \ldots$  
+first starting at the location indexed by zero\footnote{In C all arrays begin at zero.} in the array.  For example,
+if \textbf{dp} contains $\lbrace a, b, c, \ldots \rbrace$ where \textbf{dp}$_0 = a$, \textbf{dp}$_1 = b$, \textbf{dp}$_2 = c$, $\ldots$ then
+it would represent the integer $a + b\beta + c\beta^2 + \ldots$
 
 \index{MP\_ZPOS} \index{MP\_NEG}
-\item The \textbf{sign} parameter denotes the sign as either zero/positive (\textbf{MP\_ZPOS}) or negative (\textbf{MP\_NEG}).  
+\item The \textbf{sign} parameter denotes the sign as either zero/positive (\textbf{MP\_ZPOS}) or negative (\textbf{MP\_NEG}).
 \end{enumerate}
 
 \subsubsection{Valid mp\_int Structures}
-Several rules are placed on the state of an mp\_int structure and are assumed to be followed for reasons of efficiency.  
+Several rules are placed on the state of an mp\_int structure and are assumed to be followed for reasons of efficiency.
 The only exceptions are when the structure is passed to initialization functions such as mp\_init() and mp\_init\_copy().
 
 \begin{enumerate}
 \item The value of \textbf{alloc} may not be less than one.  That is \textbf{dp} always points to a previously allocated
 array of digits.
 \item The value of \textbf{used} may not exceed \textbf{alloc} and must be greater than or equal to zero.
-\item The value of \textbf{used} implies the digit at index $(used - 1)$ of the \textbf{dp} array is non-zero.  That is, 
+\item The value of \textbf{used} implies the digit at index $(used - 1)$ of the \textbf{dp} array is non-zero.  That is,
 leading zero digits in the most significant positions must be trimmed.
    \begin{enumerate}
    \item Digits in the \textbf{dp} array at and above the \textbf{used} location must be zero.
    \end{enumerate}
-\item The value of \textbf{sign} must be \textbf{MP\_ZPOS} if \textbf{used} is zero; 
+\item The value of \textbf{sign} must be \textbf{MP\_ZPOS} if \textbf{used} is zero;
 this represents the mp\_int value of zero.
 \end{enumerate}
 
 \section{Argument Passing}
-A convention of argument passing must be adopted early on in the development of any library.  Making the function 
-prototypes consistent will help eliminate many headaches in the future as the library grows to significant complexity.  
-In LibTomMath the multiple precision integer functions accept parameters from left to right as pointers to mp\_int 
-structures.  That means that the source (input) operands are placed on the left and the destination (output) on the right.   
+A convention of argument passing must be adopted early on in the development of any library.  Making the function
+prototypes consistent will help eliminate many headaches in the future as the library grows to significant complexity.
+In LibTomMath the multiple precision integer functions accept parameters from left to right as pointers to mp\_int
+structures.  That means that the source (input) operands are placed on the left and the destination (output) on the right.
 Consider the following examples.
 
 \begin{verbatim}
@@ -659,25 +648,25 @@ The left to right order is a fairly natural way to implement the functions since
 functions and make sense of them.  For example, the first function would read ``multiply a and b and store in c''.
 
 Certain libraries (\textit{LIP by Lenstra for instance}) accept parameters the other way around, to mimic the order
-of assignment expressions.  That is, the destination (output) is on the left and arguments (inputs) are on the right.  In 
-truth, it is entirely a matter of preference.  In the case of LibTomMath the convention from the MPI library has been 
-adopted.  
-
-Another very useful design consideration, provided for in LibTomMath, is whether to allow argument sources to also be a 
-destination.  For example, the second example (\textit{mp\_add}) adds $a$ to $b$ and stores in $a$.  This is an important 
-feature to implement since it allows the calling functions to cut down on the number of variables it must maintain.  
-However, to implement this feature specific care has to be given to ensure the destination is not modified before the 
+of assignment expressions.  That is, the destination (output) is on the left and arguments (inputs) are on the right.  In
+truth, it is entirely a matter of preference.  In the case of LibTomMath the convention from the MPI library has been
+adopted.
+
+Another very useful design consideration, provided for in LibTomMath, is whether to allow argument sources to also be a
+destination.  For example, the second example (\textit{mp\_add}) adds $a$ to $b$ and stores in $a$.  This is an important
+feature to implement since it allows the calling functions to cut down on the number of variables it must maintain.
+However, to implement this feature specific care has to be given to ensure the destination is not modified before the
 source is fully read.
 
 \section{Return Values}
-A well implemented application, no matter what its purpose, should trap as many runtime errors as possible and return them 
-to the caller.  By catching runtime errors a library can be guaranteed to prevent undefined behaviour.  However, the end 
+A well implemented application, no matter what its purpose, should trap as many runtime errors as possible and return them
+to the caller.  By catching runtime errors a library can be guaranteed to prevent undefined behaviour.  However, the end
 developer can still manage to cause a library to crash.  For example, by passing an invalid pointer an application may
 fault by dereferencing memory not owned by the application.
 
-In the case of LibTomMath the only errors that are checked for are related to inappropriate inputs (division by zero for 
-instance) and memory allocation errors.  It will not check that the mp\_int passed to any function is valid nor 
-will it check pointers for validity.  Any function that can cause a runtime error will return an error code as an 
+In the case of LibTomMath the only errors that are checked for are related to inappropriate inputs (division by zero for
+instance) and memory allocation errors.  It will not check that the mp\_int passed to any function is valid nor
+will it check pointers for validity.  Any function that can cause a runtime error will return an error code as an
 \textbf{int} data type with one of the following values (fig \ref{fig:errcodes}).
 
 \index{MP\_OKAY} \index{MP\_VAL} \index{MP\_MEM}
@@ -696,7 +685,7 @@ will it check pointers for validity.  Any function that can cause a runtime erro
 \end{figure}
 
 When an error is detected within a function it should free any memory it allocated, often during the initialization of
-temporary mp\_ints, and return as soon as possible.  The goal is to leave the system in the same state it was when the 
+temporary mp\_ints, and return as soon as possible.  The goal is to leave the system in the same state it was when the
 function was called.  Error checking with this style of API is fairly simple.
 
 \begin{verbatim}
@@ -707,19 +696,19 @@ function was called.  Error checking with this style of API is fairly simple.
    }
 \end{verbatim}
 
-The GMP \cite{GMP} library uses C style \textit{signals} to flag errors which is of questionable use.  Not all errors are fatal 
+The GMP \cite{GMP} library uses C style \textit{signals} to flag errors which is of questionable use.  Not all errors are fatal
 and it was not deemed ideal by the author of LibTomMath to force developers to have signal handlers for such cases.
 
 \section{Initialization and Clearing}
-The logical starting point when actually writing multiple precision integer functions is the initialization and 
+The logical starting point when actually writing multiple precision integer functions is the initialization and
 clearing of the mp\_int structures.  These two algorithms will be used by the majority of the higher level algorithms.
 
 Given the basic mp\_int structure an initialization routine must first allocate memory to hold the digits of
 the integer.  Often it is optimal to allocate a sufficiently large pre-set number of digits even though
 the initial integer will represent zero.  If only a single digit were allocated quite a few subsequent re-allocations
 would occur when operations are performed on the integers.  There is a tradeoff between how many default digits to allocate
-and how many re-allocations are tolerable.  Obviously allocating an excessive amount of digits initially will waste 
-memory and become unmanageable.  
+and how many re-allocations are tolerable.  Obviously allocating an excessive amount of digits initially will waste
+memory and become unmanageable.
 
 If the memory for the digits has been successfully allocated then the rest of the members of the structure must
 be initialized.  Since the initial state of an mp\_int is to represent the zero integer, the allocated digits must be set
@@ -754,16 +743,16 @@ structure are set to valid values.  The mp\_init algorithm will perform such an
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_init.}
 The purpose of this function is to initialize an mp\_int structure so that the rest of the library can properly
 manipulte it.  It is assumed that the input may not have had any of its members previously initialized which is certainly
-a valid assumption if the input resides on the stack.  
+a valid assumption if the input resides on the stack.
 
 Before any of the members such as \textbf{sign}, \textbf{used} or \textbf{alloc} are initialized the memory for
-the digits is allocated.  If this fails the function returns before setting any of the other members.  The \textbf{MP\_PREC} 
-name represents a constant\footnote{Defined in the ``tommath.h'' header file within LibTomMath.} 
+the digits is allocated.  If this fails the function returns before setting any of the other members.  The \textbf{MP\_PREC}
+name represents a constant\footnote{Defined in the ``tommath.h'' header file within LibTomMath.}
 used to dictate the minimum precision of newly initialized mp\_int integers.  Ideally, it is at least equal to the smallest
 precision number you'll be working with.
 
 Allocating a block of digits at first instead of a single digit has the benefit of lowering the number of usually slow
-heap operations later functions will have to perform in the future.  If \textbf{MP\_PREC} is set correctly the slack 
+heap operations later functions will have to perform in the future.  If \textbf{MP\_PREC} is set correctly the slack
 memory and the number of heap operations will be trivial.
 
 Once the allocation has been made the digits have to be set to zero as well as the \textbf{used}, \textbf{sign} and
@@ -775,14 +764,14 @@ This function introduces the idiosyncrasy that all iterative loops, commonly ini
 when the ``to'' keyword is placed between two expressions.  For example, ``for $a$ from $b$ to $c$ do'' means that
 a subsequent expression (or body of expressions) are to be evaluated upto $c - b$ times so long as $b \le c$.  In each
 iteration the variable $a$ is substituted for a new integer that lies inclusively between $b$ and $c$.  If $b > c$ occured
-the loop would not iterate.  By contrast if the ``downto'' keyword were used in place of ``to'' the loop would iterate 
+the loop would not iterate.  By contrast if the ``downto'' keyword were used in place of ``to'' the loop would iterate
 decrementally.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_init.c
 
-One immediate observation of this initializtion function is that it does not return a pointer to a mp\_int structure.  It 
-is assumed that the caller has already allocated memory for the mp\_int structure, typically on the application stack.  The 
-call to mp\_init() is used only to initialize the members of the structure to a known default state.  
+One immediate observation of this initializtion function is that it does not return a pointer to a mp\_int structure.  It
+is assumed that the caller has already allocated memory for the mp\_int structure, typically on the application stack.  The
+call to mp\_init() is used only to initialize the members of the structure to a known default state.
 
 Here we see (line @23,XMALLOC@) the memory allocation is performed first.  This allows us to exit cleanly and quickly
 if there is an error.  If the allocation fails the routine will return \textbf{MP\_MEM} to the caller to indicate there
@@ -791,17 +780,17 @@ but a macro defined in ``tommath.h``.  By default, XMALLOC will evaluate to mall
 memory allocation routine.
 
 In order to assure the mp\_int is in a known state the digits must be set to zero.  On most platforms this could have been
-accomplished by using calloc() instead of malloc().  However,  to correctly initialize a integer type to a given value in a 
+accomplished by using calloc() instead of malloc().  However,  to correctly initialize a integer type to a given value in a
 portable fashion you have to actually assign the value.  The for loop (line @28,for@) performs this required
 operation.
 
-After the memory has been successfully initialized the remainder of the members are initialized 
+After the memory has been successfully initialized the remainder of the members are initialized
 (lines @29,used@ through @31,sign@) to their respective default states.  At this point the algorithm has succeeded and
-a success code is returned to the calling function.  If this function returns \textbf{MP\_OKAY} it is safe to assume the 
-mp\_int structure has been properly initialized and is safe to use with other functions within the library.  
+a success code is returned to the calling function.  If this function returns \textbf{MP\_OKAY} it is safe to assume the
+mp\_int structure has been properly initialized and is safe to use with other functions within the library.
 
 \subsection{Clearing an mp\_int}
-When an mp\_int is no longer required by the application, the memory that has been allocated for its digits must be 
+When an mp\_int is no longer required by the application, the memory that has been allocated for its digits must be
 returned to the application's memory pool with the mp\_clear algorithm.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -826,12 +815,12 @@ returned to the application's memory pool with the mp\_clear algorithm.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_clear.}
-This algorithm accomplishes two goals.  First, it clears the digits and the other mp\_int members.  This ensures that 
+This algorithm accomplishes two goals.  First, it clears the digits and the other mp\_int members.  This ensures that
 if a developer accidentally re-uses a cleared structure it is less likely to cause problems.  The second goal
 is to free the allocated memory.
 
 The logic behind the algorithm is extended by marking cleared mp\_int structures so that subsequent calls to this
-algorithm will not try to free the memory multiple times.  Cleared mp\_ints are detectable by having a pre-defined invalid 
+algorithm will not try to free the memory multiple times.  Cleared mp\_ints are detectable by having a pre-defined invalid
 digit pointer \textbf{dp} setting.
 
 Once an mp\_int has been cleared the mp\_int structure is no longer in a valid state for any other algorithm
@@ -844,11 +833,11 @@ checks to see if the \textbf{dp} member is not \textbf{NULL}.  If the mp\_int is
 \textbf{NULL} in which case the if statement will evaluate to true.
 
 The digits of the mp\_int are cleared by the for loop (line @25,for@) which assigns a zero to every digit.  Similar to mp\_init()
-the digits are assigned zero instead of using block memory operations (such as memset()) since this is more portable.  
+the digits are assigned zero instead of using block memory operations (such as memset()) since this is more portable.
 
 The digits are deallocated off the heap via the XFREE macro.  Similar to XMALLOC the XFREE macro actually evaluates to
 a standard C library function.  In this case the free() function.  Since free() only deallocates the memory the pointer
-still has to be reset to \textbf{NULL} manually (line @33,NULL@).  
+still has to be reset to \textbf{NULL} manually (line @33,NULL@).
 
 Now that the digits have been cleared and deallocated the other members are set to their final values (lines @34,= 0@ and @35,ZPOS@).
 
@@ -856,16 +845,16 @@ Now that the digits have been cleared and deallocated the other members are set
 
 The previous sections describes how to initialize and clear an mp\_int structure.  To further support operations
 that are to be performed on mp\_int structures (such as addition and multiplication) the dependent algorithms must be
-able to augment the precision of an mp\_int and 
-initialize mp\_ints with differing initial conditions.  
+able to augment the precision of an mp\_int and
+initialize mp\_ints with differing initial conditions.
 
 These algorithms complete the set of low level algorithms required to work with mp\_int structures in the higher level
 algorithms such as addition, multiplication and modular exponentiation.
 
 \subsection{Augmenting an mp\_int's Precision}
-When storing a value in an mp\_int structure, a sufficient number of digits must be available to accomodate the entire 
-result of an operation without loss of precision.  Quite often the size of the array given by the \textbf{alloc} member 
-is large enough to simply increase the \textbf{used} digit count.  However, when the size of the array is too small it 
+When storing a value in an mp\_int structure, a sufficient number of digits must be available to accomodate the entire
+result of an operation without loss of precision.  Quite often the size of the array given by the \textbf{alloc} member
+is large enough to simply increase the \textbf{used} digit count.  However, when the size of the array is too small it
 must be re-sized appropriately to accomodate the result.  The mp\_grow algorithm will provide this functionality.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[here]
@@ -891,14 +880,14 @@ must be re-sized appropriately to accomodate the result.  The mp\_grow algorithm
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_grow.}
-It is ideal to prevent re-allocations from being performed if they are not required (step one).  This is useful to 
-prevent mp\_ints from growing excessively in code that erroneously calls mp\_grow.  
+It is ideal to prevent re-allocations from being performed if they are not required (step one).  This is useful to
+prevent mp\_ints from growing excessively in code that erroneously calls mp\_grow.
 
-The requested digit count is padded up to next multiple of \textbf{MP\_PREC} plus an additional \textbf{MP\_PREC} (steps two and three).  
-This helps prevent many trivial reallocations that would grow an mp\_int by trivially small values.  
+The requested digit count is padded up to next multiple of \textbf{MP\_PREC} plus an additional \textbf{MP\_PREC} (steps two and three).
+This helps prevent many trivial reallocations that would grow an mp\_int by trivially small values.
 
-It is assumed that the reallocation (step four) leaves the lower $a.alloc$ digits of the mp\_int intact.  This is much 
-akin to how the \textit{realloc} function from the standard C library works.  Since the newly allocated digits are 
+It is assumed that the reallocation (step four) leaves the lower $a.alloc$ digits of the mp\_int intact.  This is much
+akin to how the \textit{realloc} function from the standard C library works.  Since the newly allocated digits are
 assumed to contain undefined values they are initially set to zero.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_grow.c
@@ -915,12 +904,12 @@ the re-allocation.  All	that is left is to clear the newly allocated digits and
 
 Note that the re-allocation result is actually stored in a temporary pointer $tmp$.  This is to allow this function to return
 an error with a valid pointer.  Earlier releases of the library stored the result of XREALLOC into the mp\_int $a$.  That would
-result in a memory leak if XREALLOC ever failed.  
+result in a memory leak if XREALLOC ever failed.
 
 \subsection{Initializing Variable Precision mp\_ints}
-Occasionally the number of digits required will be known in advance of an initialization, based on, for example, the size 
-of input mp\_ints to a given algorithm.  The purpose of algorithm mp\_init\_size is similar to mp\_init except that it 
-will allocate \textit{at least} a specified number of digits.  
+Occasionally the number of digits required will be known in advance of an initialization, based on, for example, the size
+of input mp\_ints to a given algorithm.  The purpose of algorithm mp\_init\_size is similar to mp\_init except that it
+will allocate \textit{at least} a specified number of digits.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -947,30 +936,30 @@ will allocate \textit{at least} a specified number of digits.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_init\_size.}
-This algorithm will initialize an mp\_int structure $a$ like algorithm mp\_init with the exception that the number of 
-digits allocated can be controlled by the second input argument $b$.  The input size is padded upwards so it is a 
-multiple of \textbf{MP\_PREC} plus an additional \textbf{MP\_PREC} digits.  This padding is used to prevent trivial 
+This algorithm will initialize an mp\_int structure $a$ like algorithm mp\_init with the exception that the number of
+digits allocated can be controlled by the second input argument $b$.  The input size is padded upwards so it is a
+multiple of \textbf{MP\_PREC} plus an additional \textbf{MP\_PREC} digits.  This padding is used to prevent trivial
 allocations from becoming a bottleneck in the rest of the algorithms.
 
-Like algorithm mp\_init, the mp\_int structure is initialized to a default state representing the integer zero.  This 
+Like algorithm mp\_init, the mp\_int structure is initialized to a default state representing the integer zero.  This
 particular algorithm is useful if it is known ahead of time the approximate size of the input.  If the approximation is
 correct no further memory re-allocations are required to work with the mp\_int.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_init_size.c
 
-The number of digits $b$ requested is padded (line @22,MP_PREC@) by first augmenting it to the next multiple of 
-\textbf{MP\_PREC} and then adding \textbf{MP\_PREC} to the result.  If the memory can be successfully allocated the 
-mp\_int is placed in a default state representing the integer zero.  Otherwise, the error code \textbf{MP\_MEM} will be 
-returned (line @27,return@).  
+The number of digits $b$ requested is padded (line @22,MP_PREC@) by first augmenting it to the next multiple of
+\textbf{MP\_PREC} and then adding \textbf{MP\_PREC} to the result.  If the memory can be successfully allocated the
+mp\_int is placed in a default state representing the integer zero.  Otherwise, the error code \textbf{MP\_MEM} will be
+returned (line @27,return@).
 
-The digits are allocated and set to zero at the same time with the calloc() function (line @25,XCALLOC@).  The 
-\textbf{used} count is set to zero, the \textbf{alloc} count set to the padded digit count and the \textbf{sign} flag set 
-to \textbf{MP\_ZPOS} to achieve a default valid mp\_int state (lines @29,used@, @30,alloc@ and @31,sign@).  If the function 
-returns succesfully then it is correct to assume that the mp\_int structure is in a valid state for the remainder of the 
+The digits are allocated with the malloc() function (line @27,XMALLOC@) and set to zero afterwards (line @38,for@).  The
+\textbf{used} count is set to zero, the \textbf{alloc} count set to the padded digit count and the \textbf{sign} flag set
+to \textbf{MP\_ZPOS} to achieve a default valid mp\_int state (lines @29,used@, @30,alloc@ and @31,sign@).  If the function
+returns succesfully then it is correct to assume that the mp\_int structure is in a valid state for the remainder of the
 functions to work with.
 
 \subsection{Multiple Integer Initializations and Clearings}
-Occasionally a function will require a series of mp\_int data types to be made available simultaneously.  
+Occasionally a function will require a series of mp\_int data types to be made available simultaneously.
 The purpose of algorithm mp\_init\_multi is to initialize a variable length array of mp\_int structures in a single
 statement.  It is essentially a shortcut to multiple initializations.
 
@@ -995,42 +984,42 @@ statement.  It is essentially a shortcut to multiple initializations.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_init\_multi.}
-The algorithm will initialize the array of mp\_int variables one at a time.  If a runtime error has been detected 
-(\textit{step 1.2}) all of the previously initialized variables are cleared.  The goal is an ``all or nothing'' 
+The algorithm will initialize the array of mp\_int variables one at a time.  If a runtime error has been detected
+(\textit{step 1.2}) all of the previously initialized variables are cleared.  The goal is an ``all or nothing''
 initialization which allows for quick recovery from runtime errors.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_init_multi.c
 
 This function intializes a variable length list of mp\_int structure pointers.  However, instead of having the mp\_int
-structures in an actual C array they are simply passed as arguments to the function.  This function makes use of the 
-``...'' argument syntax of the C programming language.  The list is terminated with a final \textbf{NULL} argument 
-appended on the right.  
+structures in an actual C array they are simply passed as arguments to the function.  This function makes use of the
+``...'' argument syntax of the C programming language.  The list is terminated with a final \textbf{NULL} argument
+appended on the right.
 
 The function uses the ``stdarg.h'' \textit{va} functions to step portably through the arguments to the function.  A count
 $n$ of succesfully initialized mp\_int structures is maintained (line @47,n++@) such that if a failure does occur,
-the algorithm can backtrack and free the previously initialized structures (lines @27,if@ to @46,}@).  
+the algorithm can backtrack and free the previously initialized structures (lines @27,if@ to @46,}@).
 
 
 \subsection{Clamping Excess Digits}
-When a function anticipates a result will be $n$ digits it is simpler to assume this is true within the body of 
-the function instead of checking during the computation.  For example, a multiplication of a $i$ digit number by a 
-$j$ digit produces a result of at most $i + j$ digits.  It is entirely possible that the result is $i + j - 1$ 
-though, with no final carry into the last position.  However, suppose the destination had to be first expanded 
-(\textit{via mp\_grow}) to accomodate $i + j - 1$ digits than further expanded to accomodate the final carry.  
+When a function anticipates a result will be $n$ digits it is simpler to assume this is true within the body of
+the function instead of checking during the computation.  For example, a multiplication of a $i$ digit number by a
+$j$ digit produces a result of at most $i + j$ digits.  It is entirely possible that the result is $i + j - 1$
+though, with no final carry into the last position.  However, suppose the destination had to be first expanded
+(\textit{via mp\_grow}) to accomodate $i + j - 1$ digits than further expanded to accomodate the final carry.
 That would be a considerable waste of time since heap operations are relatively slow.
 
 The ideal solution is to always assume the result is $i + j$ and fix up the \textbf{used} count after the function
 terminates.  This way a single heap operation (\textit{at most}) is required.  However, if the result was not checked
-there would be an excess high order zero digit.  
+there would be an excess high order zero digit.
 
-For example, suppose the product of two integers was $x_n = (0x_{n-1}x_{n-2}...x_0)_{\beta}$.  The leading zero digit 
+For example, suppose the product of two integers was $x_n = (0x_{n-1}x_{n-2}...x_0)_{\beta}$.  The leading zero digit
 will not contribute to the precision of the result.  In fact, through subsequent operations more leading zero digits would
-accumulate to the point the size of the integer would be prohibitive.  As a result even though the precision is very 
-low the representation is excessively large.  
+accumulate to the point the size of the integer would be prohibitive.  As a result even though the precision is very
+low the representation is excessively large.
 
-The mp\_clamp algorithm is designed to solve this very problem.  It will trim high-order zeros by decrementing the 
-\textbf{used} count until a non-zero most significant digit is found.  Also in this system, zero is considered to be a 
-positive number which means that if the \textbf{used} count is decremented to zero, the sign must be set to 
+The mp\_clamp algorithm is designed to solve this very problem.  It will trim high-order zeros by decrementing the
+\textbf{used} count until a non-zero most significant digit is found.  Also in this system, zero is considered to be a
+positive number which means that if the \textbf{used} count is decremented to zero, the sign must be set to
 \textbf{MP\_ZPOS}.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -1052,16 +1041,16 @@ positive number which means that if the \textbf{used} count is decremented to ze
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_clamp.}
 As can be expected this algorithm is very simple.  The loop on step one is expected to iterate only once or twice at
-the most.  For example, this will happen in cases where there is not a carry to fill the last position.  Step two fixes the sign for 
+the most.  For example, this will happen in cases where there is not a carry to fill the last position.  Step two fixes the sign for
 when all of the digits are zero to ensure that the mp\_int is valid at all times.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_clamp.c
 
 Note on line @27,while@ how to test for the \textbf{used} count is made on the left of the \&\& operator.  In the C programming
-language the terms to \&\& are evaluated left to right with a boolean short-circuit if any condition fails.  This is 
-important since if the \textbf{used} is zero the test on the right would fetch below the array.  That is obviously 
+language the terms to \&\& are evaluated left to right with a boolean short-circuit if any condition fails.  This is
+important since if the \textbf{used} is zero the test on the right would fetch below the array.  That is obviously
 undesirable.  The parenthesis on line @28,a->used@ is used to make sure the \textbf{used} count is decremented and not
-the pointer ``a''.  
+the pointer ``a''.
 
 \section*{Exercises}
 \begin{tabular}{cl}
@@ -1087,19 +1076,19 @@ $\left [ 1 \right ]$ & Give an example of when the algorithm  mp\_init\_copy mig
 
 \section{Introduction}
 In the previous chapter a series of low level algorithms were established that dealt with initializing and maintaining
-mp\_int structures.  This chapter will discuss another set of seemingly non-algebraic algorithms which will form the low 
+mp\_int structures.  This chapter will discuss another set of seemingly non-algebraic algorithms which will form the low
 level basis of the entire library.  While these algorithm are relatively trivial it is important to understand how they
 work before proceeding since these algorithms will be used almost intrinsically in the following chapters.
 
 The algorithms in this chapter deal primarily with more ``programmer'' related tasks such as creating copies of
 mp\_int structures, assigning small values to mp\_int structures and comparisons of the values mp\_int structures
-represent.   
+represent.
 
 \section{Assigning Values to mp\_int Structures}
 \subsection{Copying an mp\_int}
 Assigning the value that a given mp\_int structure represents to another mp\_int structure shall be known as making
 a copy for the purposes of this text.  The copy of the mp\_int will be a separate entity that represents the same
-value as the mp\_int it was copied from.  The mp\_copy algorithm provides this functionality. 
+value as the mp\_int it was copied from.  The mp\_copy algorithm provides this functionality.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{center}
@@ -1124,40 +1113,40 @@ value as the mp\_int it was copied from.  The mp\_copy algorithm provides this f
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_copy.}
 This algorithm copies the mp\_int $a$ such that upon succesful termination of the algorithm the mp\_int $b$ will
-represent the same integer as the mp\_int $a$.  The mp\_int $b$ shall be a complete and distinct copy of the 
+represent the same integer as the mp\_int $a$.  The mp\_int $b$ shall be a complete and distinct copy of the
 mp\_int $a$ meaing that the mp\_int $a$ can be modified and it shall not affect the value of the mp\_int $b$.
 
-If $b$ does not have enough room for the digits of $a$ it must first have its precision augmented via the mp\_grow 
+If $b$ does not have enough room for the digits of $a$ it must first have its precision augmented via the mp\_grow
 algorithm.  The digits of $a$ are copied over the digits of $b$ and any excess digits of $b$ are set to zero (step two
 and three).  The \textbf{used} and \textbf{sign} members of $a$ are finally copied over the respective members of
 $b$.
 
 \textbf{Remark.}  This algorithm also introduces a new idiosyncrasy that will be used throughout the rest of the
-text.  The error return codes of other algorithms are not explicitly checked in the pseudo-code presented.  For example, in 
-step one of the mp\_copy algorithm the return of mp\_grow is not explicitly checked to ensure it succeeded.  Text space is 
+text.  The error return codes of other algorithms are not explicitly checked in the pseudo-code presented.  For example, in
+step one of the mp\_copy algorithm the return of mp\_grow is not explicitly checked to ensure it succeeded.  Text space is
 limited so it is assumed that if a algorithm fails it will clear all temporarily allocated mp\_ints and return
-the error code itself.  However, the C code presented will demonstrate all of the error handling logic required to 
+the error code itself.  However, the C code presented will demonstrate all of the error handling logic required to
 implement the pseudo-code.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_copy.c
 
 Occasionally a dependent algorithm may copy an mp\_int effectively into itself such as when the input and output
-mp\_int structures passed to a function are one and the same.  For this case it is optimal to return immediately without 
-copying digits (line @24,a == b@).  
+mp\_int structures passed to a function are one and the same.  For this case it is optimal to return immediately without
+copying digits (line @24,a == b@).
 
 The mp\_int $b$ must have enough digits to accomodate the used digits of the mp\_int $a$.  If $b.alloc$ is less than
 $a.used$ the algorithm mp\_grow is used to augment the precision of $b$ (lines @29,alloc@ to @33,}@).  In order to
 simplify the inner loop that copies the digits from $a$ to $b$, two aliases $tmpa$ and $tmpb$ point directly at the digits
 of the mp\_ints $a$ and $b$ respectively.  These aliases (lines @42,tmpa@ and @45,tmpb@) allow the compiler to access the digits without first dereferencing the
-mp\_int pointers and then subsequently the pointer to the digits.  
+mp\_int pointers and then subsequently the pointer to the digits.
 
-After the aliases are established the digits from $a$ are copied into $b$ (lines @48,for@ to @50,}@) and then the excess 
-digits of $b$ are set to zero (lines @53,for@ to @55,}@).  Both ``for'' loops make use of the pointer aliases and in 
-fact the alias for $b$ is carried through into the second ``for'' loop to clear the excess digits.  This optimization 
+After the aliases are established the digits from $a$ are copied into $b$ (lines @48,for@ to @50,}@) and then the excess
+digits of $b$ are set to zero (lines @53,for@ to @55,}@).  Both ``for'' loops make use of the pointer aliases and in
+fact the alias for $b$ is carried through into the second ``for'' loop to clear the excess digits.  This optimization
 allows the alias to stay in a machine register fairly easy between the two loops.
 
 \textbf{Remarks.}  The use of pointer aliases is an implementation methodology first introduced in this function that will
-be used considerably in other functions.  Technically, a pointer alias is simply a short hand alias used to lower the 
+be used considerably in other functions.  Technically, a pointer alias is simply a short hand alias used to lower the
 number of pointer dereferencing operations required to access data.  For example, a for loop may resemble
 
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -1166,7 +1155,7 @@ for (x = 0; x < 100; x++) \{
 \}
 \end{alltt}
 
-This could be re-written using aliases as 
+This could be re-written using aliases as
 
 \begin{alltt}
 mp_digit *tmpa;
@@ -1176,17 +1165,17 @@ for (x = 0; x < 100; x++) \{
 \}
 \end{alltt}
 
-In this case an alias is used to access the 
-array of digits within an mp\_int structure directly.  It may seem that a pointer alias is strictly not required 
+In this case an alias is used to access the
+array of digits within an mp\_int structure directly.  It may seem that a pointer alias is strictly not required
 as a compiler may optimize out the redundant pointer operations.  However, there are two dominant reasons to use aliases.
 
-The first reason is that most compilers will not effectively optimize pointer arithmetic.  For example, some optimizations 
-may work for the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler (MSVC) and not for the GNU C Compiler (GCC).  Also some optimizations may 
-work for GCC and not MSVC.  As such it is ideal to find a common ground for as many compilers as possible.  Pointer 
-aliases optimize the code considerably before the compiler even reads the source code which means the end compiled code 
+The first reason is that most compilers will not effectively optimize pointer arithmetic.  For example, some optimizations
+may work for the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler (MSVC) and not for the GNU C Compiler (GCC).  Also some optimizations may
+work for GCC and not MSVC.  As such it is ideal to find a common ground for as many compilers as possible.  Pointer
+aliases optimize the code considerably before the compiler even reads the source code which means the end compiled code
 stands a better chance of being faster.
 
-The second reason is that pointer aliases often can make an algorithm simpler to read.  Consider the first ``for'' 
+The second reason is that pointer aliases often can make an algorithm simpler to read.  Consider the first ``for''
 loop of the function mp\_copy() re-written to not use pointer aliases.
 
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -1196,13 +1185,13 @@ loop of the function mp\_copy() re-written to not use pointer aliases.
     \}
 \end{alltt}
 
-Whether this code is harder to read depends strongly on the individual.  However, it is quantifiably slightly more 
+Whether this code is harder to read depends strongly on the individual.  However, it is quantifiably slightly more
 complicated as there are four variables within the statement instead of just two.
 
 \subsubsection{Nested Statements}
 Another commonly used technique in the source routines is that certain sections of code are nested.  This is used in
 particular with the pointer aliases to highlight code phases.  For example, a Comba multiplier (discussed in chapter six)
-will typically have three different phases.  First the temporaries are initialized, then the columns calculated and 
+will typically have three different phases.  First the temporaries are initialized, then the columns calculated and
 finally the carries are propagated.  In this example the middle column production phase will typically be nested as it
 uses temporary variables and aliases the most.
 
@@ -1211,9 +1200,9 @@ the various temporary variables required do not propagate into other sections of
 
 
 \subsection{Creating a Clone}
-Another common operation is to make a local temporary copy of an mp\_int argument.  To initialize an mp\_int 
-and then copy another existing mp\_int into the newly intialized mp\_int will be known as creating a clone.  This is 
-useful within functions that need to modify an argument but do not wish to actually modify the original copy.  The 
+Another common operation is to make a local temporary copy of an mp\_int argument.  To initialize an mp\_int
+and then copy another existing mp\_int into the newly intialized mp\_int will be known as creating a clone.  This is
+useful within functions that need to modify an argument but do not wish to actually modify the original copy.  The
 mp\_init\_copy algorithm has been designed to help perform this task.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -1233,14 +1222,14 @@ mp\_init\_copy algorithm has been designed to help perform this task.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_init\_copy.}
-This algorithm will initialize an mp\_int variable and copy another previously initialized mp\_int variable into it.  As 
-such this algorithm will perform two operations in one step.  
+This algorithm will initialize an mp\_int variable and copy another previously initialized mp\_int variable into it.  As
+such this algorithm will perform two operations in one step.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_init_copy.c
 
-This will initialize \textbf{a} and make it a verbatim copy of the contents of \textbf{b}.  Note that 
+This will initialize \textbf{a} and make it a verbatim copy of the contents of \textbf{b}.  Note that
 \textbf{a} will have its own memory allocated which means that \textbf{b} may be cleared after the call
-and \textbf{a} will be left intact.  
+and \textbf{a} will be left intact.
 
 \section{Zeroing an Integer}
 Reseting an mp\_int to the default state is a common step in many algorithms.  The mp\_zero algorithm will be the algorithm used to
@@ -1264,11 +1253,11 @@ perform this task.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_zero.}
-This algorithm simply resets a mp\_int to the default state.  
+This algorithm simply resets a mp\_int to the default state.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_zero.c
 
-After the function is completed, all of the digits are zeroed, the \textbf{used} count is zeroed and the 
+After the function is completed, all of the digits are zeroed, the \textbf{used} count is zeroed and the
 \textbf{sign} variable is set to \textbf{MP\_ZPOS}.
 
 \section{Sign Manipulation}
@@ -1296,7 +1285,7 @@ the absolute value of an mp\_int.
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_abs.}
 This algorithm computes the absolute of an mp\_int input.  First it copies $a$ over $b$.  This is an example of an
 algorithm where the check in mp\_copy that determines if the source and destination are equal proves useful.  This allows,
-for instance, the developer to pass the same mp\_int as the source and destination to this function without addition 
+for instance, the developer to pass the same mp\_int as the source and destination to this function without addition
 logic to handle it.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_abs.c
@@ -1331,7 +1320,7 @@ the negative of an mp\_int input.
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_neg.}
 This algorithm computes the negation of an input.  First it copies $a$ over $b$.  If $a$ has no used digits then
-the algorithm returns immediately.  Otherwise it flips the sign flag and stores the result in $b$.  Note that if 
+the algorithm returns immediately.  Otherwise it flips the sign flag and stores the result in $b$.  Note that if
 $a$ had no digits then it must be positive by definition.  Had step three been omitted then the algorithm would return
 zero as negative.
 
@@ -1356,9 +1345,9 @@ Often a mp\_int must be set to a relatively small value such as $1$ or $2$.  For
 2.  $a_0 \leftarrow b \mbox{ (mod }\beta\mbox{)}$ \\
 3.  $a.used \leftarrow  \left \lbrace \begin{array}{ll}
                               1 &  \mbox{if }a_0 > 0 \\
-                              0 &  \mbox{if }a_0 = 0 
+                              0 &  \mbox{if }a_0 = 0
                               \end{array} \right .$ \\
-\hline                              
+\hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \caption{Algorithm mp\_set}
@@ -1370,16 +1359,16 @@ single digit is set (\textit{modulo $\beta$}) and the \textbf{used} count is adj
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_set.c
 
-First we zero (line @21,mp_zero@) the mp\_int to make sure that the other members are initialized for a 
+First we zero (line @21,mp_zero@) the mp\_int to make sure that the other members are initialized for a
 small positive constant.  mp\_zero() ensures that the \textbf{sign} is positive and the \textbf{used} count
-is zero.  Next we set the digit and reduce it modulo $\beta$ (line @22,MP_MASK@).  After this step we have to 
+is zero.  Next we set the digit and reduce it modulo $\beta$ (line @22,MP_MASK@).  After this step we have to
 check if the resulting digit is zero or not.  If it is not then we set the \textbf{used} count to one, otherwise
 to zero.
 
-We can quickly reduce modulo $\beta$ since it is of the form $2^k$ and a quick binary AND operation with 
+We can quickly reduce modulo $\beta$ since it is of the form $2^k$ and a quick binary AND operation with
 $2^k - 1$ will perform the same operation.
 
-One important limitation of this function is that it will only set one digit.  The size of a digit is not fixed, meaning source that uses 
+One important limitation of this function is that it will only set one digit.  The size of a digit is not fixed, meaning source that uses
 this function should take that into account.  Only trivially small constants can be set using this function.
 
 \subsection{Setting Large Constants}
@@ -1407,9 +1396,9 @@ data type as input and will always treat it as a 32-bit integer.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_set\_int.}
-The algorithm performs eight iterations of a simple loop where in each iteration four bits from the source are added to the 
+The algorithm performs eight iterations of a simple loop where in each iteration four bits from the source are added to the
 mp\_int.  Step 2.1 will multiply the current result by sixteen making room for four more bits in the less significant positions.  In step 2.2 the
-next four bits from the source are extracted and are added to the mp\_int. The \textbf{used} digit count is 
+next four bits from the source are extracted and are added to the mp\_int. The \textbf{used} digit count is
 incremented to reflect the addition.  The \textbf{used} digit counter is incremented since if any of the leading digits were zero the mp\_int would have
 zero digits used and the newly added four bits would be ignored.
 
@@ -1418,23 +1407,23 @@ Excess zero digits are trimmed in steps 2.1 and 3 by using higher level algorith
 EXAM,bn_mp_set_int.c
 
 This function sets four bits of the number at a time to handle all practical \textbf{DIGIT\_BIT} sizes.  The weird
-addition on line @38,a->used@ ensures that the newly added in bits are added to the number of digits.  While it may not 
-seem obvious as to why the digit counter does not grow exceedingly large it is because of the shift on line @27,mp_mul_2d@ 
-as well as the  call to mp\_clamp() on line @40,mp_clamp@.  Both functions will clamp excess leading digits which keeps 
+addition on line @38,a->used@ ensures that the newly added in bits are added to the number of digits.  While it may not
+seem obvious as to why the digit counter does not grow exceedingly large it is because of the shift on line @27,mp_mul_2d@
+as well as the  call to mp\_clamp() on line @40,mp_clamp@.  Both functions will clamp excess leading digits which keeps
 the number of used digits low.
 
 \section{Comparisons}
 \subsection{Unsigned Comparisions}
 Comparing a multiple precision integer is performed with the exact same algorithm used to compare two decimal numbers.  For example,
 to compare $1,234$ to $1,264$ the digits are extracted by their positions.  That is we compare $1 \cdot 10^3 + 2 \cdot 10^2 + 3 \cdot 10^1 + 4 \cdot 10^0$
-to $1 \cdot 10^3 + 2 \cdot 10^2 + 6 \cdot 10^1 + 4 \cdot 10^0$ by comparing single digits at a time starting with the highest magnitude 
-positions.  If any leading digit of one integer is greater than a digit in the same position of another integer then obviously it must be greater.  
+to $1 \cdot 10^3 + 2 \cdot 10^2 + 6 \cdot 10^1 + 4 \cdot 10^0$ by comparing single digits at a time starting with the highest magnitude
+positions.  If any leading digit of one integer is greater than a digit in the same position of another integer then obviously it must be greater.
 
 The first comparision routine that will be developed is the unsigned magnitude compare which will perform a comparison based on the digits of two
-mp\_int variables alone.  It will ignore the sign of the two inputs.  Such a function is useful when an absolute comparison is required or if the 
+mp\_int variables alone.  It will ignore the sign of the two inputs.  Such a function is useful when an absolute comparison is required or if the
 signs are known to agree in advance.
 
-To facilitate working with the results of the comparison functions three constants are required.  
+To facilitate working with the results of the comparison functions three constants are required.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{center}
@@ -1470,24 +1459,24 @@ To facilitate working with the results of the comparison functions three constan
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_cmp\_mag.}
 By saying ``$a$ to the left of $b$'' it is meant that the comparison is with respect to $a$, that is if $a$ is greater than $b$ it will return
-\textbf{MP\_GT} and similar with respect to when $a = b$ and $a < b$.  The first two steps compare the number of digits used in both $a$ and $b$.  
-Obviously if the digit counts differ there would be an imaginary zero digit in the smaller number where the leading digit of the larger number is.  
-If both have the same number of digits than the actual digits themselves must be compared starting at the leading digit.  
+\textbf{MP\_GT} and similar with respect to when $a = b$ and $a < b$.  The first two steps compare the number of digits used in both $a$ and $b$.
+Obviously if the digit counts differ there would be an imaginary zero digit in the smaller number where the leading digit of the larger number is.
+If both have the same number of digits than the actual digits themselves must be compared starting at the leading digit.
 
 By step three both inputs must have the same number of digits so its safe to start from either $a.used - 1$ or $b.used - 1$ and count down to
 the zero'th digit.  If after all of the digits have been compared, no difference is found, the algorithm returns \textbf{MP\_EQ}.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_cmp_mag.c
 
-The two if statements (lines @24,if@ and @28,if@) compare the number of digits in the two inputs.  These two are 
-performed before all of the digits are compared since it is a very cheap test to perform and can potentially save 
-considerable time.  The implementation given is also not valid without those two statements.  $b.alloc$ may be 
+The two if statements (lines @24,if@ and @28,if@) compare the number of digits in the two inputs.  These two are
+performed before all of the digits are compared since it is a very cheap test to perform and can potentially save
+considerable time.  The implementation given is also not valid without those two statements.  $b.alloc$ may be
 smaller than $a.used$, meaning that undefined values will be read from $b$ past the end of the array of digits.
 
 
 
 \subsection{Signed Comparisons}
-Comparing with sign considerations is also fairly critical in several routines (\textit{division for example}).  Based on an unsigned magnitude 
+Comparing with sign considerations is also fairly critical in several routines (\textit{division for example}).  Based on an unsigned magnitude
 comparison a trivial signed comparison algorithm can be written.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -1510,16 +1499,16 @@ comparison a trivial signed comparison algorithm can be written.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_cmp.}
-The first two steps compare the signs of the two inputs.  If the signs do not agree then it can return right away with the appropriate 
-comparison code.  When the signs are equal the digits of the inputs must be compared to determine the correct result.  In step 
-three the unsigned comparision flips the order of the arguments since they are both negative.  For instance, if $-a > -b$ then 
+The first two steps compare the signs of the two inputs.  If the signs do not agree then it can return right away with the appropriate
+comparison code.  When the signs are equal the digits of the inputs must be compared to determine the correct result.  In step
+three the unsigned comparision flips the order of the arguments since they are both negative.  For instance, if $-a > -b$ then
 $\vert a \vert < \vert b \vert$.  Step number four will compare the two when they are both positive.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_cmp.c
 
 The two if statements (lines @22,if@ and @26,if@) perform the initial sign comparison.  If the signs are not the equal then which ever
-has the positive sign is larger.   The inputs are compared (line @30,if@) based on magnitudes.  If the signs were both 
-negative then the unsigned comparison is performed in the opposite direction (line @31,mp_cmp_mag@).  Otherwise, the signs are assumed to 
+has the positive sign is larger.   The inputs are compared (line @30,if@) based on magnitudes.  If the signs were both
+negative then the unsigned comparison is performed in the opposite direction (line @31,mp_cmp_mag@).  Otherwise, the signs are assumed to
 be both positive and a forward direction unsigned comparison is performed.
 
 \section*{Exercises}
@@ -1536,38 +1525,38 @@ $\left [ 1 \right ]$ & Suggest a simple method to speed up the implementation of
 
 \chapter{Basic Arithmetic}
 \section{Introduction}
-At this point algorithms for initialization, clearing, zeroing, copying, comparing and setting small constants have been 
-established.  The next logical set of algorithms to develop are addition, subtraction and digit shifting algorithms.  These 
-algorithms make use of the lower level algorithms and are the cruicial building block for the multiplication algorithms.  It is very important 
-that these algorithms are highly optimized.  On their own they are simple $O(n)$ algorithms but they can be called from higher level algorithms 
-which easily places them at $O(n^2)$ or even $O(n^3)$ work levels.  
+At this point algorithms for initialization, clearing, zeroing, copying, comparing and setting small constants have been
+established.  The next logical set of algorithms to develop are addition, subtraction and digit shifting algorithms.  These
+algorithms make use of the lower level algorithms and are the cruicial building block for the multiplication algorithms.  It is very important
+that these algorithms are highly optimized.  On their own they are simple $O(n)$ algorithms but they can be called from higher level algorithms
+which easily places them at $O(n^2)$ or even $O(n^3)$ work levels.
 
 MARK,SHIFTS
-All of the algorithms within this chapter make use of the logical bit shift operations denoted by $<<$ and $>>$ for left and right 
-logical shifts respectively.  A logical shift is analogous to sliding the decimal point of radix-10 representations.  For example, the real 
-number $0.9345$ is equivalent to $93.45\%$ which is found by sliding the the decimal two places to the right (\textit{multiplying by $\beta^2 = 10^2$}).  
-Algebraically a binary logical shift is equivalent to a division or multiplication by a power of two.  
+All of the algorithms within this chapter make use of the logical bit shift operations denoted by $<<$ and $>>$ for left and right
+logical shifts respectively.  A logical shift is analogous to sliding the decimal point of radix-10 representations.  For example, the real
+number $0.9345$ is equivalent to $93.45\%$ which is found by sliding the the decimal two places to the right (\textit{multiplying by $\beta^2 = 10^2$}).
+Algebraically a binary logical shift is equivalent to a division or multiplication by a power of two.
 For example, $a << k = a \cdot 2^k$ while $a >> k = \lfloor a/2^k \rfloor$.
 
 One significant difference between a logical shift and the way decimals are shifted is that digits below the zero'th position are removed
-from the number.  For example, consider $1101_2 >> 1$ using decimal notation this would produce $110.1_2$.  However, with a logical shift the 
-result is $110_2$.  
+from the number.  For example, consider $1101_2 >> 1$ using decimal notation this would produce $110.1_2$.  However, with a logical shift the
+result is $110_2$.
 
 \section{Addition and Subtraction}
 In common twos complement fixed precision arithmetic negative numbers are easily represented by subtraction from the modulus.  For example, with 32-bit integers
-$a - b\mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$ is the same as $a + (2^{32} - b) \mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$  since $2^{32} \equiv 0 \mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$.  
+$a - b\mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$ is the same as $a + (2^{32} - b) \mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$  since $2^{32} \equiv 0 \mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$.
 As a result subtraction can be performed with a trivial series of logical operations and an addition.
 
 However, in multiple precision arithmetic negative numbers are not represented in the same way.  Instead a sign flag is used to keep track of the
-sign of the integer.  As a result signed addition and subtraction are actually implemented as conditional usage of lower level addition or 
+sign of the integer.  As a result signed addition and subtraction are actually implemented as conditional usage of lower level addition or
 subtraction algorithms with the sign fixed up appropriately.
 
 The lower level algorithms will add or subtract integers without regard to the sign flag.  That is they will add or subtract the magnitude of
 the integers respectively.
 
 \subsection{Low Level Addition}
-An unsigned addition of multiple precision integers is performed with the same long-hand algorithm used to add decimal numbers.  That is to add the 
-trailing digits first and propagate the resulting carry upwards.  Since this is a lower level algorithm the name will have a ``s\_'' prefix.  
+An unsigned addition of multiple precision integers is performed with the same long-hand algorithm used to add decimal numbers.  That is to add the
+trailing digits first and propagate the resulting carry upwards.  Since this is a lower level algorithm the name will have a ``s\_'' prefix.
 Historically that convention stems from the MPI library where ``s\_'' stood for static functions that were hidden from the developer entirely.
 
 \newpage
@@ -1614,18 +1603,18 @@ Historically that convention stems from the MPI library where ``s\_'' stood for
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm s\_mp\_add.}
-This algorithm is loosely based on algorithm 14.7 of HAC \cite[pp. 594]{HAC} but has been extended to allow the inputs to have different magnitudes.  
-Coincidentally the description of algorithm A in Knuth \cite[pp. 266]{TAOCPV2} shares the same deficiency as the algorithm from \cite{HAC}.  Even the 
+This algorithm is loosely based on algorithm 14.7 of HAC \cite[pp. 594]{HAC} but has been extended to allow the inputs to have different magnitudes.
+Coincidentally the description of algorithm A in Knuth \cite[pp. 266]{TAOCPV2} shares the same deficiency as the algorithm from \cite{HAC}.  Even the
 MIX pseudo  machine code presented by Knuth \cite[pp. 266-267]{TAOCPV2} is incapable of handling inputs which are of different magnitudes.
 
 The first thing that has to be accomplished is to sort out which of the two inputs is the largest.  The addition logic
 will simply add all of the smallest input to the largest input and store that first part of the result in the
 destination.  Then it will apply a simpler addition loop to excess digits of the larger input.
 
-The first two steps will handle sorting the inputs such that $min$ and $max$ hold the digit counts of the two 
+The first two steps will handle sorting the inputs such that $min$ and $max$ hold the digit counts of the two
 inputs.  The variable $x$ will be an mp\_int alias for the largest input or the second input $b$ if they have the
-same number of digits.  After the inputs are sorted the destination $c$ is grown as required to accomodate the sum 
-of the two inputs.  The original \textbf{used} count of $c$ is copied and set to the new used count.  
+same number of digits.  After the inputs are sorted the destination $c$ is grown as required to accomodate the sum
+of the two inputs.  The original \textbf{used} count of $c$ is copied and set to the new used count.
 
 At this point the first addition loop will go through as many digit positions that both inputs have.  The carry
 variable $\mu$ is set to zero outside the loop.  Inside the loop an ``addition'' step requires three statements to produce
@@ -1644,32 +1633,32 @@ EXAM,bn_s_mp_add.c
 
 We first sort (lines @27,if@ to @35,}@) the inputs based on magnitude and determine the $min$ and $max$ variables.
 Note that $x$ is a pointer to an mp\_int assigned to the largest input, in effect it is a local alias.  Next we
-grow the destination (@37,init@ to @42,}@) ensure that it can accomodate the result of the addition. 
+grow the destination (@37,init@ to @42,}@) ensure that it can accomodate the result of the addition.
 
-Similar to the implementation of mp\_copy this function uses the braced code and local aliases coding style.  The three aliases that are on 
+Similar to the implementation of mp\_copy this function uses the braced code and local aliases coding style.  The three aliases that are on
 lines @56,tmpa@, @59,tmpb@ and @62,tmpc@ represent the two inputs and destination variables respectively.  These aliases are used to ensure the
 compiler does not have to dereference $a$, $b$ or $c$ (respectively) to access the digits of the respective mp\_int.
 
-The initial carry $u$ will be cleared (line @65,u = 0@), note that $u$ is of type mp\_digit which ensures type 
+The initial carry $u$ will be cleared (line @65,u = 0@), note that $u$ is of type mp\_digit which ensures type
 compatibility within the implementation.  The initial addition (line @66,for@ to @75,}@) adds digits from
 both inputs until the smallest input runs out of digits.  Similarly the conditional addition loop
-(line @81,for@ to @90,}@) adds the remaining digits from the larger of the two inputs.  The addition is finished 
+(line @81,for@ to @90,}@) adds the remaining digits from the larger of the two inputs.  The addition is finished
 with the final carry being stored in $tmpc$ (line @94,tmpc++@).  Note the ``++'' operator within the same expression.
 After line @94,tmpc++@, $tmpc$ will point to the $c.used$'th digit of the mp\_int $c$.  This is useful
 for the next loop (line @97,for@ to @99,}@) which set any old upper digits to zero.
 
 \subsection{Low Level Subtraction}
 The low level unsigned subtraction algorithm is very similar to the low level unsigned addition algorithm.  The principle difference is that the
-unsigned subtraction algorithm requires the result to be positive.  That is when computing $a - b$ the condition $\vert a \vert \ge \vert b\vert$ must 
-be met for this algorithm to function properly.  Keep in mind this low level algorithm is not meant to be used in higher level algorithms directly.  
+unsigned subtraction algorithm requires the result to be positive.  That is when computing $a - b$ the condition $\vert a \vert \ge \vert b\vert$ must
+be met for this algorithm to function properly.  Keep in mind this low level algorithm is not meant to be used in higher level algorithms directly.
 This algorithm as will be shown can be used to create functional signed addition and subtraction algorithms.
 
 MARK,GAMMA
 
 For this algorithm a new variable is required to make the description simpler.  Recall from section 1.3.1 that a mp\_digit must be able to represent
-the range $0 \le x < 2\beta$ for the algorithms to work correctly.  However, it is allowable that a mp\_digit represent a larger range of values.  For 
-this algorithm we will assume that the variable $\gamma$ represents the number of bits available in a 
-mp\_digit (\textit{this implies $2^{\gamma} > \beta$}).  
+the range $0 \le x < 2\beta$ for the algorithms to work correctly.  However, it is allowable that a mp\_digit represent a larger range of values.  For
+this algorithm we will assume that the variable $\gamma$ represents the number of bits available in a
+mp\_digit (\textit{this implies $2^{\gamma} > \beta$}).
 
 For example, the default for LibTomMath is to use a ``unsigned long'' for the mp\_digit ``type'' while $\beta = 2^{28}$.  In ISO C an ``unsigned long''
 data type must be able to represent $0 \le x < 2^{32}$ meaning that in this case $\gamma \ge 32$.
@@ -1685,7 +1674,7 @@ data type must be able to represent $0 \le x < 2^{32}$ meaning that in this case
 1.  $min \leftarrow b.used$ \\
 2.  $max \leftarrow a.used$ \\
 3.  If $c.alloc < max$ then grow $c$ to hold at least $max$ digits.  (\textit{mp\_grow}) \\
-4.  $oldused \leftarrow c.used$ \\ 
+4.  $oldused \leftarrow c.used$ \\
 5.  $c.used \leftarrow max$ \\
 6.  $u \leftarrow 0$ \\
 7.  for $n$ from $0$ to $min - 1$ do \\
@@ -1715,54 +1704,54 @@ passing variables $a$ and $b$ the condition that $\vert a \vert \ge \vert b \ver
 algorithm is loosely based on algorithm 14.9 \cite[pp. 595]{HAC} and is similar to algorithm S in \cite[pp. 267]{TAOCPV2} as well.  As was the case
 of the algorithm s\_mp\_add both other references lack discussion concerning various practical details such as when the inputs differ in magnitude.
 
-The initial sorting of the inputs is trivial in this algorithm since $a$ is guaranteed to have at least the same magnitude of $b$.  Steps 1 and 2 
-set the $min$ and $max$ variables.  Unlike the addition routine there is guaranteed to be no carry which means that the final result can be at 
-most $max$ digits in length as opposed to $max + 1$.  Similar to the addition algorithm the \textbf{used} count of $c$ is copied locally and 
+The initial sorting of the inputs is trivial in this algorithm since $a$ is guaranteed to have at least the same magnitude of $b$.  Steps 1 and 2
+set the $min$ and $max$ variables.  Unlike the addition routine there is guaranteed to be no carry which means that the final result can be at
+most $max$ digits in length as opposed to $max + 1$.  Similar to the addition algorithm the \textbf{used} count of $c$ is copied locally and
 set to the maximal count for the operation.
 
-The subtraction loop that begins on step seven is essentially the same as the addition loop of algorithm s\_mp\_add except single precision 
-subtraction is used instead.  Note the use of the $\gamma$ variable to extract the carry (\textit{also known as the borrow}) within the subtraction 
-loops.  Under the assumption that two's complement single precision arithmetic is used this will successfully extract the desired carry.  
+The subtraction loop that begins on step seven is essentially the same as the addition loop of algorithm s\_mp\_add except single precision
+subtraction is used instead.  Note the use of the $\gamma$ variable to extract the carry (\textit{also known as the borrow}) within the subtraction
+loops.  Under the assumption that two's complement single precision arithmetic is used this will successfully extract the desired carry.
 
-For example, consider subtracting $0101_2$ from $0100_2$ where $\gamma = 4$ and $\beta = 2$.  The least significant bit will force a carry upwards to 
-the third bit which will be set to zero after the borrow.  After the very first bit has been subtracted $4 - 1 \equiv 0011_2$ will remain,  When the 
-third bit of $0101_2$ is subtracted from the result it will cause another carry.  In this case though the carry will be forced to propagate all the 
-way to the most significant bit.  
+For example, consider subtracting $0101_2$ from $0100_2$ where $\gamma = 4$ and $\beta = 2$.  The least significant bit will force a carry upwards to
+the third bit which will be set to zero after the borrow.  After the very first bit has been subtracted $4 - 1 \equiv 0011_2$ will remain,  When the
+third bit of $0101_2$ is subtracted from the result it will cause another carry.  In this case though the carry will be forced to propagate all the
+way to the most significant bit.
 
-Recall that $\beta < 2^{\gamma}$.  This means that if a carry does occur just before the $lg(\beta)$'th bit it will propagate all the way to the most 
+Recall that $\beta < 2^{\gamma}$.  This means that if a carry does occur just before the $lg(\beta)$'th bit it will propagate all the way to the most
 significant bit.  Thus, the high order bits of the mp\_digit that are not part of the actual digit will either be all zero, or all one. All that
-is needed is a single zero or one bit for the carry.  Therefore a single logical shift right by $\gamma - 1$ positions is sufficient to extract the 
-carry.  This method of carry extraction may seem awkward but the reason for it becomes apparent when the implementation is discussed.  
+is needed is a single zero or one bit for the carry.  Therefore a single logical shift right by $\gamma - 1$ positions is sufficient to extract the
+carry.  This method of carry extraction may seem awkward but the reason for it becomes apparent when the implementation is discussed.
 
 If $b$ has a smaller magnitude than $a$ then step 9 will force the carry and copy operation to propagate through the larger input $a$ into $c$.  Step
 10 will ensure that any leading digits of $c$ above the $max$'th position are zeroed.
 
 EXAM,bn_s_mp_sub.c
 
-Like low level addition we ``sort'' the inputs.  Except in this case the sorting is hardcoded 
-(lines @24,min@ and @25,max@).  In reality the $min$ and $max$ variables are only aliases and are only 
-used to make the source code easier to read.  Again the pointer alias optimization is used 
+Like low level addition we ``sort'' the inputs.  Except in this case the sorting is hardcoded
+(lines @24,min@ and @25,max@).  In reality the $min$ and $max$ variables are only aliases and are only
+used to make the source code easier to read.  Again the pointer alias optimization is used
 within this algorithm.  The aliases $tmpa$, $tmpb$ and $tmpc$ are initialized
 (lines @42,tmpa@, @43,tmpb@ and @44,tmpc@) for $a$, $b$ and $c$ respectively.
 
 The first subtraction loop (lines @47,u = 0@ through @61,}@) subtract digits from both inputs until the smaller of
-the two inputs has been exhausted.  As remarked earlier there is an implementation reason for using the ``awkward'' 
-method of extracting the carry (line @57, >>@).  The traditional method for extracting the carry would be to shift 
-by $lg(\beta)$ positions and logically AND the least significant bit.  The AND operation is required because all of 
-the bits above the $\lg(\beta)$'th bit will be set to one after a carry occurs from subtraction.  This carry 
-extraction requires two relatively cheap operations to extract the carry.  The other method is to simply shift the 
-most significant bit to the least significant bit thus extracting the carry with a single cheap operation.  This 
+the two inputs has been exhausted.  As remarked earlier there is an implementation reason for using the ``awkward''
+method of extracting the carry (line @57, >>@).  The traditional method for extracting the carry would be to shift
+by $lg(\beta)$ positions and logically AND the least significant bit.  The AND operation is required because all of
+the bits above the $\lg(\beta)$'th bit will be set to one after a carry occurs from subtraction.  This carry
+extraction requires two relatively cheap operations to extract the carry.  The other method is to simply shift the
+most significant bit to the least significant bit thus extracting the carry with a single cheap operation.  This
 optimization only works on twos compliment machines which is a safe assumption to make.
 
-If $a$ has a larger magnitude than $b$ an additional loop (lines @64,for@ through @73,}@) is required to propagate 
-the carry through $a$ and copy the result to $c$.  
+If $a$ has a larger magnitude than $b$ an additional loop (lines @64,for@ through @73,}@) is required to propagate
+the carry through $a$ and copy the result to $c$.
 
 \subsection{High Level Addition}
 Now that both lower level addition and subtraction algorithms have been established an effective high level signed addition algorithm can be
-established.  This high level addition algorithm will be what other algorithms and developers will use to perform addition of mp\_int data 
-types.  
+established.  This high level addition algorithm will be what other algorithms and developers will use to perform addition of mp\_int data
+types.
 
-Recall from section 5.2 that an mp\_int represents an integer with an unsigned mantissa (\textit{the array of digits}) and a \textbf{sign} 
+Recall from section 5.2 that an mp\_int represents an integer with an unsigned mantissa (\textit{the array of digits}) and a \textbf{sign}
 flag.  A high level addition is actually performed as a series of eight separate cases which can be optimized down to three unique cases.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -1790,8 +1779,8 @@ flag.  A high level addition is actually performed as a series of eight separate
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_add.}
-This algorithm performs the signed addition of two mp\_int variables.  There is no reference algorithm to draw upon from 
-either \cite{TAOCPV2} or \cite{HAC} since they both only provide unsigned operations.  The algorithm is fairly 
+This algorithm performs the signed addition of two mp\_int variables.  There is no reference algorithm to draw upon from
+either \cite{TAOCPV2} or \cite{HAC} since they both only provide unsigned operations.  The algorithm is fairly
 straightforward but restricted since subtraction can only produce positive results.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -1821,9 +1810,9 @@ straightforward but restricted since subtraction can only produce positive resul
 \label{fig:AddChart}
 \end{figure}
 
-Figure~\ref{fig:AddChart} lists all of the eight possible input combinations and is sorted to show that only three 
-specific cases need to be handled.  The return code of the unsigned operations at step 1.2, 2.1.2 and 2.2.2 are 
-forwarded to step three to check for errors.  This simplifies the description of the algorithm considerably and best 
+Figure~\ref{fig:AddChart} lists all of the eight possible input combinations and is sorted to show that only three
+specific cases need to be handled.  The return code of the unsigned operations at step 1.2, 2.1.2 and 2.2.2 are
+forwarded to step three to check for errors.  This simplifies the description of the algorithm considerably and best
 follows how the implementation actually was achieved.
 
 Also note how the \textbf{sign} is set before the unsigned addition or subtraction is performed.  Recall from the descriptions of algorithms
@@ -1831,8 +1820,8 @@ s\_mp\_add and s\_mp\_sub that the mp\_clamp function is used at the end to trim
 to \textbf{MP\_ZPOS} when the \textbf{used} digit count reaches zero.
 
 For example, consider performing $-a + a$ with algorithm mp\_add.  By the description of the algorithm the sign is set to \textbf{MP\_NEG} which would
-produce a result of $-0$.  However, since the sign is set first then the unsigned addition is performed the subsequent usage of algorithm mp\_clamp 
-within algorithm s\_mp\_add will force $-0$ to become $0$.  
+produce a result of $-0$.  However, since the sign is set first then the unsigned addition is performed the subsequent usage of algorithm mp\_clamp
+within algorithm s\_mp\_add will force $-0$ to become $0$.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_add.c
 
@@ -1842,7 +1831,7 @@ explicitly checking it and returning the constant \textbf{MP\_OKAY}.  The observ
 level functions do so.  Returning their return code is sufficient.
 
 \subsection{High Level Subtraction}
-The high level signed subtraction algorithm is essentially the same as the high level signed addition algorithm.  
+The high level signed subtraction algorithm is essentially the same as the high level signed addition algorithm.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{center}
@@ -1872,7 +1861,7 @@ The high level signed subtraction algorithm is essentially the same as the high
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_sub.}
-This algorithm performs the signed subtraction of two inputs.  Similar to algorithm mp\_add there is no reference in either \cite{TAOCPV2} or 
+This algorithm performs the signed subtraction of two inputs.  Similar to algorithm mp\_add there is no reference in either \cite{TAOCPV2} or
 \cite{HAC}.  Also this algorithm is restricted by algorithm s\_mp\_sub.  Chart \ref{fig:SubChart} lists the eight possible inputs and
 the operations required.
 
@@ -1899,28 +1888,28 @@ the operations required.
 \label{fig:SubChart}
 \end{figure}
 
-Similar to the case of algorithm mp\_add the \textbf{sign} is set first before the unsigned addition or subtraction.  That is to prevent the 
-algorithm from producing $-a - -a = -0$ as a result.  
+Similar to the case of algorithm mp\_add the \textbf{sign} is set first before the unsigned addition or subtraction.  That is to prevent the
+algorithm from producing $-a - -a = -0$ as a result.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_sub.c
 
 Much like the implementation of algorithm mp\_add the variable $res$ is used to catch the return code of the unsigned addition or subtraction operations
-and forward it to the end of the function.  On line @38, != MP_LT@ the ``not equal to'' \textbf{MP\_LT} expression is used to emulate a 
-``greater than or equal to'' comparison.  
+and forward it to the end of the function.  On line @38, != MP_LT@ the ``not equal to'' \textbf{MP\_LT} expression is used to emulate a
+``greater than or equal to'' comparison.
 
 \section{Bit and Digit Shifting}
 MARK,POLY
-It is quite common to think of a multiple precision integer as a polynomial in $x$, that is $y = f(\beta)$ where $f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} a_i x^i$.  
-This notation arises within discussion of Montgomery and Diminished Radix Reduction as well as Karatsuba multiplication and squaring.  
+It is quite common to think of a multiple precision integer as a polynomial in $x$, that is $y = f(\beta)$ where $f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} a_i x^i$.
+This notation arises within discussion of Montgomery and Diminished Radix Reduction as well as Karatsuba multiplication and squaring.
 
 In order to facilitate operations on polynomials in $x$ as above a series of simple ``digit'' algorithms have to be established.  That is to shift
 the digits left or right as well to shift individual bits of the digits left and right.  It is important to note that not all ``shift'' operations
-are on radix-$\beta$ digits.  
+are on radix-$\beta$ digits.
 
 \subsection{Multiplication by Two}
 
-In a binary system where the radix is a power of two multiplication by two not only arises often in other algorithms it is a fairly efficient 
-operation to perform.  A single precision logical shift left is sufficient to multiply a single digit by two.  
+In a binary system where the radix is a power of two multiplication by two not only arises often in other algorithms it is a fairly efficient
+operation to perform.  A single precision logical shift left is sufficient to multiply a single digit by two.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -1954,26 +1943,26 @@ operation to perform.  A single precision logical shift left is sufficient to mu
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_mul\_2.}
-This algorithm will quickly multiply a mp\_int by two provided $\beta$ is a power of two.  Neither \cite{TAOCPV2} nor \cite{HAC} describe such 
-an algorithm despite the fact it arises often in other algorithms.  The algorithm is setup much like the lower level algorithm s\_mp\_add since 
-it is for all intents and purposes equivalent to the operation $b = \vert a \vert + \vert a \vert$.  
+This algorithm will quickly multiply a mp\_int by two provided $\beta$ is a power of two.  Neither \cite{TAOCPV2} nor \cite{HAC} describe such
+an algorithm despite the fact it arises often in other algorithms.  The algorithm is setup much like the lower level algorithm s\_mp\_add since
+it is for all intents and purposes equivalent to the operation $b = \vert a \vert + \vert a \vert$.
 
 Step 1 and 2 grow the input as required to accomodate the maximum number of \textbf{used} digits in the result.  The initial \textbf{used} count
 is set to $a.used$ at step 4.  Only if there is a final carry will the \textbf{used} count require adjustment.
 
-Step 6 is an optimization implementation of the addition loop for this specific case.  That is since the two values being added together 
+Step 6 is an optimization implementation of the addition loop for this specific case.  That is since the two values being added together
 are the same there is no need to perform two reads from the digits of $a$.  Step 6.1 performs a single precision shift on the current digit $a_n$ to
 obtain what will be the carry for the next iteration.  Step 6.2 calculates the $n$'th digit of the result as single precision shift of $a_n$ plus
-the previous carry.  Recall from ~SHIFTS~ that $a_n << 1$ is equivalent to $a_n \cdot 2$.  An iteration of the addition loop is finished with 
+the previous carry.  Recall from ~SHIFTS~ that $a_n << 1$ is equivalent to $a_n \cdot 2$.  An iteration of the addition loop is finished with
 forwarding the carry to the next iteration.
 
-Step 7 takes care of any final carry by setting the $a.used$'th digit of the result to the carry and augmenting the \textbf{used} count of $b$.  
+Step 7 takes care of any final carry by setting the $a.used$'th digit of the result to the carry and augmenting the \textbf{used} count of $b$.
 Step 8 clears any leading digits of $b$ in case it originally had a larger magnitude than $a$.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_mul_2.c
 
 This implementation is essentially an optimized implementation of s\_mp\_add for the case of doubling an input.  The only noteworthy difference
-is the use of the logical shift operator on line @52,<<@ to perform a single precision doubling.  
+is the use of the logical shift operator on line @52,<<@ to perform a single precision doubling.
 
 \subsection{Division by Two}
 A division by two can just as easily be accomplished with a logical shift right as multiplication by two can be with a logical shift left.
@@ -2014,26 +2003,26 @@ core as the basis of the algorithm.  Unlike mp\_mul\_2 the shift operations work
 could be written to work from the trailing digit to the leading digit however, it would have to stop one short of $a.used - 1$ digits to prevent
 reading past the end of the array of digits.
 
-Essentially the loop at step 6 is similar to that of mp\_mul\_2 except the logical shifts go in the opposite direction and the carry is at the 
-least significant bit not the most significant bit.  
+Essentially the loop at step 6 is similar to that of mp\_mul\_2 except the logical shifts go in the opposite direction and the carry is at the
+least significant bit not the most significant bit.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_div_2.c
 
 \section{Polynomial Basis Operations}
 Recall from ~POLY~ that any integer can be represented as a polynomial in $x$ as $y = f(\beta)$.  Such a representation is also known as
-the polynomial basis \cite[pp. 48]{ROSE}. Given such a notation a multiplication or division by $x$ amounts to shifting whole digits a single 
+the polynomial basis \cite[pp. 48]{ROSE}. Given such a notation a multiplication or division by $x$ amounts to shifting whole digits a single
 place.  The need for such operations arises in several other higher level algorithms such as Barrett and Montgomery reduction, integer
-division and Karatsuba multiplication.  
+division and Karatsuba multiplication.
 
 Converting from an array of digits to polynomial basis is very simple.  Consider the integer $y \equiv (a_2, a_1, a_0)_{\beta}$ and recall that
 $y = \sum_{i=0}^{2} a_i \beta^i$.  Simply replace $\beta$ with $x$ and the expression is in polynomial basis.  For example, $f(x) = 8x + 9$ is the
-polynomial basis representation for $89$ using radix ten.  That is, $f(10) = 8(10) + 9 = 89$.  
+polynomial basis representation for $89$ using radix ten.  That is, $f(10) = 8(10) + 9 = 89$.
 
 \subsection{Multiplication by $x$}
 
-Given a polynomial in $x$ such as $f(x) = a_n x^n + a_{n-1} x^{n-1} + ... + a_0$ multiplying by $x$ amounts to shifting the coefficients up one 
+Given a polynomial in $x$ such as $f(x) = a_n x^n + a_{n-1} x^{n-1} + ... + a_0$ multiplying by $x$ amounts to shifting the coefficients up one
 degree.  In this case $f(x) \cdot x = a_n x^{n+1} + a_{n-1} x^n + ... + a_0 x$.  From a scalar basis point of view multiplying by $x$ is equivalent to
-multiplying by the integer $\beta$.  
+multiplying by the integer $\beta$.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2064,16 +2053,16 @@ multiplying by the integer $\beta$.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_lshd.}
-This algorithm multiplies an mp\_int by the $b$'th power of $x$.  This is equivalent to multiplying by $\beta^b$.  The algorithm differs 
+This algorithm multiplies an mp\_int by the $b$'th power of $x$.  This is equivalent to multiplying by $\beta^b$.  The algorithm differs
 from the other algorithms presented so far as it performs the operation in place instead storing the result in a separate location.  The
 motivation behind this change is due to the way this function is typically used.  Algorithms such as mp\_add store the result in an optionally
 different third mp\_int because the original inputs are often still required.  Algorithm mp\_lshd (\textit{and similarly algorithm mp\_rshd}) is
-typically used on values where the original value is no longer required.  The algorithm will return success immediately if 
-$b \le 0$ since the rest of algorithm is only valid when $b > 0$.  
+typically used on values where the original value is no longer required.  The algorithm will return success immediately if
+$b \le 0$ since the rest of algorithm is only valid when $b > 0$.
 
 First the destination $a$ is grown as required to accomodate the result.  The counters $i$ and $j$ are used to form a \textit{sliding window} over
-the digits of $a$ of length $b$.  The head of the sliding window is at $i$ (\textit{the leading digit}) and the tail at $j$ (\textit{the trailing digit}).  
-The loop on step 7 copies the digit from the tail to the head.  In each iteration the window is moved down one digit.   The last loop on 
+the digits of $a$ of length $b$.  The head of the sliding window is at $i$ (\textit{the leading digit}) and the tail at $j$ (\textit{the trailing digit}).
+The loop on step 7 copies the digit from the tail to the head.  In each iteration the window is moved down one digit.   The last loop on
 step 8 sets the lower $b$ digits to zero.
 
 \newpage
@@ -2082,14 +2071,14 @@ FIGU,sliding_window,Sliding Window Movement
 EXAM,bn_mp_lshd.c
 
 The if statement (line @24,if@) ensures that the $b$ variable is greater than zero since we do not interpret negative
-shift counts properly.  The \textbf{used} count is incremented by $b$ before the copy loop begins.  This elminates 
+shift counts properly.  The \textbf{used} count is incremented by $b$ before the copy loop begins.  This elminates
 the need for an additional variable in the for loop.  The variable $top$ (line @42,top@) is an alias
-for the leading digit while $bottom$ (line @45,bottom@) is an alias for the trailing edge.  The aliases form a 
-window of exactly $b$ digits over the input.  
+for the leading digit while $bottom$ (line @45,bottom@) is an alias for the trailing edge.  The aliases form a
+window of exactly $b$ digits over the input.
 
 \subsection{Division by $x$}
 
-Division by powers of $x$ is easily achieved by shifting the digits right and removing any that will end up to the right of the zero'th digit.  
+Division by powers of $x$ is easily achieved by shifting the digits right and removing any that will end up to the right of the zero'th digit.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2122,13 +2111,13 @@ Division by powers of $x$ is easily achieved by shifting the digits right and re
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_rshd.}
 This algorithm divides the input in place by the $b$'th power of $x$.  It is analogous to dividing by a $\beta^b$ but much quicker since
-it does not require single precision division.  This algorithm does not actually return an error code as it cannot fail.  
+it does not require single precision division.  This algorithm does not actually return an error code as it cannot fail.
 
 If the input $b$ is less than one the algorithm quickly returns without performing any work.  If the \textbf{used} count is less than or equal
 to the shift count $b$ then it will simply zero the input and return.
 
 After the trivial cases of inputs have been handled the sliding window is setup.  Much like the case of algorithm mp\_lshd a sliding window that
-is $b$ digits wide is used to copy the digits.  Unlike mp\_lshd the window slides in the opposite direction from the trailing to the leading digit.  
+is $b$ digits wide is used to copy the digits.  Unlike mp\_lshd the window slides in the opposite direction from the trailing to the leading digit.
 Also the digits are copied from the leading to the trailing edge.
 
 Once the window copy is complete the upper digits must be zeroed and the \textbf{used} count decremented.
@@ -2141,9 +2130,9 @@ the upper digits of the input to make sure the result is correct.
 
 \section{Powers of Two}
 
-Now that algorithms for moving single bits as well as whole digits exist algorithms for moving the ``in between'' distances are required.  For 
+Now that algorithms for moving single bits as well as whole digits exist algorithms for moving the ``in between'' distances are required.  For
 example, to quickly multiply by $2^k$ for any $k$ without using a full multiplier algorithm would prove useful.  Instead of performing single
-shifts $k$ times to achieve a multiplication by $2^{\pm k}$ a mixture of whole digit shifting and partial digit shifting is employed.  
+shifts $k$ times to achieve a multiplication by $2^{\pm k}$ a mixture of whole digit shifting and partial digit shifting is employed.
 
 \subsection{Multiplication by Power of Two}
 
@@ -2184,29 +2173,29 @@ shifts $k$ times to achieve a multiplication by $2^{\pm k}$ a mixture of whole d
 This algorithm multiplies $a$ by $2^b$ and stores the result in $c$.  The algorithm uses algorithm mp\_lshd and a derivative of algorithm mp\_mul\_2 to
 quickly compute the product.
 
-First the algorithm will multiply $a$ by $x^{\lfloor b / lg(\beta) \rfloor}$ which will ensure that the remainder multiplicand is less than 
-$\beta$.  For example, if $b = 37$ and $\beta = 2^{28}$ then this step will multiply by $x$ leaving a multiplication by $2^{37 - 28} = 2^{9}$ 
+First the algorithm will multiply $a$ by $x^{\lfloor b / lg(\beta) \rfloor}$ which will ensure that the remainder multiplicand is less than
+$\beta$.  For example, if $b = 37$ and $\beta = 2^{28}$ then this step will multiply by $x$ leaving a multiplication by $2^{37 - 28} = 2^{9}$
 left.
 
-After the digits have been shifted appropriately at most $lg(\beta) - 1$ shifts are left to perform.  Step 5 calculates the number of remaining shifts 
-required.  If it is non-zero a modified shift loop is used to calculate the remaining product.  
+After the digits have been shifted appropriately at most $lg(\beta) - 1$ shifts are left to perform.  Step 5 calculates the number of remaining shifts
+required.  If it is non-zero a modified shift loop is used to calculate the remaining product.
 Essentially the loop is a generic version of algorithm mp\_mul\_2 designed to handle any shift count in the range $1 \le x < lg(\beta)$.  The $mask$
-variable is used to extract the upper $d$ bits to form the carry for the next iteration.  
+variable is used to extract the upper $d$ bits to form the carry for the next iteration.
 
-This algorithm is loosely measured as a $O(2n)$ algorithm which means that if the input is $n$-digits that it takes $2n$ ``time'' to 
+This algorithm is loosely measured as a $O(2n)$ algorithm which means that if the input is $n$-digits that it takes $2n$ ``time'' to
 complete.  It is possible to optimize this algorithm down to a $O(n)$ algorithm at a cost of making the algorithm slightly harder to follow.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_mul_2d.c
 
-The shifting is performed in--place which means the first step (line @24,a != c@) is to copy the input to the 
+The shifting is performed in--place which means the first step (line @24,a != c@) is to copy the input to the
 destination.  We avoid calling mp\_copy() by making sure the mp\_ints are different.  The destination then
 has to be grown (line @31,grow@) to accomodate the result.
 
-If the shift count $b$ is larger than $lg(\beta)$ then a call to mp\_lshd() is used to handle all of the multiples 
-of $lg(\beta)$.  Leaving only a remaining shift of $lg(\beta) - 1$ or fewer bits left.  Inside the actual shift 
+If the shift count $b$ is larger than $lg(\beta)$ then a call to mp\_lshd() is used to handle all of the multiples
+of $lg(\beta)$.  Leaving only a remaining shift of $lg(\beta) - 1$ or fewer bits left.  Inside the actual shift
 loop (lines @45,if@ to @76,}@) we make use of pre--computed values $shift$ and $mask$.   These are used to
-extract the carry bit(s) to pass into the next iteration of the loop.  The $r$ and $rr$ variables form a 
-chain between consecutive iterations to propagate the carry.  
+extract the carry bit(s) to pass into the next iteration of the loop.  The $r$ and $rr$ variables form a
+chain between consecutive iterations to propagate the carry.
 
 \subsection{Division by Power of Two}
 
@@ -2244,14 +2233,14 @@ chain between consecutive iterations to propagate the carry.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_div\_2d.}
-This algorithm will divide an input $a$ by $2^b$ and produce the quotient and remainder.  The algorithm is designed much like algorithm 
+This algorithm will divide an input $a$ by $2^b$ and produce the quotient and remainder.  The algorithm is designed much like algorithm
 mp\_mul\_2d by first using whole digit shifts then single precision shifts.  This algorithm will also produce the remainder of the division
 by using algorithm mp\_mod\_2d.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_div_2d.c
 
-The implementation of algorithm mp\_div\_2d is slightly different than the algorithm specifies.  The remainder $d$ may be optionally 
-ignored by passing \textbf{NULL} as the pointer to the mp\_int variable.    The temporary mp\_int variable $t$ is used to hold the 
+The implementation of algorithm mp\_div\_2d is slightly different than the algorithm specifies.  The remainder $d$ may be optionally
+ignored by passing \textbf{NULL} as the pointer to the mp\_int variable.    The temporary mp\_int variable $t$ is used to hold the
 result of the remainder operation until the end.  This allows $d$ and $a$ to represent the same mp\_int without modifying $a$ before
 the quotient is obtained.
 
@@ -2261,7 +2250,7 @@ the direction of the shifts.
 \subsection{Remainder of Division by Power of Two}
 
 The last algorithm in the series of polynomial basis power of two algorithms is calculating the remainder of division by $2^b$.  This
-algorithm benefits from the fact that in twos complement arithmetic $a \mbox{ (mod }2^b\mbox{)}$ is the same as $a$ AND $2^b - 1$.  
+algorithm benefits from the fact that in twos complement arithmetic $a \mbox{ (mod }2^b\mbox{)}$ is the same as $a$ AND $2^b - 1$.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2293,8 +2282,8 @@ algorithm benefits from the fact that in twos complement arithmetic $a \mbox{ (m
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_mod\_2d.}
-This algorithm will quickly calculate the value of $a \mbox{ (mod }2^b\mbox{)}$.  First if $b$ is less than or equal to zero the 
-result is set to zero.  If $b$ is greater than the number of bits in $a$ then it simply copies $a$ to $c$ and returns.  Otherwise, $a$ 
+This algorithm will quickly calculate the value of $a \mbox{ (mod }2^b\mbox{)}$.  First if $b$ is less than or equal to zero the
+result is set to zero.  If $b$ is greater than the number of bits in $a$ then it simply copies $a$ to $c$ and returns.  Otherwise, $a$
 is copied to $b$, leading digits are removed and the remaining leading digit is trimed to the exact bit count.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_mod_2d.c
@@ -2303,8 +2292,8 @@ We first avoid cases of $b \le 0$ by simply mp\_zero()'ing the destination in su
 than the input we just mp\_copy() the input and return right away.  After this point we know we must actually
 perform some work to produce the remainder.
 
-Recalling that reducing modulo $2^k$ and a binary ``and'' with $2^k - 1$ are numerically equivalent we can quickly reduce 
-the number.  First we zero any digits above the last digit in $2^b$ (line @41,for@).  Next we reduce the 
+Recalling that reducing modulo $2^k$ and a binary ``and'' with $2^k - 1$ are numerically equivalent we can quickly reduce
+the number.  First we zero any digits above the last digit in $2^b$ (line @41,for@).  Next we reduce the
 leading digit of both (line @45,&=@) and then mp\_clamp().
 
 \section*{Exercises}
@@ -2338,40 +2327,40 @@ $\left [ 2 \right ] $ & Using only algorithms mp\_abs and mp\_sub devise another
 
 \chapter{Multiplication and Squaring}
 \section{The Multipliers}
-For most number theoretic problems including certain public key cryptographic algorithms, the ``multipliers'' form the most important subset of 
-algorithms of any multiple precision integer package.  The set of multiplier algorithms include integer multiplication, squaring and modular reduction 
-where in each of the algorithms single precision multiplication is the dominant operation performed.  This chapter will discuss integer multiplication 
-and squaring, leaving modular reductions for the subsequent chapter.  
+For most number theoretic problems including certain public key cryptographic algorithms, the ``multipliers'' form the most important subset of
+algorithms of any multiple precision integer package.  The set of multiplier algorithms include integer multiplication, squaring and modular reduction
+where in each of the algorithms single precision multiplication is the dominant operation performed.  This chapter will discuss integer multiplication
+and squaring, leaving modular reductions for the subsequent chapter.
 
-The importance of the multiplier algorithms is for the most part driven by the fact that certain popular public key algorithms are based on modular 
+The importance of the multiplier algorithms is for the most part driven by the fact that certain popular public key algorithms are based on modular
 exponentiation, that is computing $d \equiv a^b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}$ for some arbitrary choice of $a$, $b$, $c$ and $d$.  During a modular
-exponentiation the majority\footnote{Roughly speaking a modular exponentiation will spend about 40\% of the time performing modular reductions, 
-35\% of the time performing squaring and 25\% of the time performing multiplications.} of the processor time is spent performing single precision 
+exponentiation the majority\footnote{Roughly speaking a modular exponentiation will spend about 40\% of the time performing modular reductions,
+35\% of the time performing squaring and 25\% of the time performing multiplications.} of the processor time is spent performing single precision
 multiplications.
 
-For centuries general purpose multiplication has required a lengthly $O(n^2)$ process, whereby each digit of one multiplicand has to be multiplied 
-against every digit of the other multiplicand.  Traditional long-hand multiplication is based on this process;  while the techniques can differ the 
-overall algorithm used is essentially the same.  Only ``recently'' have faster algorithms been studied.  First Karatsuba multiplication was discovered in 
-1962.  This algorithm can multiply two numbers with considerably fewer single precision multiplications when compared to the long-hand approach.  
-This technique led to the discovery of polynomial basis algorithms (\textit{good reference?}) and subquently Fourier Transform based solutions.  
+For centuries general purpose multiplication has required a lengthly $O(n^2)$ process, whereby each digit of one multiplicand has to be multiplied
+against every digit of the other multiplicand.  Traditional long-hand multiplication is based on this process;  while the techniques can differ the
+overall algorithm used is essentially the same.  Only ``recently'' have faster algorithms been studied.  First Karatsuba multiplication was discovered in
+1962.  This algorithm can multiply two numbers with considerably fewer single precision multiplications when compared to the long-hand approach.
+This technique led to the discovery of polynomial basis algorithms (\textit{good reference?}) and subquently Fourier Transform based solutions.
 
 \section{Multiplication}
 \subsection{The Baseline Multiplication}
 \label{sec:basemult}
 \index{baseline multiplication}
 Computing the product of two integers in software can be achieved using a trivial adaptation of the standard $O(n^2)$ long-hand multiplication
-algorithm that school children are taught.  The algorithm is considered an $O(n^2)$ algorithm since for two $n$-digit inputs $n^2$ single precision 
-multiplications are required.  More specifically for a $m$ and $n$ digit input $m \cdot n$ single precision multiplications are required.  To 
-simplify most discussions, it will be assumed that the inputs have comparable number of digits.  
-
-The ``baseline multiplication'' algorithm is designed to act as the ``catch-all'' algorithm, only to be used when the faster algorithms cannot be 
-used.  This algorithm does not use any particularly interesting optimizations and should ideally be avoided if possible.    One important 
-facet of this algorithm, is that it has been modified to only produce a certain amount of output digits as resolution.  The importance of this 
-modification will become evident during the discussion of Barrett modular reduction.  Recall that for a $n$ and $m$ digit input the product 
-will be at most $n + m$ digits.  Therefore, this algorithm can be reduced to a full multiplier by having it produce $n + m$ digits of the product.  
-
-Recall from ~GAMMA~ the definition of $\gamma$ as the number of bits in the type \textbf{mp\_digit}.  We shall now extend the variable set to 
-include $\alpha$ which shall represent the number of bits in the type \textbf{mp\_word}.  This implies that $2^{\alpha} > 2 \cdot \beta^2$.  The 
+algorithm that school children are taught.  The algorithm is considered an $O(n^2)$ algorithm since for two $n$-digit inputs $n^2$ single precision
+multiplications are required.  More specifically for a $m$ and $n$ digit input $m \cdot n$ single precision multiplications are required.  To
+simplify most discussions, it will be assumed that the inputs have comparable number of digits.
+
+The ``baseline multiplication'' algorithm is designed to act as the ``catch-all'' algorithm, only to be used when the faster algorithms cannot be
+used.  This algorithm does not use any particularly interesting optimizations and should ideally be avoided if possible.    One important
+facet of this algorithm, is that it has been modified to only produce a certain amount of output digits as resolution.  The importance of this
+modification will become evident during the discussion of Barrett modular reduction.  Recall that for a $n$ and $m$ digit input the product
+will be at most $n + m$ digits.  Therefore, this algorithm can be reduced to a full multiplier by having it produce $n + m$ digits of the product.
+
+Recall from ~GAMMA~ the definition of $\gamma$ as the number of bits in the type \textbf{mp\_digit}.  We shall now extend the variable set to
+include $\alpha$ which shall represent the number of bits in the type \textbf{mp\_word}.  This implies that $2^{\alpha} > 2 \cdot \beta^2$.  The
 constant $\delta = 2^{\alpha - 2lg(\beta)}$ will represent the maximal weight of any column in a product (\textit{see ~COMBA~ for more information}).
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -2415,20 +2404,20 @@ Compute the product. \\
 
 \textbf{Algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs.}
 This algorithm computes the unsigned product of two inputs $a$ and $b$, limited to an output precision of $digs$ digits.  While it may seem
-a bit awkward to modify the function from its simple $O(n^2)$ description, the usefulness of partial multipliers will arise in a subsequent 
-algorithm.  The algorithm is loosely based on algorithm 14.12 from \cite[pp. 595]{HAC} and is similar to Algorithm M of Knuth \cite[pp. 268]{TAOCPV2}.  
-Algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs differs from these cited references since it can produce a variable output precision regardless of the precision of the 
+a bit awkward to modify the function from its simple $O(n^2)$ description, the usefulness of partial multipliers will arise in a subsequent
+algorithm.  The algorithm is loosely based on algorithm 14.12 from \cite[pp. 595]{HAC} and is similar to Algorithm M of Knuth \cite[pp. 268]{TAOCPV2}.
+Algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs differs from these cited references since it can produce a variable output precision regardless of the precision of the
 inputs.
 
 The first thing this algorithm checks for is whether a Comba multiplier can be used instead.   If the minimum digit count of either
-input is less than $\delta$, then the Comba method may be used instead.    After the Comba method is ruled out, the baseline algorithm begins.  A 
-temporary mp\_int variable $t$ is used to hold the intermediate result of the product.  This allows the algorithm to be used to 
-compute products when either $a = c$ or $b = c$ without overwriting the inputs.  
+input is less than $\delta$, then the Comba method may be used instead.    After the Comba method is ruled out, the baseline algorithm begins.  A
+temporary mp\_int variable $t$ is used to hold the intermediate result of the product.  This allows the algorithm to be used to
+compute products when either $a = c$ or $b = c$ without overwriting the inputs.
 
 All of step 5 is the infamous $O(n^2)$ multiplication loop slightly modified to only produce upto $digs$ digits of output.  The $pb$ variable
 is given the count of digits to read from $b$ inside the nested loop.  If $pb \le 1$ then no more output digits can be produced and the algorithm
-will exit the loop.  The best way to think of the loops are as a series of $pb \times 1$ multiplications.    That is, in each pass of the 
-innermost loop $a_{ix}$ is multiplied against $b$ and the result is added (\textit{with an appropriate shift}) to $t$.  
+will exit the loop.  The best way to think of the loops are as a series of $pb \times 1$ multiplications.    That is, in each pass of the
+innermost loop $a_{ix}$ is multiplied against $b$ and the result is added (\textit{with an appropriate shift}) to $t$.
 
 For example, consider multiplying $576$ by $241$.  That is equivalent to computing $10^0(1)(576) + 10^1(4)(576) + 10^2(2)(576)$ which is best
 visualized in the following table.
@@ -2442,20 +2431,20 @@ visualized in the following table.
   &&          & 5 & 7 & 6 & $10^0(1)(576)$ \\
   &2 &   3    & 6 & 1 & 6 & $10^1(4)(576) + 10^0(1)(576)$ \\
   1 & 3 & 8 & 8 & 1 & 6 &   $10^2(2)(576) + 10^1(4)(576) + 10^0(1)(576)$ \\
-\hline  
+\hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \caption{Long-Hand Multiplication Diagram}
 \end{figure}
 
-Each row of the product is added to the result after being shifted to the left (\textit{multiplied by a power of the radix}) by the appropriate 
+Each row of the product is added to the result after being shifted to the left (\textit{multiplied by a power of the radix}) by the appropriate
 count.  That is in pass $ix$ of the inner loop the product is added starting at the $ix$'th digit of the reult.
 
 Step 5.4.1 introduces the hat symbol (\textit{e.g. $\hat r$}) which represents a double precision variable.  The multiplication on that step
 is assumed to be a double wide output single precision multiplication.  That is, two single precision variables are multiplied to produce a
 double precision result.  The step is somewhat optimized from a long-hand multiplication algorithm because the carry from the addition in step
-5.4.1 is propagated through the nested loop.  If the carry was not propagated immediately it would overflow the single precision digit 
-$t_{ix+iy}$ and the result would be lost.  
+5.4.1 is propagated through the nested loop.  If the carry was not propagated immediately it would overflow the single precision digit
+$t_{ix+iy}$ and the result would be lost.
 
 At step 5.5 the nested loop is finished and any carry that was left over should be forwarded.  The carry does not have to be added to the $ix+pb$'th
 digit since that digit is assumed to be zero at this point.  However, if $ix + pb \ge digs$ the carry is not set as it would make the result
@@ -2463,53 +2452,53 @@ exceed the precision requested.
 
 EXAM,bn_s_mp_mul_digs.c
 
-First we determine (line @30,if@) if the Comba method can be used first since it's faster.  The conditions for 
-sing the Comba routine are that min$(a.used, b.used) < \delta$ and the number of digits of output is less than 
-\textbf{MP\_WARRAY}.  This new constant is used to control the stack usage in the Comba routines.  By default it is 
+First we determine (line @30,if@) if the Comba method can be used first since it's faster.  The conditions for
+sing the Comba routine are that min$(a.used, b.used) < \delta$ and the number of digits of output is less than
+\textbf{MP\_WARRAY}.  This new constant is used to control the stack usage in the Comba routines.  By default it is
 set to $\delta$ but can be reduced when memory is at a premium.
 
 If we cannot use the Comba method we proceed to setup the baseline routine.  We allocate the the destination mp\_int
-$t$ (line @36,init@) to the exact size of the output to avoid further re--allocations.  At this point we now 
+$t$ (line @36,init@) to the exact size of the output to avoid further re--allocations.  At this point we now
 begin the $O(n^2)$ loop.
 
 This implementation of multiplication has the caveat that it can be trimmed to only produce a variable number of
-digits as output.  In each iteration of the outer loop the $pb$ variable is set (line @48,MIN@) to the maximum 
-number of inner loop iterations.  
+digits as output.  In each iteration of the outer loop the $pb$ variable is set (line @48,MIN@) to the maximum
+number of inner loop iterations.
 
 Inside the inner loop we calculate $\hat r$ as the mp\_word product of the two mp\_digits and the addition of the
-carry from the previous iteration.  A particularly important observation is that most modern optimizing 
-C compilers (GCC for instance) can recognize that a $N \times N \rightarrow 2N$ multiplication is all that 
+carry from the previous iteration.  A particularly important observation is that most modern optimizing
+C compilers (GCC for instance) can recognize that a $N \times N \rightarrow 2N$ multiplication is all that
 is required for the product.  In x86 terms for example, this means using the MUL instruction.
 
-Each digit of the product is stored in turn (line @68,tmpt@) and the carry propagated (line @71,>>@) to the 
+Each digit of the product is stored in turn (line @68,tmpt@) and the carry propagated (line @71,>>@) to the
 next iteration.
 
 \subsection{Faster Multiplication by the ``Comba'' Method}
 MARK,COMBA
 
-One of the huge drawbacks of the ``baseline'' algorithms is that at the $O(n^2)$ level the carry must be 
-computed and propagated upwards.  This makes the nested loop very sequential and hard to unroll and implement 
-in parallel.  The ``Comba'' \cite{COMBA} method is named after little known (\textit{in cryptographic venues}) Paul G. 
-Comba who described a method of implementing fast multipliers that do not require nested carry fixup operations.  As an 
-interesting aside it seems that Paul Barrett describes a similar technique in his 1986 paper \cite{BARRETT} written 
+One of the huge drawbacks of the ``baseline'' algorithms is that at the $O(n^2)$ level the carry must be
+computed and propagated upwards.  This makes the nested loop very sequential and hard to unroll and implement
+in parallel.  The ``Comba'' \cite{COMBA} method is named after little known (\textit{in cryptographic venues}) Paul G.
+Comba who described a method of implementing fast multipliers that do not require nested carry fixup operations.  As an
+interesting aside it seems that Paul Barrett describes a similar technique in his 1986 paper \cite{BARRETT} written
 five years before.
 
-At the heart of the Comba technique is once again the long-hand algorithm.  Except in this case a slight 
-twist is placed on how the columns of the result are produced.  In the standard long-hand algorithm rows of products 
-are produced then added together to form the final result.  In the baseline algorithm the columns are added together 
-after each iteration to get the result instantaneously.  
+At the heart of the Comba technique is once again the long-hand algorithm.  Except in this case a slight
+twist is placed on how the columns of the result are produced.  In the standard long-hand algorithm rows of products
+are produced then added together to form the final result.  In the baseline algorithm the columns are added together
+after each iteration to get the result instantaneously.
 
-In the Comba algorithm the columns of the result are produced entirely independently of each other.  That is at 
-the $O(n^2)$ level a simple multiplication and addition step is performed.  The carries of the columns are propagated 
-after the nested loop to reduce the amount of work requiored. Succintly the first step of the algorithm is to compute 
-the product vector $\vec x$ as follows. 
+In the Comba algorithm the columns of the result are produced entirely independently of each other.  That is at
+the $O(n^2)$ level a simple multiplication and addition step is performed.  The carries of the columns are propagated
+after the nested loop to reduce the amount of work requiored. Succintly the first step of the algorithm is to compute
+the product vector $\vec x$ as follows.
 
 \begin{equation}
 \vec x_n = \sum_{i+j = n} a_ib_j, \forall n \in \lbrace 0, 1, 2, \ldots, i + j \rbrace
 \end{equation}
 
 Where $\vec x_n$ is the $n'th$ column of the output vector.  Consider the following example which computes the vector $\vec x$ for the multiplication
-of $576$ and $241$.  
+of $576$ and $241$.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2520,15 +2509,15 @@ of $576$ and $241$.
 \hline            &                        & $1 \cdot 5 = 5$   & $1 \cdot 7 = 7$   & $1 \cdot 6 = 6$ & First pass \\
                   &  $4 \cdot 5 = 20$      & $4 \cdot 7+5=33$  & $4 \cdot 6+7=31$  & 6               & Second pass \\
    $2 \cdot 5 = 10$ &  $2 \cdot 7 + 20 = 34$ & $2 \cdot 6+33=45$ & 31                & 6             & Third pass \\
-\hline 10 & 34 & 45 & 31 & 6 & Final Result \\   
-\hline   
+\hline 10 & 34 & 45 & 31 & 6 & Final Result \\
+\hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \end{small}
 \caption{Comba Multiplication Diagram}
 \end{figure}
 
-At this point the vector $x = \left < 10, 34, 45, 31, 6 \right >$ is the result of the first step of the Comba multipler.  
+At this point the vector $x = \left < 10, 34, 45, 31, 6 \right >$ is the result of the first step of the Comba multipler.
 Now the columns must be fixed by propagating the carry upwards.  The resultant vector will have one extra dimension over the input vector which is
 congruent to adding a leading zero digit.
 
@@ -2551,16 +2540,16 @@ congruent to adding a leading zero digit.
 \caption{Algorithm Comba Fixup}
 \end{figure}
 
-With that algorithm and $k = 5$ and $\beta = 10$ the following vector is produced $\vec x= \left < 1, 3, 8, 8, 1, 6 \right >$.  In this case 
+With that algorithm and $k = 5$ and $\beta = 10$ the following vector is produced $\vec x= \left < 1, 3, 8, 8, 1, 6 \right >$.  In this case
 $241 \cdot 576$ is in fact $138816$ and the procedure succeeded.  If the algorithm is correct and as will be demonstrated shortly more
 efficient than the baseline algorithm why not simply always use this algorithm?
 
 \subsubsection{Column Weight.}
-At the nested $O(n^2)$ level the Comba method adds the product of two single precision variables to each column of the output 
+At the nested $O(n^2)$ level the Comba method adds the product of two single precision variables to each column of the output
 independently.  A serious obstacle is if the carry is lost, due to lack of precision before the algorithm has a chance to fix
 the carries.  For example, in the multiplication of two three-digit numbers the third column of output will be the sum of
 three single precision multiplications.  If the precision of the accumulator for the output digits is less then $3 \cdot (\beta - 1)^2$ then
-an overflow can occur and the carry information will be lost.  For any $m$ and $n$ digit inputs the maximum weight of any column is 
+an overflow can occur and the carry information will be lost.  For any $m$ and $n$ digit inputs the maximum weight of any column is
 min$(m, n)$ which is fairly obvious.
 
 The maximum number of terms in any column of a product is known as the ``column weight'' and strictly governs when the algorithm can be used.  Recall
@@ -2571,7 +2560,7 @@ two quantities we must not violate the following
 k \cdot \left (\beta - 1 \right )^2 < 2^{\alpha}
 \end{equation}
 
-Which reduces to 
+Which reduces to
 
 \begin{equation}
 k \cdot \left ( \beta^2 - 2\beta + 1 \right ) < 2^{\alpha}
@@ -2584,9 +2573,9 @@ found.
 k  < {{2^{\alpha}} \over {\left (2^{2\rho} - 2^{\rho + 1} + 1 \right )}}
 \end{equation}
 
-The defaults for LibTomMath are $\beta = 2^{28}$ and $\alpha = 2^{64}$ which means that $k$ is bounded by $k < 257$.  In this configuration 
-the smaller input may not have more than $256$ digits if the Comba method is to be used.  This is quite satisfactory for most applications since 
-$256$ digits would allow for numbers in the range of $0 \le x < 2^{7168}$ which, is much larger than most public key cryptographic algorithms require.  
+The defaults for LibTomMath are $\beta = 2^{28}$ and $\alpha = 2^{64}$ which means that $k$ is bounded by $k < 257$.  In this configuration
+the smaller input may not have more than $256$ digits if the Comba method is to be used.  This is quite satisfactory for most applications since
+$256$ digits would allow for numbers in the range of $0 \le x < 2^{7168}$ which, is much larger than most public key cryptographic algorithms require.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2632,74 +2621,74 @@ Place an array of \textbf{MP\_WARRAY} single precision digits named $W$ on the s
 \textbf{Algorithm fast\_s\_mp\_mul\_digs.}
 This algorithm performs the unsigned multiplication of $a$ and $b$ using the Comba method limited to $digs$ digits of precision.
 
-The outer loop of this algorithm is more complicated than that of the baseline multiplier.  This is because on the inside of the 
+The outer loop of this algorithm is more complicated than that of the baseline multiplier.  This is because on the inside of the
 loop we want to produce one column per pass.  This allows the accumulator $\_ \hat W$ to be placed in CPU registers and
 reduce the memory bandwidth to two \textbf{mp\_digit} reads per iteration.
 
 The $ty$ variable is set to the minimum count of $ix$ or the number of digits in $b$.  That way if $a$ has more digits than
 $b$ this will be limited to $b.used - 1$.  The $tx$ variable is set to the to the distance past $b.used$ the variable
-$ix$ is.  This is used for the immediately subsequent statement where we find $iy$.  
+$ix$ is.  This is used for the immediately subsequent statement where we find $iy$.
 
 The variable $iy$ is the minimum digits we can read from either $a$ or $b$ before running out.  Computing one column at a time
 means we have to scan one integer upwards and the other downwards.  $a$ starts at $tx$ and $b$ starts at $ty$.  In each
-pass we are producing the $ix$'th output column and we note that $tx + ty = ix$.  As we move $tx$ upwards we have to 
-move $ty$ downards so the equality remains valid.  The $iy$ variable is the number of iterations until 
+pass we are producing the $ix$'th output column and we note that $tx + ty = ix$.  As we move $tx$ upwards we have to
+move $ty$ downards so the equality remains valid.  The $iy$ variable is the number of iterations until
 $tx \ge a.used$ or $ty < 0$ occurs.
 
 After every inner pass we store the lower half of the accumulator into $W_{ix}$ and then propagate the carry of the accumulator
 into the next round by dividing $\_ \hat W$ by $\beta$.
 
-To measure the benefits of the Comba method over the baseline method consider the number of operations that are required.  If the 
-cost in terms of time of a multiply and addition is $p$ and the cost of a carry propagation is $q$ then a baseline multiplication would require 
-$O \left ((p + q)n^2 \right )$ time to multiply two $n$-digit numbers.  The Comba method requires only $O(pn^2 + qn)$ time, however in practice, 
+To measure the benefits of the Comba method over the baseline method consider the number of operations that are required.  If the
+cost in terms of time of a multiply and addition is $p$ and the cost of a carry propagation is $q$ then a baseline multiplication would require
+$O \left ((p + q)n^2 \right )$ time to multiply two $n$-digit numbers.  The Comba method requires only $O(pn^2 + qn)$ time, however in practice,
 the speed increase is actually much more.  With $O(n)$ space the algorithm can be reduced to $O(pn + qn)$ time by implementing the $n$ multiply
-and addition operations in the nested loop in parallel.  
+and addition operations in the nested loop in parallel.
 
 EXAM,bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.c
 
 As per the pseudo--code we first calculate $pa$ (line @47,MIN@) as the number of digits to output.  Next we begin the outer loop
 to produce the individual columns of the product.  We use the two aliases $tmpx$ and $tmpy$ (lines @61,tmpx@, @62,tmpy@) to point
-inside the two multiplicands quickly.  
-
-The inner loop (lines @70,for@ to @72,}@) of this implementation is where the tradeoff come into play.  Originally this comba 
-implementation was ``row--major'' which means it adds to each of the columns in each pass.  After the outer loop it would then fix 
-the carries.  This was very fast except it had an annoying drawback.  You had to read a mp\_word and two mp\_digits and write 
-one mp\_word per iteration.  On processors such as the Athlon XP and P4 this did not matter much since the cache bandwidth 
-is very high and it can keep the ALU fed with data.  It did, however, matter on older and embedded cpus where cache is often 
-slower and also often doesn't exist.  This new algorithm only performs two reads per iteration under the assumption that the 
+inside the two multiplicands quickly.
+
+The inner loop (lines @70,for@ to @72,}@) of this implementation is where the tradeoff come into play.  Originally this comba
+implementation was ``row--major'' which means it adds to each of the columns in each pass.  After the outer loop it would then fix
+the carries.  This was very fast except it had an annoying drawback.  You had to read a mp\_word and two mp\_digits and write
+one mp\_word per iteration.  On processors such as the Athlon XP and P4 this did not matter much since the cache bandwidth
+is very high and it can keep the ALU fed with data.  It did, however, matter on older and embedded cpus where cache is often
+slower and also often doesn't exist.  This new algorithm only performs two reads per iteration under the assumption that the
 compiler has aliased $\_ \hat W$ to a CPU register.
 
-After the inner loop we store the current accumulator in $W$ and shift $\_ \hat W$ (lines @75,W[ix]@, @78,>>@) to forward it as 
-a carry for the next pass.  After the outer loop we use the final carry (line @82,W[ix]@) as the last digit of the product.  
+After the inner loop we store the current accumulator in $W$ and shift $\_ \hat W$ (lines @75,W[ix]@, @78,>>@) to forward it as
+a carry for the next pass.  After the outer loop we use the final carry (line @82,W[ix]@) as the last digit of the product.
 
 \subsection{Polynomial Basis Multiplication}
 To break the $O(n^2)$ barrier in multiplication requires a completely different look at integer multiplication.  In the following algorithms
-the use of polynomial basis representation for two integers $a$ and $b$ as $f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n} a_i x^i$ and  
+the use of polynomial basis representation for two integers $a$ and $b$ as $f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n} a_i x^i$ and
 $g(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n} b_i x^i$ respectively, is required.  In this system both $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ have $n + 1$ terms and are of the $n$'th degree.
- 
+
 The product $a \cdot b \equiv f(x)g(x)$ is the polynomial $W(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{2n} w_i x^i$.  The coefficients $w_i$ will
 directly yield the desired product when $\beta$ is substituted for $x$.  The direct solution to solve for the $2n + 1$ coefficients
 requires $O(n^2)$ time and would in practice be slower than the Comba technique.
 
-However, numerical analysis theory indicates that only $2n + 1$ distinct points in $W(x)$ are required to determine the values of the $2n + 1$ unknown 
-coefficients.   This means by finding $\zeta_y = W(y)$ for $2n + 1$ small values of $y$ the coefficients of $W(x)$ can be found with 
-Gaussian elimination.  This technique is also occasionally refered to as the \textit{interpolation technique} (\textit{references please...}) since in 
-effect an interpolation based on $2n + 1$ points will yield a polynomial equivalent to $W(x)$.  
+However, numerical analysis theory indicates that only $2n + 1$ distinct points in $W(x)$ are required to determine the values of the $2n + 1$ unknown
+coefficients.   This means by finding $\zeta_y = W(y)$ for $2n + 1$ small values of $y$ the coefficients of $W(x)$ can be found with
+Gaussian elimination.  This technique is also occasionally refered to as the \textit{interpolation technique} (\textit{references please...}) since in
+effect an interpolation based on $2n + 1$ points will yield a polynomial equivalent to $W(x)$.
 
-The coefficients of the polynomial $W(x)$ are unknown which makes finding $W(y)$ for any value of $y$ impossible.  However, since 
-$W(x) = f(x)g(x)$ the equivalent $\zeta_y = f(y) g(y)$ can be used in its place.  The benefit of this technique stems from the 
-fact that $f(y)$ and $g(y)$ are much smaller than either $a$ or $b$ respectively.  As a result finding the $2n + 1$ relations required 
+The coefficients of the polynomial $W(x)$ are unknown which makes finding $W(y)$ for any value of $y$ impossible.  However, since
+$W(x) = f(x)g(x)$ the equivalent $\zeta_y = f(y) g(y)$ can be used in its place.  The benefit of this technique stems from the
+fact that $f(y)$ and $g(y)$ are much smaller than either $a$ or $b$ respectively.  As a result finding the $2n + 1$ relations required
 by multiplying $f(y)g(y)$ involves multiplying integers that are much smaller than either of the inputs.
 
 When picking points to gather relations there are always three obvious points to choose, $y = 0, 1$ and $ \infty$.  The $\zeta_0$ term
-is simply the product $W(0) = w_0 = a_0 \cdot b_0$.  The $\zeta_1$ term is the product 
+is simply the product $W(0) = w_0 = a_0 \cdot b_0$.  The $\zeta_1$ term is the product
 $W(1) = \left (\sum_{i = 0}^{n} a_i \right ) \left (\sum_{i = 0}^{n} b_i \right )$.  The third point $\zeta_{\infty}$ is less obvious but rather
-simple to explain.  The $2n + 1$'th coefficient of $W(x)$ is numerically equivalent to the most significant column in an integer multiplication.  
-The point at $\infty$ is used symbolically to represent the most significant column, that is $W(\infty) = w_{2n} = a_nb_n$.  Note that the 
+simple to explain.  The $2n + 1$'th coefficient of $W(x)$ is numerically equivalent to the most significant column in an integer multiplication.
+The point at $\infty$ is used symbolically to represent the most significant column, that is $W(\infty) = w_{2n} = a_nb_n$.  Note that the
 points at $y = 0$ and $\infty$ yield the coefficients $w_0$ and $w_{2n}$ directly.
 
-If more points are required they should be of small values and powers of two such as $2^q$ and the related \textit{mirror points} 
-$\left (2^q \right )^{2n}  \cdot \zeta_{2^{-q}}$ for small values of $q$.  The term ``mirror point'' stems from the fact that 
+If more points are required they should be of small values and powers of two such as $2^q$ and the related \textit{mirror points}
+$\left (2^q \right )^{2n}  \cdot \zeta_{2^{-q}}$ for small values of $q$.  The term ``mirror point'' stems from the fact that
 $\left (2^q \right )^{2n}  \cdot \zeta_{2^{-q}}$ can be calculated in the exact opposite fashion as $\zeta_{2^q}$.  For
 example, when $n = 2$ and $q = 1$ then following two equations are equivalent to the point $\zeta_{2}$ and its mirror.
 
@@ -2709,10 +2698,10 @@ example, when $n = 2$ and $q = 1$ then following two equations are equivalent to
 \end{eqnarray}
 
 Using such points will allow the values of $f(y)$ and $g(y)$ to be independently calculated using only left shifts.  For example, when $n = 2$ the
-polynomial $f(2^q)$ is equal to $2^q((2^qa_2) + a_1) + a_0$.  This technique of polynomial representation is known as Horner's method.  
+polynomial $f(2^q)$ is equal to $2^q((2^qa_2) + a_1) + a_0$.  This technique of polynomial representation is known as Horner's method.
 
-As a general rule of the algorithm when the inputs are split into $n$ parts each there are $2n - 1$ multiplications.  Each multiplication is of 
-multiplicands that have $n$ times fewer digits than the inputs.  The asymptotic running time of this algorithm is 
+As a general rule of the algorithm when the inputs are split into $n$ parts each there are $2n - 1$ multiplications.  Each multiplication is of
+multiplicands that have $n$ times fewer digits than the inputs.  The asymptotic running time of this algorithm is
 $O \left ( k^{lg_n(2n - 1)} \right )$ for $k$ digit inputs (\textit{assuming they have the same number of digits}).  Figure~\ref{fig:exponent}
 summarizes the exponents for various values of $n$.
 
@@ -2737,23 +2726,23 @@ summarizes the exponents for various values of $n$.
 
 At first it may seem like a good idea to choose $n = 1000$ since the exponent is approximately $1.1$.  However, the overhead
 of solving for the 2001 terms of $W(x)$ will certainly consume any savings the algorithm could offer for all but exceedingly large
-numbers.  
+numbers.
 
 \subsubsection{Cutoff Point}
-The polynomial basis multiplication algorithms all require fewer single precision multiplications than a straight Comba approach.  However, 
+The polynomial basis multiplication algorithms all require fewer single precision multiplications than a straight Comba approach.  However,
 the algorithms incur an overhead (\textit{at the $O(n)$ work level}) since they require a system of equations to be solved.  This makes the
 polynomial basis approach more costly to use with small inputs.
 
-Let $m$ represent the number of digits in the multiplicands (\textit{assume both multiplicands have the same number of digits}).  There exists a 
-point $y$ such that when $m < y$ the polynomial basis algorithms are more costly than Comba, when $m = y$ they are roughly the same cost and 
-when $m > y$ the Comba methods are slower than the polynomial basis algorithms.  
+Let $m$ represent the number of digits in the multiplicands (\textit{assume both multiplicands have the same number of digits}).  There exists a
+point $y$ such that when $m < y$ the polynomial basis algorithms are more costly than Comba, when $m = y$ they are roughly the same cost and
+when $m > y$ the Comba methods are slower than the polynomial basis algorithms.
 
 The exact location of $y$ depends on several key architectural elements of the computer platform in question.
 
 \begin{enumerate}
 \item  The ratio of clock cycles for single precision multiplication versus other simpler operations such as addition, shifting, etc.  For example
 on the AMD Athlon the ratio is roughly $17 : 1$ while on the Intel P4 it is $29 : 1$.  The higher the ratio in favour of multiplication the lower
-the cutoff point $y$ will be.  
+the cutoff point $y$ will be.
 
 \item  The complexity of the linear system of equations (\textit{for the coefficients of $W(x)$}) is.  Generally speaking as the number of splits
 grows the complexity grows substantially.  Ideally solving the system will only involve addition, subtraction and shifting of integers.  This
@@ -2766,11 +2755,11 @@ influence over the cutoff point.
 
 A clean cutoff point separation occurs when a point $y$ is found such that all of the cutoff point conditions are met.  For example, if the point
 is too low then there will be values of $m$ such that $m > y$ and the Comba method is still faster.  Finding the cutoff points is fairly simple when
-a high resolution timer is available.  
+a high resolution timer is available.
 
 \subsection{Karatsuba Multiplication}
 Karatsuba \cite{KARA} multiplication when originally proposed in 1962 was among the first set of algorithms to break the $O(n^2)$ barrier for
-general purpose multiplication.  Given two polynomial basis representations $f(x) = ax + b$ and $g(x) = cx + d$, Karatsuba proved with 
+general purpose multiplication.  Given two polynomial basis representations $f(x) = ax + b$ and $g(x) = cx + d$, Karatsuba proved with
 light algebra \cite{KARAP} that the following polynomial is equivalent to multiplication of the two integers the polynomials represent.
 
 \begin{equation}
@@ -2778,8 +2767,8 @@ f(x) \cdot g(x) = acx^2 + ((a + b)(c + d) - (ac + bd))x + bd
 \end{equation}
 
 Using the observation that $ac$ and $bd$ could be re-used only three half sized multiplications would be required to produce the product.  Applying
-this algorithm recursively, the work factor becomes $O(n^{lg(3)})$ which is substantially better than the work factor $O(n^2)$ of the Comba technique.  It turns 
-out what Karatsuba did not know or at least did not publish was that this is simply polynomial basis multiplication with the points 
+this algorithm recursively, the work factor becomes $O(n^{lg(3)})$ which is substantially better than the work factor $O(n^2)$ of the Comba technique.  It turns
+out what Karatsuba did not know or at least did not publish was that this is simply polynomial basis multiplication with the points
 $\zeta_0$, $\zeta_{\infty}$ and $\zeta_{1}$.  Consider the resultant system of equations.
 
 \begin{center}
@@ -2792,7 +2781,7 @@ $\zeta_{\infty}$ & $=$ & $w_2$ &  & &  & \\
 
 By adding the first and last equation to the equation in the middle the term $w_1$ can be isolated and all three coefficients solved for.  The simplicity
 of this system of equations has made Karatsuba fairly popular.  In fact the cutoff point is often fairly low\footnote{With LibTomMath 0.18 it is 70 and 109 digits for the Intel P4 and AMD Athlon respectively.}
-making it an ideal algorithm to speed up certain public key cryptosystems such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman.  
+making it an ideal algorithm to speed up certain public key cryptosystems such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2830,7 +2819,7 @@ Calculate the final product. \\
 18.  $c \leftarrow t1 + x1y1$ \\
 19.  Clear all of the temporary variables. \\
 20.  Return(\textit{MP\_OKAY}).\\
-\hline 
+\hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \end{small}
@@ -2839,13 +2828,13 @@ Calculate the final product. \\
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_karatsuba\_mul.}
 This algorithm computes the unsigned product of two inputs using the Karatsuba multiplication algorithm.  It is loosely based on the description
-from Knuth \cite[pp. 294-295]{TAOCPV2}.  
+from Knuth \cite[pp. 294-295]{TAOCPV2}.
 
 \index{radix point}
 In order to split the two inputs into their respective halves, a suitable \textit{radix point} must be chosen.  The radix point chosen must
-be used for both of the inputs meaning that it must be smaller than the smallest input.  Step 3 chooses the radix point $B$ as half of the 
-smallest input \textbf{used} count.  After the radix point is chosen the inputs are split into lower and upper halves.  Step 4 and 5 
-compute the lower halves.  Step 6 and 7 computer the upper halves.  
+be used for both of the inputs meaning that it must be smaller than the smallest input.  Step 3 chooses the radix point $B$ as half of the
+smallest input \textbf{used} count.  After the radix point is chosen the inputs are split into lower and upper halves.  Step 4 and 5
+compute the lower halves.  Step 6 and 7 computer the upper halves.
 
 After the halves have been computed the three intermediate half-size products must be computed.  Step 8 and 9 compute the trivial products
 $x0 \cdot y0$ and $x1 \cdot y1$.  The mp\_int $x0$ is used as a temporary variable after $x1 + x0$ has been computed.  By using $x0$ instead
@@ -2857,29 +2846,29 @@ EXAM,bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.c
 
 The new coding element in this routine, not  seen in previous routines, is the usage of goto statements.  The conventional
 wisdom is that goto statements should be avoided.  This is generally true, however when every single function call can fail, it makes sense
-to handle error recovery with a single piece of code.  Lines @61,if@ to @75,if@ handle initializing all of the temporary variables 
+to handle error recovery with a single piece of code.  Lines @61,if@ to @75,if@ handle initializing all of the temporary variables
 required.  Note how each of the if statements goes to a different label in case of failure.  This allows the routine to correctly free only
 the temporaries that have been successfully allocated so far.
 
-The temporary variables are all initialized using the mp\_init\_size routine since they are expected to be large.  This saves the 
+The temporary variables are all initialized using the mp\_init\_size routine since they are expected to be large.  This saves the
 additional reallocation that would have been necessary.  Also $x0$, $x1$, $y0$ and $y1$ have to be able to hold at least their respective
 number of digits for the next section of code.
 
 The first algebraic portion of the algorithm is to split the two inputs into their halves.  However, instead of using mp\_mod\_2d and mp\_rshd
-to extract the halves, the respective code has been placed inline within the body of the function.  To initialize the halves, the \textbf{used} and 
-\textbf{sign} members are copied first.  The first for loop on line @98,for@ copies the lower halves.  Since they are both the same magnitude it 
-is simpler to calculate both lower halves in a single loop.  The for loop on lines @104,for@ and @109,for@ calculate the upper halves $x1$ and 
+to extract the halves, the respective code has been placed inline within the body of the function.  To initialize the halves, the \textbf{used} and
+\textbf{sign} members are copied first.  The first for loop on line @98,for@ copies the lower halves.  Since they are both the same magnitude it
+is simpler to calculate both lower halves in a single loop.  The for loop on lines @104,for@ and @109,for@ calculate the upper halves $x1$ and
 $y1$ respectively.
 
 By inlining the calculation of the halves, the Karatsuba multiplier has a slightly lower overhead and can be used for smaller magnitude inputs.
 
 When line @152,err@ is reached, the algorithm has completed succesfully.  The ``error status'' variable $err$ is set to \textbf{MP\_OKAY} so that
-the same code that handles errors can be used to clear the temporary variables and return.  
+the same code that handles errors can be used to clear the temporary variables and return.
 
 \subsection{Toom-Cook $3$-Way Multiplication}
-Toom-Cook $3$-Way \cite{TOOM} multiplication is essentially the polynomial basis algorithm for $n = 2$ except that the points  are 
-chosen such that $\zeta$ is easy to compute and the resulting system of equations easy to reduce.  Here, the points $\zeta_{0}$, 
-$16 \cdot \zeta_{1 \over 2}$, $\zeta_1$, $\zeta_2$ and $\zeta_{\infty}$ make up the five required points to solve for the coefficients 
+Toom-Cook $3$-Way \cite{TOOM} multiplication is essentially the polynomial basis algorithm for $n = 2$ except that the points  are
+chosen such that $\zeta$ is easy to compute and the resulting system of equations easy to reduce.  Here, the points $\zeta_{0}$,
+$16 \cdot \zeta_{1 \over 2}$, $\zeta_1$, $\zeta_2$ and $\zeta_{\infty}$ make up the five required points to solve for the coefficients
 of the $W(x)$.
 
 With the five relations that Toom-Cook specifies, the following system of equations is formed.
@@ -2897,7 +2886,7 @@ $\zeta_{\infty}$             & $=$ & $1w_4$ & $+$ & $0w_3$ & $+$ & $0w_2$ & $+$
 A trivial solution to this matrix requires $12$ subtractions, two multiplications by a small power of two, two divisions by a small power
 of two, two divisions by three and one multiplication by three.  All of these $19$ sub-operations require less than quadratic time, meaning that
 the algorithm can be faster than a baseline multiplication.  However, the greater complexity of this algorithm places the cutoff point
-(\textbf{TOOM\_MUL\_CUTOFF}) where Toom-Cook becomes more efficient much higher than the Karatsuba cutoff point.  
+(\textbf{TOOM\_MUL\_CUTOFF}) where Toom-Cook becomes more efficient much higher than the Karatsuba cutoff point.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2967,7 +2956,7 @@ Now substitute $\beta^k$ for $x$ by shifting $w_0, w_1, ..., w_4$. \\
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_toom\_mul.}
-This algorithm computes the product of two mp\_int variables $a$ and $b$ using the Toom-Cook approach.  Compared to the Karatsuba multiplication, this 
+This algorithm computes the product of two mp\_int variables $a$ and $b$ using the Toom-Cook approach.  Compared to the Karatsuba multiplication, this
 algorithm has a lower asymptotic running time of approximately $O(n^{1.464})$ but at an obvious cost in overhead.  In this
 description, several statements have been compounded to save space.  The intention is that the statements are executed from left to right across
 any given step.
@@ -2979,34 +2968,34 @@ The first two relations $w_0$ and $w_4$ are the points $\zeta_{0}$ and $\zeta_{\
 to the points $16 \cdot \zeta_{1 \over 2}, \zeta_{2}$ and $\zeta_{1}$ respectively.  These are found using logical shifts to independently find
 $f(y)$ and $g(y)$ which significantly speeds up the algorithm.
 
-After the five relations $w_0, w_1, \ldots, w_4$ have been computed, the system they represent must be solved in order for the unknown coefficients 
+After the five relations $w_0, w_1, \ldots, w_4$ have been computed, the system they represent must be solved in order for the unknown coefficients
 $w_1, w_2$ and $w_3$ to be isolated.  The steps 18 through 25 perform the system reduction required as previously described.  Each step of
 the reduction represents the comparable matrix operation that would be performed had this been performed by pencil.  For example, step 18 indicates
-that row $1$ must be subtracted from row $4$ and simultaneously row $0$ subtracted from row $3$.  
+that row $1$ must be subtracted from row $4$ and simultaneously row $0$ subtracted from row $3$.
 
-Once the coeffients have been isolated, the polynomial $W(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{2n} w_i x^i$ is known.  By substituting $\beta^{k}$ for $x$, the integer 
+Once the coeffients have been isolated, the polynomial $W(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{2n} w_i x^i$ is known.  By substituting $\beta^{k}$ for $x$, the integer
 result $a \cdot b$ is produced.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_toom_mul.c
 
-The first obvious thing to note is that this algorithm is complicated.  The complexity is worth it if you are multiplying very 
+The first obvious thing to note is that this algorithm is complicated.  The complexity is worth it if you are multiplying very
 large numbers.  For example, a 10,000 digit multiplication takes approximaly 99,282,205 fewer single precision multiplications with
 Toom--Cook than a Comba or baseline approach (this is a savings of more than 99$\%$).  For most ``crypto'' sized numbers this
 algorithm is not practical as Karatsuba has a much lower cutoff point.
 
-First we split $a$ and $b$ into three roughly equal portions.  This has been accomplished (lines @40,mod@ to @69,rshd@) with 
+First we split $a$ and $b$ into three roughly equal portions.  This has been accomplished (lines @40,mod@ to @69,rshd@) with
 combinations of mp\_rshd() and mp\_mod\_2d() function calls.  At this point $a = a2 \cdot \beta^2 + a1 \cdot \beta + a0$ and similiarly
-for $b$.  
+for $b$.
 
 Next we compute the five points $w0, w1, w2, w3$ and $w4$.  Recall that $w0$ and $w4$ can be computed directly from the portions so
 we get those out of the way first (lines @72,mul@ and @77,mul@).  Next we compute $w1, w2$ and $w3$ using Horners method.
 
 After this point we solve for the actual values of $w1, w2$ and $w3$ by reducing the $5 \times 5$ system which is relatively
-straight forward.  
+straight forward.
 
 \subsection{Signed Multiplication}
 Now that algorithms to handle multiplications of every useful dimensions have been developed, a rather simple finishing touch is required.  So far all
-of the multiplication algorithms have been unsigned multiplications which leaves only a signed multiplication algorithm to be established.  
+of the multiplication algorithms have been unsigned multiplications which leaves only a signed multiplication algorithm to be established.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3040,24 +3029,24 @@ of the multiplication algorithms have been unsigned multiplications which leaves
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_mul.}
-This algorithm performs the signed multiplication of two inputs.  It will make use of any of the three unsigned multiplication algorithms 
+This algorithm performs the signed multiplication of two inputs.  It will make use of any of the three unsigned multiplication algorithms
 available when the input is of appropriate size.  The \textbf{sign} of the result is not set until the end of the algorithm since algorithm
-s\_mp\_mul\_digs will clear it.  
+s\_mp\_mul\_digs will clear it.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_mul.c
 
-The implementation is rather simplistic and is not particularly noteworthy.  Line @22,?@ computes the sign of the result using the ``?'' 
-operator from the C programming language.  Line @37,<<@ computes $\delta$ using the fact that $1 << k$ is equal to $2^k$.  
+The implementation is rather simplistic and is not particularly noteworthy.  Line @22,?@ computes the sign of the result using the ``?''
+operator from the C programming language.  Line @37,<<@ computes $\delta$ using the fact that $1 << k$ is equal to $2^k$.
 
 \section{Squaring}
 \label{sec:basesquare}
 
 Squaring is a special case of multiplication where both multiplicands are equal.  At first it may seem like there is no significant optimization
 available but in fact there is.  Consider the multiplication of $576$ against $241$.  In total there will be nine single precision multiplications
-performed which are $1\cdot 6$, $1 \cdot 7$, $1 \cdot 5$, $4 \cdot 6$, $4 \cdot 7$, $4 \cdot 5$, $2 \cdot  6$, $2 \cdot 7$ and $2 \cdot 5$.  Now consider 
-the multiplication of $123$ against $123$.  The nine products are $3 \cdot 3$, $3 \cdot 2$, $3 \cdot 1$, $2 \cdot 3$, $2 \cdot 2$, $2 \cdot 1$, 
-$1 \cdot 3$, $1 \cdot 2$ and $1 \cdot 1$.  On closer inspection some of the products are equivalent.  For example, $3 \cdot 2 = 2 \cdot 3$ 
-and $3 \cdot 1 = 1 \cdot 3$. 
+performed which are $1\cdot 6$, $1 \cdot 7$, $1 \cdot 5$, $4 \cdot 6$, $4 \cdot 7$, $4 \cdot 5$, $2 \cdot  6$, $2 \cdot 7$ and $2 \cdot 5$.  Now consider
+the multiplication of $123$ against $123$.  The nine products are $3 \cdot 3$, $3 \cdot 2$, $3 \cdot 1$, $2 \cdot 3$, $2 \cdot 2$, $2 \cdot 1$,
+$1 \cdot 3$, $1 \cdot 2$ and $1 \cdot 1$.  On closer inspection some of the products are equivalent.  For example, $3 \cdot 2 = 2 \cdot 3$
+and $3 \cdot 1 = 1 \cdot 3$.
 
 For any $n$-digit input, there are ${{\left (n^2 + n \right)}\over 2}$ possible unique single precision multiplications required compared to the $n^2$
 required for multiplication.  The following diagram gives an example of the operations required.
@@ -3077,19 +3066,19 @@ $\times$ &&1&2&3&\\
 
 MARK,SQUARE
 Starting from zero and numbering the columns from right to left a very simple pattern becomes obvious.  For the purposes of this discussion let $x$
-represent the number being squared.  The first observation is that in row $k$ the $2k$'th column of the product has a $\left (x_k \right)^2$ term in it.  
+represent the number being squared.  The first observation is that in row $k$ the $2k$'th column of the product has a $\left (x_k \right)^2$ term in it.
 
 The second observation is that every column $j$ in row $k$ where $j \ne 2k$ is part of a double product.  Every non-square term of a column will
-appear twice hence the name ``double product''.  Every odd column is made up entirely of double products.  In fact every column is made up of double 
-products and at most one square (\textit{see the exercise section}).  
+appear twice hence the name ``double product''.  Every odd column is made up entirely of double products.  In fact every column is made up of double
+products and at most one square (\textit{see the exercise section}).
 
-The third and final observation is that for row $k$ the first unique non-square term, that is, one that hasn't already appeared in an earlier row, 
-occurs at column $2k + 1$.  For example, on row $1$ of the previous squaring, column one is part of the double product with column one from row zero. 
+The third and final observation is that for row $k$ the first unique non-square term, that is, one that hasn't already appeared in an earlier row,
+occurs at column $2k + 1$.  For example, on row $1$ of the previous squaring, column one is part of the double product with column one from row zero.
 Column two of row one is a square and column three is the first unique column.
 
 \subsection{The Baseline Squaring Algorithm}
 The baseline squaring algorithm is meant to be a catch-all squaring algorithm.  It will handle any of the input sizes that the faster routines
-will not handle.  
+will not handle.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3131,30 +3120,30 @@ will not handle.
 
 \textbf{Algorithm s\_mp\_sqr.}
 This algorithm computes the square of an input using the three observations on squaring.  It is based fairly faithfully on  algorithm 14.16 of HAC
-\cite[pp.596-597]{HAC}.  Similar to algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs, a temporary mp\_int is allocated to hold the result of the squaring.  This allows the 
+\cite[pp.596-597]{HAC}.  Similar to algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs, a temporary mp\_int is allocated to hold the result of the squaring.  This allows the
 destination mp\_int to be the same as the source mp\_int.
 
 The outer loop of this algorithm begins on step 4. It is best to think of the outer loop as walking down the rows of the partial results, while
 the inner loop computes the columns of the partial result.  Step 4.1 and 4.2 compute the square term for each row, and step 4.3 and 4.4 propagate
-the carry and compute the double products.  
+the carry and compute the double products.
 
 The requirement that a mp\_word be able to represent the range $0 \le x < 2 \beta^2$ arises from this
 very algorithm.  The product $a_{ix}a_{iy}$ will lie in the range $0 \le x \le \beta^2 - 2\beta + 1$ which is obviously less than $\beta^2$ meaning that
 when it is multiplied by two, it can be properly represented by a mp\_word.
 
-Similar to algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs, after every pass of the inner loop, the destination is correctly set to the sum of all of the partial 
-results calculated so far.  This involves expensive carry propagation which will be eliminated in the next algorithm.  
+Similar to algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs, after every pass of the inner loop, the destination is correctly set to the sum of all of the partial
+results calculated so far.  This involves expensive carry propagation which will be eliminated in the next algorithm.
 
 EXAM,bn_s_mp_sqr.c
 
 Inside the outer loop (line @32,for@) the square term is calculated on line @35,r =@.  The carry (line @42,>>@) has been
-extracted from the mp\_word accumulator using a right shift.  Aliases for $a_{ix}$ and $t_{ix+iy}$ are initialized 
+extracted from the mp\_word accumulator using a right shift.  Aliases for $a_{ix}$ and $t_{ix+iy}$ are initialized
 (lines @45,tmpx@ and @48,tmpt@) to simplify the inner loop.  The doubling is performed using two
-additions (line @57,r + r@) since it is usually faster than shifting, if not at least as fast.  
+additions (line @57,r + r@) since it is usually faster than shifting, if not at least as fast.
 
 The important observation is that the inner loop does not begin at $iy = 0$ like for multiplication.  As such the inner loops
 get progressively shorter as the algorithm proceeds.  This is what leads to the savings compared to using a multiplication to
-square a number. 
+square a number.
 
 \subsection{Faster Squaring by the ``Comba'' Method}
 A major drawback to the baseline method is the requirement for single precision shifting inside the $O(n^2)$ nested loop.  Squaring has an additional
@@ -3164,10 +3153,10 @@ performance hazards.
 The first obvious solution is to make an array of mp\_words which will hold all of the columns.  This will indeed eliminate all of the carry
 propagation operations from the inner loop.  However, the inner product must still be doubled $O(n^2)$ times.  The solution stems from the simple fact
 that $2a + 2b + 2c = 2(a + b + c)$.  That is the sum of all of the double products is equal to double the sum of all the products.  For example,
-$ab + ba + ac + ca = 2ab + 2ac = 2(ab + ac)$.  
+$ab + ba + ac + ca = 2ab + 2ac = 2(ab + ac)$.
 
-However, we cannot simply double all of the columns, since the squares appear only once per row.  The most practical solution is to have two 
-mp\_word arrays.  One array will hold the squares and the other array will hold the double products.  With both arrays the doubling and 
+However, we cannot simply double all of the columns, since the squares appear only once per row.  The most practical solution is to have two
+mp\_word arrays.  One array will hold the squares and the other array will hold the double products.  With both arrays the doubling and
 carry propagation can be moved to a $O(n)$ work level outside the $O(n^2)$ level.  In this case, we have an even simpler solution in mind.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -3205,7 +3194,7 @@ Place an array of \textbf{MP\_WARRAY} mp\_digits named $W$ on the stack. \\
 9.  for $ix$ from $pa$ to $oldused - 1$ do \\
 \hspace{3mm}9.1  $b_{ix} \leftarrow 0$ \\
 10.  Clamp excess digits from $b$.  (\textit{mp\_clamp}) \\
-11.  Return(\textit{MP\_OKAY}). \\ 
+11.  Return(\textit{MP\_OKAY}). \\
 \hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
@@ -3214,8 +3203,8 @@ Place an array of \textbf{MP\_WARRAY} mp\_digits named $W$ on the stack. \\
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm fast\_s\_mp\_sqr.}
-This algorithm computes the square of an input using the Comba technique.  It is designed to be a replacement for algorithm 
-s\_mp\_sqr when the number of input digits is less than \textbf{MP\_WARRAY} and less than $\delta \over 2$.  
+This algorithm computes the square of an input using the Comba technique.  It is designed to be a replacement for algorithm
+s\_mp\_sqr when the number of input digits is less than \textbf{MP\_WARRAY} and less than $\delta \over 2$.
 This algorithm is very similar to the Comba multiplier except with a few key differences we shall make note of.
 
 First, we have an accumulator and carry variables $\_ \hat W$ and $\hat W1$ respectively.  This is because the inner loop
@@ -3230,35 +3219,35 @@ only to even outputs and it is the square of the term at the $\lfloor ix / 2 \rf
 
 EXAM,bn_fast_s_mp_sqr.c
 
-This implementation is essentially a copy of Comba multiplication with the appropriate changes added to make it faster for 
-the special case of squaring.  
+This implementation is essentially a copy of Comba multiplication with the appropriate changes added to make it faster for
+the special case of squaring.
 
 \subsection{Polynomial Basis Squaring}
 The same algorithm that performs optimal polynomial basis multiplication can be used to perform polynomial basis squaring.  The minor exception
 is that $\zeta_y = f(y)g(y)$ is actually equivalent to $\zeta_y = f(y)^2$ since $f(y) = g(y)$.  Instead of performing $2n + 1$
-multiplications to find the $\zeta$ relations, squaring operations are performed instead.  
+multiplications to find the $\zeta$ relations, squaring operations are performed instead.
 
 \subsection{Karatsuba Squaring}
-Let $f(x) = ax + b$ represent the polynomial basis representation of a number to square.  
-Let $h(x) = \left ( f(x) \right )^2$ represent the square of the polynomial.  The Karatsuba equation can be modified to square a 
+Let $f(x) = ax + b$ represent the polynomial basis representation of a number to square.
+Let $h(x) = \left ( f(x) \right )^2$ represent the square of the polynomial.  The Karatsuba equation can be modified to square a
 number with the following equation.
 
 \begin{equation}
 h(x) = a^2x^2 + \left ((a + b)^2 - (a^2 + b^2) \right )x + b^2
 \end{equation}
 
-Upon closer inspection this equation only requires the calculation of three half-sized squares: $a^2$, $b^2$ and $(a + b)^2$.  As in 
-Karatsuba multiplication, this algorithm can be applied recursively on the input and will achieve an asymptotic running time of 
+Upon closer inspection this equation only requires the calculation of three half-sized squares: $a^2$, $b^2$ and $(a + b)^2$.  As in
+Karatsuba multiplication, this algorithm can be applied recursively on the input and will achieve an asymptotic running time of
 $O \left ( n^{lg(3)} \right )$.
 
-If the asymptotic times of Karatsuba squaring and multiplication are the same, why not simply use the multiplication algorithm 
-instead?  The answer to this arises from the cutoff point for squaring.  As in multiplication there exists a cutoff point, at which the 
-time required for a Comba based squaring and a Karatsuba based squaring meet.  Due to the overhead inherent in the Karatsuba method, the cutoff 
-point is fairly high.  For example, on an AMD Athlon XP processor with $\beta = 2^{28}$, the cutoff point is around 127 digits.  
+If the asymptotic times of Karatsuba squaring and multiplication are the same, why not simply use the multiplication algorithm
+instead?  The answer to this arises from the cutoff point for squaring.  As in multiplication there exists a cutoff point, at which the
+time required for a Comba based squaring and a Karatsuba based squaring meet.  Due to the overhead inherent in the Karatsuba method, the cutoff
+point is fairly high.  For example, on an AMD Athlon XP processor with $\beta = 2^{28}$, the cutoff point is around 127 digits.
 
-Consider squaring a 200 digit number with this technique.  It will be split into two 100 digit halves which are subsequently squared.  
+Consider squaring a 200 digit number with this technique.  It will be split into two 100 digit halves which are subsequently squared.
 The 100 digit halves will not be squared using Karatsuba, but instead using the faster Comba based squaring algorithm.  If Karatsuba multiplication
-were used instead, the 100 digit numbers would be squared with a slower Comba based multiplication.  
+were used instead, the 100 digit numbers would be squared with a slower Comba based multiplication.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3312,7 +3301,7 @@ Now if $5n$ single precision additions and a squaring of $n$-digits is faster th
 this method is faster.  Assuming no further recursions occur, the difference can be estimated with the following inequality.
 
 Let $p$ represent the cost of a single precision addition and $q$ the cost of a single precision multiplication both in terms of time\footnote{Or
-machine clock cycles.}. 
+machine clock cycles.}.
 
 \begin{equation}
 5pn +{{q(n^2 + n)} \over 2} \le pn + qn^2
@@ -3330,27 +3319,27 @@ ${13 \over 9}$     & $<$ & $n$ \\
 This results in a cutoff point around $n = 2$.  As a consequence it is actually faster to compute the middle term the ``long way'' on processors
 where multiplication is substantially slower\footnote{On the Athlon there is a 1:17 ratio between clock cycles for addition and multiplication.  On
 the Intel P4 processor this ratio is 1:29 making this method even more beneficial.  The only common exception is the ARMv4 processor which has a
-ratio of 1:7.  } than simpler operations such as addition.  
+ratio of 1:7.  } than simpler operations such as addition.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.c
 
-This implementation is largely based on the implementation of algorithm mp\_karatsuba\_mul.  It uses the same inline style to copy and 
+This implementation is largely based on the implementation of algorithm mp\_karatsuba\_mul.  It uses the same inline style to copy and
 shift the input into the two halves.  The loop from line @54,{@ to line @70,}@ has been modified since only one input exists.  The \textbf{used}
 count of both $x0$ and $x1$ is fixed up and $x0$ is clamped before the calculations begin.  At this point $x1$ and $x0$ are valid equivalents
-to the respective halves as if mp\_rshd and mp\_mod\_2d had been used.  
+to the respective halves as if mp\_rshd and mp\_mod\_2d had been used.
 
 By inlining the copy and shift operations the cutoff point for Karatsuba multiplication can be lowered.  On the Athlon the cutoff point
 is exactly at the point where Comba squaring can no longer be used (\textit{128 digits}).  On slower processors such as the Intel P4
 it is actually below the Comba limit (\textit{at 110 digits}).
 
-This routine uses the same error trap coding style as mp\_karatsuba\_sqr.  As the temporary variables are initialized errors are 
-redirected to the error trap higher up.  If the algorithm completes without error the error code is set to \textbf{MP\_OKAY} and 
+This routine uses the same error trap coding style as mp\_karatsuba\_sqr.  As the temporary variables are initialized errors are
+redirected to the error trap higher up.  If the algorithm completes without error the error code is set to \textbf{MP\_OKAY} and
 mp\_clears are executed normally.
 
 \subsection{Toom-Cook Squaring}
 The Toom-Cook squaring algorithm mp\_toom\_sqr is heavily based on the algorithm mp\_toom\_mul with the exception that squarings are used
-instead of multiplication to find the five relations.  The reader is encouraged to read the description of the latter algorithm and try to 
-derive their own Toom-Cook squaring algorithm.  
+instead of multiplication to find the five relations.  The reader is encouraged to read the description of the latter algorithm and try to
+derive their own Toom-Cook squaring algorithm.
 
 \subsection{High Level Squaring}
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -3383,7 +3372,7 @@ derive their own Toom-Cook squaring algorithm.
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_sqr.}
 This algorithm computes the square of the input using one of four different algorithms.  If the input is very large and has at least
 \textbf{TOOM\_SQR\_CUTOFF} or \textbf{KARATSUBA\_SQR\_CUTOFF} digits then either the Toom-Cook or the Karatsuba Squaring algorithm is used.  If
-neither of the polynomial basis algorithms should be used then either the Comba or baseline algorithm is used.  
+neither of the polynomial basis algorithms should be used then either the Comba or baseline algorithm is used.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_sqr.c
 
@@ -3394,11 +3383,11 @@ $\left [ 3 \right ] $ & Devise an efficient algorithm for selection of the radix
                       & \\
 $\left [ 2 \right ] $ & In ~SQUARE~ the fact that every column of a squaring is made up \\
                       & of double products and at most one square is stated.  Prove this statement. \\
-                      & \\                      
+                      & \\
 $\left [ 3 \right ] $ & Prove the equation for Karatsuba squaring. \\
                       & \\
 $\left [ 1 \right ] $ & Prove that Karatsuba squaring requires $O \left (n^{lg(3)} \right )$ time. \\
-                      & \\ 
+                      & \\
 $\left [ 2 \right ] $ & Determine the minimal ratio between addition and multiplication clock cycles \\
                       & required for equation $6.7$ to be true.  \\
                       & \\
@@ -3416,61 +3405,61 @@ $\left [ 4 \right ] $ & Same as the previous but also modify the Karatsuba and T
 MARK,REDUCTION
 \section{Basics of Modular Reduction}
 \index{modular residue}
-Modular reduction is an operation that arises quite often within public key cryptography algorithms and various number theoretic algorithms, 
+Modular reduction is an operation that arises quite often within public key cryptography algorithms and various number theoretic algorithms,
 such as factoring.  Modular reduction algorithms are the third class of algorithms of the ``multipliers'' set.  A number $a$ is said to be \textit{reduced}
-modulo another number $b$ by finding the remainder of the division $a/b$.  Full integer division with remainder is a topic to be covered 
+modulo another number $b$ by finding the remainder of the division $a/b$.  Full integer division with remainder is a topic to be covered
 in~\ref{sec:division}.
 
-Modular reduction is equivalent to solving for $r$ in the following equation.  $a = bq + r$ where $q = \lfloor a/b \rfloor$.  The result 
-$r$ is said to be ``congruent to $a$ modulo $b$'' which is also written as $r \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }b\mbox{)}$.  In other vernacular $r$ is known as the 
+Modular reduction is equivalent to solving for $r$ in the following equation.  $a = bq + r$ where $q = \lfloor a/b \rfloor$.  The result
+$r$ is said to be ``congruent to $a$ modulo $b$'' which is also written as $r \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }b\mbox{)}$.  In other vernacular $r$ is known as the
 ``modular residue'' which leads to ``quadratic residue''\footnote{That's fancy talk for $b \equiv a^2 \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}$.} and
-other forms of residues.  
+other forms of residues.
 
-Modular reductions are normally used to create either finite groups, rings or fields.  The most common usage for performance driven modular reductions 
-is in modular exponentiation algorithms.  That is to compute $d = a^b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}$ as fast as possible.  This operation is used in the 
-RSA and Diffie-Hellman public key algorithms, for example.  Modular multiplication and squaring also appears as a fundamental operation in 
-elliptic curve cryptographic algorithms.  As will be discussed in the subsequent chapter there exist fast algorithms for computing modular 
-exponentiations without having to perform (\textit{in this example}) $b - 1$ multiplications.  These algorithms will produce partial results in the 
-range $0 \le x < c^2$ which can be taken advantage of to create several efficient algorithms.   They have also been used to create redundancy check 
-algorithms known as CRCs, error correction codes such as Reed-Solomon and solve a variety of number theoeretic problems.  
+Modular reductions are normally used to create either finite groups, rings or fields.  The most common usage for performance driven modular reductions
+is in modular exponentiation algorithms.  That is to compute $d = a^b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}$ as fast as possible.  This operation is used in the
+RSA and Diffie-Hellman public key algorithms, for example.  Modular multiplication and squaring also appears as a fundamental operation in
+elliptic curve cryptographic algorithms.  As will be discussed in the subsequent chapter there exist fast algorithms for computing modular
+exponentiations without having to perform (\textit{in this example}) $b - 1$ multiplications.  These algorithms will produce partial results in the
+range $0 \le x < c^2$ which can be taken advantage of to create several efficient algorithms.   They have also been used to create redundancy check
+algorithms known as CRCs, error correction codes such as Reed-Solomon and solve a variety of number theoeretic problems.
 
 \section{The Barrett Reduction}
 The Barrett reduction algorithm \cite{BARRETT} was inspired by fast division algorithms which multiply by the reciprocal to emulate
-division.  Barretts observation was that the residue $c$ of $a$ modulo $b$ is equal to 
+division.  Barretts observation was that the residue $c$ of $a$ modulo $b$ is equal to
 
 \begin{equation}
 c = a - b \cdot \lfloor a/b \rfloor
 \end{equation}
 
-Since algorithms such as modular exponentiation would be using the same modulus extensively, typical DSP\footnote{It is worth noting that Barrett's paper 
-targeted the DSP56K processor.}  intuition would indicate the next step would be to replace $a/b$ by a multiplication by the reciprocal.  However, 
-DSP intuition on its own will not work as these numbers are considerably larger than the precision of common DSP floating point data types.  
+Since algorithms such as modular exponentiation would be using the same modulus extensively, typical DSP\footnote{It is worth noting that Barrett's paper
+targeted the DSP56K processor.}  intuition would indicate the next step would be to replace $a/b$ by a multiplication by the reciprocal.  However,
+DSP intuition on its own will not work as these numbers are considerably larger than the precision of common DSP floating point data types.
 It would take another common optimization to optimize the algorithm.
 
 \subsection{Fixed Point Arithmetic}
 The trick used to optimize the above equation is based on a technique of emulating floating point data types with fixed precision integers.  Fixed
-point arithmetic would become very popular as it greatly optimize the ``3d-shooter'' genre of games in the mid 1990s when floating point units were 
-fairly slow if not unavailable.   The idea behind fixed point arithmetic is to take a normal $k$-bit integer data type and break it into $p$-bit 
-integer and a $q$-bit fraction part (\textit{where $p+q = k$}).  
+point arithmetic would become very popular as it greatly optimize the ``3d-shooter'' genre of games in the mid 1990s when floating point units were
+fairly slow if not unavailable.   The idea behind fixed point arithmetic is to take a normal $k$-bit integer data type and break it into $p$-bit
+integer and a $q$-bit fraction part (\textit{where $p+q = k$}).
 
 In this system a $k$-bit integer $n$ would actually represent $n/2^q$.  For example, with $q = 4$ the integer $n = 37$ would actually represent the
-value $2.3125$.  To multiply two fixed point numbers the integers are multiplied using traditional arithmetic and subsequently normalized by 
-moving the implied decimal point back to where it should be.  For example, with $q = 4$ to multiply the integers $9$ and $5$ they must be converted 
-to fixed point first by multiplying by $2^q$.  Let $a = 9(2^q)$ represent the fixed point representation of $9$ and $b = 5(2^q)$ represent the 
-fixed point representation of $5$.  The product $ab$ is equal to $45(2^{2q})$ which when normalized by dividing by $2^q$ produces $45(2^q)$.  
+value $2.3125$.  To multiply two fixed point numbers the integers are multiplied using traditional arithmetic and subsequently normalized by
+moving the implied decimal point back to where it should be.  For example, with $q = 4$ to multiply the integers $9$ and $5$ they must be converted
+to fixed point first by multiplying by $2^q$.  Let $a = 9(2^q)$ represent the fixed point representation of $9$ and $b = 5(2^q)$ represent the
+fixed point representation of $5$.  The product $ab$ is equal to $45(2^{2q})$ which when normalized by dividing by $2^q$ produces $45(2^q)$.
 
 This technique became popular since a normal integer multiplication and logical shift right are the only required operations to perform a multiplication
-of two fixed point numbers.  Using fixed point arithmetic, division can be easily approximated by multiplying by the reciprocal.  If $2^q$ is 
-equivalent to one than $2^q/b$ is equivalent to the fixed point approximation of $1/b$ using real arithmetic.  Using this fact dividing an integer 
+of two fixed point numbers.  Using fixed point arithmetic, division can be easily approximated by multiplying by the reciprocal.  If $2^q$ is
+equivalent to one than $2^q/b$ is equivalent to the fixed point approximation of $1/b$ using real arithmetic.  Using this fact dividing an integer
 $a$ by another integer $b$ can be achieved with the following expression.
 
 \begin{equation}
 \lfloor a / b \rfloor \mbox{ }\approx\mbox{ } \lfloor (a \cdot \lfloor 2^q / b \rfloor)/2^q \rfloor
 \end{equation}
 
-The precision of the division is proportional to the value of $q$.  If the divisor $b$ is used frequently as is the case with 
+The precision of the division is proportional to the value of $q$.  If the divisor $b$ is used frequently as is the case with
 modular exponentiation pre-computing $2^q/b$ will allow a division to be performed with a multiplication and a right shift.  Both operations
-are considerably faster than division on most processors.  
+are considerably faster than division on most processors.
 
 Consider dividing $19$ by $5$.  The correct result is $\lfloor 19/5 \rfloor = 3$.  With $q = 3$ the reciprocal is $\lfloor 2^q/5 \rfloor = 1$ which
 leads to a product of $19$ which when divided by $2^q$ produces $2$.  However, with $q = 4$ the reciprocal is $\lfloor 2^q/5 \rfloor = 3$ and
@@ -3491,11 +3480,11 @@ c = a - b \cdot \lfloor (a \cdot \mu)/2^q \rfloor
 
 Provided that $2^q \ge a$ this algorithm will produce a quotient that is either exactly correct or off by a value of one.  In the context of Barrett
 reduction the value of $a$ is bound by $0 \le a \le (b - 1)^2$ meaning that $2^q \ge b^2$ is sufficient to ensure the reciprocal will have enough
-precision.  
+precision.
 
-Let $n$ represent the number of digits in $b$.  This algorithm requires approximately $2n^2$ single precision multiplications to produce the quotient and 
-another $n^2$ single precision multiplications to find the residue.  In total $3n^2$ single precision multiplications are required to 
-reduce the number.  
+Let $n$ represent the number of digits in $b$.  This algorithm requires approximately $2n^2$ single precision multiplications to produce the quotient and
+another $n^2$ single precision multiplications to find the residue.  In total $3n^2$ single precision multiplications are required to
+reduce the number.
 
 For example, if $b = 1179677$ and $q = 41$ ($2^q > b^2$), then the reciprocal $\mu$ is equal to $\lfloor 2^q / b \rfloor = 1864089$.  Consider reducing
 $a = 180388626447$ modulo $b$ using the above reduction equation.  The quotient using the new formula is $\lfloor (a \cdot \mu) / 2^q \rfloor = 152913$.
@@ -3503,19 +3492,19 @@ By subtracting $152913b$ from $a$ the correct residue $a \equiv 677346 \mbox{ (m
 
 \subsection{Choosing a Radix Point}
 Using the fixed point representation a modular reduction can be performed with $3n^2$ single precision multiplications.  If that were the best
-that could be achieved a full division\footnote{A division requires approximately $O(2cn^2)$ single precision multiplications for a small value of $c$.  
+that could be achieved a full division\footnote{A division requires approximately $O(2cn^2)$ single precision multiplications for a small value of $c$.
 See~\ref{sec:division} for further details.} might as well be used in its place.  The key to optimizing the reduction is to reduce the precision of
-the initial multiplication that finds the quotient.  
+the initial multiplication that finds the quotient.
 
 Let $a$ represent the number of which the residue is sought.  Let $b$ represent the modulus used to find the residue.  Let $m$ represent
-the number of digits in $b$.  For the purposes of this discussion we will assume that the number of digits in $a$ is $2m$, which is generally true if 
-two $m$-digit numbers have been multiplied.  Dividing $a$ by $b$ is the same as dividing a $2m$ digit integer by a $m$ digit integer.  Digits below the 
+the number of digits in $b$.  For the purposes of this discussion we will assume that the number of digits in $a$ is $2m$, which is generally true if
+two $m$-digit numbers have been multiplied.  Dividing $a$ by $b$ is the same as dividing a $2m$ digit integer by a $m$ digit integer.  Digits below the
 $m - 1$'th digit of $a$ will contribute at most a value of $1$ to the quotient because $\beta^k < b$ for any $0 \le k \le m - 1$.  Another way to
-express this is by re-writing $a$ as two parts.  If $a' \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }b^m\mbox{)}$ and $a'' = a - a'$ then 
+express this is by re-writing $a$ as two parts.  If $a' \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }b^m\mbox{)}$ and $a'' = a - a'$ then
 ${a \over b} \equiv {{a' + a''} \over b}$ which is equivalent to ${a' \over b} + {a'' \over b}$.  Since $a'$ is bound to be less than $b$ the quotient
 is bound by $0 \le {a' \over b} < 1$.
 
-Since the digits of $a'$ do not contribute much to the quotient the observation is that they might as well be zero.  However, if the digits 
+Since the digits of $a'$ do not contribute much to the quotient the observation is that they might as well be zero.  However, if the digits
 ``might as well be zero'' they might as well not be there in the first place.  Let $q_0 = \lfloor a/\beta^{m-1} \rfloor$ represent the input
 with the irrelevant digits trimmed.  Now the modular reduction is trimmed to the almost equivalent equation
 
@@ -3523,52 +3512,52 @@ with the irrelevant digits trimmed.  Now the modular reduction is trimmed to the
 c = a - b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor
 \end{equation}
 
-Note that the original divisor $2^q$ has been replaced with $\beta^{m+1}$ where in this case $q$ is a multiple of $lg(\beta)$. Also note that the 
-exponent on the divisor when added to the amount $q_0$ was shifted by equals $2m$.  If the optimization had not been performed the divisor 
-would have the exponent $2m$ so in the end the exponents do ``add up''. Using the above equation the quotient 
+Note that the original divisor $2^q$ has been replaced with $\beta^{m+1}$ where in this case $q$ is a multiple of $lg(\beta)$. Also note that the
+exponent on the divisor when added to the amount $q_0$ was shifted by equals $2m$.  If the optimization had not been performed the divisor
+would have the exponent $2m$ so in the end the exponents do ``add up''. Using the above equation the quotient
 $\lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor$ can be off from the true quotient by at most two.  The original fixed point quotient can be off
 by as much as one (\textit{provided the radix point is chosen suitably}) and now that the lower irrelevent digits have been trimmed the quotient
-can be off by an additional value of one for a total of at most two.  This implies that 
-$0 \le a - b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor < 3b$.  By first subtracting $b$ times the quotient and then conditionally subtracting 
+can be off by an additional value of one for a total of at most two.  This implies that
+$0 \le a - b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor < 3b$.  By first subtracting $b$ times the quotient and then conditionally subtracting
 $b$ once or twice the residue is found.
 
 The quotient is now found using $(m + 1)(m) = m^2 + m$ single precision multiplications and the residue with an additional $m^2$ single
-precision multiplications, ignoring the subtractions required.  In total $2m^2 + m$ single precision multiplications are required to find the residue.  
+precision multiplications, ignoring the subtractions required.  In total $2m^2 + m$ single precision multiplications are required to find the residue.
 This is considerably faster than the original attempt.
 
-For example, let $\beta = 10$ represent the radix of the digits.  Let $b = 9999$ represent the modulus which implies $m = 4$. Let $a = 99929878$ 
-represent the value of which the residue is desired.  In this case $q = 8$ since $10^7 < 9999^2$ meaning that $\mu = \lfloor \beta^{q}/b \rfloor = 10001$.  
-With the new observation the multiplicand for the quotient is equal to $q_0 = \lfloor a / \beta^{m - 1} \rfloor = 99929$.  The quotient is then 
-$\lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor = 9993$.  Subtracting $9993b$ from $a$ and the correct residue $a \equiv 9871 \mbox{ (mod }b\mbox{)}$ 
-is found.  
+For example, let $\beta = 10$ represent the radix of the digits.  Let $b = 9999$ represent the modulus which implies $m = 4$. Let $a = 99929878$
+represent the value of which the residue is desired.  In this case $q = 8$ since $10^7 < 9999^2$ meaning that $\mu = \lfloor \beta^{q}/b \rfloor = 10001$.
+With the new observation the multiplicand for the quotient is equal to $q_0 = \lfloor a / \beta^{m - 1} \rfloor = 99929$.  The quotient is then
+$\lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor = 9993$.  Subtracting $9993b$ from $a$ and the correct residue $a \equiv 9871 \mbox{ (mod }b\mbox{)}$
+is found.
 
 \subsection{Trimming the Quotient}
-So far the reduction algorithm has been optimized from $3m^2$ single precision multiplications down to $2m^2 + m$ single precision multiplications.  As 
+So far the reduction algorithm has been optimized from $3m^2$ single precision multiplications down to $2m^2 + m$ single precision multiplications.  As
 it stands now the algorithm is already fairly fast compared to a full integer division algorithm.  However, there is still room for
-optimization.  
+optimization.
 
 After the first multiplication inside the quotient ($q_0 \cdot \mu$) the value is shifted right by $m + 1$ places effectively nullifying the lower
-half of the product.  It would be nice to be able to remove those digits from the product to effectively cut down the number of single precision 
-multiplications.  If the number of digits in the modulus $m$ is far less than $\beta$ a full product is not required for the algorithm to work properly.  
-In fact the lower $m - 2$ digits will not affect the upper half of the product at all and do not need to be computed.  
+half of the product.  It would be nice to be able to remove those digits from the product to effectively cut down the number of single precision
+multiplications.  If the number of digits in the modulus $m$ is far less than $\beta$ a full product is not required for the algorithm to work properly.
+In fact the lower $m - 2$ digits will not affect the upper half of the product at all and do not need to be computed.
 
 The value of $\mu$ is a $m$-digit number and $q_0$ is a $m + 1$ digit number.  Using a full multiplier $(m + 1)(m) = m^2 + m$ single precision
 multiplications would be required.  Using a multiplier that will only produce digits at and above the $m - 1$'th digit reduces the number
-of single precision multiplications to ${m^2 + m} \over 2$ single precision multiplications.  
+of single precision multiplications to ${m^2 + m} \over 2$ single precision multiplications.
 
 \subsection{Trimming the Residue}
 After the quotient has been calculated it is used to reduce the input.  As previously noted the algorithm is not exact and it can be off by a small
-multiple of the modulus, that is $0 \le a - b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor < 3b$.  If $b$ is $m$ digits than the 
+multiple of the modulus, that is $0 \le a - b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor < 3b$.  If $b$ is $m$ digits than the
 result of reduction equation is a value of at most $m + 1$ digits (\textit{provided $3 < \beta$}) implying that the upper $m - 1$ digits are
-implicitly zero.  
+implicitly zero.
 
 The next optimization arises from this very fact.  Instead of computing $b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor$ using a full
 $O(m^2)$ multiplication algorithm only the lower $m+1$ digits of the product have to be computed.  Similarly the value of $a$ can
-be reduced modulo $\beta^{m+1}$ before the multiple of $b$ is subtracted which simplifes the subtraction as well.  A multiplication that produces 
-only the lower $m+1$ digits requires ${m^2 + 3m - 2} \over 2$ single precision multiplications.  
+be reduced modulo $\beta^{m+1}$ before the multiple of $b$ is subtracted which simplifes the subtraction as well.  A multiplication that produces
+only the lower $m+1$ digits requires ${m^2 + 3m - 2} \over 2$ single precision multiplications.
 
 With both optimizations in place the algorithm is the algorithm Barrett proposed.  It requires $m^2 + 2m - 1$ single precision multiplications which
-is considerably faster than the straightforward $3m^2$ method.  
+is considerably faster than the straightforward $3m^2$ method.
 
 \subsection{The Barrett Algorithm}
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -3612,26 +3601,26 @@ Now subtract the modulus if the residue is too large (e.g. quotient too small).
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_reduce.}
 This algorithm will reduce the input $a$ modulo $b$ in place using the Barrett algorithm.  It is loosely based on algorithm 14.42 of HAC
-\cite[pp.  602]{HAC} which is based on the paper from Paul Barrett \cite{BARRETT}.  The algorithm has several restrictions and assumptions which must 
+\cite[pp.  602]{HAC} which is based on the paper from Paul Barrett \cite{BARRETT}.  The algorithm has several restrictions and assumptions which must
 be adhered to for the algorithm to work.
 
 First the modulus $b$ is assumed to be positive and greater than one.  If the modulus were less than or equal to one than subtracting
 a multiple of it would either accomplish nothing or actually enlarge the input.  The input $a$ must be in the range $0 \le a < b^2$ in order
 for the quotient to have enough precision.  If $a$ is the product of two numbers that were already reduced modulo $b$, this will not be a problem.
-Technically the algorithm will still work if $a \ge b^2$ but it will take much longer to finish.  The value of $\mu$ is passed as an argument to this 
-algorithm and is assumed to be calculated and stored before the algorithm is used.  
+Technically the algorithm will still work if $a \ge b^2$ but it will take much longer to finish.  The value of $\mu$ is passed as an argument to this
+algorithm and is assumed to be calculated and stored before the algorithm is used.
 
-Recall that the multiplication for the quotient on step 3 must only produce digits at or above the $m-1$'th position.  An algorithm called 
+Recall that the multiplication for the quotient on step 3 must only produce digits at or above the $m-1$'th position.  An algorithm called
 $s\_mp\_mul\_high\_digs$ which has not been presented is used to accomplish this task.  The algorithm is based on $s\_mp\_mul\_digs$ except that
 instead of stopping at a given level of precision it starts at a given level of precision.  This optimal algorithm can only be used if the number
-of digits in $b$ is very much smaller than $\beta$.  
+of digits in $b$ is very much smaller than $\beta$.
 
-While it is known that 
-$a \ge b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor$ only the lower $m+1$ digits are being used to compute the residue, so an implied 
-``borrow'' from the higher digits might leave a negative result.  After the multiple of the modulus has been subtracted from $a$ the residue must be 
-fixed up in case it is negative.  The invariant $\beta^{m+1}$ must be added to the residue to make it positive again.  
+While it is known that
+$a \ge b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor$ only the lower $m+1$ digits are being used to compute the residue, so an implied
+``borrow'' from the higher digits might leave a negative result.  After the multiple of the modulus has been subtracted from $a$ the residue must be
+fixed up in case it is negative.  The invariant $\beta^{m+1}$ must be added to the residue to make it positive again.
 
-The while loop at step 9 will subtract $b$ until the residue is less than $b$.  If the algorithm is performed correctly this step is 
+The while loop at step 9 will subtract $b$ until the residue is less than $b$.  If the algorithm is performed correctly this step is
 performed at most twice, and on average once. However, if $a \ge b^2$ than it will iterate substantially more times than it should.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_reduce.c
@@ -3639,11 +3628,11 @@ EXAM,bn_mp_reduce.c
 The first multiplication that determines the quotient can be performed by only producing the digits from $m - 1$ and up.  This essentially halves
 the number of single precision multiplications required.  However, the optimization is only safe if $\beta$ is much larger than the number of digits
 in the modulus.  In the source code this is evaluated on lines @36,if@ to @44,}@ where algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_high\_digs is used when it is
-safe to do so.  
+safe to do so.
 
 \subsection{The Barrett Setup Algorithm}
 In order to use algorithm mp\_reduce the value of $\mu$ must be calculated in advance.  Ideally this value should be computed once and stored for
-future use so that the Barrett algorithm can be used without delay.  
+future use so that the Barrett algorithm can be used without delay.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3670,24 +3659,24 @@ is equivalent and much faster.  The final value is computed by taking the intege
 EXAM,bn_mp_reduce_setup.c
 
 This simple routine calculates the reciprocal $\mu$ required by Barrett reduction.  Note the extended usage of algorithm mp\_div where the variable
-which would received the remainder is passed as NULL.  As will be discussed in~\ref{sec:division} the division routine allows both the quotient and the 
-remainder to be passed as NULL meaning to ignore the value.  
+which would received the remainder is passed as NULL.  As will be discussed in~\ref{sec:division} the division routine allows both the quotient and the
+remainder to be passed as NULL meaning to ignore the value.
 
 \section{The Montgomery Reduction}
-Montgomery reduction\footnote{Thanks to Niels Ferguson for his insightful explanation of the algorithm.} \cite{MONT} is by far the most interesting 
-form of reduction in common use.  It computes a modular residue which is not actually equal to the residue of the input yet instead equal to a 
-residue times a constant.  However, as perplexing as this may sound the algorithm is relatively simple and very efficient.  
+Montgomery reduction\footnote{Thanks to Niels Ferguson for his insightful explanation of the algorithm.} \cite{MONT} is by far the most interesting
+form of reduction in common use.  It computes a modular residue which is not actually equal to the residue of the input yet instead equal to a
+residue times a constant.  However, as perplexing as this may sound the algorithm is relatively simple and very efficient.
 
 Throughout this entire section the variable $n$ will represent the modulus used to form the residue.  As will be discussed shortly the value of
 $n$ must be odd.  The variable $x$ will represent the quantity of which the residue is sought.  Similar to the Barrett algorithm the input
 is restricted to $0 \le x < n^2$.  To begin the description some simple number theory facts must be established.
 
 \textbf{Fact 1.}  Adding $n$ to $x$ does not change the residue since in effect it adds one to the quotient $\lfloor x / n \rfloor$.  Another way
-to explain this is that $n$ is (\textit{or multiples of $n$ are}) congruent to zero modulo $n$.  Adding zero will not change the value of the residue.  
+to explain this is that $n$ is (\textit{or multiples of $n$ are}) congruent to zero modulo $n$.  Adding zero will not change the value of the residue.
 
 \textbf{Fact 2.}  If $x$ is even then performing a division by two in $\Z$ is congruent to $x \cdot 2^{-1} \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$.  Actually
-this is an application of the fact that if $x$ is evenly divisible by any $k \in \Z$ then division in $\Z$ will be congruent to 
-multiplication by $k^{-1}$ modulo $n$.  
+this is an application of the fact that if $x$ is evenly divisible by any $k \in \Z$ then division in $\Z$ will be congruent to
+multiplication by $k^{-1}$ modulo $n$.
 
 From these two simple facts the following simple algorithm can be derived.
 
@@ -3713,8 +3702,8 @@ From these two simple facts the following simple algorithm can be derived.
 
 The algorithm reduces the input one bit at a time using the two congruencies stated previously.  Inside the loop $n$, which is odd, is
 added to $x$ if $x$ is odd.  This forces $x$ to be even which allows the division by two in $\Z$ to be congruent to a modular division by two.  Since
-$x$ is assumed to be initially much larger than $n$ the addition of $n$ will contribute an insignificant magnitude to $x$.  Let $r$ represent the 
-final result of the Montgomery algorithm.  If $k > lg(n)$ and $0 \le x < n^2$ then the final result is limited to 
+$x$ is assumed to be initially much larger than $n$ the addition of $n$ will contribute an insignificant magnitude to $x$.  Let $r$ represent the
+final result of the Montgomery algorithm.  If $k > lg(n)$ and $0 \le x < n^2$ then the final result is limited to
 $0 \le r < \lfloor x/2^k \rfloor + n$.  As a result at most a single subtraction is required to get the residue desired.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -3739,12 +3728,12 @@ $0 \le r < \lfloor x/2^k \rfloor + n$.  As a result at most a single subtraction
 \label{fig:MONT1}
 \end{figure}
 
-Consider the example in figure~\ref{fig:MONT1} which reduces $x = 5555$ modulo $n = 257$ when $k = 9$ (note $\beta^k = 512$ which is larger than $n$).  The result of 
-the algorithm $r = 178$ is congruent to the value of $2^{-9} \cdot 5555 \mbox{ (mod }257\mbox{)}$.  When $r$ is multiplied by $2^9$ modulo $257$ the correct residue 
-$r \equiv 158$ is produced.  
+Consider the example in figure~\ref{fig:MONT1} which reduces $x = 5555$ modulo $n = 257$ when $k = 9$ (note $\beta^k = 512$ which is larger than $n$).  The result of
+the algorithm $r = 178$ is congruent to the value of $2^{-9} \cdot 5555 \mbox{ (mod }257\mbox{)}$.  When $r$ is multiplied by $2^9$ modulo $257$ the correct residue
+$r \equiv 158$ is produced.
 
 Let $k = \lfloor lg(n) \rfloor + 1$ represent the number of bits in $n$.  The current algorithm requires $2k^2$ single precision shifts
-and $k^2$ single precision additions.  At this rate the algorithm is most certainly slower than Barrett reduction and not terribly useful.  
+and $k^2$ single precision additions.  At this rate the algorithm is most certainly slower than Barrett reduction and not terribly useful.
 Fortunately there exists an alternative representation of the algorithm.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -3793,10 +3782,10 @@ precision shifts has now been reduced from $2k^2$ to $k^2 + k$ which is only a s
 \label{fig:MONT2}
 \end{figure}
 
-Figure~\ref{fig:MONT2} demonstrates the modified algorithm reducing $x = 5555$ modulo $n = 257$ with $k = 9$. 
-With this algorithm a single shift right at the end is the only right shift required to reduce the input instead of $k$ right shifts inside the 
-loop.  Note that for the iterations $t = 2, 5, 6$ and $8$ where the result $x$ is not changed.  In those iterations the $t$'th bit of $x$ is 
-zero and the appropriate multiple of $n$ does not need to be added to force the $t$'th bit of the result to zero.  
+Figure~\ref{fig:MONT2} demonstrates the modified algorithm reducing $x = 5555$ modulo $n = 257$ with $k = 9$.
+With this algorithm a single shift right at the end is the only right shift required to reduce the input instead of $k$ right shifts inside the
+loop.  Note that for the iterations $t = 2, 5, 6$ and $8$ where the result $x$ is not changed.  In those iterations the $t$'th bit of $x$ is
+zero and the appropriate multiple of $n$ does not need to be added to force the $t$'th bit of the result to zero.
 
 \subsection{Digit Based Montgomery Reduction}
 Instead of computing the reduction on a bit-by-bit basis it is actually much faster to compute it on digit-by-digit basis.  Consider the
@@ -3820,9 +3809,9 @@ previous algorithm re-written to compute the Montgomery reduction in this new fa
 \caption{Algorithm Montgomery Reduction (modified II)}
 \end{figure}
 
-The value $\mu n \beta^t$ is a multiple of the modulus $n$ meaning that it will not change the residue.  If the first digit of 
+The value $\mu n \beta^t$ is a multiple of the modulus $n$ meaning that it will not change the residue.  If the first digit of
 the value $\mu n \beta^t$ equals the negative (modulo $\beta$) of the $t$'th digit of $x$ then the addition will result in a zero digit.  This
-problem breaks down to solving the following congruency.  
+problem breaks down to solving the following congruency.
 
 \begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{rcl}
@@ -3832,10 +3821,10 @@ $\mu$ & $\equiv$ & $-x_t/n_0 \mbox{ (mod }\beta\mbox{)}$ \\
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 
-In each iteration of the loop on step 1 a new value of $\mu$ must be calculated.  The value of $-1/n_0 \mbox{ (mod }\beta\mbox{)}$ is used 
-extensively in this algorithm and should be precomputed.  Let $\rho$ represent the negative of the modular inverse of $n_0$ modulo $\beta$.  
+In each iteration of the loop on step 1 a new value of $\mu$ must be calculated.  The value of $-1/n_0 \mbox{ (mod }\beta\mbox{)}$ is used
+extensively in this algorithm and should be precomputed.  Let $\rho$ represent the negative of the modular inverse of $n_0$ modulo $\beta$.
 
-For example, let $\beta = 10$ represent the radix.  Let $n = 17$ represent the modulus which implies $k = 2$ and $\rho \equiv 7$.  Let $x = 33$ 
+For example, let $\beta = 10$ represent the radix.  Let $n = 17$ represent the modulus which implies $k = 2$ and $\rho \equiv 7$.  Let $x = 33$
 represent the value to reduce.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}
@@ -3851,14 +3840,14 @@ represent the value to reduce.
 \caption{Example of Montgomery Reduction}
 \end{figure}
 
-The final result $900$ is then divided by $\beta^k$ to produce the final result $9$.  The first observation is that $9 \nequiv x \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$ 
+The final result $900$ is then divided by $\beta^k$ to produce the final result $9$.  The first observation is that $9 \nequiv x \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$
 which implies the result is not the modular residue of $x$ modulo $n$.  However, recall that the residue is actually multiplied by $\beta^{-k}$ in
 the algorithm.  To get the true residue the value must be multiplied by $\beta^k$.  In this case $\beta^k \equiv 15 \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$ and
-the correct residue is $9 \cdot 15 \equiv 16 \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$.  
+the correct residue is $9 \cdot 15 \equiv 16 \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$.
 
 \subsection{Baseline Montgomery Reduction}
-The baseline Montgomery reduction algorithm will produce the residue for any size input.  It is designed to be a catch-all algororithm for 
-Montgomery reductions.  
+The baseline Montgomery reduction algorithm will produce the residue for any size input.  It is designed to be a catch-all algororithm for
+Montgomery reductions.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3906,9 +3895,9 @@ Divide by $\beta^k$ and fix up as required. \\
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_montgomery\_reduce.}
 This algorithm reduces the input $x$ modulo $n$ in place using the Montgomery reduction algorithm.  The algorithm is loosely based
 on algorithm 14.32 of \cite[pp.601]{HAC} except it merges the multiplication of $\mu n \beta^t$ with the addition in the inner loop.  The
-restrictions on this algorithm are fairly easy to adapt to.  First $0 \le x < n^2$ bounds the input to numbers in the same range as 
+restrictions on this algorithm are fairly easy to adapt to.  First $0 \le x < n^2$ bounds the input to numbers in the same range as
 for the Barrett algorithm.  Additionally if $n > 1$ and $n$ is odd there will exist a modular inverse $\rho$.  $\rho$ must be calculated in
-advance of this algorithm.  Finally the variable $k$ is fixed and a pseudonym for $n.used$.  
+advance of this algorithm.  Finally the variable $k$ is fixed and a pseudonym for $n.used$.
 
 Step 2 decides whether a faster Montgomery algorithm can be used.  It is based on the Comba technique meaning that there are limits on
 the size of the input.  This algorithm is discussed in ~COMBARED~.
@@ -3917,17 +3906,17 @@ Step 5 is the main reduction loop of the algorithm.  The value of $\mu$ is calcu
 calculates $x + \mu n \beta^{ix}$ by multiplying $\mu n$ and adding the result to $x$ shifted by $ix$ digits.  Both the addition and
 multiplication are performed in the same loop to save time and memory.  Step 5.4 will handle any additional carries that escape the inner loop.
 
-Using a quick inspection this algorithm requires $n$ single precision multiplications for the outer loop and $n^2$ single precision multiplications 
+Using a quick inspection this algorithm requires $n$ single precision multiplications for the outer loop and $n^2$ single precision multiplications
 in the inner loop.  In total $n^2 + n$ single precision multiplications which compares favourably to Barrett at $n^2 + 2n - 1$ single precision
-multiplications.  
+multiplications.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_montgomery_reduce.c
 
 This is the baseline implementation of the Montgomery reduction algorithm.  Lines @30,digs@ to @35,}@ determine if the Comba based
-routine can be used instead.  Line @47,mu@ computes the value of $\mu$ for that particular iteration of the outer loop.  
+routine can be used instead.  Line @47,mu@ computes the value of $\mu$ for that particular iteration of the outer loop.
 
 The multiplication $\mu n \beta^{ix}$ is performed in one step in the inner loop.  The alias $tmpx$ refers to the $ix$'th digit of $x$ and
-the alias $tmpn$ refers to the modulus $n$.  
+the alias $tmpn$ refers to the modulus $n$.
 
 \subsection{Faster ``Comba'' Montgomery Reduction}
 MARK,COMBARED
@@ -3935,14 +3924,14 @@ MARK,COMBARED
 The Montgomery reduction requires fewer single precision multiplications than a Barrett reduction, however it is much slower due to the serial
 nature of the inner loop.  The Barrett reduction algorithm requires two slightly modified multipliers which can be implemented with the Comba
 technique.  The Montgomery reduction algorithm cannot directly use the Comba technique to any significant advantage since the inner loop calculates
-a $k \times 1$ product $k$ times. 
+a $k \times 1$ product $k$ times.
 
-The biggest obstacle is that at the $ix$'th iteration of the outer loop the value of $x_{ix}$ is required to calculate $\mu$.  This means the 
-carries from $0$ to $ix - 1$ must have been propagated upwards to form a valid $ix$'th digit.  The solution as it turns out is very simple.  
-Perform a Comba like multiplier and inside the outer loop just after the inner loop fix up the $ix + 1$'th digit by forwarding the carry.  
+The biggest obstacle is that at the $ix$'th iteration of the outer loop the value of $x_{ix}$ is required to calculate $\mu$.  This means the
+carries from $0$ to $ix - 1$ must have been propagated upwards to form a valid $ix$'th digit.  The solution as it turns out is very simple.
+Perform a Comba like multiplier and inside the outer loop just after the inner loop fix up the $ix + 1$'th digit by forwarding the carry.
 
 With this change in place the Montgomery reduction algorithm can be performed with a Comba style multiplication loop which substantially increases
-the speed of the algorithm.  
+the speed of the algorithm.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3991,9 +3980,9 @@ Zero excess digits and fixup $x$. \\
 \textbf{Algorithm fast\_mp\_montgomery\_reduce.}
 This algorithm will compute the Montgomery reduction of $x$ modulo $n$ using the Comba technique.  It is on most computer platforms significantly
 faster than algorithm mp\_montgomery\_reduce and algorithm mp\_reduce (\textit{Barrett reduction}).  The algorithm has the same restrictions
-on the input as the baseline reduction algorithm.  An additional two restrictions are imposed on this algorithm.  The number of digits $k$ in the 
+on the input as the baseline reduction algorithm.  An additional two restrictions are imposed on this algorithm.  The number of digits $k$ in the
 the modulus $n$ must not violate $MP\_WARRAY > 2k +1$ and $n < \delta$.   When $\beta = 2^{28}$ this algorithm can be used to reduce modulo
-a modulus of at most $3,556$ bits in length.  
+a modulus of at most $3,556$ bits in length.
 
 As in the other Comba reduction algorithms there is a $\hat W$ array which stores the columns of the product.  It is initially filled with the
 contents of $x$ with the excess digits zeroed.  The reduction loop is very similar the to the baseline loop at heart.  The multiplication on step
@@ -4007,23 +3996,23 @@ how the upper bits of those same words are not reduced modulo $\beta$.  This is
 point.
 
 Step 5 will propagate the remainder of the carries upwards.  On step 6 the columns are reduced modulo $\beta$ and shifted simultaneously as they are
-stored in the destination $x$.  
+stored in the destination $x$.
 
 EXAM,bn_fast_mp_montgomery_reduce.c
 
 The $\hat W$ array is first filled with digits of $x$ on line @49,for@ then the rest of the digits are zeroed on line @54,for@.  Both loops share
-the same alias variables to make the code easier to read.  
+the same alias variables to make the code easier to read.
 
 The value of $\mu$ is calculated in an interesting fashion.  First the value $\hat W_{ix}$ is reduced modulo $\beta$ and cast to a mp\_digit.  This
-forces the compiler to use a single precision multiplication and prevents any concerns about loss of precision.   Line @101,>>@ fixes the carry 
+forces the compiler to use a single precision multiplication and prevents any concerns about loss of precision.   Line @101,>>@ fixes the carry
 for the next iteration of the loop by propagating the carry from $\hat W_{ix}$ to $\hat W_{ix+1}$.
 
 The for loop on line @113,for@ propagates the rest of the carries upwards through the columns.  The for loop on line @126,for@ reduces the columns
 modulo $\beta$ and shifts them $k$ places at the same time.  The alias $\_ \hat W$ actually refers to the array $\hat W$ starting at the $n.used$'th
-digit, that is $\_ \hat W_{t} = \hat W_{n.used + t}$.  
+digit, that is $\_ \hat W_{t} = \hat W_{n.used + t}$.
 
 \subsection{Montgomery Setup}
-To calculate the variable $\rho$ a relatively simple algorithm will be required.  
+To calculate the variable $\rho$ a relatively simple algorithm will be required.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -4044,17 +4033,17 @@ To calculate the variable $\rho$ a relatively simple algorithm will be required.
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \end{small}
-\caption{Algorithm mp\_montgomery\_setup} 
+\caption{Algorithm mp\_montgomery\_setup}
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_montgomery\_setup.}
-This algorithm will calculate the value of $\rho$ required within the Montgomery reduction algorithms.  It uses a very interesting trick 
-to calculate $1/n_0$ when $\beta$ is a power of two.  
+This algorithm will calculate the value of $\rho$ required within the Montgomery reduction algorithms.  It uses a very interesting trick
+to calculate $1/n_0$ when $\beta$ is a power of two.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_montgomery_setup.c
 
 This source code computes the value of $\rho$ required to perform Montgomery reduction.  It has been modified to avoid performing excess
-multiplications when $\beta$ is not the default 28-bits.  
+multiplications when $\beta$ is not the default 28-bits.
 
 \section{The Diminished Radix Algorithm}
 The Diminished Radix method of modular reduction \cite{DRMET} is a fairly clever technique which can be more efficient than either the Barrett
@@ -4064,7 +4053,7 @@ or Montgomery methods for certain forms of moduli.  The technique is based on th
 (x \mbox{ mod } n) + k \lfloor x / n \rfloor \equiv x \mbox{ (mod }(n - k)\mbox{)}
 \end{equation}
 
-This observation was used in the MMB \cite{MMB} block cipher to create a diffusion primitive.  It used the fact that if $n = 2^{31}$ and $k=1$ that 
+This observation was used in the MMB \cite{MMB} block cipher to create a diffusion primitive.  It used the fact that if $n = 2^{31}$ and $k=1$ that
 then a x86 multiplier could produce the 62-bit product and use  the ``shrd'' instruction to perform a double-precision right shift.  The proof
 of the above equation is very simple.  First write $x$ in the product form.
 
@@ -4078,7 +4067,7 @@ Now reduce both sides modulo $(n - k)$.
 x \equiv qk + r  \mbox{ (mod }(n-k)\mbox{)}
 \end{equation}
 
-The variable $n$ reduces modulo $n - k$ to $k$.  By putting $q = \lfloor x/n \rfloor$ and $r = x \mbox{ mod } n$ 
+The variable $n$ reduces modulo $n - k$ to $k$.  By putting $q = \lfloor x/n \rfloor$ and $r = x \mbox{ mod } n$
 into the equation the original congruence is reproduced, thus concluding the proof.  The following algorithm is based on this observation.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -4108,7 +4097,7 @@ into the equation the original congruence is reproduced, thus concluding the pro
 This algorithm will reduce $x$ modulo $n - k$ and return the residue.  If $0 \le x < (n - k)^2$ then the algorithm will loop almost always
 once or twice and occasionally three times.  For simplicity sake the value of $x$ is bounded by the following simple polynomial.
 
-\begin{equation} 
+\begin{equation}
 0 \le x < n^2 + k^2 - 2nk
 \end{equation}
 
@@ -4119,15 +4108,15 @@ q < n - 2k - k^2/n
 \end{equation}
 
 Since $k^2$ is going to be considerably smaller than $n$ that term will always be zero.  The value of $x$ after step 3 is bounded trivially as
-$0 \le x < n$.  By step four the sum $x + q$ is bounded by 
+$0 \le x < n$.  By step four the sum $x + q$ is bounded by
 
 \begin{equation}
 0 \le q + x < (k + 1)n - 2k^2 - 1
 \end{equation}
 
 With a second pass $q$ will be loosely bounded by $0 \le q < k^2$ after step 2 while $x$ will still be loosely bounded by $0 \le x < n$ after step 3.  After the second pass it is highly unlike that the
-sum in step 4 will exceed $n - k$.  In practice fewer than three passes of the algorithm are required to reduce virtually every input in the 
-range $0 \le x < (n - k - 1)^2$.  
+sum in step 4 will exceed $n - k$.  In practice fewer than three passes of the algorithm are required to reduce virtually every input in the
+range $0 \le x < (n - k - 1)^2$.
 
 \begin{figure}
 \begin{small}
@@ -4140,13 +4129,13 @@ $q \leftarrow q*k = 1446759$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x \mbox{ mod } n = 21$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x + q = 1446780$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x - (n - k) = 1446527$ \\
-\hline 
+\hline
 $q \leftarrow \lfloor x/n \rfloor = 5650$ \\
 $q \leftarrow q*k = 16950$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x \mbox{ mod } n = 127$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x + q = 17077$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x - (n - k) = 16824$ \\
-\hline 
+\hline
 $q \leftarrow \lfloor x/n \rfloor = 65$ \\
 $q \leftarrow q*k = 195$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x \mbox{ mod } n = 184$ \\
@@ -4169,29 +4158,29 @@ three passes were required to find the residue $x \equiv 126$.
 On the surface this algorithm looks like a very expensive algorithm.  It requires a couple of subtractions followed by multiplication and other
 modular reductions.  The usefulness of this algorithm becomes exceedingly clear when an appropriate modulus is chosen.
 
-Division in general is a very expensive operation to perform.  The one exception is when the division is by a power of the radix of representation used.  
-Division by ten for example is simple for pencil and paper mathematics since it amounts to shifting the decimal place to the right.  Similarly division 
-by two (\textit{or powers of two}) is very simple for binary computers to perform.  It would therefore seem logical to choose $n$ of the form $2^p$ 
-which would imply that $\lfloor x / n \rfloor$ is a simple shift of $x$ right $p$ bits.  
+Division in general is a very expensive operation to perform.  The one exception is when the division is by a power of the radix of representation used.
+Division by ten for example is simple for pencil and paper mathematics since it amounts to shifting the decimal place to the right.  Similarly division
+by two (\textit{or powers of two}) is very simple for binary computers to perform.  It would therefore seem logical to choose $n$ of the form $2^p$
+which would imply that $\lfloor x / n \rfloor$ is a simple shift of $x$ right $p$ bits.
 
-However, there is one operation related to division of power of twos that is even faster than this.  If $n = \beta^p$ then the division may be 
-performed by moving whole digits to the right $p$ places.  In practice division by $\beta^p$ is much faster than division by $2^p$ for any $p$.  
-Also with the choice of $n = \beta^p$ reducing $x$ modulo $n$ merely requires zeroing the digits above the $p-1$'th digit of $x$.  
+However, there is one operation related to division of power of twos that is even faster than this.  If $n = \beta^p$ then the division may be
+performed by moving whole digits to the right $p$ places.  In practice division by $\beta^p$ is much faster than division by $2^p$ for any $p$.
+Also with the choice of $n = \beta^p$ reducing $x$ modulo $n$ merely requires zeroing the digits above the $p-1$'th digit of $x$.
 
 Throughout the next section the term ``restricted modulus'' will refer to a modulus of the form $\beta^p - k$ whereas the term ``unrestricted
-modulus'' will refer to a modulus of the form $2^p - k$.  The word ``restricted'' in this case refers to the fact that it is based on the 
-$2^p$ logic except $p$ must be a multiple of $lg(\beta)$.  
+modulus'' will refer to a modulus of the form $2^p - k$.  The word ``restricted'' in this case refers to the fact that it is based on the
+$2^p$ logic except $p$ must be a multiple of $lg(\beta)$.
 
 \subsection{Choice of $k$}
 Now that division and reduction (\textit{step 1 and 3 of figure~\ref{fig:DR}}) have been optimized to simple digit operations the multiplication by $k$
 in step 2 is the most expensive operation.  Fortunately the choice of $k$ is not terribly limited.  For all intents and purposes it might
-as well be a single digit.  The smaller the value of $k$ is the faster the algorithm will be.  
+as well be a single digit.  The smaller the value of $k$ is the faster the algorithm will be.
 
 \subsection{Restricted Diminished Radix Reduction}
-The restricted Diminished Radix algorithm can quickly reduce an input modulo a modulus of the form $n = \beta^p - k$.  This algorithm can reduce 
+The restricted Diminished Radix algorithm can quickly reduce an input modulo a modulus of the form $n = \beta^p - k$.  This algorithm can reduce
 an input $x$ within the range $0 \le x < n^2$ using only a couple passes of the algorithm demonstrated in figure~\ref{fig:DR}.  The implementation
-of this algorithm has been optimized to avoid additional overhead associated with a division by $\beta^p$, the multiplication by $k$ or the addition 
-of $x$ and $q$.  The resulting algorithm is very efficient and can lead to substantial improvements over Barrett and Montgomery reduction when modular 
+of this algorithm has been optimized to avoid additional overhead associated with a division by $\beta^p$, the multiplication by $k$ or the addition
+of $x$ and $q$.  The resulting algorithm is very efficient and can lead to substantial improvements over Barrett and Montgomery reduction when modular
 exponentiations are performed.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -4227,31 +4216,31 @@ exponentiations are performed.
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_dr\_reduce.}
 This algorithm will perform the Dimished Radix reduction of $x$ modulo $n$.  It has similar restrictions to that of the Barrett reduction
-with the addition that $n$ must be of the form $n = \beta^m - k$ where $0 < k <\beta$.  
+with the addition that $n$ must be of the form $n = \beta^m - k$ where $0 < k <\beta$.
 
 This algorithm essentially implements the pseudo-code in figure~\ref{fig:DR} except with a slight optimization.  The division by $\beta^m$, multiplication by $k$
 and addition of $x \mbox{ mod }\beta^m$ are all performed simultaneously inside the loop on step 4.  The division by $\beta^m$ is emulated by accessing
 the term at the $m+i$'th position which is subsequently multiplied by $k$ and added to the term at the $i$'th position.  After the loop the $m$'th
-digit is set to the carry and the upper digits are zeroed.  Steps 5 and 6 emulate the reduction modulo $\beta^m$ that should have happend to 
-$x$ before the addition of the multiple of the upper half.  
+digit is set to the carry and the upper digits are zeroed.  Steps 5 and 6 emulate the reduction modulo $\beta^m$ that should have happend to
+$x$ before the addition of the multiple of the upper half.
 
 At step 8 if $x$ is still larger than $n$ another pass of the algorithm is required.  First $n$ is subtracted from $x$ and then the algorithm resumes
-at step 3.  
+at step 3.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_dr_reduce.c
 
 The first step is to grow $x$ as required to $2m$ digits since the reduction is performed in place on $x$.  The label on line @49,top:@ is where
 the algorithm will resume if further reduction passes are required.  In theory it could be placed at the top of the function however, the size of
-the modulus and question of whether $x$ is large enough are invariant after the first pass meaning that it would be a waste of time.  
+the modulus and question of whether $x$ is large enough are invariant after the first pass meaning that it would be a waste of time.
 
 The aliases $tmpx1$ and $tmpx2$ refer to the digits of $x$ where the latter is offset by $m$ digits.  By reading digits from $x$ offset by $m$ digits
 a division by $\beta^m$ can be simulated virtually for free.  The loop on line @61,for@ performs the bulk of the work (\textit{corresponds to step 4 of algorithm 7.11})
 in this algorithm.
 
-By line @68,mu@ the pointer $tmpx1$ points to the $m$'th digit of $x$ which is where the final carry will be placed.  Similarly by line @71,for@ the 
-same pointer will point to the $m+1$'th digit where the zeroes will be placed.  
+By line @68,mu@ the pointer $tmpx1$ points to the $m$'th digit of $x$ which is where the final carry will be placed.  Similarly by line @71,for@ the
+same pointer will point to the $m+1$'th digit where the zeroes will be placed.
 
-Since the algorithm is only valid if both $x$ and $n$ are greater than zero an unsigned comparison suffices to determine if another pass is required.  
+Since the algorithm is only valid if both $x$ and $n$ are greater than zero an unsigned comparison suffices to determine if another pass is required.
 With the same logic at line @82,sub@ the value of $x$ is known to be greater than or equal to $n$ meaning that an unsigned subtraction can be used
 as well.  Since the destination of the subtraction is the larger of the inputs the call to algorithm s\_mp\_sub cannot fail and the return code
 does not need to be checked.
@@ -4342,20 +4331,20 @@ algorithm is much faster than either Montgomery or Barrett reduction when the mo
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_reduce\_2k.}
 This algorithm quickly reduces an input $a$ modulo an unrestricted Diminished Radix modulus $n$.  Division by $2^p$ is emulated with a right
-shift which makes the algorithm fairly inexpensive to use.  
+shift which makes the algorithm fairly inexpensive to use.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_reduce_2k.c
 
 The algorithm mp\_count\_bits calculates the number of bits in an mp\_int which is used to find the initial value of $p$.  The call to mp\_div\_2d
 on line @31,mp_div_2d@ calculates both the quotient $q$ and the remainder $a$ required.  By doing both in a single function call the code size
 is kept fairly small.  The multiplication by $k$ is only performed if $k > 1$. This allows reductions modulo $2^p - 1$ to be performed without
-any multiplications.  
+any multiplications.
 
-The unsigned s\_mp\_add, mp\_cmp\_mag and s\_mp\_sub are used in place of their full sign counterparts since the inputs are only valid if they are 
-positive.  By using the unsigned versions the overhead is kept to a minimum.  
+The unsigned s\_mp\_add, mp\_cmp\_mag and s\_mp\_sub are used in place of their full sign counterparts since the inputs are only valid if they are
+positive.  By using the unsigned versions the overhead is kept to a minimum.
 
 \subsubsection{Unrestricted Setup}
-To setup this reduction algorithm the value of $k = 2^p - n$ is required.  
+To setup this reduction algorithm the value of $k = 2^p - n$ is required.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -4379,7 +4368,7 @@ To setup this reduction algorithm the value of $k = 2^p - n$ is required.
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_reduce\_2k\_setup.}
 This algorithm computes the value of $k$ required for the algorithm mp\_reduce\_2k.  By making a temporary variable $x$ equal to $2^p$ a subtraction
-is sufficient to solve for $k$.  Alternatively if $n$ has more than one digit the value of $k$ is simply $\beta - n_0$.  
+is sufficient to solve for $k$.  Alternatively if $n$ has more than one digit the value of $k$ is simply $\beta - n_0$.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_reduce_2k_setup.c
 
@@ -4418,7 +4407,7 @@ significant bit.  The resulting sum will be a power of two.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_reduce\_is\_2k.}
-This algorithm quickly determines if a modulus is of the form required for algorithm mp\_reduce\_2k to function properly.  
+This algorithm quickly determines if a modulus is of the form required for algorithm mp\_reduce\_2k to function properly.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c
 
@@ -4427,7 +4416,7 @@ EXAM,bn_mp_reduce_is_2k.c
 \section{Algorithm Comparison}
 So far three very different algorithms for modular reduction have been discussed.  Each of the algorithms have their own strengths and weaknesses
 that makes having such a selection very useful.  The following table sumarizes the three algorithms along with comparisons of work factors.  Since
-all three algorithms have the restriction that $0 \le x < n^2$ and $n > 1$ those limitations are not included in the table.  
+all three algorithms have the restriction that $0 \le x < n^2$ and $n > 1$ those limitations are not included in the table.
 
 \begin{center}
 \begin{small}
@@ -4463,12 +4452,12 @@ $\left [ 4 \right ]$ & Prove that the pseudo-code algorithm ``Diminished Radix R
                      & (\textit{figure~\ref{fig:DR}}) terminates.  Also prove the probability that it will \\
                      & terminate within $1 \le k \le 10$ iterations. \\
                      & \\
-\end{tabular}                     
+\end{tabular}
 
 
 \chapter{Exponentiation}
 Exponentiation is the operation of raising one variable to the power of another, for example, $a^b$.  A variant of exponentiation, computed
-in a finite field or ring, is called modular exponentiation.  This latter style of operation is typically used in public key 
+in a finite field or ring, is called modular exponentiation.  This latter style of operation is typically used in public key
 cryptosystems such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman.  The ability to quickly compute modular exponentiations is of great benefit to any
 such cryptosystem and many methods have been sought to speed it up.
 
@@ -4478,7 +4467,7 @@ the number of multiplications becomes prohibitive.  Imagine what would happen if
 with a $1024$-bit key.  Such a calculation could never be completed as it would take simply far too long.
 
 Fortunately there is a very simple algorithm based on the laws of exponents.  Recall that $lg_a(a^b) = b$ and that $lg_a(a^ba^c) = b + c$ which
-are two trivial relationships between the base and the exponent.  Let $b_i$ represent the $i$'th bit of $b$ starting from the least 
+are two trivial relationships between the base and the exponent.  Let $b_i$ represent the $i$'th bit of $b$ starting from the least
 significant bit.  If $b$ is a $k$-bit integer than the following equation is true.
 
 \begin{equation}
@@ -4495,7 +4484,7 @@ The term $a^{2^i}$ can be found from the $i - 1$'th term by squaring the term si
 $a^{2^{i+1}}$.  This observation forms the basis of essentially all fast exponentiation algorithms.  It requires $k$ squarings and on average
 $k \over 2$ multiplications to compute the result.  This is indeed quite an improvement over simply multiplying by $a$ a total of $b-1$ times.
 
-While this current method is a considerable speed up there are further improvements to be made.  For example, the $a^{2^i}$ term does not need to 
+While this current method is a considerable speed up there are further improvements to be made.  For example, the $a^{2^i}$ term does not need to
 be computed in an auxilary variable.  Consider the following equivalent algorithm.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -4521,7 +4510,7 @@ be computed in an auxilary variable.  Consider the following equivalent algorith
 
 This algorithm starts from the most significant bit and works towards the least significant bit.  When the $i$'th bit of $b$ is set $a$ is
 multiplied against the current product.  In each iteration the product is squared which doubles the exponent of the individual terms of the
-product.  
+product.
 
 For example, let $b = 101100_2 \equiv 44_{10}$.  The following chart demonstrates the actions of the algorithm.
 
@@ -4542,13 +4531,13 @@ For example, let $b = 101100_2 \equiv 44_{10}$.  The following chart demonstrate
 \caption{Example of Left to Right Exponentiation}
 \end{figure}
 
-When the product $a^{32} \cdot a^8 \cdot a^4$ is simplified it is equal $a^{44}$ which is the desired exponentiation.  This particular algorithm is 
-called ``Left to Right'' because it reads the exponent in that order.  All of the exponentiation algorithms that will be presented are of this nature.  
+When the product $a^{32} \cdot a^8 \cdot a^4$ is simplified it is equal $a^{44}$ which is the desired exponentiation.  This particular algorithm is
+called ``Left to Right'' because it reads the exponent in that order.  All of the exponentiation algorithms that will be presented are of this nature.
 
 \subsection{Single Digit Exponentiation}
-The first algorithm in the series of exponentiation algorithms will be an unbounded algorithm where the exponent is a single digit.  It is intended 
-to be used when a small power of an input is required (\textit{e.g. $a^5$}).  It is faster than simply multiplying $b - 1$ times for all values of 
-$b$ that are greater than three.  
+The first algorithm in the series of exponentiation algorithms will be an unbounded algorithm where the exponent is a single digit.  It is intended
+to be used when a small power of an input is required (\textit{e.g. $a^5$}).  It is faster than simply multiplying $b - 1$ times for all values of
+$b$ that are greater than three.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -4576,10 +4565,10 @@ $b$ that are greater than three.
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_expt\_d.}
 This algorithm computes the value of $a$ raised to the power of a single digit $b$.  It uses the left to right exponentiation algorithm to
-quickly compute the exponentiation.  It is loosely based on algorithm 14.79 of HAC \cite[pp. 615]{HAC} with the difference that the 
-exponent is a fixed width.  
+quickly compute the exponentiation.  It is loosely based on algorithm 14.79 of HAC \cite[pp. 615]{HAC} with the difference that the
+exponent is a fixed width.
 
-A copy of $a$ is made first to allow destination variable $c$ be the same as the source variable $a$.  The result is set to the initial value of 
+A copy of $a$ is made first to allow destination variable $c$ be the same as the source variable $a$.  The result is set to the initial value of
 $1$ in the subsequent step.
 
 Inside the loop the exponent is read from the most significant bit first down to the least significant bit.  First $c$ is invariably squared
@@ -4587,12 +4576,12 @@ on step 3.1.  In the following step if the most significant bit of $b$ is one th
 of $b$ is shifted left one bit to make the next bit down from the most signficant bit the new most significant bit.  In effect each
 iteration of the loop moves the bits of the exponent $b$ upwards to the most significant location.
 
-EXAM,bn_mp_expt_d.c
+EXAM,bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c
 
-Line @29,mp_set@ sets the initial value of the result to $1$.  Next the loop on line @31,for@ steps through each bit of the exponent starting from
-the most significant down towards the least significant. The invariant squaring operation placed on line @333,mp_sqr@ is performed first.  After 
+This describes only the algorithm that is used when the parameter $fast$ is $0$.  Line @31,mp_set@ sets the initial value of the result to $1$.  Next the loop on line @54,for@ steps through each bit of the exponent starting from
+the most significant down towards the least significant. The invariant squaring operation placed on line @333,mp_sqr@ is performed first.  After
 the squaring the result $c$ is multiplied by the base $g$ if and only if the most significant bit of the exponent is set.  The shift on line
-@47,<<@ moves all of the bits of the exponent upwards towards the most significant location.  
+@69,<<@ moves all of the bits of the exponent upwards towards the most significant location.
 
 \section{$k$-ary Exponentiation}
 When calculating an exponentiation the most time consuming bottleneck is the multiplications which are in general a small factor
@@ -4625,7 +4614,7 @@ portion of the entire exponent.  Consider the following modification to the basi
 
 The squaring on step 2.1 can be calculated by squaring the value $c$ successively $k$ times.  If the values of $a^g$ for $0 < g < 2^k$ have been
 precomputed this algorithm requires only $t$ multiplications and $tk$ squarings.  The table can be generated with $2^{k - 1} - 1$ squarings and
-$2^{k - 1} + 1$ multiplications.  This algorithm assumes that the number of bits in the exponent is evenly divisible by $k$.  
+$2^{k - 1} + 1$ multiplications.  This algorithm assumes that the number of bits in the exponent is evenly divisible by $k$.
 However, when it is not the remaining $0 < x \le k - 1$ bits can be handled with algorithm~\ref{fig:LTOR}.
 
 Suppose $k = 4$ and $t = 100$.  This modified algorithm will require $109$ multiplications and $408$ squarings to compute the exponentiation.  The
@@ -4635,7 +4624,7 @@ has increased slightly but the number of multiplications has nearly halved.
 \subsection{Optimal Values of $k$}
 An optimal value of $k$ will minimize $2^{k} + \lceil n / k \rceil + n - 1$ for a fixed number of bits in the exponent $n$.  The simplest
 approach is to brute force search amongst the values $k = 2, 3, \ldots, 8$ for the lowest result.  Table~\ref{fig:OPTK} lists optimal values of $k$
-for various exponent sizes and compares the number of multiplication and squarings required against algorithm~\ref{fig:LTOR}.  
+for various exponent sizes and compares the number of multiplication and squarings required against algorithm~\ref{fig:LTOR}.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{center}
@@ -4661,10 +4650,10 @@ for various exponent sizes and compares the number of multiplication and squarin
 
 \subsection{Sliding-Window Exponentiation}
 A simple modification to the previous algorithm is only generate the upper half of the table in the range $2^{k-1} \le g < 2^k$.  Essentially
-this is a table for all values of $g$ where the most significant bit of $g$ is a one.  However, in order for this to be allowed in the 
-algorithm values of $g$ in the range $0 \le g < 2^{k-1}$ must be avoided.  
+this is a table for all values of $g$ where the most significant bit of $g$ is a one.  However, in order for this to be allowed in the
+algorithm values of $g$ in the range $0 \le g < 2^{k-1}$ must be avoided.
 
-Table~\ref{fig:OPTK2} lists optimal values of $k$ for various exponent sizes and compares the work required against algorithm~\ref{fig:KARY}.  
+Table~\ref{fig:OPTK2} lists optimal values of $k$ for various exponent sizes and compares the work required against algorithm {\ref{fig:KARY}}.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{center}
@@ -4715,29 +4704,29 @@ Table~\ref{fig:OPTK2} lists optimal values of $k$ for various exponent sizes and
 
 Similar to the previous algorithm this algorithm must have a special handler when fewer than $k$ bits are left in the exponent.  While this
 algorithm requires the same number of squarings it can potentially have fewer multiplications.  The pre-computed table $a^g$ is also half
-the size as the previous table.  
+the size as the previous table.
 
-Consider the exponent $b = 111101011001000_2 \equiv 31432_{10}$ with $k = 3$ using both algorithms.  The first algorithm will divide the exponent up as 
-the following five $3$-bit words $b \equiv \left ( 111, 101, 011, 001, 000 \right )_{2}$.  The second algorithm will break the 
+Consider the exponent $b = 111101011001000_2 \equiv 31432_{10}$ with $k = 3$ using both algorithms.  The first algorithm will divide the exponent up as
+the following five $3$-bit words $b \equiv \left ( 111, 101, 011, 001, 000 \right )_{2}$.  The second algorithm will break the
 exponent as $b \equiv \left ( 111, 101, 0, 110, 0, 100, 0 \right )_{2}$.  The single digit $0$ in the second representation are where
-a single squaring took place instead of a squaring and multiplication.  In total the first method requires $10$ multiplications and $18$ 
-squarings.  The second method requires $8$ multiplications and $18$ squarings.  
+a single squaring took place instead of a squaring and multiplication.  In total the first method requires $10$ multiplications and $18$
+squarings.  The second method requires $8$ multiplications and $18$ squarings.
 
-In general the sliding window method is never slower than the generic $k$-ary method and often it is slightly faster.  
+In general the sliding window method is never slower than the generic $k$-ary method and often it is slightly faster.
 
 \section{Modular Exponentiation}
 
-Modular exponentiation is essentially computing the power of a base within a finite field or ring.  For example, computing 
-$d \equiv a^b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}$ is a modular exponentiation.  Instead of first computing $a^b$ and then reducing it 
-modulo $c$ the intermediate result is reduced modulo $c$ after every squaring or multiplication operation.  
+Modular exponentiation is essentially computing the power of a base within a finite field or ring.  For example, computing
+$d \equiv a^b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}$ is a modular exponentiation.  Instead of first computing $a^b$ and then reducing it
+modulo $c$ the intermediate result is reduced modulo $c$ after every squaring or multiplication operation.
 
 This guarantees that any intermediate result is bounded by $0 \le d \le c^2 - 2c + 1$ and can be reduced modulo $c$ quickly using
-one of the algorithms presented in ~REDUCTION~.  
+one of the algorithms presented in ~REDUCTION~.
 
 Before the actual modular exponentiation algorithm can be written a wrapper algorithm must be written first.  This algorithm
 will allow the exponent $b$ to be negative which is computed as $c \equiv \left (1 / a \right )^{\vert b \vert} \mbox{(mod }d\mbox{)}$. The
 value of $(1/a) \mbox{ mod }c$ is computed using the modular inverse (\textit{see \ref{sec;modinv}}).  If no inverse exists the algorithm
-terminates with an error.  
+terminates with an error.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -4764,10 +4753,10 @@ terminates with an error.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_exptmod.}
-The first algorithm which actually performs modular exponentiation is algorithm s\_mp\_exptmod.  It is a sliding window $k$-ary algorithm 
-which uses Barrett reduction to reduce the product modulo $p$.  The second algorithm mp\_exptmod\_fast performs the same operation 
+The first algorithm which actually performs modular exponentiation is algorithm s\_mp\_exptmod.  It is a sliding window $k$-ary algorithm
+which uses Barrett reduction to reduce the product modulo $p$.  The second algorithm mp\_exptmod\_fast performs the same operation
 except it uses either Montgomery or Diminished Radix reduction.  The two latter reduction algorithms are clumped in the same exponentiation
-algorithm since their arguments are essentially the same (\textit{two mp\_ints and one mp\_digit}).  
+algorithm since their arguments are essentially the same (\textit{two mp\_ints and one mp\_digit}).
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_exptmod.c
 
@@ -4776,7 +4765,7 @@ negative the algorithm tries to perform a modular exponentiation with the modula
 the modular inverse of $G$ and $tmpX$ is assigned the absolute value of $X$.  The algorithm will recuse with these new values with a positive
 exponent.
 
-If the exponent is positive the algorithm resumes the exponentiation.  Line @63,dr_@ determines if the modulus is of the restricted Diminished Radix 
+If the exponent is positive the algorithm resumes the exponentiation.  Line @63,dr_@ determines if the modulus is of the restricted Diminished Radix
 form.  If it is not line @65,reduce@ attempts to determine if it is of a unrestricted Diminished Radix form.  The integer $dr$ will take on one
 of three values.
 
@@ -4787,7 +4776,7 @@ of three values.
 \end{enumerate}
 
 Line @69,if@ determines if the fast modular exponentiation algorithm can be used.  It is allowed if $dr \ne 0$ or if the modulus is odd.  Otherwise,
-the slower s\_mp\_exptmod algorithm is used which uses Barrett reduction.  
+the slower s\_mp\_exptmod algorithm is used which uses Barrett reduction.
 
 \subsection{Barrett Modular Exponentiation}
 
@@ -4892,9 +4881,9 @@ No more windows left.  Check for residual bits of exponent. \\
 This algorithm computes the $x$'th power of $g$ modulo $p$ and stores the result in $y$.  It takes advantage of the Barrett reduction
 algorithm to keep the product small throughout the algorithm.
 
-The first two steps determine the optimal window size based on the number of bits in the exponent.  The larger the exponent the 
+The first two steps determine the optimal window size based on the number of bits in the exponent.  The larger the exponent the
 larger the window size becomes.  After a window size $winsize$ has been chosen an array of $2^{winsize}$ mp\_int variables is allocated.  This
-table will hold the values of $g^x \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}$ for $2^{winsize - 1} \le x < 2^{winsize}$.  
+table will hold the values of $g^x \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}$ for $2^{winsize - 1} \le x < 2^{winsize}$.
 
 After the table is allocated the first power of $g$ is found.  Since $g \ge p$ is allowed it must be first reduced modulo $p$ to make
 the rest of the algorithm more efficient.  The first element of the table at $2^{winsize - 1}$ is found by squaring $M_1$ successively $winsize - 2$
@@ -4902,49 +4891,49 @@ times.  The rest of the table elements are found by multiplying the previous ele
 
 Now that the table is available the sliding window may begin.  The following list describes the functions of all the variables in the window.
 \begin{enumerate}
-\item The variable $mode$ dictates how the bits of the exponent are interpreted.  
+\item The variable $mode$ dictates how the bits of the exponent are interpreted.
 \begin{enumerate}
-   \item When $mode = 0$ the bits are ignored since no non-zero bit of the exponent has been seen yet.  For example, if the exponent were simply 
-         $1$ then there would be $lg(\beta) - 1$ zero bits before the first non-zero bit.  In this case bits are ignored until a non-zero bit is found.  
-   \item When $mode = 1$ a non-zero bit has been seen before and a new $winsize$-bit window has not been formed yet.  In this mode leading $0$ bits 
-         are read and a single squaring is performed.  If a non-zero bit is read a new window is created.  
+   \item When $mode = 0$ the bits are ignored since no non-zero bit of the exponent has been seen yet.  For example, if the exponent were simply
+         $1$ then there would be $lg(\beta) - 1$ zero bits before the first non-zero bit.  In this case bits are ignored until a non-zero bit is found.
+   \item When $mode = 1$ a non-zero bit has been seen before and a new $winsize$-bit window has not been formed yet.  In this mode leading $0$ bits
+         are read and a single squaring is performed.  If a non-zero bit is read a new window is created.
    \item When $mode = 2$ the algorithm is in the middle of forming a window and new bits are appended to the window from the most significant bit
          downwards.
 \end{enumerate}
 \item The variable $bitcnt$ indicates how many bits are left in the current digit of the exponent left to be read.  When it reaches zero a new digit
       is fetched from the exponent.
-\item The variable $buf$ holds the currently read digit of the exponent. 
+\item The variable $buf$ holds the currently read digit of the exponent.
 \item The variable $digidx$ is an index into the exponents digits.  It starts at the leading digit $x.used - 1$ and moves towards the trailing digit.
 \item The variable $bitcpy$ indicates how many bits are in the currently formed window.  When it reaches $winsize$ the window is flushed and
       the appropriate operations performed.
-\item The variable $bitbuf$ holds the current bits of the window being formed.  
+\item The variable $bitbuf$ holds the current bits of the window being formed.
 \end{enumerate}
 
 All of step 12 is the window processing loop.  It will iterate while there are digits available form the exponent to read.  The first step
 inside this loop is to extract a new digit if no more bits are available in the current digit.  If there are no bits left a new digit is
-read and if there are no digits left than the loop terminates.  
+read and if there are no digits left than the loop terminates.
 
 After a digit is made available step 12.3 will extract the most significant bit of the current digit and move all other bits in the digit
-upwards.  In effect the digit is read from most significant bit to least significant bit and since the digits are read from leading to 
+upwards.  In effect the digit is read from most significant bit to least significant bit and since the digits are read from leading to
 trailing edges the entire exponent is read from most significant bit to least significant bit.
 
-At step 12.5 if the $mode$ and currently extracted bit $y$ are both zero the bit is ignored and the next bit is read.  This prevents the 
+At step 12.5 if the $mode$ and currently extracted bit $y$ are both zero the bit is ignored and the next bit is read.  This prevents the
 algorithm from having to perform trivial squaring and reduction operations before the first non-zero bit is read.  Step 12.6 and 12.7-10 handle
-the two cases of $mode = 1$ and $mode = 2$ respectively.  
+the two cases of $mode = 1$ and $mode = 2$ respectively.
 
 FIGU,expt_state,Sliding Window State Diagram
 
-By step 13 there are no more digits left in the exponent.  However, there may be partial bits in the window left.  If $mode = 2$ then 
-a Left-to-Right algorithm is used to process the remaining few bits.  
+By step 13 there are no more digits left in the exponent.  However, there may be partial bits in the window left.  If $mode = 2$ then
+a Left-to-Right algorithm is used to process the remaining few bits.
 
 EXAM,bn_s_mp_exptmod.c
 
 Lines @31,if@ through @45,}@ determine the optimal window size based on the length of the exponent in bits.  The window divisions are sorted
-from smallest to greatest so that in each \textbf{if} statement only one condition must be tested.  For example, by the \textbf{if} statement 
-on line @37,if@ the value of $x$ is already known to be greater than $140$.  
+from smallest to greatest so that in each \textbf{if} statement only one condition must be tested.  For example, by the \textbf{if} statement
+on line @37,if@ the value of $x$ is already known to be greater than $140$.
 
 The conditional piece of code beginning on line @42,ifdef@ allows the window size to be restricted to five bits.  This logic is used to ensure
-the table of precomputed powers of $G$ remains relatively small.  
+the table of precomputed powers of $G$ remains relatively small.
 
 The for loop on line @60,for@ initializes the $M$ array while lines @71,mp_init@ and @75,mp_reduce@ through @85,}@ initialize the reduction
 function that will be used for this modulus.
@@ -4982,11 +4971,11 @@ EXAM,bn_mp_2expt.c
 \chapter{Higher Level Algorithms}
 
 This chapter discusses the various higher level algorithms that are required to complete a well rounded multiple precision integer package.  These
-routines are less performance oriented than the algorithms of chapters five, six and seven but are no less important.  
+routines are less performance oriented than the algorithms of chapters five, six and seven but are no less important.
 
 The first section describes a method of integer division with remainder that is universally well known.  It provides the signed division logic
-for the package.  The subsequent section discusses a set of algorithms which allow a single digit to be the 2nd operand for a variety of operations.  
-These algorithms serve mostly to simplify other algorithms where small constants are required.  The last two sections discuss how to manipulate 
+for the package.  The subsequent section discusses a set of algorithms which allow a single digit to be the 2nd operand for a variety of operations.
+These algorithms serve mostly to simplify other algorithms where small constants are required.  The last two sections discuss how to manipulate
 various representations of integers.  For example, converting from an mp\_int to a string of character.
 
 \section{Integer Division with Remainder}
@@ -4994,7 +4983,7 @@ various representations of integers.  For example, converting from an mp\_int to
 
 Integer division aside from modular exponentiation is the most intensive algorithm to compute.  Like addition, subtraction and multiplication
 the basis of this algorithm is the long-hand division algorithm taught to school children.  Throughout this discussion several common variables
-will be used.  Let $x$ represent the divisor and $y$ represent the dividend.  Let $q$ represent the integer quotient $\lfloor y / x \rfloor$ and 
+will be used.  Let $x$ represent the divisor and $y$ represent the dividend.  Let $q$ represent the integer quotient $\lfloor y / x \rfloor$ and
 let $r$ represent the remainder $r = y - x \lfloor y / x \rfloor$.  The following simple algorithm will be used to start the discussion.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -5024,42 +5013,42 @@ let $r$ represent the remainder $r = y - x \lfloor y / x \rfloor$.  The followin
 As children we are taught this very simple algorithm for the case of $\beta = 10$.  Almost instinctively several optimizations are taught for which
 their reason of existing are never explained.  For this example let $y = 5471$ represent the dividend and $x = 23$ represent the divisor.
 
-To find the first digit of the quotient the value of $k$ must be maximized such that $kx\beta^t$ is less than or equal to $y$ and 
+To find the first digit of the quotient the value of $k$ must be maximized such that $kx\beta^t$ is less than or equal to $y$ and
 simultaneously $(k + 1)x\beta^t$ is greater than $y$.  Implicitly $k$ is the maximum value the $t$'th digit of the quotient may have.  The habitual method
 used to find the maximum is to ``eyeball'' the two numbers, typically only the leading digits and quickly estimate a quotient.  By only using leading
-digits a much simpler division may be used to form an educated guess at what the value must be.  In this case $k = \lfloor 54/23\rfloor = 2$ quickly 
-arises as a possible  solution.  Indeed $2x\beta^2 = 4600$ is less than $y = 5471$ and simultaneously $(k + 1)x\beta^2 = 6900$ is larger than $y$.  
+digits a much simpler division may be used to form an educated guess at what the value must be.  In this case $k = \lfloor 54/23\rfloor = 2$ quickly
+arises as a possible  solution.  Indeed $2x\beta^2 = 4600$ is less than $y = 5471$ and simultaneously $(k + 1)x\beta^2 = 6900$ is larger than $y$.
 As a  result $k\beta^2$ is added to the quotient which now equals $q = 200$ and $4600$ is subtracted from $y$ to give a remainder of $y = 841$.
 
-Again this process is repeated to produce the quotient digit $k = 3$ which makes the quotient $q = 200 + 3\beta = 230$ and the remainder 
+Again this process is repeated to produce the quotient digit $k = 3$ which makes the quotient $q = 200 + 3\beta = 230$ and the remainder
 $y = 841 - 3x\beta = 181$.  Finally the last iteration of the loop produces $k = 7$ which leads to the quotient $q = 230 + 7 = 237$ and the
-remainder $y = 181 - 7x = 20$.  The final quotient and remainder found are $q = 237$ and $r = y = 20$ which are indeed correct since 
-$237 \cdot 23 + 20 = 5471$ is true.  
+remainder $y = 181 - 7x = 20$.  The final quotient and remainder found are $q = 237$ and $r = y = 20$ which are indeed correct since
+$237 \cdot 23 + 20 = 5471$ is true.
 
 \subsection{Quotient Estimation}
 \label{sec:divest}
 As alluded to earlier the quotient digit $k$ can be estimated from only the leading digits of both the divisor and dividend.  When $p$ leading
 digits are used from both the divisor and dividend to form an estimation the accuracy of the estimation rises as $p$ grows.  Technically
 speaking the estimation is based on assuming the lower $\vert \vert y \vert \vert - p$ and $\vert \vert x \vert \vert - p$ lower digits of the
-dividend and divisor are zero.  
+dividend and divisor are zero.
 
 The value of the estimation may off by a few values in either direction and in general is fairly correct.  A simplification \cite[pp. 271]{TAOCPV2}
-of the estimation technique is to use $t + 1$ digits of the dividend and $t$ digits of the divisor, in particularly when $t = 1$.  The estimate 
-using this technique is never too small.  For the following proof let $t = \vert \vert y \vert \vert - 1$ and $s = \vert \vert x \vert \vert - 1$ 
+of the estimation technique is to use $t + 1$ digits of the dividend and $t$ digits of the divisor, in particularly when $t = 1$.  The estimate
+using this technique is never too small.  For the following proof let $t = \vert \vert y \vert \vert - 1$ and $s = \vert \vert x \vert \vert - 1$
 represent the most significant digits of the dividend and divisor respectively.
 
-\textbf{Proof.}\textit{  The quotient $\hat k = \lfloor (y_t\beta + y_{t-1}) / x_s \rfloor$ is greater than or equal to 
+\textbf{Proof.}\textit{  The quotient $\hat k = \lfloor (y_t\beta + y_{t-1}) / x_s \rfloor$ is greater than or equal to
 $k = \lfloor y / (x \cdot \beta^{\vert \vert y \vert \vert - \vert \vert x \vert \vert - 1}) \rfloor$. }
-The first obvious case is when $\hat k = \beta - 1$ in which case the proof is concluded since the real quotient cannot be larger.  For all other 
+The first obvious case is when $\hat k = \beta - 1$ in which case the proof is concluded since the real quotient cannot be larger.  For all other
 cases $\hat k = \lfloor (y_t\beta + y_{t-1}) / x_s \rfloor$ and $\hat k x_s \ge y_t\beta + y_{t-1} - x_s + 1$.  The latter portion of the inequalility
-$-x_s + 1$ arises from the fact that a truncated integer division will give the same quotient for at most $x_s - 1$ values.  Next a series of 
+$-x_s + 1$ arises from the fact that a truncated integer division will give the same quotient for at most $x_s - 1$ values.  Next a series of
 inequalities will prove the hypothesis.
 
 \begin{equation}
 y - \hat k x \le y - \hat k x_s\beta^s
 \end{equation}
 
-This is trivially true since $x \ge x_s\beta^s$.  Next we replace $\hat kx_s\beta^s$ by the previous inequality for $\hat kx_s$.  
+This is trivially true since $x \ge x_s\beta^s$.  Next we replace $\hat kx_s\beta^s$ by the previous inequality for $\hat kx_s$.
 
 \begin{equation}
 y - \hat k x \le y_t\beta^t + \ldots + y_0 - (y_t\beta^t + y_{t-1}\beta^{t-1} - x_s\beta^t + \beta^s)
@@ -5084,13 +5073,13 @@ Which proves that $y - \hat kx \le x$ and by consequence $\hat k \ge k$ which co
 For the purposes of division a normalized input is when the divisors leading digit $x_n$ is greater than or equal to $\beta / 2$.  By multiplying both
 $x$ and $y$ by $j = \lfloor (\beta / 2) / x_n \rfloor$ the quotient remains unchanged and the remainder is simply $j$ times the original
 remainder.  The purpose of normalization is to ensure the leading digit of the divisor is sufficiently large such that the estimated quotient will
-lie in the domain of a single digit.  Consider the maximum dividend $(\beta - 1) \cdot \beta + (\beta - 1)$ and the minimum divisor $\beta / 2$.  
+lie in the domain of a single digit.  Consider the maximum dividend $(\beta - 1) \cdot \beta + (\beta - 1)$ and the minimum divisor $\beta / 2$.
 
-\begin{equation} 
-{{\beta^2 - 1} \over { \beta / 2}} \le 2\beta - {2 \over \beta} 
+\begin{equation}
+{{\beta^2 - 1} \over { \beta / 2}} \le 2\beta - {2 \over \beta}
 \end{equation}
 
-At most the quotient approaches $2\beta$, however, in practice this will not occur since that would imply the previous quotient digit was too small.  
+At most the quotient approaches $2\beta$, however, in practice this will not occur since that would imply the previous quotient digit was too small.
 
 \subsection{Radix-$\beta$ Division with Remainder}
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -5188,23 +5177,23 @@ Finalize the result. \\
 This algorithm will calculate quotient and remainder from an integer division given a dividend and divisor.  The algorithm is a signed
 division and will produce a fully qualified quotient and remainder.
 
-First the divisor $b$ must be non-zero which is enforced in step one.  If the divisor is larger than the dividend than the quotient is implicitly 
-zero and the remainder is the dividend.  
+First the divisor $b$ must be non-zero which is enforced in step one.  If the divisor is larger than the dividend than the quotient is implicitly
+zero and the remainder is the dividend.
 
 After the first two trivial cases of inputs are handled the variable $q$ is setup to receive the digits of the quotient.  Two unsigned copies of the
 divisor $y$ and dividend $x$ are made as well.  The core of the division algorithm is an unsigned division and will only work if the values are
-positive.  Now the two values $x$ and $y$ must be normalized such that the leading digit of $y$ is greater than or equal to $\beta / 2$.  
-This is performed by shifting both to the left by enough bits to get the desired normalization.  
+positive.  Now the two values $x$ and $y$ must be normalized such that the leading digit of $y$ is greater than or equal to $\beta / 2$.
+This is performed by shifting both to the left by enough bits to get the desired normalization.
 
-At this point the division algorithm can begin producing digits of the quotient.  Recall that maximum value of the estimation used is 
+At this point the division algorithm can begin producing digits of the quotient.  Recall that maximum value of the estimation used is
 $2\beta - {2 \over \beta}$ which means that a digit of the quotient must be first produced by another means.  In this case $y$ is shifted
-to the left (\textit{step ten}) so that it has the same number of digits as $x$.  The loop on step eleven will subtract multiples of the 
+to the left (\textit{step ten}) so that it has the same number of digits as $x$.  The loop on step eleven will subtract multiples of the
 shifted copy of $y$ until $x$ is smaller.  Since the leading digit of $y$ is greater than or equal to $\beta/2$ this loop will iterate at most two
-times to produce the desired leading digit of the quotient.  
+times to produce the desired leading digit of the quotient.
 
 Now the remainder of the digits can be produced.  The equation $\hat q = \lfloor {{x_i \beta + x_{i-1}}\over y_t} \rfloor$ is used to fairly
 accurately approximate the true quotient digit.  The estimation can in theory produce an estimation as high as $2\beta - {2 \over \beta}$ but by
-induction the upper quotient digit is correct (\textit{as established on step eleven}) and the estimate must be less than $\beta$.  
+induction the upper quotient digit is correct (\textit{as established on step eleven}) and the estimate must be less than $\beta$.
 
 Recall from section~\ref{sec:divest} that the estimation is never too low but may be too high.  The next step of the estimation process is
 to refine the estimation.  The loop on step 13.5 uses $x_i\beta^2 + x_{i-1}\beta + x_{i-2}$ and $q_{i - t - 1}(y_t\beta + y_{t-1})$ as a higher
@@ -5212,51 +5201,51 @@ order approximation to adjust the quotient digit.
 
 After both phases of estimation the quotient digit may still be off by a value of one\footnote{This is similar to the error introduced
 by optimizing Barrett reduction.}.  Steps 13.6 and 13.7 subtract the multiple of the divisor from the dividend (\textit{Similar to step 3.3 of
-algorithm~\ref{fig:raddiv}} and then subsequently add a multiple of the divisor if the quotient was too large.  
+algorithm~\ref{fig:raddiv}} and then subsequently add a multiple of the divisor if the quotient was too large.
 
-Now that the quotient has been determine finializing the result is a matter of clamping the quotient, fixing the sizes and de-normalizing the 
+Now that the quotient has been determine finializing the result is a matter of clamping the quotient, fixing the sizes and de-normalizing the
 remainder.  An important aspect of this algorithm seemingly overlooked in other descriptions such as that of Algorithm 14.20 HAC \cite[pp. 598]{HAC}
-is that when the estimations are being made (\textit{inside the loop on step 13.5}) that the digits $y_{t-1}$, $x_{i-2}$ and $x_{i-1}$ may lie 
+is that when the estimations are being made (\textit{inside the loop on step 13.5}) that the digits $y_{t-1}$, $x_{i-2}$ and $x_{i-1}$ may lie
 outside their respective boundaries.  For example, if $t = 0$ or $i \le 1$ then the digits would be undefined.  In those cases the digits should
-respectively be replaced with a zero.  
+respectively be replaced with a zero.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_div.c
 
 The implementation of this algorithm differs slightly from the pseudo code presented previously.  In this algorithm either of the quotient $c$ or
 remainder $d$ may be passed as a \textbf{NULL} pointer which indicates their value is not desired.  For example, the C code to call the division
-algorithm with only the quotient is 
+algorithm with only the quotient is
 
 \begin{verbatim}
 mp_div(&a, &b, &c, NULL);  /* c = [a/b] */
 \end{verbatim}
 
-Lines @108,if@ and @113,if@ handle the two trivial cases of inputs which are division by zero and dividend smaller than the divisor 
-respectively.  After the two trivial cases all of the temporary variables are initialized.  Line @147,neg@ determines the sign of 
-the quotient and line @148,sign@ ensures that both $x$ and $y$ are positive.  
+Lines @108,if@ and @113,if@ handle the two trivial cases of inputs which are division by zero and dividend smaller than the divisor
+respectively.  After the two trivial cases all of the temporary variables are initialized.  Line @147,neg@ determines the sign of
+the quotient and line @148,sign@ ensures that both $x$ and $y$ are positive.
 
 The number of bits in the leading digit is calculated on line @151,norm@.  Implictly an mp\_int with $r$ digits will require $lg(\beta)(r-1) + k$ bits
 of precision which when reduced modulo $lg(\beta)$ produces the value of $k$.  In this case $k$ is the number of bits in the leading digit which is
 exactly what is required.  For the algorithm to operate $k$ must equal $lg(\beta) - 1$ and when it does not the inputs must be normalized by shifting
 them to the left by $lg(\beta) - 1 - k$ bits.
 
-Throughout the variables $n$ and $t$ will represent the highest digit of $x$ and $y$ respectively.  These are first used to produce the 
+Throughout the variables $n$ and $t$ will represent the highest digit of $x$ and $y$ respectively.  These are first used to produce the
 leading digit of the quotient.  The loop beginning on line @184,for@ will produce the remainder of the quotient digits.
 
 The conditional ``continue'' on line @186,continue@ is used to prevent the algorithm from reading past the leading edge of $x$ which can occur when the
 algorithm eliminates multiple non-zero digits in a single iteration.  This ensures that $x_i$ is always non-zero since by definition the digits
-above the $i$'th position $x$ must be zero in order for the quotient to be precise\footnote{Precise as far as integer division is concerned.}.  
+above the $i$'th position $x$ must be zero in order for the quotient to be precise\footnote{Precise as far as integer division is concerned.}.
 
-Lines @214,t1@, @216,t1@ and @222,t2@ through @225,t2@ manually construct the high accuracy estimations by setting the digits of the two mp\_int 
-variables directly.  
+Lines @214,t1@, @216,t1@ and @222,t2@ through @225,t2@ manually construct the high accuracy estimations by setting the digits of the two mp\_int
+variables directly.
 
 \section{Single Digit Helpers}
 
-This section briefly describes a series of single digit helper algorithms which come in handy when working with small constants.  All of 
+This section briefly describes a series of single digit helper algorithms which come in handy when working with small constants.  All of
 the helper functions assume the single digit input is positive and will treat them as such.
 
 \subsection{Single Digit Addition and Subtraction}
 
-Both addition and subtraction are performed by ``cheating'' and using mp\_set followed by the higher level addition or subtraction 
+Both addition and subtraction are performed by ``cheating'' and using mp\_set followed by the higher level addition or subtraction
 algorithms.   As a result these algorithms are subtantially simpler with a slight cost in performance.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -5322,17 +5311,17 @@ only has one digit.
 \caption{Algorithm mp\_mul\_d}
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_mul\_d.}
-This algorithm quickly multiplies an mp\_int by a small single digit value.  It is specially tailored to the job and has a minimal of overhead.  
-Unlike the full multiplication algorithms this algorithm does not require any significnat temporary storage or memory allocations.  
+This algorithm quickly multiplies an mp\_int by a small single digit value.  It is specially tailored to the job and has a minimal of overhead.
+Unlike the full multiplication algorithms this algorithm does not require any significnat temporary storage or memory allocations.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_mul_d.c
 
-In this implementation the destination $c$ may point to the same mp\_int as the source $a$ since the result is written after the digit is 
-read from the source.  This function uses pointer aliases $tmpa$ and $tmpc$ for the digits of $a$ and $c$ respectively.  
+In this implementation the destination $c$ may point to the same mp\_int as the source $a$ since the result is written after the digit is
+read from the source.  This function uses pointer aliases $tmpa$ and $tmpc$ for the digits of $a$ and $c$ respectively.
 
 \subsection{Single Digit Division}
 Like the single digit multiplication algorithm, single digit division is also a fairly common algorithm used in radix conversion.  Since the
-divisor is only a single digit a specialized variant of the division algorithm can be used to compute the quotient.  
+divisor is only a single digit a specialized variant of the division algorithm can be used to compute the quotient.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5369,35 +5358,35 @@ divisor is only a single digit a specialized variant of the division algorithm c
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_div\_d.}
 This algorithm divides the mp\_int $a$ by the single mp\_digit $b$ using an optimized approach.  Essentially in every iteration of the
 algorithm another digit of the dividend is reduced and another digit of quotient produced.  Provided $b < \beta$ the value of $\hat w$
-after step 7.1 will be limited such that $0 \le \lfloor \hat w / b \rfloor < \beta$.  
+after step 7.1 will be limited such that $0 \le \lfloor \hat w / b \rfloor < \beta$.
 
 If the divisor $b$ is equal to three a variant of this algorithm is used which is called mp\_div\_3.  It replaces the division by three with
 a multiplication by $\lfloor \beta / 3 \rfloor$ and the appropriate shift and residual fixup.  In essence it is much like the Barrett reduction
-from chapter seven.  
+from chapter seven.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_div_d.c
 
 Like the implementation of algorithm mp\_div this algorithm allows either of the quotient or remainder to be passed as a \textbf{NULL} pointer to
 indicate the respective value is not required.  This allows a trivial single digit modular reduction algorithm, mp\_mod\_d to be created.
 
-The division and remainder on lines @44,/@ and @45,%@ can be replaced often by a single division on most processors.  For example, the 32-bit x86 based 
-processors can divide a 64-bit quantity by a 32-bit quantity and produce the quotient and remainder simultaneously.  Unfortunately the GCC 
-compiler does not recognize that optimization and will actually produce two function calls to find the quotient and remainder respectively.  
+The division and remainder on lines @90,/@ and @91,-@ can be replaced often by a single division on most processors.  For example, the 32-bit x86 based
+processors can divide a 64-bit quantity by a 32-bit quantity and produce the quotient and remainder simultaneously.  Unfortunately the GCC
+compiler does not recognize that optimization and will actually produce two function calls to find the quotient and remainder respectively.
 
 \subsection{Single Digit Root Extraction}
 
-Finding the $n$'th root of an integer is fairly easy as far as numerical analysis is concerned.  Algorithms such as the Newton-Raphson approximation 
-(\ref{eqn:newton}) series will converge very quickly to a root for any continuous function $f(x)$.  
+Finding the $n$'th root of an integer is fairly easy as far as numerical analysis is concerned.  Algorithms such as the Newton-Raphson approximation
+(\ref{eqn:newton}) series will converge very quickly to a root for any continuous function $f(x)$.
 
 \begin{equation}
 x_{i+1} = x_i - {f(x_i) \over f'(x_i)}
 \label{eqn:newton}
 \end{equation}
 
-In this case the $n$'th root is desired and $f(x) = x^n - a$ where $a$ is the integer of which the root is desired.  The derivative of $f(x)$ is 
+In this case the $n$'th root is desired and $f(x) = x^n - a$ where $a$ is the integer of which the root is desired.  The derivative of $f(x)$ is
 simply $f'(x) = nx^{n - 1}$.  Of particular importance is that this algorithm will be used over the integers not over the a more continuous domain
-such as the real numbers.  As a result the root found can be above the true root by few and must be manually adjusted.  Ideally at the end of the 
-algorithm the $n$'th root $b$ of an integer $a$ is desired such that $b^n \le a$.  
+such as the real numbers.  As a result the root found can be above the true root by few and must be manually adjusted.  Ideally at the end of the
+algorithm the $n$'th root $b$ of an integer $a$ is desired such that $b^n \le a$.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5438,19 +5427,19 @@ algorithm the $n$'th root $b$ of an integer $a$ is desired such that $b^n \le a$
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_n\_root.}
 This algorithm finds the integer $n$'th root of an input using the Newton-Raphson approach.  It is partially optimized based on the observation
 that the numerator of ${f(x) \over f'(x)}$ can be derived from a partial denominator.  That is at first the denominator is calculated by finding
-$x^{b - 1}$.  This value can then be multiplied by $x$ and have $a$ subtracted from it to find the numerator.  This saves a total of $b - 1$ 
-multiplications by t$1$ inside the loop.  
+$x^{b - 1}$.  This value can then be multiplied by $x$ and have $a$ subtracted from it to find the numerator.  This saves a total of $b - 1$
+multiplications by t$1$ inside the loop.
 
 The initial value of the approximation is t$2 = 2$ which allows the algorithm to start with very small values and quickly converge on the
-root.  Ideally this algorithm is meant to find the $n$'th root of an input where $n$ is bounded by $2 \le n \le 5$.  
+root.  Ideally this algorithm is meant to find the $n$'th root of an input where $n$ is bounded by $2 \le n \le 5$.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_n_root.c
 
 \section{Random Number Generation}
 
-Random numbers come up in a variety of activities from public key cryptography to simple simulations and various randomized algorithms.  Pollard-Rho 
+Random numbers come up in a variety of activities from public key cryptography to simple simulations and various randomized algorithms.  Pollard-Rho
 factoring for example, can make use of random values as starting points to find factors of a composite integer.  In this case the algorithm presented
-is solely for simulations and not intended for cryptographic use.  
+is solely for simulations and not intended for cryptographic use.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5478,7 +5467,7 @@ is solely for simulations and not intended for cryptographic use.
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_rand.}
 This algorithm produces a pseudo-random integer of $b$ digits.  By ensuring that the first digit is non-zero the algorithm also guarantees that the
 final result has at least $b$ digits.  It relies heavily on a third-part random number generator which should ideally generate uniformly all of
-the integers from $0$ to $\beta - 1$.  
+the integers from $0$ to $\beta - 1$.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_rand.c
 
@@ -5488,7 +5477,7 @@ be given a string of characters such as ``114585'' and turn it into the radix-$\
 into a program.
 
 \subsection{Reading Radix-n Input}
-For the purposes of this text we will assume that a simple lower ASCII map (\ref{fig:ASC}) is used for the values of from $0$ to $63$ to 
+For the purposes of this text we will assume that a simple lower ASCII map (\ref{fig:ASC}) is used for the values of from $0$ to $63$ to
 printable characters.  For example, when the character ``N'' is read it represents the integer $23$.  The first $16$ characters of the
 map are for the common representations up to hexadecimal.  After that they match the ``base64'' encoding scheme which are suitable chosen
 such that they are printable.  While outputting as base64 may not be too helpful for human operators it does allow communication via non binary
@@ -5498,7 +5487,7 @@ mediums.
 \begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{cc|cc|cc|cc}
 \hline \textbf{Value} & \textbf{Char} & \textbf{Value} & \textbf{Char} & \textbf{Value} & \textbf{Char} &  \textbf{Value} & \textbf{Char} \\
-\hline 
+\hline
 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 3 & 3 \\
 4 & 4 & 5 & 5 & 6 & 6 & 7 & 7 \\
 8 & 8 & 9 & 9 & 10 & A & 11 & B \\
@@ -5552,7 +5541,7 @@ mediums.
 \caption{Algorithm mp\_read\_radix}
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_read\_radix.}
-This algorithm will read an ASCII string and produce the radix-$\beta$ mp\_int representation of the same integer.  A minus symbol ``-'' may precede the 
+This algorithm will read an ASCII string and produce the radix-$\beta$ mp\_int representation of the same integer.  A minus symbol ``-'' may precede the
 string  to indicate the value is negative, otherwise it is assumed to be positive.  The algorithm will read up to $sn$ characters from the input
 and will stop when it reads a character it cannot map the algorithm stops reading characters from the string.  This allows numbers to be embedded
 as part of larger input without any significant problem.
@@ -5560,7 +5549,7 @@ as part of larger input without any significant problem.
 EXAM,bn_mp_read_radix.c
 
 \subsection{Generating Radix-$n$ Output}
-Generating radix-$n$ output is fairly trivial with a division and remainder algorithm.  
+Generating radix-$n$ output is fairly trivial with a division and remainder algorithm.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5594,10 +5583,10 @@ Generating radix-$n$ output is fairly trivial with a division and remainder algo
 \caption{Algorithm mp\_toradix}
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_toradix.}
-This algorithm computes the radix-$r$ representation of an mp\_int $a$.  The ``digits'' of the representation are extracted by reducing 
+This algorithm computes the radix-$r$ representation of an mp\_int $a$.  The ``digits'' of the representation are extracted by reducing
 successive powers of $\lfloor a / r^k \rfloor$ the input modulo $r$ until $r^k > a$.  Note that instead of actually dividing by $r^k$ in
 each iteration the quotient $\lfloor a / r \rfloor$ is saved for the next iteration.  As a result a series of trivial $n \times 1$ divisions
-are required instead of a series of $n \times k$ divisions.  One design flaw of this approach is that the digits are produced in the reverse order 
+are required instead of a series of $n \times k$ divisions.  One design flaw of this approach is that the digits are produced in the reverse order
 (see~\ref{fig:mpradix}).  To remedy this flaw the digits must be swapped or simply ``reversed''.
 
 \begin{figure}
@@ -5619,7 +5608,7 @@ are required instead of a series of $n \times k$ divisions.  One design flaw of
 EXAM,bn_mp_toradix.c
 
 \chapter{Number Theoretic Algorithms}
-This chapter discusses several fundamental number theoretic algorithms such as the greatest common divisor, least common multiple and Jacobi 
+This chapter discusses several fundamental number theoretic algorithms such as the greatest common divisor, least common multiple and Jacobi
 symbol computation.  These algorithms arise as essential components in several key cryptographic algorithms such as the RSA public key algorithm and
 various Sieve based factoring algorithms.
 
@@ -5629,7 +5618,7 @@ both $a$ and $b$.  That is, $k$ is the largest integer such that $0 \equiv a \mb
 simultaneously.
 
 The most common approach (cite) is to reduce one input modulo another.  That is if $a$ and $b$ are divisible by some integer $k$ and if $qa + r = b$ then
-$r$ is also divisible by $k$.  The reduction pattern follows $\left < a , b \right > \rightarrow \left < b, a \mbox{ mod } b \right >$.  
+$r$ is also divisible by $k$.  The reduction pattern follows $\left < a , b \right > \rightarrow \left < b, a \mbox{ mod } b \right >$.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5653,9 +5642,9 @@ $r$ is also divisible by $k$.  The reduction pattern follows $\left < a , b \rig
 \end{figure}
 
 This algorithm will quickly converge on the greatest common divisor since the residue $r$ tends diminish rapidly.  However, divisions are
-relatively expensive operations to perform and should ideally be avoided.  There is another approach based on a similar relationship of 
-greatest common divisors.  The faster approach is based on the observation that if $k$ divides both $a$ and $b$ it will also divide $a - b$.  
-In particular, we would like $a - b$ to decrease in magnitude which implies that $b \ge a$.  
+relatively expensive operations to perform and should ideally be avoided.  There is another approach based on a similar relationship of
+greatest common divisors.  The faster approach is based on the observation that if $k$ divides both $a$ and $b$ it will also divide $a - b$.
+In particular, we would like $a - b$ to decrease in magnitude which implies that $b \ge a$.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5679,17 +5668,17 @@ In particular, we would like $a - b$ to decrease in magnitude which implies that
 
 \textbf{Proof} \textit{Algorithm~\ref{fig:gcd2} will return the greatest common divisor of $a$ and $b$.}
 The algorithm in figure~\ref{fig:gcd2} will eventually terminate since $b \ge a$ the subtraction in step 1.2 will be a value less than $b$.  In other
-words in every iteration that tuple $\left < a, b \right >$ decrease in magnitude until eventually $a = b$.  Since both $a$ and $b$ are always 
-divisible by the greatest common divisor (\textit{until the last iteration}) and in the last iteration of the algorithm $b = 0$, therefore, in the 
+words in every iteration that tuple $\left < a, b \right >$ decrease in magnitude until eventually $a = b$.  Since both $a$ and $b$ are always
+divisible by the greatest common divisor (\textit{until the last iteration}) and in the last iteration of the algorithm $b = 0$, therefore, in the
 second to last iteration of the algorithm $b = a$ and clearly $(a, a) = a$ which concludes the proof.  \textbf{QED}.
 
-As a matter of practicality algorithm \ref{fig:gcd1} decreases far too slowly to be useful.  Specially if $b$ is much larger than $a$ such that 
+As a matter of practicality algorithm \ref{fig:gcd1} decreases far too slowly to be useful.  Specially if $b$ is much larger than $a$ such that
 $b - a$ is still very much larger than $a$.  A simple addition to the algorithm is to divide $b - a$ by a power of some integer $p$ which does
 not divide the greatest common divisor but will divide $b - a$.  In this case ${b - a} \over p$ is also an integer and still divisible by
 the greatest common divisor.
 
-However, instead of factoring $b - a$ to find a suitable value of $p$ the powers of $p$ can be removed from $a$ and $b$ that are in common first.  
-Then inside the loop whenever $b - a$ is divisible by some power of $p$ it can be safely removed.  
+However, instead of factoring $b - a$ to find a suitable value of $p$ the powers of $p$ can be removed from $a$ and $b$ that are in common first.
+Then inside the loop whenever $b - a$ is divisible by some power of $p$ it can be safely removed.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5722,14 +5711,14 @@ Then inside the loop whenever $b - a$ is divisible by some power of $p$ it can b
 \label{fig:gcd3}
 \end{figure}
 
-This algorithm is based on the first except it removes powers of $p$ first and inside the main loop to ensure the tuple $\left < a, b \right >$ 
+This algorithm is based on the first except it removes powers of $p$ first and inside the main loop to ensure the tuple $\left < a, b \right >$
 decreases more rapidly.  The first loop on step two removes powers of $p$ that are in common.  A count, $k$, is kept which will present a common
-divisor of $p^k$.  After step two the remaining common divisor of $a$ and $b$ cannot be divisible by $p$.  This means that $p$ can be safely 
-divided out of the difference $b - a$ so long as the division leaves no remainder.  
+divisor of $p^k$.  After step two the remaining common divisor of $a$ and $b$ cannot be divisible by $p$.  This means that $p$ can be safely
+divided out of the difference $b - a$ so long as the division leaves no remainder.
 
 In particular the value of $p$ should be chosen such that the division on step 5.3.1 occur often.  It also helps that division by $p$ be easy
 to compute.  The ideal choice of $p$ is two since division by two amounts to a right logical shift.  Another important observation is that by
-step five both $a$ and $b$ are odd.  Therefore, the diffrence $b - a$ must be even which means that each iteration removes one bit from the 
+step five both $a$ and $b$ are odd.  Therefore, the diffrence $b - a$ must be even which means that each iteration removes one bit from the
 largest of the pair.
 
 \subsection{Complete Greatest Common Divisor}
@@ -5777,15 +5766,15 @@ and will produce the greatest common divisor.
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_gcd.}
 This algorithm will produce the greatest common divisor of two mp\_ints $a$ and $b$.  The algorithm was originally based on Algorithm B of
 Knuth \cite[pp. 338]{TAOCPV2} but has been modified to be simpler to explain.  In theory it achieves the same asymptotic working time as
-Algorithm B and in practice this appears to be true.  
+Algorithm B and in practice this appears to be true.
 
-The first two steps handle the cases where either one of or both inputs are zero.  If either input is zero the greatest common divisor is the 
-largest input or zero if they are both zero.  If the inputs are not trivial than $u$ and $v$ are assigned the absolute values of 
+The first two steps handle the cases where either one of or both inputs are zero.  If either input is zero the greatest common divisor is the
+largest input or zero if they are both zero.  If the inputs are not trivial than $u$ and $v$ are assigned the absolute values of
 $a$ and $b$ respectively and the algorithm will proceed to reduce the pair.
 
 Step five will divide out any common factors of two and keep track of the count in the variable $k$.  After this step, two is no longer a
-factor of the remaining greatest common divisor between $u$ and $v$ and can be safely evenly divided out of either whenever they are even.  Step 
-six and seven ensure that the $u$ and $v$ respectively have no more factors of two.  At most only one of the while--loops will iterate since 
+factor of the remaining greatest common divisor between $u$ and $v$ and can be safely evenly divided out of either whenever they are even.  Step
+six and seven ensure that the $u$ and $v$ respectively have no more factors of two.  At most only one of the while--loops will iterate since
 they cannot both be even.
 
 By step eight both of $u$ and $v$ are odd which is required for the inner logic.  First the pair are swapped such that $v$ is equal to
@@ -5793,22 +5782,22 @@ or greater than $u$.  This ensures that the subtraction on step 8.2 will always
 factors of two from the difference $u$ to ensure that in the next iteration of the loop both are once again odd.
 
 After $v = 0$ occurs the variable $u$ has the greatest common divisor of the pair $\left < u, v \right >$ just after step six.  The result
-must be adjusted by multiplying by the common factors of two ($2^k$) removed earlier.  
+must be adjusted by multiplying by the common factors of two ($2^k$) removed earlier.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_gcd.c
 
-This function makes use of the macros mp\_iszero and mp\_iseven.  The former evaluates to $1$ if the input mp\_int is equivalent to the 
+This function makes use of the macros mp\_iszero and mp\_iseven.  The former evaluates to $1$ if the input mp\_int is equivalent to the
 integer zero otherwise it evaluates to $0$.  The latter evaluates to $1$ if the input mp\_int represents a non-zero even integer otherwise
-it evaluates to $0$.  Note that just because mp\_iseven may evaluate to $0$ does not mean the input is odd, it could also be zero.  The three 
+it evaluates to $0$.  Note that just because mp\_iseven may evaluate to $0$ does not mean the input is odd, it could also be zero.  The three
 trivial cases of inputs are handled on lines @23,zero@ through @29,}@.  After those lines the inputs are assumed to be non-zero.
 
-Lines @32,if@ and @36,if@ make local copies $u$ and $v$ of the inputs $a$ and $b$ respectively.  At this point the common factors of two 
+Lines @32,if@ and @36,if@ make local copies $u$ and $v$ of the inputs $a$ and $b$ respectively.  At this point the common factors of two
 must be divided out of the two inputs.  The block starting at line @43,common@ removes common factors of two by first counting the number of trailing
-zero bits in both.  The local integer $k$ is used to keep track of how many factors of $2$ are pulled out of both values.  It is assumed that 
-the number of factors will not exceed the maximum value of a C ``int'' data type\footnote{Strictly speaking no array in C may have more than 
-entries than are accessible by an ``int'' so this is not a limitation.}.  
+zero bits in both.  The local integer $k$ is used to keep track of how many factors of $2$ are pulled out of both values.  It is assumed that
+the number of factors will not exceed the maximum value of a C ``int'' data type\footnote{Strictly speaking no array in C may have more than
+entries than are accessible by an ``int'' so this is not a limitation.}.
 
-At this point there are no more common factors of two in the two values.  The divisions by a power of two on lines @60,div_2d@ and @67,div_2d@ remove 
+At this point there are no more common factors of two in the two values.  The divisions by a power of two on lines @60,div_2d@ and @67,div_2d@ remove
 any independent factors of two such that both $u$ and $v$ are guaranteed to be an odd integer before hitting the main body of the algorithm.  The while loop
 on line @72, while@ performs the reduction of the pair until $v$ is equal to zero.  The unsigned comparison and subtraction algorithms are used in
 place of the full signed routines since both values are guaranteed to be positive and the result of the subtraction is guaranteed to be non-negative.
@@ -5819,8 +5808,8 @@ least common multiple is normally denoted as $[ a, b ]$ and numerically equivale
 and $b = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 7 = 126$ the least common multiple is ${126 \over {(12, 126)}} = {126 \over 6} = 21$.
 
 The least common multiple arises often in coding theory as well as number theory.  If two functions have periods of $a$ and $b$ respectively they will
-collide, that is be in synchronous states, after only $[ a, b ]$ iterations.  This is why, for example, random number generators based on 
-Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSR) tend to use registers with periods which are co-prime (\textit{e.g. the greatest common divisor is one.}).  
+collide, that is be in synchronous states, after only $[ a, b ]$ iterations.  This is why, for example, random number generators based on
+Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSR) tend to use registers with periods which are co-prime (\textit{e.g. the greatest common divisor is one.}).
 Similarly in number theory if a composite $n$ has two prime factors $p$ and $q$ then maximal order of any unit of $\Z/n\Z$ will be $[ p - 1, q - 1] $.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -5848,7 +5837,7 @@ dividing the product of the two inputs by their greatest common divisor.
 EXAM,bn_mp_lcm.c
 
 \section{Jacobi Symbol Computation}
-To explain the Jacobi Symbol we shall first discuss the Legendre function\footnote{Arrg.  What is the name of this?} off which the Jacobi symbol is 
+To explain the Jacobi Symbol we shall first discuss the Legendre function\footnote{Arrg.  What is the name of this?} off which the Jacobi symbol is
 defined.  The Legendre function computes whether or not an integer $a$ is a quadratic residue modulo an odd prime $p$.  Numerically it is
 equivalent to equation \ref{eqn:legendre}.
 
@@ -5858,9 +5847,9 @@ equivalent to equation \ref{eqn:legendre}.
 a^{(p-1)/2} \equiv \begin{array}{rl}
                               -1 &  \mbox{if }a\mbox{ is a quadratic non-residue.} \\
                               0  &  \mbox{if }a\mbox{ divides }p\mbox{.} \\
-                              1  &  \mbox{if }a\mbox{ is a quadratic residue}. 
+                              1  &  \mbox{if }a\mbox{ is a quadratic residue}.
                               \end{array} \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}
-\label{eqn:legendre}                              
+\label{eqn:legendre}
 \end{equation}
 
 \textbf{Proof.} \textit{Equation \ref{eqn:legendre} correctly identifies the residue status of an integer $a$ modulo a prime $p$.}
@@ -5884,7 +5873,7 @@ then the quantity in the braces must be zero.  By reduction,
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \left (x^2 \right )^{(p-1)/2} - a^{(p-1)/2} \equiv 0  \nonumber \\
 \left (x^2 \right )^{(p-1)/2} \equiv a^{(p-1)/2} \nonumber \\
-x^2 \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)} 
+x^2 \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}
 \end{eqnarray}
 
 As a result there must be a solution to the quadratic equation and in turn $a$ must be a quadratic residue.  If $a$ does not divide $p$ and $a$
@@ -5904,47 +5893,47 @@ the Jacobi symbol $\left ( { a \over p } \right )$ is equal to the following equ
 
 By inspection if $p$ is prime the Jacobi symbol is equivalent to the Legendre function.  The following facts\footnote{See HAC \cite[pp. 72-74]{HAC} for
 further details.} will be used to derive an efficient Jacobi symbol algorithm.  Where $p$ is an odd integer greater than two and $a, b \in \Z$ the
-following are true.  
+following are true.
 
 \begin{enumerate}
-\item $\left ( { a \over p} \right )$ equals $-1$, $0$ or $1$. 
+\item $\left ( { a \over p} \right )$ equals $-1$, $0$ or $1$.
 \item $\left ( { ab \over p} \right ) = \left ( { a \over p} \right )\left ( { b \over p} \right )$.
 \item If $a \equiv b$ then $\left ( { a \over p} \right ) = \left ( { b \over p} \right )$.
 \item $\left ( { 2 \over p} \right )$ equals $1$ if $p \equiv 1$ or $7 \mbox{ (mod }8\mbox{)}$.  Otherwise, it equals $-1$.
-\item $\left ( { a \over p} \right ) \equiv \left ( { p \over a} \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4}$.  More specifically 
-$\left ( { a \over p} \right ) = \left ( { p \over a} \right )$ if $p \equiv a \equiv 1 \mbox{ (mod }4\mbox{)}$.  
+\item $\left ( { a \over p} \right ) \equiv \left ( { p \over a} \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4}$.  More specifically
+$\left ( { a \over p} \right ) = \left ( { p \over a} \right )$ if $p \equiv a \equiv 1 \mbox{ (mod }4\mbox{)}$.
 \end{enumerate}
 
 Using these facts if $a = 2^k \cdot a'$ then
 
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( {{2^k} \over p } \right ) \left ( {a' \over p} \right ) \nonumber \\
-                               = \left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k \left ( {a' \over p} \right ) 
+                               = \left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k \left ( {a' \over p} \right )
 \label{eqn:jacobi}
 \end{eqnarray}
 
-By fact five, 
+By fact five,
 
 \begin{equation}
-\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( { p \over a } \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4} 
+\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( { p \over a } \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4}
 \end{equation}
 
-Subsequently by fact three since $p \equiv (p \mbox{ mod }a) \mbox{ (mod }a\mbox{)}$ then 
+Subsequently by fact three since $p \equiv (p \mbox{ mod }a) \mbox{ (mod }a\mbox{)}$ then
 
 \begin{equation}
-\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( { {p \mbox{ mod } a} \over a } \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4} 
+\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( { {p \mbox{ mod } a} \over a } \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4}
 \end{equation}
 
 By putting both observations into equation \ref{eqn:jacobi} the following simplified equation is formed.
 
 \begin{equation}
-\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k \left ( {{p\mbox{ mod }a'} \over a'} \right )  \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4} 
+\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k \left ( {{p\mbox{ mod }a'} \over a'} \right )  \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4}
 \end{equation}
 
-The value of $\left ( {{p \mbox{ mod }a'} \over a'} \right )$ can be found by using the same equation recursively.  The value of 
-$\left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k$ equals $1$ if $k$ is even otherwise it equals $\left ( {2 \over p } \right )$.  Using this approach the 
-factors of $p$ do not have to be known.  Furthermore, if $(a, p) = 1$ then the algorithm will terminate when the recursion requests the 
-Jacobi symbol computation of $\left ( {1 \over a'} \right )$ which is simply $1$.  
+The value of $\left ( {{p \mbox{ mod }a'} \over a'} \right )$ can be found by using the same equation recursively.  The value of
+$\left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k$ equals $1$ if $k$ is even otherwise it equals $\left ( {2 \over p } \right )$.  Using this approach the
+factors of $p$ do not have to be known.  Furthermore, if $(a, p) = 1$ then the algorithm will terminate when the recursion requests the
+Jacobi symbol computation of $\left ( {1 \over a'} \right )$ which is simply $1$.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5988,12 +5977,12 @@ Jacobi symbol computation of $\left ( {1 \over a'} \right )$ which is simply $1$
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_jacobi.}
 This algorithm computes the Jacobi symbol for an arbitrary positive integer $a$ with respect to an odd integer $p$ greater than three.  The algorithm
-is based on algorithm 2.149 of HAC \cite[pp. 73]{HAC}.  
+is based on algorithm 2.149 of HAC \cite[pp. 73]{HAC}.
 
 Step numbers one and two handle the trivial cases of $a = 0$ and $a = 1$ respectively.  Step five determines the number of two factors in the
-input $a$.  If $k$ is even than the term $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$ must always evaluate to one.  If $k$ is odd than the term evaluates to one 
-if $p_0$ is congruent to one or seven modulo eight, otherwise it evaluates to $-1$. After the the $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$ term is handled 
-the $(-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4}$ is computed and multiplied against the current product $s$.  The latter term evaluates to one if both $p$ and $a'$ 
+input $a$.  If $k$ is even than the term $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$ must always evaluate to one.  If $k$ is odd than the term evaluates to one
+if $p_0$ is congruent to one or seven modulo eight, otherwise it evaluates to $-1$. After the the $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$ term is handled
+the $(-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4}$ is computed and multiplied against the current product $s$.  The latter term evaluates to one if both $p$ and $a'$
 are congruent to one modulo four, otherwise it evaluates to negative one.
 
 By step nine if $a'$ does not equal one a recursion is required.  Step 9.1 computes $p' \equiv p \mbox{ (mod }a'\mbox{)}$ and will recurse to compute
@@ -6001,22 +5990,22 @@ $\left ( {p' \over a'} \right )$ which is multiplied against the current Jacobi
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_jacobi.c
 
-As a matter of practicality the variable $a'$ as per the pseudo-code is reprensented by the variable $a1$ since the $'$ symbol is not valid for a C 
-variable name character. 
+As a matter of practicality the variable $a'$ as per the pseudo-code is reprensented by the variable $a1$ since the $'$ symbol is not valid for a C
+variable name character.
 
 The two simple cases of $a = 0$ and $a = 1$ are handled at the very beginning to simplify the algorithm.  If the input is non-trivial the algorithm
 has to proceed compute the Jacobi.  The variable $s$ is used to hold the current Jacobi product.  Note that $s$ is merely a C ``int'' data type since
-the values it may obtain are merely $-1$, $0$ and $1$.  
+the values it may obtain are merely $-1$, $0$ and $1$.
 
 After a local copy of $a$ is made all of the factors of two are divided out and the total stored in $k$.  Technically only the least significant
-bit of $k$ is required, however, it makes the algorithm simpler to follow to perform an addition. In practice an exclusive-or and addition have the same 
+bit of $k$ is required, however, it makes the algorithm simpler to follow to perform an addition. In practice an exclusive-or and addition have the same
 processor requirements and neither is faster than the other.
 
 Line @59, if@ through @70, }@ determines the value of $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$.  If the least significant bit of $k$ is zero than
 $k$ is even and the value is one.  Otherwise, the value of $s$ depends on which residue class $p$ belongs to modulo eight.  The value of
-$(-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4}$ is compute and multiplied against $s$ on lines @73, if@ through @75, }@.  
+$(-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4}$ is compute and multiplied against $s$ on lines @73, if@ through @75, }@.
 
-Finally, if $a1$ does not equal one the algorithm must recurse and compute $\left ( {p' \over a'} \right )$.  
+Finally, if $a1$ does not equal one the algorithm must recurse and compute $\left ( {p' \over a'} \right )$.
 
 \textit{-- Comment about default $s$ and such...}
 
@@ -6024,31 +6013,31 @@ Finally, if $a1$ does not equal one the algorithm must recurse and compute $\lef
 \label{sec:modinv}
 The modular inverse of a number actually refers to the modular multiplicative inverse.  Essentially for any integer $a$ such that $(a, p) = 1$ there
 exist another integer $b$ such that $ab \equiv 1 \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}$.  The integer $b$ is called the multiplicative inverse of $a$ which is
-denoted as $b = a^{-1}$.  Technically speaking modular inversion is a well defined operation for any finite ring or field not just for rings and 
+denoted as $b = a^{-1}$.  Technically speaking modular inversion is a well defined operation for any finite ring or field not just for rings and
 fields of integers.  However, the former will be the matter of discussion.
 
-The simplest approach is to compute the algebraic inverse of the input.  That is to compute $b \equiv a^{\Phi(p) - 1}$.  If $\Phi(p)$ is the 
+The simplest approach is to compute the algebraic inverse of the input.  That is to compute $b \equiv a^{\Phi(p) - 1}$.  If $\Phi(p)$ is the
 order of the multiplicative subgroup modulo $p$ then $b$ must be the multiplicative inverse of $a$.  The proof of which is trivial.
 
 \begin{equation}
 ab \equiv a \left (a^{\Phi(p) - 1} \right ) \equiv a^{\Phi(p)} \equiv a^0 \equiv 1 \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}
 \end{equation}
 
-However, as simple as this approach may be it has two serious flaws.  It requires that the value of $\Phi(p)$ be known which if $p$ is composite 
-requires all of the prime factors.  This approach also is very slow as the size of $p$ grows.  
+However, as simple as this approach may be it has two serious flaws.  It requires that the value of $\Phi(p)$ be known which if $p$ is composite
+requires all of the prime factors.  This approach also is very slow as the size of $p$ grows.
 
-A simpler approach is based on the observation that solving for the multiplicative inverse is equivalent to solving the linear 
+A simpler approach is based on the observation that solving for the multiplicative inverse is equivalent to solving the linear
 Diophantine\footnote{See LeVeque \cite[pp. 40-43]{LeVeque} for more information.} equation.
 
 \begin{equation}
 ab + pq = 1
 \end{equation}
 
-Where $a$, $b$, $p$ and $q$ are all integers.  If such a pair of integers $ \left < b, q \right >$ exist than $b$ is the multiplicative inverse of 
-$a$ modulo $p$.  The extended Euclidean algorithm (Knuth \cite[pp. 342]{TAOCPV2}) can be used to solve such equations provided $(a, p) = 1$.  
+Where $a$, $b$, $p$ and $q$ are all integers.  If such a pair of integers $ \left < b, q \right >$ exist than $b$ is the multiplicative inverse of
+$a$ modulo $p$.  The extended Euclidean algorithm (Knuth \cite[pp. 342]{TAOCPV2}) can be used to solve such equations provided $(a, p) = 1$.
 However, instead of using that algorithm directly a variant known as the binary Extended Euclidean algorithm will be used in its place.  The
-binary approach is very similar to the binary greatest common divisor algorithm except it will produce a full solution to the Diophantine 
-equation.  
+binary approach is very similar to the binary greatest common divisor algorithm except it will produce a full solution to the Diophantine
+equation.
 
 \subsection{General Case}
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -6100,12 +6089,12 @@ equation.
 \end{small}
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_invmod.}
-This algorithm computes the modular multiplicative inverse of an integer $a$ modulo an integer $b$.  This algorithm is a variation of the 
+This algorithm computes the modular multiplicative inverse of an integer $a$ modulo an integer $b$.  This algorithm is a variation of the
 extended binary Euclidean algorithm from HAC \cite[pp. 608]{HAC}.  It has been modified to only compute the modular inverse and not a complete
-Diophantine solution.  
+Diophantine solution.
 
 If $b \le 0$ than the modulus is invalid and MP\_VAL is returned.  Similarly if both $a$ and $b$ are even then there cannot be a multiplicative
-inverse for $a$ and the error is reported.  
+inverse for $a$ and the error is reported.
 
 The astute reader will observe that steps seven through nine are very similar to the binary greatest common divisor algorithm mp\_gcd.  In this case
 the other variables to the Diophantine equation are solved.  The algorithm terminates when $u = 0$ in which case the solution is
@@ -6115,8 +6104,8 @@ Ca + Db = v
 \end{equation}
 
 If $v$, the greatest common divisor of $a$ and $b$ is not equal to one then the algorithm will report an error as no inverse exists.  Otherwise, $C$
-is the modular inverse of $a$.  The actual value of $C$ is congruent to, but not necessarily equal to, the ideal modular inverse which should lie 
-within $1 \le a^{-1} < b$.  Step numbers twelve and thirteen adjust the inverse until it is in range.  If the original input $a$ is within $0 < a < p$ 
+is the modular inverse of $a$.  The actual value of $C$ is congruent to, but not necessarily equal to, the ideal modular inverse which should lie
+within $1 \le a^{-1} < b$.  Step numbers twelve and thirteen adjust the inverse until it is in range.  If the original input $a$ is within $0 < a < p$
 then only a couple of additions or subtractions will be required to adjust the inverse.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_invmod.c
@@ -6124,22 +6113,22 @@ EXAM,bn_mp_invmod.c
 \subsubsection{Odd Moduli}
 
 When the modulus $b$ is odd the variables $A$ and $C$ are fixed and are not required to compute the inverse.  In particular by attempting to solve
-the Diophantine $Cb + Da = 1$ only $B$ and $D$ are required to find the inverse of $a$.  
+the Diophantine $Cb + Da = 1$ only $B$ and $D$ are required to find the inverse of $a$.
 
-The algorithm fast\_mp\_invmod is a direct adaptation of algorithm mp\_invmod with all all steps involving either $A$ or $C$ removed.  This 
+The algorithm fast\_mp\_invmod is a direct adaptation of algorithm mp\_invmod with all all steps involving either $A$ or $C$ removed.  This
 optimization will halve the time required to compute the modular inverse.
 
 \section{Primality Tests}
 
-A non-zero integer $a$ is said to be prime if it is not divisible by any other integer excluding one and itself.  For example, $a = 7$ is prime 
-since the integers $2 \ldots 6$ do not evenly divide $a$.  By contrast, $a = 6$ is not prime since $a = 6 = 2 \cdot 3$. 
+A non-zero integer $a$ is said to be prime if it is not divisible by any other integer excluding one and itself.  For example, $a = 7$ is prime
+since the integers $2 \ldots 6$ do not evenly divide $a$.  By contrast, $a = 6$ is not prime since $a = 6 = 2 \cdot 3$.
 
 Prime numbers arise in cryptography considerably as they allow finite fields to be formed.  The ability to determine whether an integer is prime or
 not quickly has been a viable subject in cryptography and number theory for considerable time.  The algorithms that will be presented are all
 probablistic algorithms in that when they report an integer is composite it must be composite.  However, when the algorithms report an integer is
-prime the algorithm may be incorrect.  
+prime the algorithm may be incorrect.
 
-As will be discussed it is possible to limit the probability of error so well that for practical purposes the probablity of error might as 
+As will be discussed it is possible to limit the probability of error so well that for practical purposes the probablity of error might as
 well be zero.  For the purposes of these discussions let $n$ represent the candidate integer of which the primality is in question.
 
 \subsection{Trial Division}
@@ -6153,13 +6142,13 @@ of the primes less than $\sqrt{n} + 1$ the algorithm cannot prove if a candidate
 
 The benefit of this test is that trial division by small values is fairly efficient.  Specially compared to the other algorithms that will be
 discussed shortly.  The probability that this approach correctly identifies a composite candidate when tested with all primes upto $q$ is given by
-$1 - {1.12 \over ln(q)}$.  The graph (\ref{pic:primality}, will be added later) demonstrates the probability of success for the range 
-$3 \le q \le 100$.  
+$1 - {1.12 \over ln(q)}$.  The graph (\ref{pic:primality}, will be added later) demonstrates the probability of success for the range
+$3 \le q \le 100$.
 
-At approximately $q = 30$ the gain of performing further tests diminishes fairly quickly.  At $q = 90$ further testing is generally not going to 
-be of any practical use.  In the case of LibTomMath the default limit $q = 256$ was chosen since it is not too high and will eliminate 
-approximately $80\%$ of all candidate integers.  The constant \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} is equal to the number of primes in the test base.  The 
-array \_\_prime\_tab is an array of the first \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} prime numbers.  
+At approximately $q = 30$ the gain of performing further tests diminishes fairly quickly.  At $q = 90$ further testing is generally not going to
+be of any practical use.  In the case of LibTomMath the default limit $q = 256$ was chosen since it is not too high and will eliminate
+approximately $80\%$ of all candidate integers.  The constant \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} is equal to the number of primes in the test base.  The
+array \_\_prime\_tab is an array of the first \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} prime numbers.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -6183,27 +6172,27 @@ array \_\_prime\_tab is an array of the first \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} prime numbers
 \caption{Algorithm mp\_prime\_is\_divisible}
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_prime\_is\_divisible.}
-This algorithm attempts to determine if a candidate integer $n$ is composite by performing trial divisions.  
+This algorithm attempts to determine if a candidate integer $n$ is composite by performing trial divisions.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_prime_is_divisible.c
 
-The algorithm defaults to a return of $0$ in case an error occurs.  The values in the prime table are all specified to be in the range of a 
+The algorithm defaults to a return of $0$ in case an error occurs.  The values in the prime table are all specified to be in the range of a
 mp\_digit.  The table \_\_prime\_tab is defined in the following file.
 
 EXAM,bn_prime_tab.c
 
 Note that there are two possible tables.  When an mp\_digit is 7-bits long only the primes upto $127$ may be included, otherwise the primes
-upto $1619$ are used.  Note that the value of \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} is a constant dependent on the size of a mp\_digit. 
+upto $1619$ are used.  Note that the value of \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} is a constant dependent on the size of a mp\_digit.
 
 \subsection{The Fermat Test}
-The Fermat test is probably one the oldest tests to have a non-trivial probability of success.  It is based on the fact that if $n$ is in 
+The Fermat test is probably one the oldest tests to have a non-trivial probability of success.  It is based on the fact that if $n$ is in
 fact prime then $a^{n} \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$ for all $0 < a < n$.  The reason being that if $n$ is prime than the order of
-the multiplicative sub group is $n - 1$.  Any base $a$ must have an order which divides $n - 1$ and as such $a^n$ is equivalent to 
-$a^1 = a$.  
+the multiplicative sub group is $n - 1$.  Any base $a$ must have an order which divides $n - 1$ and as such $a^n$ is equivalent to
+$a^1 = a$.
 
-If $n$ is composite then any given base $a$ does not have to have a period which divides $n - 1$.  In which case 
+If $n$ is composite then any given base $a$ does not have to have a period which divides $n - 1$.  In which case
 it is possible that $a^n \nequiv a \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$.  However, this test is not absolute as it is possible that the order
-of a base will divide $n - 1$ which would then be reported as prime.  Such a base yields what is known as a Fermat pseudo-prime.  Several 
+of a base will divide $n - 1$ which would then be reported as prime.  Such a base yields what is known as a Fermat pseudo-prime.  Several
 integers known as Carmichael numbers will be a pseudo-prime to all valid bases.  Fortunately such numbers are extremely rare as $n$ grows
 in size.
 
@@ -6229,13 +6218,13 @@ in size.
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_prime\_fermat.}
 This algorithm determines whether an mp\_int $a$ is a Fermat prime to the base $b$ or not.  It uses a single modular exponentiation to
-determine the result.  
+determine the result.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_prime_fermat.c
 
 \subsection{The Miller-Rabin Test}
-The Miller-Rabin (citation) test is another primality test which has tighter error bounds than the Fermat test specifically with sequentially chosen 
-candidate  integers.  The algorithm is based on the observation that if $n - 1 = 2^kr$ and if $b^r \nequiv \pm 1$ then after upto $k - 1$ squarings the 
+The Miller-Rabin (citation) test is another primality test which has tighter error bounds than the Fermat test specifically with sequentially chosen
+candidate  integers.  The algorithm is based on the observation that if $n - 1 = 2^kr$ and if $b^r \nequiv \pm 1$ then after upto $k - 1$ squarings the
 value must be equal to $-1$.  The squarings are stopped as soon as $-1$ is observed.  If the value of $1$ is observed first it means that
 some value not congruent to $\pm 1$ when squared equals one which cannot occur if $n$ is prime.
 
@@ -6271,11 +6260,11 @@ some value not congruent to $\pm 1$ when squared equals one which cannot occur i
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_prime\_miller\_rabin.}
 This algorithm performs one trial round of the Miller-Rabin algorithm to the base $b$.  It will set $c = 1$ if the algorithm cannot determine
-if $b$ is composite or $c = 0$ if $b$ is provably composite.  The values of $s$ and $r$ are computed such that $a' = a - 1 = 2^sr$.  
+if $b$ is composite or $c = 0$ if $b$ is provably composite.  The values of $s$ and $r$ are computed such that $a' = a - 1 = 2^sr$.
 
 If the value $y \equiv b^r$ is congruent to $\pm 1$ then the algorithm cannot prove if $a$ is composite or not.  Otherwise, the algorithm will
 square $y$ upto $s - 1$ times stopping only when $y \equiv -1$.  If $y^2 \equiv 1$ and $y \nequiv \pm 1$ then the algorithm can report that $a$
-is provably composite.  If the algorithm performs $s - 1$ squarings and $y \nequiv -1$ then $a$ is provably composite.  If $a$ is not provably 
+is provably composite.  If the algorithm performs $s - 1$ squarings and $y \nequiv -1$ then $a$ is provably composite.  If $a$ is not provably
 composite then it is \textit{probably} prime.
 
 EXAM,bn_mp_prime_miller_rabin.c
diff --git a/libtommath/tommath.tex b/libtommath/tommath.tex
index c79a537..d70b64b 100644
--- a/libtommath/tommath.tex
+++ b/libtommath/tommath.tex
@@ -66,31 +66,20 @@ QUALCOMM Australia \\
 }
 }
 \maketitle
-This text has been placed in the public domain.  This text corresponds to the v0.39 release of the 
+This text has been placed in the public domain.  This text corresponds to the v0.39 release of the
 LibTomMath project.
 
-\begin{alltt}
-Tom St Denis
-111 Banning Rd
-Ottawa, Ontario
-K2L 1C3
-Canada
-
-Phone: 1-613-836-3160
-Email: tomstdenis@gmail.com
-\end{alltt}
-
-This text is formatted to the international B5 paper size of 176mm wide by 250mm tall using the \LaTeX{} 
+This text is formatted to the international B5 paper size of 176mm wide by 250mm tall using the \LaTeX{}
 {\em book} macro package and the Perl {\em booker} package.
 
 \tableofcontents
 \listoffigures
 \chapter*{Prefaces}
-When I tell people about my LibTom projects and that I release them as public domain they are often puzzled.  
-They ask why I did it and especially why I continue to work on them for free.  The best I can explain it is ``Because I can.''  
-Which seems odd and perhaps too terse for adult conversation. I often qualify it with ``I am able, I am willing.'' which 
+When I tell people about my LibTom projects and that I release them as public domain they are often puzzled.
+They ask why I did it and especially why I continue to work on them for free.  The best I can explain it is ``Because I can.''
+Which seems odd and perhaps too terse for adult conversation. I often qualify it with ``I am able, I am willing.'' which
 perhaps explains it better.  I am the first to admit there is not anything that special with what I have done.  Perhaps
-others can see that too and then we would have a society to be proud of.  My LibTom projects are what I am doing to give 
+others can see that too and then we would have a society to be proud of.  My LibTom projects are what I am doing to give
 back to society in the form of tools and knowledge that can help others in their endeavours.
 
 I started writing this book because it was the most logical task to further my goal of open academia.  The LibTomMath source
@@ -103,9 +92,9 @@ from relatively straightforward algebra and I hope that this book can be a valua
 This book and indeed much of the LibTom projects would not exist in their current form if it was not for a plethora
 of kind people donating their time, resources and kind words to help support my work.  Writing a text of significant
 length (along with the source code) is a tiresome and lengthy process.  Currently the LibTom project is four years old,
-comprises of literally thousands of users and over 100,000 lines of source code, TeX and other material.  People like Mads and Greg 
-were there at the beginning to encourage me to work well.  It is amazing how timely validation from others can boost morale to 
-continue the project. Definitely my parents were there for me by providing room and board during the many months of work in 2003.  
+comprises of literally thousands of users and over 100,000 lines of source code, TeX and other material.  People like Mads and Greg
+were there at the beginning to encourage me to work well.  It is amazing how timely validation from others can boost morale to
+continue the project. Definitely my parents were there for me by providing room and board during the many months of work in 2003.
 
 To my many friends whom I have met through the years I thank you for the good times and the words of encouragement.  I hope I
 honour your kind gestures with this project.
@@ -115,22 +104,22 @@ Open Source.  Open Academia.  Open Minds.
 \begin{flushright} Tom St Denis \end{flushright}
 
 \newpage
-I found the opportunity to work with Tom appealing for several reasons, not only could I broaden my own horizons, but also 
+I found the opportunity to work with Tom appealing for several reasons, not only could I broaden my own horizons, but also
 contribute to educate others facing the problem of having to handle big number mathematical calculations.
 
-This book is Tom's child and he has been caring and fostering the project ever since the beginning with a clear mind of 
-how he wanted the project to turn out. I have helped by proofreading the text and we have had several discussions about 
+This book is Tom's child and he has been caring and fostering the project ever since the beginning with a clear mind of
+how he wanted the project to turn out. I have helped by proofreading the text and we have had several discussions about
 the layout and language used.
 
-I hold a masters degree in cryptography from the University of Southern Denmark and have always been interested in the 
-practical aspects of cryptography. 
+I hold a masters degree in cryptography from the University of Southern Denmark and have always been interested in the
+practical aspects of cryptography.
 
-Having worked in the security consultancy business for several years in S\~{a}o Paulo, Brazil, I have been in touch with a 
-great deal of work in which multiple precision mathematics was needed. Understanding the possibilities for speeding up 
-multiple precision calculations is often very important since we deal with outdated machine architecture where modular 
+Having worked in the security consultancy business for several years in S\~{a}o Paulo, Brazil, I have been in touch with a
+great deal of work in which multiple precision mathematics was needed. Understanding the possibilities for speeding up
+multiple precision calculations is often very important since we deal with outdated machine architecture where modular
 reductions, for example, become painfully slow.
 
-This text is for people who stop and wonder when first examining algorithms such as RSA for the first time and asks 
+This text is for people who stop and wonder when first examining algorithms such as RSA for the first time and asks
 themselves, ``You tell me this is only secure for large numbers, fine; but how do you implement these numbers?''
 
 \begin{flushright}
@@ -142,22 +131,22 @@ Brazil
 \end{flushright}
 
 \newpage
-It's all because I broke my leg. That just happened to be at about the same time that Tom asked for someone to review the section of the book about 
-Karatsuba multiplication. I was laid up, alone and immobile, and thought ``Why not?'' I vaguely knew what Karatsuba multiplication was, but not 
+It's all because I broke my leg. That just happened to be at about the same time that Tom asked for someone to review the section of the book about
+Karatsuba multiplication. I was laid up, alone and immobile, and thought ``Why not?'' I vaguely knew what Karatsuba multiplication was, but not
 really, so I thought I could help, learn, and stop myself from watching daytime cable TV, all at once.
 
-At the time of writing this, I've still not met Tom or Mads in meatspace. I've been following Tom's progress since his first splash on the 
+At the time of writing this, I've still not met Tom or Mads in meatspace. I've been following Tom's progress since his first splash on the
 sci.crypt Usenet news group. I watched him go from a clueless newbie, to the cryptographic equivalent of a reformed smoker, to a real
-contributor to the field, over a period of about two years. I've been impressed with his obvious intelligence, and astounded by his productivity. 
+contributor to the field, over a period of about two years. I've been impressed with his obvious intelligence, and astounded by his productivity.
 Of course, he's young enough to be my own child, so he doesn't have my problems with staying awake.
 
-When I reviewed that single section of the book, in its very earliest form, I was very pleasantly surprised. So I decided to collaborate more fully, 
-and at least review all of it, and perhaps write some bits too. There's still a long way to go with it, and I have watched a number of close 
-friends go through the mill of publication, so I think that the way to go is longer than Tom thinks it is. Nevertheless, it's a good effort, 
+When I reviewed that single section of the book, in its very earliest form, I was very pleasantly surprised. So I decided to collaborate more fully,
+and at least review all of it, and perhaps write some bits too. There's still a long way to go with it, and I have watched a number of close
+friends go through the mill of publication, so I think that the way to go is longer than Tom thinks it is. Nevertheless, it's a good effort,
 and I'm pleased to be involved with it.
 
 \begin{flushright}
-Greg Rose, Sydney, Australia, June 2003. 
+Greg Rose, Sydney, Australia, June 2003.
 \end{flushright}
 
 \mainmatter
@@ -167,23 +156,23 @@ Greg Rose, Sydney, Australia, June 2003.
 
 \subsection{What is Multiple Precision Arithmetic?}
 When we think of long-hand arithmetic such as addition or multiplication we rarely consider the fact that we instinctively
-raise or lower the precision of the numbers we are dealing with.  For example, in decimal we almost immediate can 
-reason that $7$ times $6$ is $42$.  However, $42$ has two digits of precision as opposed to one digit we started with.  
-Further multiplications of say $3$ result in a larger precision result $126$.  In these few examples we have multiple 
+raise or lower the precision of the numbers we are dealing with.  For example, in decimal we almost immediate can
+reason that $7$ times $6$ is $42$.  However, $42$ has two digits of precision as opposed to one digit we started with.
+Further multiplications of say $3$ result in a larger precision result $126$.  In these few examples we have multiple
 precisions for the numbers we are working with.  Despite the various levels of precision a single subset\footnote{With the occasional optimization.}
- of algorithms can be designed to accomodate them.  
+ of algorithms can be designed to accomodate them.
 
 By way of comparison a fixed or single precision operation would lose precision on various operations.  For example, in
 the decimal system with fixed precision $6 \cdot 7 = 2$.
 
 Essentially at the heart of computer based multiple precision arithmetic are the same long-hand algorithms taught in
-schools to manually add, subtract, multiply and divide.  
+schools to manually add, subtract, multiply and divide.
 
 \subsection{The Need for Multiple Precision Arithmetic}
 The most prevalent need for multiple precision arithmetic, often referred to as ``bignum'' math, is within the implementation
-of public-key cryptography algorithms.   Algorithms such as RSA \cite{RSAREF} and Diffie-Hellman \cite{DHREF} require 
-integers of significant magnitude to resist known cryptanalytic attacks.  For example, at the time of this writing a 
-typical RSA modulus would be at least greater than $10^{309}$.  However, modern programming languages such as ISO C \cite{ISOC} and 
+of public-key cryptography algorithms.   Algorithms such as RSA \cite{RSAREF} and Diffie-Hellman \cite{DHREF} require
+integers of significant magnitude to resist known cryptanalytic attacks.  For example, at the time of this writing a
+typical RSA modulus would be at least greater than $10^{309}$.  However, modern programming languages such as ISO C \cite{ISOC} and
 Java \cite{JAVA} only provide instrinsic support for integers which are relatively small and single precision.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -201,27 +190,27 @@ Java \cite{JAVA} only provide instrinsic support for integers which are relative
 \label{fig:ISOC}
 \end{figure}
 
-The largest data type guaranteed to be provided by the ISO C programming 
-language\footnote{As per the ISO C standard.  However, each compiler vendor is allowed to augment the precision as they 
-see fit.}  can only represent values up to $10^{19}$ as shown in figure \ref{fig:ISOC}. On its own the C language is 
-insufficient to accomodate the magnitude required for the problem at hand.  An RSA modulus of magnitude $10^{19}$ could be 
-trivially factored\footnote{A Pollard-Rho factoring would take only $2^{16}$ time.} on the average desktop computer, 
-rendering any protocol based on the algorithm insecure.  Multiple precision algorithms solve this very problem by 
+The largest data type guaranteed to be provided by the ISO C programming
+language\footnote{As per the ISO C standard.  However, each compiler vendor is allowed to augment the precision as they
+see fit.}  can only represent values up to $10^{19}$ as shown in figure \ref{fig:ISOC}. On its own the C language is
+insufficient to accomodate the magnitude required for the problem at hand.  An RSA modulus of magnitude $10^{19}$ could be
+trivially factored\footnote{A Pollard-Rho factoring would take only $2^{16}$ time.} on the average desktop computer,
+rendering any protocol based on the algorithm insecure.  Multiple precision algorithms solve this very problem by
 extending the range of representable integers while using single precision data types.
 
-Most advancements in fast multiple precision arithmetic stem from the need for faster and more efficient cryptographic 
-primitives.  Faster modular reduction and exponentiation algorithms such as Barrett's algorithm, which have appeared in 
-various cryptographic journals, can render algorithms such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman more efficient.  In fact, several 
-major companies such as RSA Security, Certicom and Entrust have built entire product lines on the implementation and 
+Most advancements in fast multiple precision arithmetic stem from the need for faster and more efficient cryptographic
+primitives.  Faster modular reduction and exponentiation algorithms such as Barrett's algorithm, which have appeared in
+various cryptographic journals, can render algorithms such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman more efficient.  In fact, several
+major companies such as RSA Security, Certicom and Entrust have built entire product lines on the implementation and
 deployment of efficient algorithms.
 
-However, cryptography is not the only field of study that can benefit from fast multiple precision integer routines.  
-Another auxiliary use of multiple precision integers is high precision floating point data types.  
-The basic IEEE \cite{IEEE} standard floating point type is made up of an integer mantissa $q$, an exponent $e$ and a sign bit $s$.  
-Numbers are given in the form $n = q \cdot b^e \cdot -1^s$ where $b = 2$ is the most common base for IEEE.  Since IEEE 
-floating point is meant to be implemented in hardware the precision of the mantissa is often fairly small 
+However, cryptography is not the only field of study that can benefit from fast multiple precision integer routines.
+Another auxiliary use of multiple precision integers is high precision floating point data types.
+The basic IEEE \cite{IEEE} standard floating point type is made up of an integer mantissa $q$, an exponent $e$ and a sign bit $s$.
+Numbers are given in the form $n = q \cdot b^e \cdot -1^s$ where $b = 2$ is the most common base for IEEE.  Since IEEE
+floating point is meant to be implemented in hardware the precision of the mantissa is often fairly small
 (\textit{23, 48 and 64 bits}).  The mantissa is merely an integer and a multiple precision integer could be used to create
-a mantissa of much larger precision than hardware alone can efficiently support.  This approach could be useful where 
+a mantissa of much larger precision than hardware alone can efficiently support.  This approach could be useful where
 scientific applications must minimize the total output error over long calculations.
 
 Yet another use for large integers is within arithmetic on polynomials of large characteristic (i.e. $GF(p)[x]$ for large $p$).
@@ -229,152 +218,152 @@ In fact the library discussed within this text has already been used to form a p
 
 \subsection{Benefits of Multiple Precision Arithmetic}
 \index{precision}
-The benefit of multiple precision representations over single or fixed precision representations is that 
-no precision is lost while representing the result of an operation which requires excess precision.  For example, 
-the product of two $n$-bit integers requires at least $2n$ bits of precision to be represented faithfully.  A multiple 
-precision algorithm would augment the precision of the destination to accomodate the result while a single precision system 
+The benefit of multiple precision representations over single or fixed precision representations is that
+no precision is lost while representing the result of an operation which requires excess precision.  For example,
+the product of two $n$-bit integers requires at least $2n$ bits of precision to be represented faithfully.  A multiple
+precision algorithm would augment the precision of the destination to accomodate the result while a single precision system
 would truncate excess bits to maintain a fixed level of precision.
 
 It is possible to implement algorithms which require large integers with fixed precision algorithms.  For example, elliptic
-curve cryptography (\textit{ECC}) is often implemented on smartcards by fixing the precision of the integers to the maximum 
-size the system will ever need.  Such an approach can lead to vastly simpler algorithms which can accomodate the 
-integers required even if the host platform cannot natively accomodate them\footnote{For example, the average smartcard 
+curve cryptography (\textit{ECC}) is often implemented on smartcards by fixing the precision of the integers to the maximum
+size the system will ever need.  Such an approach can lead to vastly simpler algorithms which can accomodate the
+integers required even if the host platform cannot natively accomodate them\footnote{For example, the average smartcard
 processor has an 8 bit accumulator.}.  However, as efficient as such an approach may be, the resulting source code is not
 normally very flexible.  It cannot, at runtime, accomodate inputs of higher magnitude than the designer anticipated.
 
-Multiple precision algorithms have the most overhead of any style of arithmetic.  For the the most part the 
+Multiple precision algorithms have the most overhead of any style of arithmetic.  For the the most part the
 overhead can be kept to a minimum with careful planning, but overall, it is not well suited for most memory starved
-platforms.  However, multiple precision algorithms do offer the most flexibility in terms of the magnitude of the 
-inputs.  That is, the same algorithms based on multiple precision integers can accomodate any reasonable size input 
-without the designer's explicit forethought.  This leads to lower cost of ownership for the code as it only has to 
+platforms.  However, multiple precision algorithms do offer the most flexibility in terms of the magnitude of the
+inputs.  That is, the same algorithms based on multiple precision integers can accomodate any reasonable size input
+without the designer's explicit forethought.  This leads to lower cost of ownership for the code as it only has to
 be written and tested once.
 
 \section{Purpose of This Text}
-The purpose of this text is to instruct the reader regarding how to implement efficient multiple precision algorithms.  
-That is to not only explain a limited subset of the core theory behind the algorithms but also the various ``house keeping'' 
-elements that are neglected by authors of other texts on the subject.  Several well reknowned texts \cite{TAOCPV2,HAC} 
-give considerably detailed explanations of the theoretical aspects of algorithms and often very little information 
-regarding the practical implementation aspects.  
-
-In most cases how an algorithm is explained and how it is actually implemented are two very different concepts.  For 
-example, the Handbook of Applied Cryptography (\textit{HAC}), algorithm 14.7 on page 594, gives a relatively simple 
-algorithm for performing multiple precision integer addition.  However, the description lacks any discussion concerning 
+The purpose of this text is to instruct the reader regarding how to implement efficient multiple precision algorithms.
+That is to not only explain a limited subset of the core theory behind the algorithms but also the various ``house keeping''
+elements that are neglected by authors of other texts on the subject.  Several well reknowned texts \cite{TAOCPV2,HAC}
+give considerably detailed explanations of the theoretical aspects of algorithms and often very little information
+regarding the practical implementation aspects.
+
+In most cases how an algorithm is explained and how it is actually implemented are two very different concepts.  For
+example, the Handbook of Applied Cryptography (\textit{HAC}), algorithm 14.7 on page 594, gives a relatively simple
+algorithm for performing multiple precision integer addition.  However, the description lacks any discussion concerning
 the fact that the two integer inputs may be of differing magnitudes.  As a result the implementation is not as simple
-as the text would lead people to believe.  Similarly the division routine (\textit{algorithm 14.20, pp. 598}) does not 
+as the text would lead people to believe.  Similarly the division routine (\textit{algorithm 14.20, pp. 598}) does not
 discuss how to handle sign or handle the dividend's decreasing magnitude in the main loop (\textit{step \#3}).
 
-Both texts also do not discuss several key optimal algorithms required such as ``Comba'' and Karatsuba multipliers 
-and fast modular inversion, which we consider practical oversights.  These optimal algorithms are vital to achieve 
-any form of useful performance in non-trivial applications.  
+Both texts also do not discuss several key optimal algorithms required such as ``Comba'' and Karatsuba multipliers
+and fast modular inversion, which we consider practical oversights.  These optimal algorithms are vital to achieve
+any form of useful performance in non-trivial applications.
 
 To solve this problem the focus of this text is on the practical aspects of implementing a multiple precision integer
-package.  As a case study the ``LibTomMath''\footnote{Available at \url{http://math.libtomcrypt.com}} package is used 
-to demonstrate algorithms with real implementations\footnote{In the ISO C programming language.} that have been field 
-tested and work very well.  The LibTomMath library is freely available on the Internet for all uses and this text 
+package.  As a case study the ``LibTomMath''\footnote{Available at \url{http://math.libtomcrypt.com}} package is used
+to demonstrate algorithms with real implementations\footnote{In the ISO C programming language.} that have been field
+tested and work very well.  The LibTomMath library is freely available on the Internet for all uses and this text
 discusses a very large portion of the inner workings of the library.
 
-The algorithms that are presented will always include at least one ``pseudo-code'' description followed 
-by the actual C source code that implements the algorithm.  The pseudo-code can be used to implement the same 
-algorithm in other programming languages as the reader sees fit.  
+The algorithms that are presented will always include at least one ``pseudo-code'' description followed
+by the actual C source code that implements the algorithm.  The pseudo-code can be used to implement the same
+algorithm in other programming languages as the reader sees fit.
 
 This text shall also serve as a walkthrough of the creation of multiple precision algorithms from scratch.  Showing
-the reader how the algorithms fit together as well as where to start on various taskings.  
+the reader how the algorithms fit together as well as where to start on various taskings.
 
 \section{Discussion and Notation}
 \subsection{Notation}
 A multiple precision integer of $n$-digits shall be denoted as $x = (x_{n-1}, \ldots, x_1, x_0)_{ \beta }$ and represent
-the integer $x \equiv \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} x_i\beta^i$.  The elements of the array $x$ are said to be the radix $\beta$ digits 
-of the integer.  For example, $x = (1,2,3)_{10}$ would represent the integer 
-$1\cdot 10^2 + 2\cdot10^1 + 3\cdot10^0 = 123$.  
+the integer $x \equiv \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} x_i\beta^i$.  The elements of the array $x$ are said to be the radix $\beta$ digits
+of the integer.  For example, $x = (1,2,3)_{10}$ would represent the integer
+$1\cdot 10^2 + 2\cdot10^1 + 3\cdot10^0 = 123$.
 
 \index{mp\_int}
-The term ``mp\_int'' shall refer to a composite structure which contains the digits of the integer it represents, as well 
-as auxilary data required to manipulate the data.  These additional members are discussed further in section 
-\ref{sec:MPINT}.  For the purposes of this text a ``multiple precision integer'' and an ``mp\_int'' are assumed to be 
-synonymous.  When an algorithm is specified to accept an mp\_int variable it is assumed the various auxliary data members 
-are present as well.  An expression of the type \textit{variablename.item} implies that it should evaluate to the 
-member named ``item'' of the variable.  For example, a string of characters may have a member ``length'' which would 
-evaluate to the number of characters in the string.  If the string $a$ equals ``hello'' then it follows that 
-$a.length = 5$.  
+The term ``mp\_int'' shall refer to a composite structure which contains the digits of the integer it represents, as well
+as auxilary data required to manipulate the data.  These additional members are discussed further in section
+\ref{sec:MPINT}.  For the purposes of this text a ``multiple precision integer'' and an ``mp\_int'' are assumed to be
+synonymous.  When an algorithm is specified to accept an mp\_int variable it is assumed the various auxliary data members
+are present as well.  An expression of the type \textit{variablename.item} implies that it should evaluate to the
+member named ``item'' of the variable.  For example, a string of characters may have a member ``length'' which would
+evaluate to the number of characters in the string.  If the string $a$ equals ``hello'' then it follows that
+$a.length = 5$.
 
 For certain discussions more generic algorithms are presented to help the reader understand the final algorithm used
-to solve a given problem.  When an algorithm is described as accepting an integer input it is assumed the input is 
-a plain integer with no additional multiple-precision members.  That is, algorithms that use integers as opposed to 
-mp\_ints as inputs do not concern themselves with the housekeeping operations required such as memory management.  These 
+to solve a given problem.  When an algorithm is described as accepting an integer input it is assumed the input is
+a plain integer with no additional multiple-precision members.  That is, algorithms that use integers as opposed to
+mp\_ints as inputs do not concern themselves with the housekeeping operations required such as memory management.  These
 algorithms will be used to establish the relevant theory which will subsequently be used to describe a multiple
-precision algorithm to solve the same problem.  
+precision algorithm to solve the same problem.
 
 \subsection{Precision Notation}
-The variable $\beta$ represents the radix of a single digit of a multiple precision integer and 
-must be of the form $q^p$ for $q, p \in \Z^+$.  A single precision variable must be able to represent integers in 
-the range $0 \le x < q \beta$ while a double precision variable must be able to represent integers in the range 
-$0 \le x < q \beta^2$.  The extra radix-$q$ factor allows additions and subtractions to proceed without truncation of the 
+The variable $\beta$ represents the radix of a single digit of a multiple precision integer and
+must be of the form $q^p$ for $q, p \in \Z^+$.  A single precision variable must be able to represent integers in
+the range $0 \le x < q \beta$ while a double precision variable must be able to represent integers in the range
+$0 \le x < q \beta^2$.  The extra radix-$q$ factor allows additions and subtractions to proceed without truncation of the
 carry.  Since all modern computers are binary, it is assumed that $q$ is two.
 
 \index{mp\_digit} \index{mp\_word}
-Within the source code that will be presented for each algorithm, the data type \textbf{mp\_digit} will represent 
-a single precision integer type, while, the data type \textbf{mp\_word} will represent a double precision integer type.  In 
-several algorithms (notably the Comba routines) temporary results will be stored in arrays of double precision mp\_words.  
-For the purposes of this text $x_j$ will refer to the $j$'th digit of a single precision array and $\hat x_j$ will refer to 
+Within the source code that will be presented for each algorithm, the data type \textbf{mp\_digit} will represent
+a single precision integer type, while, the data type \textbf{mp\_word} will represent a double precision integer type.  In
+several algorithms (notably the Comba routines) temporary results will be stored in arrays of double precision mp\_words.
+For the purposes of this text $x_j$ will refer to the $j$'th digit of a single precision array and $\hat x_j$ will refer to
 the $j$'th digit of a double precision array.  Whenever an expression is to be assigned to a double precision
-variable it is assumed that all single precision variables are promoted to double precision during the evaluation.  
+variable it is assumed that all single precision variables are promoted to double precision during the evaluation.
 Expressions that are assigned to a single precision variable are truncated to fit within the precision of a single
 precision data type.
 
-For example, if $\beta = 10^2$ a single precision data type may represent a value in the 
+For example, if $\beta = 10^2$ a single precision data type may represent a value in the
 range $0 \le x < 10^3$, while a double precision data type may represent a value in the range $0 \le x < 10^5$.  Let
 $a = 23$ and $b = 49$ represent two single precision variables.  The single precision product shall be written
 as $c \leftarrow a \cdot b$ while the double precision product shall be written as $\hat c \leftarrow a \cdot b$.
-In this particular case, $\hat c = 1127$ and $c = 127$.  The most significant digit of the product would not fit 
-in a single precision data type and as a result $c \ne \hat c$.  
+In this particular case, $\hat c = 1127$ and $c = 127$.  The most significant digit of the product would not fit
+in a single precision data type and as a result $c \ne \hat c$.
 
 \subsection{Algorithm Inputs and Outputs}
 Within the algorithm descriptions all variables are assumed to be scalars of either single or double precision
-as indicated.  The only exception to this rule is when variables have been indicated to be of type mp\_int.  This 
-distinction is important as scalars are often used as array indicies and various other counters.  
+as indicated.  The only exception to this rule is when variables have been indicated to be of type mp\_int.  This
+distinction is important as scalars are often used as array indicies and various other counters.
 
 \subsection{Mathematical Expressions}
-The $\lfloor \mbox{ } \rfloor$ brackets imply an expression truncated to an integer not greater than the expression 
+The $\lfloor \mbox{ } \rfloor$ brackets imply an expression truncated to an integer not greater than the expression
 itself.  For example, $\lfloor 5.7 \rfloor = 5$.  Similarly the $\lceil \mbox{ } \rceil$ brackets imply an expression
-rounded to an integer not less than the expression itself.  For example, $\lceil 5.1 \rceil = 6$.  Typically when 
-the $/$ division symbol is used the intention is to perform an integer division with truncation.  For example, 
-$5/2 = 2$ which will often be written as $\lfloor 5/2 \rfloor = 2$ for clarity.  When an expression is written as a 
-fraction a real value division is implied, for example ${5 \over 2} = 2.5$.  
+rounded to an integer not less than the expression itself.  For example, $\lceil 5.1 \rceil = 6$.  Typically when
+the $/$ division symbol is used the intention is to perform an integer division with truncation.  For example,
+$5/2 = 2$ which will often be written as $\lfloor 5/2 \rfloor = 2$ for clarity.  When an expression is written as a
+fraction a real value division is implied, for example ${5 \over 2} = 2.5$.
 
 The norm of a multiple precision integer, for example $\vert \vert x \vert \vert$, will be used to represent the number of digits in the representation
-of the integer.  For example, $\vert \vert 123 \vert \vert = 3$ and $\vert \vert 79452 \vert \vert = 5$.  
+of the integer.  For example, $\vert \vert 123 \vert \vert = 3$ and $\vert \vert 79452 \vert \vert = 5$.
 
 \subsection{Work Effort}
 \index{big-Oh}
-To measure the efficiency of the specified algorithms, a modified big-Oh notation is used.  In this system all 
-single precision operations are considered to have the same cost\footnote{Except where explicitly noted.}.  
-That is a single precision addition, multiplication and division are assumed to take the same time to 
+To measure the efficiency of the specified algorithms, a modified big-Oh notation is used.  In this system all
+single precision operations are considered to have the same cost\footnote{Except where explicitly noted.}.
+That is a single precision addition, multiplication and division are assumed to take the same time to
 complete.  While this is generally not true in practice, it will simplify the discussions considerably.
 
-Some algorithms have slight advantages over others which is why some constants will not be removed in 
-the notation.  For example, a normal baseline multiplication (section \ref{sec:basemult}) requires $O(n^2)$ work while a 
-baseline squaring (section \ref{sec:basesquare}) requires $O({{n^2 + n}\over 2})$ work.  In standard big-Oh notation these 
-would both be said to be equivalent to $O(n^2)$.  However, 
-in the context of the this text this is not the case as the magnitude of the inputs will typically be rather small.  As a 
+Some algorithms have slight advantages over others which is why some constants will not be removed in
+the notation.  For example, a normal baseline multiplication (section \ref{sec:basemult}) requires $O(n^2)$ work while a
+baseline squaring (section \ref{sec:basesquare}) requires $O({{n^2 + n}\over 2})$ work.  In standard big-Oh notation these
+would both be said to be equivalent to $O(n^2)$.  However,
+in the context of the this text this is not the case as the magnitude of the inputs will typically be rather small.  As a
 result small constant factors in the work effort will make an observable difference in algorithm efficiency.
 
-All of the algorithms presented in this text have a polynomial time work level.  That is, of the form 
-$O(n^k)$ for $n, k \in \Z^{+}$.  This will help make useful comparisons in terms of the speed of the algorithms and how 
+All of the algorithms presented in this text have a polynomial time work level.  That is, of the form
+$O(n^k)$ for $n, k \in \Z^{+}$.  This will help make useful comparisons in terms of the speed of the algorithms and how
 various optimizations will help pay off in the long run.
 
 \section{Exercises}
 Within the more advanced chapters a section will be set aside to give the reader some challenging exercises related to
-the discussion at hand.  These exercises are not designed to be prize winning problems, but instead to be thought 
-provoking.  Wherever possible the problems are forward minded, stating problems that will be answered in subsequent 
-chapters.  The reader is encouraged to finish the exercises as they appear to get a better understanding of the 
-subject material.  
+the discussion at hand.  These exercises are not designed to be prize winning problems, but instead to be thought
+provoking.  Wherever possible the problems are forward minded, stating problems that will be answered in subsequent
+chapters.  The reader is encouraged to finish the exercises as they appear to get a better understanding of the
+subject material.
 
 That being said, the problems are designed to affirm knowledge of a particular subject matter.  Students in particular
 are encouraged to verify they can answer the problems correctly before moving on.
 
 Similar to the exercises of \cite[pp. ix]{TAOCPV2} these exercises are given a scoring system based on the difficulty of
-the problem.  However, unlike \cite{TAOCPV2} the problems do not get nearly as hard.  The scoring of these 
-exercises ranges from one (the easiest) to five (the hardest).  The following table sumarizes the 
+the problem.  However, unlike \cite{TAOCPV2} the problems do not get nearly as hard.  The scoring of these
+exercises ranges from one (the easiest) to five (the hardest).  The following table sumarizes the
 scoring system used.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -404,21 +393,21 @@ scoring system used.
 \end{figure}
 
 Problems at the first level are meant to be simple questions that the reader can answer quickly without programming a solution or
-devising new theory.  These problems are quick tests to see if the material is understood.  Problems at the second level 
+devising new theory.  These problems are quick tests to see if the material is understood.  Problems at the second level
 are also designed to be easy but will require a program or algorithm to be implemented to arrive at the answer.  These
-two levels are essentially entry level questions.  
+two levels are essentially entry level questions.
 
-Problems at the third level are meant to be a bit more difficult than the first two levels.  The answer is often 
-fairly obvious but arriving at an exacting solution requires some thought and skill.  These problems will almost always 
+Problems at the third level are meant to be a bit more difficult than the first two levels.  The answer is often
+fairly obvious but arriving at an exacting solution requires some thought and skill.  These problems will almost always
 involve devising a new algorithm or implementing a variation of another algorithm previously presented.  Readers who can
 answer these questions will feel comfortable with the concepts behind the topic at hand.
 
-Problems at the fourth level are meant to be similar to those of the level three questions except they will require 
-additional research to be completed.  The reader will most likely not know the answer right away, nor will the text provide 
-the exact details of the answer until a subsequent chapter.  
+Problems at the fourth level are meant to be similar to those of the level three questions except they will require
+additional research to be completed.  The reader will most likely not know the answer right away, nor will the text provide
+the exact details of the answer until a subsequent chapter.
 
-Problems at the fifth level are meant to be the hardest 
-problems relative to all the other problems in the chapter.  People who can correctly answer fifth level problems have a 
+Problems at the fifth level are meant to be the hardest
+problems relative to all the other problems in the chapter.  People who can correctly answer fifth level problems have a
 mastery of the subject matter at hand.
 
 Often problems will be tied together.  The purpose of this is to start a chain of thought that will be discussed in future chapters.  The reader
@@ -427,43 +416,43 @@ is encouraged to answer the follow-up problems and try to draw the relevance of
 \section{Introduction to LibTomMath}
 
 \subsection{What is LibTomMath?}
-LibTomMath is a free and open source multiple precision integer library written entirely in portable ISO C.  By portable it 
-is meant that the library does not contain any code that is computer platform dependent or otherwise problematic to use on 
-any given platform.  
+LibTomMath is a free and open source multiple precision integer library written entirely in portable ISO C.  By portable it
+is meant that the library does not contain any code that is computer platform dependent or otherwise problematic to use on
+any given platform.
 
 The library has been successfully tested under numerous operating systems including Unix\footnote{All of these
-trademarks belong to their respective rightful owners.}, MacOS, Windows, Linux, PalmOS and on standalone hardware such 
-as the Gameboy Advance.  The library is designed to contain enough functionality to be able to develop applications such 
+trademarks belong to their respective rightful owners.}, MacOS, Windows, Linux, PalmOS and on standalone hardware such
+as the Gameboy Advance.  The library is designed to contain enough functionality to be able to develop applications such
 as public key cryptosystems and still maintain a relatively small footprint.
 
 \subsection{Goals of LibTomMath}
 
-Libraries which obtain the most efficiency are rarely written in a high level programming language such as C.  However, 
-even though this library is written entirely in ISO C, considerable care has been taken to optimize the algorithm implementations within the 
-library.  Specifically the code has been written to work well with the GNU C Compiler (\textit{GCC}) on both x86 and ARM 
-processors.  Wherever possible, highly efficient algorithms, such as Karatsuba multiplication, sliding window 
-exponentiation and Montgomery reduction have been provided to make the library more efficient.  
+Libraries which obtain the most efficiency are rarely written in a high level programming language such as C.  However,
+even though this library is written entirely in ISO C, considerable care has been taken to optimize the algorithm implementations within the
+library.  Specifically the code has been written to work well with the GNU C Compiler (\textit{GCC}) on both x86 and ARM
+processors.  Wherever possible, highly efficient algorithms, such as Karatsuba multiplication, sliding window
+exponentiation and Montgomery reduction have been provided to make the library more efficient.
 
-Even with the nearly optimal and specialized algorithms that have been included the Application Programing Interface 
-(\textit{API}) has been kept as simple as possible.  Often generic place holder routines will make use of specialized 
-algorithms automatically without the developer's specific attention.  One such example is the generic multiplication 
-algorithm \textbf{mp\_mul()} which will automatically use Toom--Cook, Karatsuba, Comba or baseline multiplication 
-based on the magnitude of the inputs and the configuration of the library.  
+Even with the nearly optimal and specialized algorithms that have been included the Application Programing Interface
+(\textit{API}) has been kept as simple as possible.  Often generic place holder routines will make use of specialized
+algorithms automatically without the developer's specific attention.  One such example is the generic multiplication
+algorithm \textbf{mp\_mul()} which will automatically use Toom--Cook, Karatsuba, Comba or baseline multiplication
+based on the magnitude of the inputs and the configuration of the library.
 
-Making LibTomMath as efficient as possible is not the only goal of the LibTomMath project.  Ideally the library should 
+Making LibTomMath as efficient as possible is not the only goal of the LibTomMath project.  Ideally the library should
 be source compatible with another popular library which makes it more attractive for developers to use.  In this case the
-MPI library was used as a API template for all the basic functions.  MPI was chosen because it is another library that fits 
-in the same niche as LibTomMath.  Even though LibTomMath uses MPI as the template for the function names and argument 
+MPI library was used as a API template for all the basic functions.  MPI was chosen because it is another library that fits
+in the same niche as LibTomMath.  Even though LibTomMath uses MPI as the template for the function names and argument
 passing conventions, it has been written from scratch by Tom St Denis.
 
-The project is also meant to act as a learning tool for students, the logic being that no easy-to-follow ``bignum'' 
-library exists which can be used to teach computer science students how to perform fast and reliable multiple precision 
-integer arithmetic.  To this end the source code has been given quite a few comments and algorithm discussion points.  
+The project is also meant to act as a learning tool for students, the logic being that no easy-to-follow ``bignum''
+library exists which can be used to teach computer science students how to perform fast and reliable multiple precision
+integer arithmetic.  To this end the source code has been given quite a few comments and algorithm discussion points.
 
 \section{Choice of LibTomMath}
 LibTomMath was chosen as the case study of this text not only because the author of both projects is one and the same but
-for more worthy reasons.  Other libraries such as GMP \cite{GMP}, MPI \cite{MPI}, LIP \cite{LIP} and OpenSSL 
-\cite{OPENSSL} have multiple precision integer arithmetic routines but would not be ideal for this text for 
+for more worthy reasons.  Other libraries such as GMP \cite{GMP}, MPI \cite{MPI}, LIP \cite{LIP} and OpenSSL
+\cite{OPENSSL} have multiple precision integer arithmetic routines but would not be ideal for this text for
 reasons that will be explained in the following sub-sections.
 
 \subsection{Code Base}
@@ -472,76 +461,76 @@ segments of code littered throughout the source.  This clean and uncluttered app
 developer can more readily discern the true intent of a given section of source code without trying to keep track of
 what conditional code will be used.
 
-The code base of LibTomMath is well organized.  Each function is in its own separate source code file 
+The code base of LibTomMath is well organized.  Each function is in its own separate source code file
 which allows the reader to find a given function very quickly.  On average there are $76$ lines of code per source
 file which makes the source very easily to follow.  By comparison MPI and LIP are single file projects making code tracing
-very hard.  GMP has many conditional code segments which also hinder tracing.  
+very hard.  GMP has many conditional code segments which also hinder tracing.
 
 When compiled with GCC for the x86 processor and optimized for speed the entire library is approximately $100$KiB\footnote{The notation ``KiB'' means $2^{10}$ octets, similarly ``MiB'' means $2^{20}$ octets.}
- which is fairly small compared to GMP (over $250$KiB).  LibTomMath is slightly larger than MPI (which compiles to about 
+ which is fairly small compared to GMP (over $250$KiB).  LibTomMath is slightly larger than MPI (which compiles to about
 $50$KiB) but LibTomMath is also much faster and more complete than MPI.
 
 \subsection{API Simplicity}
-LibTomMath is designed after the MPI library and shares the API design.  Quite often programs that use MPI will build 
-with LibTomMath without change. The function names correlate directly to the action they perform.  Almost all of the 
-functions share the same parameter passing convention.  The learning curve is fairly shallow with the API provided 
-which is an extremely valuable benefit for the student and developer alike.  
+LibTomMath is designed after the MPI library and shares the API design.  Quite often programs that use MPI will build
+with LibTomMath without change. The function names correlate directly to the action they perform.  Almost all of the
+functions share the same parameter passing convention.  The learning curve is fairly shallow with the API provided
+which is an extremely valuable benefit for the student and developer alike.
 
-The LIP library is an example of a library with an API that is awkward to work with.  LIP uses function names that are often ``compressed'' to 
-illegible short hand.  LibTomMath does not share this characteristic.  
+The LIP library is an example of a library with an API that is awkward to work with.  LIP uses function names that are often ``compressed'' to
+illegible short hand.  LibTomMath does not share this characteristic.
 
 The GMP library also does not return error codes.  Instead it uses a POSIX.1 \cite{POSIX1} signal system where errors
 are signaled to the host application.  This happens to be the fastest approach but definitely not the most versatile.  In
-effect a math error (i.e. invalid input, heap error, etc) can cause a program to stop functioning which is definitely 
+effect a math error (i.e. invalid input, heap error, etc) can cause a program to stop functioning which is definitely
 undersireable in many situations.
 
 \subsection{Optimizations}
 While LibTomMath is certainly not the fastest library (GMP often beats LibTomMath by a factor of two) it does
-feature a set of optimal algorithms for tasks such as modular reduction, exponentiation, multiplication and squaring.  GMP 
+feature a set of optimal algorithms for tasks such as modular reduction, exponentiation, multiplication and squaring.  GMP
 and LIP also feature such optimizations while MPI only uses baseline algorithms with no optimizations.  GMP lacks a few
 of the additional modular reduction optimizations that LibTomMath features\footnote{At the time of this writing GMP
-only had Barrett and Montgomery modular reduction algorithms.}.  
+only had Barrett and Montgomery modular reduction algorithms.}.
 
 LibTomMath is almost always an order of magnitude faster than the MPI library at computationally expensive tasks such as modular
-exponentiation.  In the grand scheme of ``bignum'' libraries LibTomMath is faster than the average library and usually  
+exponentiation.  In the grand scheme of ``bignum'' libraries LibTomMath is faster than the average library and usually
 slower than the best libraries such as GMP and OpenSSL by only a small factor.
 
 \subsection{Portability and Stability}
-LibTomMath will build ``out of the box'' on any platform equipped with a modern version of the GNU C Compiler 
-(\textit{GCC}).  This means that without changes the library will build without configuration or setting up any 
-variables.  LIP and MPI will build ``out of the box'' as well but have numerous known bugs.  Most notably the author of 
-MPI has recently stopped working on his library and LIP has long since been discontinued.  
+LibTomMath will build ``out of the box'' on any platform equipped with a modern version of the GNU C Compiler
+(\textit{GCC}).  This means that without changes the library will build without configuration or setting up any
+variables.  LIP and MPI will build ``out of the box'' as well but have numerous known bugs.  Most notably the author of
+MPI has recently stopped working on his library and LIP has long since been discontinued.
 
 GMP requires a configuration script to run and will not build out of the box.   GMP and LibTomMath are still in active
 development and are very stable across a variety of platforms.
 
 \subsection{Choice}
 LibTomMath is a relatively compact, well documented, highly optimized and portable library which seems only natural for
-the case study of this text.  Various source files from the LibTomMath project will be included within the text.  However, 
-the reader is encouraged to download their own copy of the library to actually be able to work with the library.  
+the case study of this text.  Various source files from the LibTomMath project will be included within the text.  However,
+the reader is encouraged to download their own copy of the library to actually be able to work with the library.
 
 \chapter{Getting Started}
 \section{Library Basics}
-The trick to writing any useful library of source code is to build a solid foundation and work outwards from it.  First, 
-a problem along with allowable solution parameters should be identified and analyzed.  In this particular case the 
+The trick to writing any useful library of source code is to build a solid foundation and work outwards from it.  First,
+a problem along with allowable solution parameters should be identified and analyzed.  In this particular case the
 inability to accomodate multiple precision integers is the problem.  Futhermore, the solution must be written
 as portable source code that is reasonably efficient across several different computer platforms.
 
-After a foundation is formed the remainder of the library can be designed and implemented in a hierarchical fashion.  
-That is, to implement the lowest level dependencies first and work towards the most abstract functions last.  For example, 
+After a foundation is formed the remainder of the library can be designed and implemented in a hierarchical fashion.
+That is, to implement the lowest level dependencies first and work towards the most abstract functions last.  For example,
 before implementing a modular exponentiation algorithm one would implement a modular reduction algorithm.
-By building outwards from a base foundation instead of using a parallel design methodology the resulting project is 
+By building outwards from a base foundation instead of using a parallel design methodology the resulting project is
 highly modular.  Being highly modular is a desirable property of any project as it often means the resulting product
-has a small footprint and updates are easy to perform.  
+has a small footprint and updates are easy to perform.
 
-Usually when I start a project I will begin with the header files.  I define the data types I think I will need and 
-prototype the initial functions that are not dependent on other functions (within the library).  After I 
+Usually when I start a project I will begin with the header files.  I define the data types I think I will need and
+prototype the initial functions that are not dependent on other functions (within the library).  After I
 implement these base functions I prototype more dependent functions and implement them.   The process repeats until
-I implement all of the functions I require.  For example, in the case of LibTomMath I implemented functions such as 
-mp\_init() well before I implemented mp\_mul() and even further before I implemented mp\_exptmod().  As an example as to 
-why this design works note that the Karatsuba and Toom-Cook multipliers were written \textit{after} the 
-dependent function mp\_exptmod() was written.  Adding the new multiplication algorithms did not require changes to the 
-mp\_exptmod() function itself and lowered the total cost of ownership (\textit{so to speak}) and of development 
+I implement all of the functions I require.  For example, in the case of LibTomMath I implemented functions such as
+mp\_init() well before I implemented mp\_mul() and even further before I implemented mp\_exptmod().  As an example as to
+why this design works note that the Karatsuba and Toom-Cook multipliers were written \textit{after} the
+dependent function mp\_exptmod() was written.  Adding the new multiplication algorithms did not require changes to the
+mp\_exptmod() function itself and lowered the total cost of ownership (\textit{so to speak}) and of development
 for new algorithms.  This methodology allows new algorithms to be tested in a complete framework with relative ease.
 
 \begin{center}
@@ -553,40 +542,40 @@ for new algorithms.  This methodology allows new algorithms to be tested in a co
 \end{center}
 
 Only after the majority of the functions were in place did I pursue a less hierarchical approach to auditing and optimizing
-the source code.  For example, one day I may audit the multipliers and the next day the polynomial basis functions.  
+the source code.  For example, one day I may audit the multipliers and the next day the polynomial basis functions.
 
-It only makes sense to begin the text with the preliminary data types and support algorithms required as well.  
+It only makes sense to begin the text with the preliminary data types and support algorithms required as well.
 This chapter discusses the core algorithms of the library which are the dependents for every other algorithm.
 
 \section{What is a Multiple Precision Integer?}
-Recall that most programming languages, in particular ISO C \cite{ISOC}, only have fixed precision data types that on their own cannot 
-be used to represent values larger than their precision will allow. The purpose of multiple precision algorithms is 
-to use fixed precision data types to create and manipulate multiple precision integers which may represent values 
-that are very large.  
+Recall that most programming languages, in particular ISO C \cite{ISOC}, only have fixed precision data types that on their own cannot
+be used to represent values larger than their precision will allow. The purpose of multiple precision algorithms is
+to use fixed precision data types to create and manipulate multiple precision integers which may represent values
+that are very large.
 
 As a well known analogy, school children are taught how to form numbers larger than nine by prepending more radix ten digits.  In the decimal system
-the largest single digit value is $9$.  However, by concatenating digits together larger numbers may be represented.  Newly prepended digits 
-(\textit{to the left}) are said to be in a different power of ten column.  That is, the number $123$ can be described as having a $1$ in the hundreds 
-column, $2$ in the tens column and $3$ in the ones column.  Or more formally $123 = 1 \cdot 10^2 + 2 \cdot 10^1 + 3 \cdot 10^0$.  Computer based 
-multiple precision arithmetic is essentially the same concept.  Larger integers are represented by adjoining fixed 
+the largest single digit value is $9$.  However, by concatenating digits together larger numbers may be represented.  Newly prepended digits
+(\textit{to the left}) are said to be in a different power of ten column.  That is, the number $123$ can be described as having a $1$ in the hundreds
+column, $2$ in the tens column and $3$ in the ones column.  Or more formally $123 = 1 \cdot 10^2 + 2 \cdot 10^1 + 3 \cdot 10^0$.  Computer based
+multiple precision arithmetic is essentially the same concept.  Larger integers are represented by adjoining fixed
 precision computer words with the exception that a different radix is used.
 
-What most people probably do not think about explicitly are the various other attributes that describe a multiple precision 
-integer.  For example, the integer $154_{10}$ has two immediately obvious properties.  First, the integer is positive, 
-that is the sign of this particular integer is positive as opposed to negative.  Second, the integer has three digits in 
-its representation.  There is an additional property that the integer posesses that does not concern pencil-and-paper 
-arithmetic.  The third property is how many digits placeholders are available to hold the integer.  
+What most people probably do not think about explicitly are the various other attributes that describe a multiple precision
+integer.  For example, the integer $154_{10}$ has two immediately obvious properties.  First, the integer is positive,
+that is the sign of this particular integer is positive as opposed to negative.  Second, the integer has three digits in
+its representation.  There is an additional property that the integer posesses that does not concern pencil-and-paper
+arithmetic.  The third property is how many digits placeholders are available to hold the integer.
 
 The human analogy of this third property is ensuring there is enough space on the paper to write the integer.  For example,
-if one starts writing a large number too far to the right on a piece of paper they will have to erase it and move left.  
+if one starts writing a large number too far to the right on a piece of paper they will have to erase it and move left.
 Similarly, computer algorithms must maintain strict control over memory usage to ensure that the digits of an integer
-will not exceed the allowed boundaries.  These three properties make up what is known as a multiple precision 
-integer or mp\_int for short.  
+will not exceed the allowed boundaries.  These three properties make up what is known as a multiple precision
+integer or mp\_int for short.
 
 \subsection{The mp\_int Structure}
 \label{sec:MPINT}
-The mp\_int structure is the ISO C based manifestation of what represents a multiple precision integer.  The ISO C standard does not provide for 
-any such data type but it does provide for making composite data types known as structures.  The following is the structure definition 
+The mp\_int structure is the ISO C based manifestation of what represents a multiple precision integer.  The ISO C standard does not provide for
+any such data type but it does provide for making composite data types known as structures.  The following is the structure definition
 used within LibTomMath.
 
 \index{mp\_int}
@@ -613,46 +602,46 @@ The mp\_int structure (fig. \ref{fig:mpint}) can be broken down as follows.
 
 \begin{enumerate}
 \item The \textbf{used} parameter denotes how many digits of the array \textbf{dp} contain the digits used to represent
-a given integer.  The \textbf{used} count must be positive (or zero) and may not exceed the \textbf{alloc} count.  
+a given integer.  The \textbf{used} count must be positive (or zero) and may not exceed the \textbf{alloc} count.
 
-\item The \textbf{alloc} parameter denotes how 
-many digits are available in the array to use by functions before it has to increase in size.  When the \textbf{used} count 
-of a result would exceed the \textbf{alloc} count all of the algorithms will automatically increase the size of the 
-array to accommodate the precision of the result.  
+\item The \textbf{alloc} parameter denotes how
+many digits are available in the array to use by functions before it has to increase in size.  When the \textbf{used} count
+of a result would exceed the \textbf{alloc} count all of the algorithms will automatically increase the size of the
+array to accommodate the precision of the result.
 
-\item The pointer \textbf{dp} points to a dynamically allocated array of digits that represent the given multiple 
-precision integer.  It is padded with $(\textbf{alloc} - \textbf{used})$ zero digits.  The array is maintained in a least 
+\item The pointer \textbf{dp} points to a dynamically allocated array of digits that represent the given multiple
+precision integer.  It is padded with $(\textbf{alloc} - \textbf{used})$ zero digits.  The array is maintained in a least
 significant digit order.  As a pencil and paper analogy the array is organized such that the right most digits are stored
-first starting at the location indexed by zero\footnote{In C all arrays begin at zero.} in the array.  For example, 
-if \textbf{dp} contains $\lbrace a, b, c, \ldots \rbrace$ where \textbf{dp}$_0 = a$, \textbf{dp}$_1 = b$, \textbf{dp}$_2 = c$, $\ldots$ then 
-it would represent the integer $a + b\beta + c\beta^2 + \ldots$  
+first starting at the location indexed by zero\footnote{In C all arrays begin at zero.} in the array.  For example,
+if \textbf{dp} contains $\lbrace a, b, c, \ldots \rbrace$ where \textbf{dp}$_0 = a$, \textbf{dp}$_1 = b$, \textbf{dp}$_2 = c$, $\ldots$ then
+it would represent the integer $a + b\beta + c\beta^2 + \ldots$
 
 \index{MP\_ZPOS} \index{MP\_NEG}
-\item The \textbf{sign} parameter denotes the sign as either zero/positive (\textbf{MP\_ZPOS}) or negative (\textbf{MP\_NEG}).  
+\item The \textbf{sign} parameter denotes the sign as either zero/positive (\textbf{MP\_ZPOS}) or negative (\textbf{MP\_NEG}).
 \end{enumerate}
 
 \subsubsection{Valid mp\_int Structures}
-Several rules are placed on the state of an mp\_int structure and are assumed to be followed for reasons of efficiency.  
+Several rules are placed on the state of an mp\_int structure and are assumed to be followed for reasons of efficiency.
 The only exceptions are when the structure is passed to initialization functions such as mp\_init() and mp\_init\_copy().
 
 \begin{enumerate}
 \item The value of \textbf{alloc} may not be less than one.  That is \textbf{dp} always points to a previously allocated
 array of digits.
 \item The value of \textbf{used} may not exceed \textbf{alloc} and must be greater than or equal to zero.
-\item The value of \textbf{used} implies the digit at index $(used - 1)$ of the \textbf{dp} array is non-zero.  That is, 
+\item The value of \textbf{used} implies the digit at index $(used - 1)$ of the \textbf{dp} array is non-zero.  That is,
 leading zero digits in the most significant positions must be trimmed.
    \begin{enumerate}
    \item Digits in the \textbf{dp} array at and above the \textbf{used} location must be zero.
    \end{enumerate}
-\item The value of \textbf{sign} must be \textbf{MP\_ZPOS} if \textbf{used} is zero; 
+\item The value of \textbf{sign} must be \textbf{MP\_ZPOS} if \textbf{used} is zero;
 this represents the mp\_int value of zero.
 \end{enumerate}
 
 \section{Argument Passing}
-A convention of argument passing must be adopted early on in the development of any library.  Making the function 
-prototypes consistent will help eliminate many headaches in the future as the library grows to significant complexity.  
-In LibTomMath the multiple precision integer functions accept parameters from left to right as pointers to mp\_int 
-structures.  That means that the source (input) operands are placed on the left and the destination (output) on the right.   
+A convention of argument passing must be adopted early on in the development of any library.  Making the function
+prototypes consistent will help eliminate many headaches in the future as the library grows to significant complexity.
+In LibTomMath the multiple precision integer functions accept parameters from left to right as pointers to mp\_int
+structures.  That means that the source (input) operands are placed on the left and the destination (output) on the right.
 Consider the following examples.
 
 \begin{verbatim}
@@ -665,25 +654,25 @@ The left to right order is a fairly natural way to implement the functions since
 functions and make sense of them.  For example, the first function would read ``multiply a and b and store in c''.
 
 Certain libraries (\textit{LIP by Lenstra for instance}) accept parameters the other way around, to mimic the order
-of assignment expressions.  That is, the destination (output) is on the left and arguments (inputs) are on the right.  In 
-truth, it is entirely a matter of preference.  In the case of LibTomMath the convention from the MPI library has been 
-adopted.  
-
-Another very useful design consideration, provided for in LibTomMath, is whether to allow argument sources to also be a 
-destination.  For example, the second example (\textit{mp\_add}) adds $a$ to $b$ and stores in $a$.  This is an important 
-feature to implement since it allows the calling functions to cut down on the number of variables it must maintain.  
-However, to implement this feature specific care has to be given to ensure the destination is not modified before the 
+of assignment expressions.  That is, the destination (output) is on the left and arguments (inputs) are on the right.  In
+truth, it is entirely a matter of preference.  In the case of LibTomMath the convention from the MPI library has been
+adopted.
+
+Another very useful design consideration, provided for in LibTomMath, is whether to allow argument sources to also be a
+destination.  For example, the second example (\textit{mp\_add}) adds $a$ to $b$ and stores in $a$.  This is an important
+feature to implement since it allows the calling functions to cut down on the number of variables it must maintain.
+However, to implement this feature specific care has to be given to ensure the destination is not modified before the
 source is fully read.
 
 \section{Return Values}
-A well implemented application, no matter what its purpose, should trap as many runtime errors as possible and return them 
-to the caller.  By catching runtime errors a library can be guaranteed to prevent undefined behaviour.  However, the end 
+A well implemented application, no matter what its purpose, should trap as many runtime errors as possible and return them
+to the caller.  By catching runtime errors a library can be guaranteed to prevent undefined behaviour.  However, the end
 developer can still manage to cause a library to crash.  For example, by passing an invalid pointer an application may
 fault by dereferencing memory not owned by the application.
 
-In the case of LibTomMath the only errors that are checked for are related to inappropriate inputs (division by zero for 
-instance) and memory allocation errors.  It will not check that the mp\_int passed to any function is valid nor 
-will it check pointers for validity.  Any function that can cause a runtime error will return an error code as an 
+In the case of LibTomMath the only errors that are checked for are related to inappropriate inputs (division by zero for
+instance) and memory allocation errors.  It will not check that the mp\_int passed to any function is valid nor
+will it check pointers for validity.  Any function that can cause a runtime error will return an error code as an
 \textbf{int} data type with one of the following values (fig \ref{fig:errcodes}).
 
 \index{MP\_OKAY} \index{MP\_VAL} \index{MP\_MEM}
@@ -702,7 +691,7 @@ will it check pointers for validity.  Any function that can cause a runtime erro
 \end{figure}
 
 When an error is detected within a function it should free any memory it allocated, often during the initialization of
-temporary mp\_ints, and return as soon as possible.  The goal is to leave the system in the same state it was when the 
+temporary mp\_ints, and return as soon as possible.  The goal is to leave the system in the same state it was when the
 function was called.  Error checking with this style of API is fairly simple.
 
 \begin{verbatim}
@@ -713,19 +702,19 @@ function was called.  Error checking with this style of API is fairly simple.
    }
 \end{verbatim}
 
-The GMP \cite{GMP} library uses C style \textit{signals} to flag errors which is of questionable use.  Not all errors are fatal 
+The GMP \cite{GMP} library uses C style \textit{signals} to flag errors which is of questionable use.  Not all errors are fatal
 and it was not deemed ideal by the author of LibTomMath to force developers to have signal handlers for such cases.
 
 \section{Initialization and Clearing}
-The logical starting point when actually writing multiple precision integer functions is the initialization and 
+The logical starting point when actually writing multiple precision integer functions is the initialization and
 clearing of the mp\_int structures.  These two algorithms will be used by the majority of the higher level algorithms.
 
 Given the basic mp\_int structure an initialization routine must first allocate memory to hold the digits of
 the integer.  Often it is optimal to allocate a sufficiently large pre-set number of digits even though
 the initial integer will represent zero.  If only a single digit were allocated quite a few subsequent re-allocations
 would occur when operations are performed on the integers.  There is a tradeoff between how many default digits to allocate
-and how many re-allocations are tolerable.  Obviously allocating an excessive amount of digits initially will waste 
-memory and become unmanageable.  
+and how many re-allocations are tolerable.  Obviously allocating an excessive amount of digits initially will waste
+memory and become unmanageable.
 
 If the memory for the digits has been successfully allocated then the rest of the members of the structure must
 be initialized.  Since the initial state of an mp\_int is to represent the zero integer, the allocated digits must be set
@@ -760,16 +749,16 @@ structure are set to valid values.  The mp\_init algorithm will perform such an
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_init.}
 The purpose of this function is to initialize an mp\_int structure so that the rest of the library can properly
 manipulte it.  It is assumed that the input may not have had any of its members previously initialized which is certainly
-a valid assumption if the input resides on the stack.  
+a valid assumption if the input resides on the stack.
 
 Before any of the members such as \textbf{sign}, \textbf{used} or \textbf{alloc} are initialized the memory for
-the digits is allocated.  If this fails the function returns before setting any of the other members.  The \textbf{MP\_PREC} 
-name represents a constant\footnote{Defined in the ``tommath.h'' header file within LibTomMath.} 
+the digits is allocated.  If this fails the function returns before setting any of the other members.  The \textbf{MP\_PREC}
+name represents a constant\footnote{Defined in the ``tommath.h'' header file within LibTomMath.}
 used to dictate the minimum precision of newly initialized mp\_int integers.  Ideally, it is at least equal to the smallest
 precision number you'll be working with.
 
 Allocating a block of digits at first instead of a single digit has the benefit of lowering the number of usually slow
-heap operations later functions will have to perform in the future.  If \textbf{MP\_PREC} is set correctly the slack 
+heap operations later functions will have to perform in the future.  If \textbf{MP\_PREC} is set correctly the slack
 memory and the number of heap operations will be trivial.
 
 Once the allocation has been made the digits have to be set to zero as well as the \textbf{used}, \textbf{sign} and
@@ -781,38 +770,65 @@ This function introduces the idiosyncrasy that all iterative loops, commonly ini
 when the ``to'' keyword is placed between two expressions.  For example, ``for $a$ from $b$ to $c$ do'' means that
 a subsequent expression (or body of expressions) are to be evaluated upto $c - b$ times so long as $b \le c$.  In each
 iteration the variable $a$ is substituted for a new integer that lies inclusively between $b$ and $c$.  If $b > c$ occured
-the loop would not iterate.  By contrast if the ``downto'' keyword were used in place of ``to'' the loop would iterate 
+the loop would not iterate.  By contrast if the ``downto'' keyword were used in place of ``to'' the loop would iterate
 decrementally.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_init.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* init a new mp_int */
+018   int mp_init (mp_int * a)
+019   \{
+020     int i;
+021
+022     /* allocate memory required and clear it */
+023     a->dp = OPT_CAST(mp_digit) XMALLOC (sizeof (mp_digit) * MP_PREC);
+024     if (a->dp == NULL) \{
+025       return MP_MEM;
+026     \}
+027
+028     /* set the digits to zero */
+029     for (i = 0; i < MP_PREC; i++) \{
+030         a->dp[i] = 0;
+031     \}
+032
+033     /* set the used to zero, allocated digits to the default precision
+034      * and sign to positive */
+035     a->used  = 0;
+036     a->alloc = MP_PREC;
+037     a->sign  = MP_ZPOS;
+038
+039     return MP_OKAY;
+040   \}
+041   #endif
+042
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-One immediate observation of this initializtion function is that it does not return a pointer to a mp\_int structure.  It 
-is assumed that the caller has already allocated memory for the mp\_int structure, typically on the application stack.  The 
-call to mp\_init() is used only to initialize the members of the structure to a known default state.  
+One immediate observation of this initializtion function is that it does not return a pointer to a mp\_int structure.  It
+is assumed that the caller has already allocated memory for the mp\_int structure, typically on the application stack.  The
+call to mp\_init() is used only to initialize the members of the structure to a known default state.
 
-Here we see (line 24) the memory allocation is performed first.  This allows us to exit cleanly and quickly
+Here we see (line 23) the memory allocation is performed first.  This allows us to exit cleanly and quickly
 if there is an error.  If the allocation fails the routine will return \textbf{MP\_MEM} to the caller to indicate there
 was a memory error.  The function XMALLOC is what actually allocates the memory.  Technically XMALLOC is not a function
 but a macro defined in ``tommath.h``.  By default, XMALLOC will evaluate to malloc() which is the C library's built--in
 memory allocation routine.
 
 In order to assure the mp\_int is in a known state the digits must be set to zero.  On most platforms this could have been
-accomplished by using calloc() instead of malloc().  However,  to correctly initialize a integer type to a given value in a 
-portable fashion you have to actually assign the value.  The for loop (line 30) performs this required
+accomplished by using calloc() instead of malloc().  However,  to correctly initialize a integer type to a given value in a
+portable fashion you have to actually assign the value.  The for loop (line 29) performs this required
 operation.
 
-After the memory has been successfully initialized the remainder of the members are initialized 
-(lines 34 through 35) to their respective default states.  At this point the algorithm has succeeded and
-a success code is returned to the calling function.  If this function returns \textbf{MP\_OKAY} it is safe to assume the 
-mp\_int structure has been properly initialized and is safe to use with other functions within the library.  
+After the memory has been successfully initialized the remainder of the members are initialized
+(lines 33 through 34) to their respective default states.  At this point the algorithm has succeeded and
+a success code is returned to the calling function.  If this function returns \textbf{MP\_OKAY} it is safe to assume the
+mp\_int structure has been properly initialized and is safe to use with other functions within the library.
 
 \subsection{Clearing an mp\_int}
-When an mp\_int is no longer required by the application, the memory that has been allocated for its digits must be 
+When an mp\_int is no longer required by the application, the memory that has been allocated for its digits must be
 returned to the application's memory pool with the mp\_clear algorithm.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -837,12 +853,12 @@ returned to the application's memory pool with the mp\_clear algorithm.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_clear.}
-This algorithm accomplishes two goals.  First, it clears the digits and the other mp\_int members.  This ensures that 
+This algorithm accomplishes two goals.  First, it clears the digits and the other mp\_int members.  This ensures that
 if a developer accidentally re-uses a cleared structure it is less likely to cause problems.  The second goal
 is to free the allocated memory.
 
 The logic behind the algorithm is extended by marking cleared mp\_int structures so that subsequent calls to this
-algorithm will not try to free the memory multiple times.  Cleared mp\_ints are detectable by having a pre-defined invalid 
+algorithm will not try to free the memory multiple times.  Cleared mp\_ints are detectable by having a pre-defined invalid
 digit pointer \textbf{dp} setting.
 
 Once an mp\_int has been cleared the mp\_int structure is no longer in a valid state for any other algorithm
@@ -852,36 +868,61 @@ with the exception of algorithms mp\_init, mp\_init\_copy, mp\_init\_size and mp
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_clear.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* clear one (frees)  */
+018   void
+019   mp_clear (mp_int * a)
+020   \{
+021     int i;
+022
+023     /* only do anything if a hasn't been freed previously */
+024     if (a->dp != NULL) \{
+025       /* first zero the digits */
+026       for (i = 0; i < a->used; i++) \{
+027           a->dp[i] = 0;
+028       \}
+029
+030       /* free ram */
+031       XFREE(a->dp);
+032
+033       /* reset members to make debugging easier */
+034       a->dp    = NULL;
+035       a->alloc = a->used = 0;
+036       a->sign  = MP_ZPOS;
+037     \}
+038   \}
+039   #endif
+040
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The algorithm only operates on the mp\_int if it hasn't been previously cleared.  The if statement (line 25)
+The algorithm only operates on the mp\_int if it hasn't been previously cleared.  The if statement (line 24)
 checks to see if the \textbf{dp} member is not \textbf{NULL}.  If the mp\_int is a valid mp\_int then \textbf{dp} cannot be
 \textbf{NULL} in which case the if statement will evaluate to true.
 
-The digits of the mp\_int are cleared by the for loop (line 27) which assigns a zero to every digit.  Similar to mp\_init()
-the digits are assigned zero instead of using block memory operations (such as memset()) since this is more portable.  
+The digits of the mp\_int are cleared by the for loop (line 26) which assigns a zero to every digit.  Similar to mp\_init()
+the digits are assigned zero instead of using block memory operations (such as memset()) since this is more portable.
 
 The digits are deallocated off the heap via the XFREE macro.  Similar to XMALLOC the XFREE macro actually evaluates to
 a standard C library function.  In this case the free() function.  Since free() only deallocates the memory the pointer
-still has to be reset to \textbf{NULL} manually (line 35).  
+still has to be reset to \textbf{NULL} manually (line 34).
 
-Now that the digits have been cleared and deallocated the other members are set to their final values (lines 36 and 37).
+Now that the digits have been cleared and deallocated the other members are set to their final values (lines 35 and 36).
 
 \section{Maintenance Algorithms}
 
 The previous sections describes how to initialize and clear an mp\_int structure.  To further support operations
 that are to be performed on mp\_int structures (such as addition and multiplication) the dependent algorithms must be
-able to augment the precision of an mp\_int and 
-initialize mp\_ints with differing initial conditions.  
+able to augment the precision of an mp\_int and
+initialize mp\_ints with differing initial conditions.
 
 These algorithms complete the set of low level algorithms required to work with mp\_int structures in the higher level
 algorithms such as addition, multiplication and modular exponentiation.
 
 \subsection{Augmenting an mp\_int's Precision}
-When storing a value in an mp\_int structure, a sufficient number of digits must be available to accomodate the entire 
-result of an operation without loss of precision.  Quite often the size of the array given by the \textbf{alloc} member 
-is large enough to simply increase the \textbf{used} digit count.  However, when the size of the array is too small it 
+When storing a value in an mp\_int structure, a sufficient number of digits must be available to accomodate the entire
+result of an operation without loss of precision.  Quite often the size of the array given by the \textbf{alloc} member
+is large enough to simply increase the \textbf{used} digit count.  However, when the size of the array is too small it
 must be re-sized appropriately to accomodate the result.  The mp\_grow algorithm will provide this functionality.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[here]
@@ -907,20 +948,58 @@ must be re-sized appropriately to accomodate the result.  The mp\_grow algorithm
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_grow.}
-It is ideal to prevent re-allocations from being performed if they are not required (step one).  This is useful to 
-prevent mp\_ints from growing excessively in code that erroneously calls mp\_grow.  
+It is ideal to prevent re-allocations from being performed if they are not required (step one).  This is useful to
+prevent mp\_ints from growing excessively in code that erroneously calls mp\_grow.
 
-The requested digit count is padded up to next multiple of \textbf{MP\_PREC} plus an additional \textbf{MP\_PREC} (steps two and three).  
-This helps prevent many trivial reallocations that would grow an mp\_int by trivially small values.  
+The requested digit count is padded up to next multiple of \textbf{MP\_PREC} plus an additional \textbf{MP\_PREC} (steps two and three).
+This helps prevent many trivial reallocations that would grow an mp\_int by trivially small values.
 
-It is assumed that the reallocation (step four) leaves the lower $a.alloc$ digits of the mp\_int intact.  This is much 
-akin to how the \textit{realloc} function from the standard C library works.  Since the newly allocated digits are 
+It is assumed that the reallocation (step four) leaves the lower $a.alloc$ digits of the mp\_int intact.  This is much
+akin to how the \textit{realloc} function from the standard C library works.  Since the newly allocated digits are
 assumed to contain undefined values they are initially set to zero.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_grow.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* grow as required */
+018   int mp_grow (mp_int * a, int size)
+019   \{
+020     int     i;
+021     mp_digit *tmp;
+022
+023     /* if the alloc size is smaller alloc more ram */
+024     if (a->alloc < size) \{
+025       /* ensure there are always at least MP_PREC digits extra on top */
+026       size += (MP_PREC * 2) - (size % MP_PREC);
+027
+028       /* reallocate the array a->dp
+029        *
+030        * We store the return in a temporary variable
+031        * in case the operation failed we don't want
+032        * to overwrite the dp member of a.
+033        */
+034       tmp = OPT_CAST(mp_digit) XREALLOC (a->dp, sizeof (mp_digit) * size);
+035       if (tmp == NULL) \{
+036         /* reallocation failed but "a" is still valid [can be freed] */
+037         return MP_MEM;
+038       \}
+039
+040       /* reallocation succeeded so set a->dp */
+041       a->dp = tmp;
+042
+043       /* zero excess digits */
+044       i        = a->alloc;
+045       a->alloc = size;
+046       for (; i < a->alloc; i++) \{
+047         a->dp[i] = 0;
+048       \}
+049     \}
+050     return MP_OKAY;
+051   \}
+052   #endif
+053
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
@@ -929,19 +1008,19 @@ if the \textbf{alloc} member of the mp\_int is smaller than the requested digit
 the function skips the re-allocation part thus saving time.
 
 When a re-allocation is performed it is turned into an optimal request to save time in the future.  The requested digit count is
-padded upwards to 2nd multiple of \textbf{MP\_PREC} larger than \textbf{alloc} (line 25).  The XREALLOC function is used
+padded upwards to 2nd multiple of \textbf{MP\_PREC} larger than \textbf{alloc} (line 26).  The XREALLOC function is used
 to re-allocate the memory.  As per the other functions XREALLOC is actually a macro which evaluates to realloc by default.  The realloc
 function leaves the base of the allocation intact which means the first \textbf{alloc} digits of the mp\_int are the same as before
 the re-allocation.  All	that is left is to clear the newly allocated digits and return.
 
 Note that the re-allocation result is actually stored in a temporary pointer $tmp$.  This is to allow this function to return
 an error with a valid pointer.  Earlier releases of the library stored the result of XREALLOC into the mp\_int $a$.  That would
-result in a memory leak if XREALLOC ever failed.  
+result in a memory leak if XREALLOC ever failed.
 
 \subsection{Initializing Variable Precision mp\_ints}
-Occasionally the number of digits required will be known in advance of an initialization, based on, for example, the size 
-of input mp\_ints to a given algorithm.  The purpose of algorithm mp\_init\_size is similar to mp\_init except that it 
-will allocate \textit{at least} a specified number of digits.  
+Occasionally the number of digits required will be known in advance of an initialization, based on, for example, the size
+of input mp\_ints to a given algorithm.  The purpose of algorithm mp\_init\_size is similar to mp\_init except that it
+will allocate \textit{at least} a specified number of digits.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -968,12 +1047,12 @@ will allocate \textit{at least} a specified number of digits.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_init\_size.}
-This algorithm will initialize an mp\_int structure $a$ like algorithm mp\_init with the exception that the number of 
-digits allocated can be controlled by the second input argument $b$.  The input size is padded upwards so it is a 
-multiple of \textbf{MP\_PREC} plus an additional \textbf{MP\_PREC} digits.  This padding is used to prevent trivial 
+This algorithm will initialize an mp\_int structure $a$ like algorithm mp\_init with the exception that the number of
+digits allocated can be controlled by the second input argument $b$.  The input size is padded upwards so it is a
+multiple of \textbf{MP\_PREC} plus an additional \textbf{MP\_PREC} digits.  This padding is used to prevent trivial
 allocations from becoming a bottleneck in the rest of the algorithms.
 
-Like algorithm mp\_init, the mp\_int structure is initialized to a default state representing the integer zero.  This 
+Like algorithm mp\_init, the mp\_int structure is initialized to a default state representing the integer zero.  This
 particular algorithm is useful if it is known ahead of time the approximate size of the input.  If the approximation is
 correct no further memory re-allocations are required to work with the mp\_int.
 
@@ -981,22 +1060,51 @@ correct no further memory re-allocations are required to work with the mp\_int.
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_init\_size.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* init an mp_init for a given size */
+018   int mp_init_size (mp_int * a, int size)
+019   \{
+020     int x;
+021
+022     /* pad size so there are always extra digits */
+023     size += (MP_PREC * 2) - (size % MP_PREC);
+024
+025     /* alloc mem */
+026     a->dp = OPT_CAST(mp_digit) XMALLOC (sizeof (mp_digit) * size);
+027     if (a->dp == NULL) \{
+028       return MP_MEM;
+029     \}
+030
+031     /* set the members */
+032     a->used  = 0;
+033     a->alloc = size;
+034     a->sign  = MP_ZPOS;
+035
+036     /* zero the digits */
+037     for (x = 0; x < size; x++) \{
+038         a->dp[x] = 0;
+039     \}
+040
+041     return MP_OKAY;
+042   \}
+043   #endif
+044
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The number of digits $b$ requested is padded (line 24) by first augmenting it to the next multiple of 
-\textbf{MP\_PREC} and then adding \textbf{MP\_PREC} to the result.  If the memory can be successfully allocated the 
-mp\_int is placed in a default state representing the integer zero.  Otherwise, the error code \textbf{MP\_MEM} will be 
-returned (line 29).  
+The number of digits $b$ requested is padded (line 23) by first augmenting it to the next multiple of
+\textbf{MP\_PREC} and then adding \textbf{MP\_PREC} to the result.  If the memory can be successfully allocated the
+mp\_int is placed in a default state representing the integer zero.  Otherwise, the error code \textbf{MP\_MEM} will be
+returned (line 28).
 
-The digits are allocated and set to zero at the same time with the calloc() function (line @25,XCALLOC@).  The 
-\textbf{used} count is set to zero, the \textbf{alloc} count set to the padded digit count and the \textbf{sign} flag set 
-to \textbf{MP\_ZPOS} to achieve a default valid mp\_int state (lines 33, 34 and 35).  If the function 
-returns succesfully then it is correct to assume that the mp\_int structure is in a valid state for the remainder of the 
+The digits are allocated with the malloc() function (line 26) and set to zero afterwards (line 37).  The
+\textbf{used} count is set to zero, the \textbf{alloc} count set to the padded digit count and the \textbf{sign} flag set
+to \textbf{MP\_ZPOS} to achieve a default valid mp\_int state (lines 32, 33 and 34).  If the function
+returns succesfully then it is correct to assume that the mp\_int structure is in a valid state for the remainder of the
 functions to work with.
 
 \subsection{Multiple Integer Initializations and Clearings}
-Occasionally a function will require a series of mp\_int data types to be made available simultaneously.  
+Occasionally a function will require a series of mp\_int data types to be made available simultaneously.
 The purpose of algorithm mp\_init\_multi is to initialize a variable length array of mp\_int structures in a single
 statement.  It is essentially a shortcut to multiple initializations.
 
@@ -1021,47 +1129,87 @@ statement.  It is essentially a shortcut to multiple initializations.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_init\_multi.}
-The algorithm will initialize the array of mp\_int variables one at a time.  If a runtime error has been detected 
-(\textit{step 1.2}) all of the previously initialized variables are cleared.  The goal is an ``all or nothing'' 
+The algorithm will initialize the array of mp\_int variables one at a time.  If a runtime error has been detected
+(\textit{step 1.2}) all of the previously initialized variables are cleared.  The goal is an ``all or nothing''
 initialization which allows for quick recovery from runtime errors.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_init\_multi.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016   #include <stdarg.h>
+017
+018   int mp_init_multi(mp_int *mp, ...)
+019   \{
+020       mp_err res = MP_OKAY;      /* Assume ok until proven otherwise */
+021       int n = 0;                 /* Number of ok inits */
+022       mp_int* cur_arg = mp;
+023       va_list args;
+024
+025       va_start(args, mp);        /* init args to next argument from caller */
+026       while (cur_arg != NULL) \{
+027           if (mp_init(cur_arg) != MP_OKAY) \{
+028               /* Oops - error! Back-track and mp_clear what we already
+029                  succeeded in init-ing, then return error.
+030               */
+031               va_list clean_args;
+032
+033               /* end the current list */
+034               va_end(args);
+035
+036               /* now start cleaning up */
+037               cur_arg = mp;
+038               va_start(clean_args, mp);
+039               while (n-- != 0) \{
+040                   mp_clear(cur_arg);
+041                   cur_arg = va_arg(clean_args, mp_int*);
+042               \}
+043               va_end(clean_args);
+044               res = MP_MEM;
+045               break;
+046           \}
+047           n++;
+048           cur_arg = va_arg(args, mp_int*);
+049       \}
+050       va_end(args);
+051       return res;                /* Assumed ok, if error flagged above. */
+052   \}
+053
+054   #endif
+055
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 This function intializes a variable length list of mp\_int structure pointers.  However, instead of having the mp\_int
-structures in an actual C array they are simply passed as arguments to the function.  This function makes use of the 
-``...'' argument syntax of the C programming language.  The list is terminated with a final \textbf{NULL} argument 
-appended on the right.  
+structures in an actual C array they are simply passed as arguments to the function.  This function makes use of the
+``...'' argument syntax of the C programming language.  The list is terminated with a final \textbf{NULL} argument
+appended on the right.
 
 The function uses the ``stdarg.h'' \textit{va} functions to step portably through the arguments to the function.  A count
-$n$ of succesfully initialized mp\_int structures is maintained (line 48) such that if a failure does occur,
-the algorithm can backtrack and free the previously initialized structures (lines 28 to 47).  
+$n$ of succesfully initialized mp\_int structures is maintained (line 47) such that if a failure does occur,
+the algorithm can backtrack and free the previously initialized structures (lines 27 to 46).
 
 
 \subsection{Clamping Excess Digits}
-When a function anticipates a result will be $n$ digits it is simpler to assume this is true within the body of 
-the function instead of checking during the computation.  For example, a multiplication of a $i$ digit number by a 
-$j$ digit produces a result of at most $i + j$ digits.  It is entirely possible that the result is $i + j - 1$ 
-though, with no final carry into the last position.  However, suppose the destination had to be first expanded 
-(\textit{via mp\_grow}) to accomodate $i + j - 1$ digits than further expanded to accomodate the final carry.  
+When a function anticipates a result will be $n$ digits it is simpler to assume this is true within the body of
+the function instead of checking during the computation.  For example, a multiplication of a $i$ digit number by a
+$j$ digit produces a result of at most $i + j$ digits.  It is entirely possible that the result is $i + j - 1$
+though, with no final carry into the last position.  However, suppose the destination had to be first expanded
+(\textit{via mp\_grow}) to accomodate $i + j - 1$ digits than further expanded to accomodate the final carry.
 That would be a considerable waste of time since heap operations are relatively slow.
 
 The ideal solution is to always assume the result is $i + j$ and fix up the \textbf{used} count after the function
 terminates.  This way a single heap operation (\textit{at most}) is required.  However, if the result was not checked
-there would be an excess high order zero digit.  
+there would be an excess high order zero digit.
 
-For example, suppose the product of two integers was $x_n = (0x_{n-1}x_{n-2}...x_0)_{\beta}$.  The leading zero digit 
+For example, suppose the product of two integers was $x_n = (0x_{n-1}x_{n-2}...x_0)_{\beta}$.  The leading zero digit
 will not contribute to the precision of the result.  In fact, through subsequent operations more leading zero digits would
-accumulate to the point the size of the integer would be prohibitive.  As a result even though the precision is very 
-low the representation is excessively large.  
+accumulate to the point the size of the integer would be prohibitive.  As a result even though the precision is very
+low the representation is excessively large.
 
-The mp\_clamp algorithm is designed to solve this very problem.  It will trim high-order zeros by decrementing the 
-\textbf{used} count until a non-zero most significant digit is found.  Also in this system, zero is considered to be a 
-positive number which means that if the \textbf{used} count is decremented to zero, the sign must be set to 
+The mp\_clamp algorithm is designed to solve this very problem.  It will trim high-order zeros by decrementing the
+\textbf{used} count until a non-zero most significant digit is found.  Also in this system, zero is considered to be a
+positive number which means that if the \textbf{used} count is decremented to zero, the sign must be set to
 \textbf{MP\_ZPOS}.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -1083,21 +1231,46 @@ positive number which means that if the \textbf{used} count is decremented to ze
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_clamp.}
 As can be expected this algorithm is very simple.  The loop on step one is expected to iterate only once or twice at
-the most.  For example, this will happen in cases where there is not a carry to fill the last position.  Step two fixes the sign for 
+the most.  For example, this will happen in cases where there is not a carry to fill the last position.  Step two fixes the sign for
 when all of the digits are zero to ensure that the mp\_int is valid at all times.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_clamp.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* trim unused digits
+018    *
+019    * This is used to ensure that leading zero digits are
+020    * trimed and the leading "used" digit will be non-zero
+021    * Typically very fast.  Also fixes the sign if there
+022    * are no more leading digits
+023    */
+024   void
+025   mp_clamp (mp_int * a)
+026   \{
+027     /* decrease used while the most significant digit is
+028      * zero.
+029      */
+030     while ((a->used > 0) && (a->dp[a->used - 1] == 0)) \{
+031       --(a->used);
+032     \}
+033
+034     /* reset the sign flag if used == 0 */
+035     if (a->used == 0) \{
+036       a->sign = MP_ZPOS;
+037     \}
+038   \}
+039   #endif
+040
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-Note on line 28 how to test for the \textbf{used} count is made on the left of the \&\& operator.  In the C programming
-language the terms to \&\& are evaluated left to right with a boolean short-circuit if any condition fails.  This is 
-important since if the \textbf{used} is zero the test on the right would fetch below the array.  That is obviously 
-undesirable.  The parenthesis on line 31 is used to make sure the \textbf{used} count is decremented and not
-the pointer ``a''.  
+Note on line 27 how to test for the \textbf{used} count is made on the left of the \&\& operator.  In the C programming
+language the terms to \&\& are evaluated left to right with a boolean short-circuit if any condition fails.  This is
+important since if the \textbf{used} is zero the test on the right would fetch below the array.  That is obviously
+undesirable.  The parenthesis on line 30 is used to make sure the \textbf{used} count is decremented and not
+the pointer ``a''.
 
 \section*{Exercises}
 \begin{tabular}{cl}
@@ -1123,19 +1296,19 @@ $\left [ 1 \right ]$ & Give an example of when the algorithm  mp\_init\_copy mig
 
 \section{Introduction}
 In the previous chapter a series of low level algorithms were established that dealt with initializing and maintaining
-mp\_int structures.  This chapter will discuss another set of seemingly non-algebraic algorithms which will form the low 
+mp\_int structures.  This chapter will discuss another set of seemingly non-algebraic algorithms which will form the low
 level basis of the entire library.  While these algorithm are relatively trivial it is important to understand how they
 work before proceeding since these algorithms will be used almost intrinsically in the following chapters.
 
 The algorithms in this chapter deal primarily with more ``programmer'' related tasks such as creating copies of
 mp\_int structures, assigning small values to mp\_int structures and comparisons of the values mp\_int structures
-represent.   
+represent.
 
 \section{Assigning Values to mp\_int Structures}
 \subsection{Copying an mp\_int}
 Assigning the value that a given mp\_int structure represents to another mp\_int structure shall be known as making
 a copy for the purposes of this text.  The copy of the mp\_int will be a separate entity that represents the same
-value as the mp\_int it was copied from.  The mp\_copy algorithm provides this functionality. 
+value as the mp\_int it was copied from.  The mp\_copy algorithm provides this functionality.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{center}
@@ -1160,45 +1333,94 @@ value as the mp\_int it was copied from.  The mp\_copy algorithm provides this f
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_copy.}
 This algorithm copies the mp\_int $a$ such that upon succesful termination of the algorithm the mp\_int $b$ will
-represent the same integer as the mp\_int $a$.  The mp\_int $b$ shall be a complete and distinct copy of the 
+represent the same integer as the mp\_int $a$.  The mp\_int $b$ shall be a complete and distinct copy of the
 mp\_int $a$ meaing that the mp\_int $a$ can be modified and it shall not affect the value of the mp\_int $b$.
 
-If $b$ does not have enough room for the digits of $a$ it must first have its precision augmented via the mp\_grow 
+If $b$ does not have enough room for the digits of $a$ it must first have its precision augmented via the mp\_grow
 algorithm.  The digits of $a$ are copied over the digits of $b$ and any excess digits of $b$ are set to zero (step two
 and three).  The \textbf{used} and \textbf{sign} members of $a$ are finally copied over the respective members of
 $b$.
 
 \textbf{Remark.}  This algorithm also introduces a new idiosyncrasy that will be used throughout the rest of the
-text.  The error return codes of other algorithms are not explicitly checked in the pseudo-code presented.  For example, in 
-step one of the mp\_copy algorithm the return of mp\_grow is not explicitly checked to ensure it succeeded.  Text space is 
+text.  The error return codes of other algorithms are not explicitly checked in the pseudo-code presented.  For example, in
+step one of the mp\_copy algorithm the return of mp\_grow is not explicitly checked to ensure it succeeded.  Text space is
 limited so it is assumed that if a algorithm fails it will clear all temporarily allocated mp\_ints and return
-the error code itself.  However, the C code presented will demonstrate all of the error handling logic required to 
+the error code itself.  However, the C code presented will demonstrate all of the error handling logic required to
 implement the pseudo-code.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_copy.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* copy, b = a */
+018   int
+019   mp_copy (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+020   \{
+021     int     res, n;
+022
+023     /* if dst == src do nothing */
+024     if (a == b) \{
+025       return MP_OKAY;
+026     \}
+027
+028     /* grow dest */
+029     if (b->alloc < a->used) \{
+030        if ((res = mp_grow (b, a->used)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+031           return res;
+032        \}
+033     \}
+034
+035     /* zero b and copy the parameters over */
+036     \{
+037       mp_digit *tmpa, *tmpb;
+038
+039       /* pointer aliases */
+040
+041       /* source */
+042       tmpa = a->dp;
+043
+044       /* destination */
+045       tmpb = b->dp;
+046
+047       /* copy all the digits */
+048       for (n = 0; n < a->used; n++) \{
+049         *tmpb++ = *tmpa++;
+050       \}
+051
+052       /* clear high digits */
+053       for (; n < b->used; n++) \{
+054         *tmpb++ = 0;
+055       \}
+056     \}
+057
+058     /* copy used count and sign */
+059     b->used = a->used;
+060     b->sign = a->sign;
+061     return MP_OKAY;
+062   \}
+063   #endif
+064
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 Occasionally a dependent algorithm may copy an mp\_int effectively into itself such as when the input and output
-mp\_int structures passed to a function are one and the same.  For this case it is optimal to return immediately without 
-copying digits (line 25).  
+mp\_int structures passed to a function are one and the same.  For this case it is optimal to return immediately without
+copying digits (line 24).
 
 The mp\_int $b$ must have enough digits to accomodate the used digits of the mp\_int $a$.  If $b.alloc$ is less than
-$a.used$ the algorithm mp\_grow is used to augment the precision of $b$ (lines 30 to 33).  In order to
+$a.used$ the algorithm mp\_grow is used to augment the precision of $b$ (lines 29 to 33).  In order to
 simplify the inner loop that copies the digits from $a$ to $b$, two aliases $tmpa$ and $tmpb$ point directly at the digits
-of the mp\_ints $a$ and $b$ respectively.  These aliases (lines 43 and 46) allow the compiler to access the digits without first dereferencing the
-mp\_int pointers and then subsequently the pointer to the digits.  
+of the mp\_ints $a$ and $b$ respectively.  These aliases (lines 42 and 45) allow the compiler to access the digits without first dereferencing the
+mp\_int pointers and then subsequently the pointer to the digits.
 
-After the aliases are established the digits from $a$ are copied into $b$ (lines 49 to 51) and then the excess 
-digits of $b$ are set to zero (lines 54 to 56).  Both ``for'' loops make use of the pointer aliases and in 
-fact the alias for $b$ is carried through into the second ``for'' loop to clear the excess digits.  This optimization 
+After the aliases are established the digits from $a$ are copied into $b$ (lines 48 to 50) and then the excess
+digits of $b$ are set to zero (lines 53 to 55).  Both ``for'' loops make use of the pointer aliases and in
+fact the alias for $b$ is carried through into the second ``for'' loop to clear the excess digits.  This optimization
 allows the alias to stay in a machine register fairly easy between the two loops.
 
 \textbf{Remarks.}  The use of pointer aliases is an implementation methodology first introduced in this function that will
-be used considerably in other functions.  Technically, a pointer alias is simply a short hand alias used to lower the 
+be used considerably in other functions.  Technically, a pointer alias is simply a short hand alias used to lower the
 number of pointer dereferencing operations required to access data.  For example, a for loop may resemble
 
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -1207,7 +1429,7 @@ for (x = 0; x < 100; x++) \{
 \}
 \end{alltt}
 
-This could be re-written using aliases as 
+This could be re-written using aliases as
 
 \begin{alltt}
 mp_digit *tmpa;
@@ -1217,17 +1439,17 @@ for (x = 0; x < 100; x++) \{
 \}
 \end{alltt}
 
-In this case an alias is used to access the 
-array of digits within an mp\_int structure directly.  It may seem that a pointer alias is strictly not required 
+In this case an alias is used to access the
+array of digits within an mp\_int structure directly.  It may seem that a pointer alias is strictly not required
 as a compiler may optimize out the redundant pointer operations.  However, there are two dominant reasons to use aliases.
 
-The first reason is that most compilers will not effectively optimize pointer arithmetic.  For example, some optimizations 
-may work for the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler (MSVC) and not for the GNU C Compiler (GCC).  Also some optimizations may 
-work for GCC and not MSVC.  As such it is ideal to find a common ground for as many compilers as possible.  Pointer 
-aliases optimize the code considerably before the compiler even reads the source code which means the end compiled code 
+The first reason is that most compilers will not effectively optimize pointer arithmetic.  For example, some optimizations
+may work for the Microsoft Visual C++ compiler (MSVC) and not for the GNU C Compiler (GCC).  Also some optimizations may
+work for GCC and not MSVC.  As such it is ideal to find a common ground for as many compilers as possible.  Pointer
+aliases optimize the code considerably before the compiler even reads the source code which means the end compiled code
 stands a better chance of being faster.
 
-The second reason is that pointer aliases often can make an algorithm simpler to read.  Consider the first ``for'' 
+The second reason is that pointer aliases often can make an algorithm simpler to read.  Consider the first ``for''
 loop of the function mp\_copy() re-written to not use pointer aliases.
 
 \begin{alltt}
@@ -1237,13 +1459,13 @@ loop of the function mp\_copy() re-written to not use pointer aliases.
     \}
 \end{alltt}
 
-Whether this code is harder to read depends strongly on the individual.  However, it is quantifiably slightly more 
+Whether this code is harder to read depends strongly on the individual.  However, it is quantifiably slightly more
 complicated as there are four variables within the statement instead of just two.
 
 \subsubsection{Nested Statements}
 Another commonly used technique in the source routines is that certain sections of code are nested.  This is used in
 particular with the pointer aliases to highlight code phases.  For example, a Comba multiplier (discussed in chapter six)
-will typically have three different phases.  First the temporaries are initialized, then the columns calculated and 
+will typically have three different phases.  First the temporaries are initialized, then the columns calculated and
 finally the carries are propagated.  In this example the middle column production phase will typically be nested as it
 uses temporary variables and aliases the most.
 
@@ -1252,9 +1474,9 @@ the various temporary variables required do not propagate into other sections of
 
 
 \subsection{Creating a Clone}
-Another common operation is to make a local temporary copy of an mp\_int argument.  To initialize an mp\_int 
-and then copy another existing mp\_int into the newly intialized mp\_int will be known as creating a clone.  This is 
-useful within functions that need to modify an argument but do not wish to actually modify the original copy.  The 
+Another common operation is to make a local temporary copy of an mp\_int argument.  To initialize an mp\_int
+and then copy another existing mp\_int into the newly intialized mp\_int will be known as creating a clone.  This is
+useful within functions that need to modify an argument but do not wish to actually modify the original copy.  The
 mp\_init\_copy algorithm has been designed to help perform this task.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -1274,19 +1496,32 @@ mp\_init\_copy algorithm has been designed to help perform this task.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_init\_copy.}
-This algorithm will initialize an mp\_int variable and copy another previously initialized mp\_int variable into it.  As 
-such this algorithm will perform two operations in one step.  
+This algorithm will initialize an mp\_int variable and copy another previously initialized mp\_int variable into it.  As
+such this algorithm will perform two operations in one step.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_init\_copy.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* creates "a" then copies b into it */
+018   int mp_init_copy (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+019   \{
+020     int     res;
+021
+022     if ((res = mp_init_size (a, b->used)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+023       return res;
+024     \}
+025     return mp_copy (b, a);
+026   \}
+027   #endif
+028
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-This will initialize \textbf{a} and make it a verbatim copy of the contents of \textbf{b}.  Note that 
+This will initialize \textbf{a} and make it a verbatim copy of the contents of \textbf{b}.  Note that
 \textbf{a} will have its own memory allocated which means that \textbf{b} may be cleared after the call
-and \textbf{a} will be left intact.  
+and \textbf{a} will be left intact.
 
 \section{Zeroing an Integer}
 Reseting an mp\_int to the default state is a common step in many algorithms.  The mp\_zero algorithm will be the algorithm used to
@@ -1310,16 +1545,33 @@ perform this task.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_zero.}
-This algorithm simply resets a mp\_int to the default state.  
+This algorithm simply resets a mp\_int to the default state.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_zero.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* set to zero */
+018   void mp_zero (mp_int * a)
+019   \{
+020     int       n;
+021     mp_digit *tmp;
+022
+023     a->sign = MP_ZPOS;
+024     a->used = 0;
+025
+026     tmp = a->dp;
+027     for (n = 0; n < a->alloc; n++) \{
+028        *tmp++ = 0;
+029     \}
+030   \}
+031   #endif
+032
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-After the function is completed, all of the digits are zeroed, the \textbf{used} count is zeroed and the 
+After the function is completed, all of the digits are zeroed, the \textbf{used} count is zeroed and the
 \textbf{sign} variable is set to \textbf{MP\_ZPOS}.
 
 \section{Sign Manipulation}
@@ -1347,17 +1599,41 @@ the absolute value of an mp\_int.
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_abs.}
 This algorithm computes the absolute of an mp\_int input.  First it copies $a$ over $b$.  This is an example of an
 algorithm where the check in mp\_copy that determines if the source and destination are equal proves useful.  This allows,
-for instance, the developer to pass the same mp\_int as the source and destination to this function without addition 
+for instance, the developer to pass the same mp\_int as the source and destination to this function without addition
 logic to handle it.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_abs.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* b = |a|
+018    *
+019    * Simple function copies the input and fixes the sign to positive
+020    */
+021   int
+022   mp_abs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+023   \{
+024     int     res;
+025
+026     /* copy a to b */
+027     if (a != b) \{
+028        if ((res = mp_copy (a, b)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+029          return res;
+030        \}
+031     \}
+032
+033     /* force the sign of b to positive */
+034     b->sign = MP_ZPOS;
+035
+036     return MP_OKAY;
+037   \}
+038   #endif
+039
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-This fairly trivial algorithm first eliminates non--required duplications (line 28) and then sets the
+This fairly trivial algorithm first eliminates non--required duplications (line 27) and then sets the
 \textbf{sign} flag to \textbf{MP\_ZPOS}.
 
 \subsection{Integer Negation}
@@ -1387,7 +1663,7 @@ the negative of an mp\_int input.
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_neg.}
 This algorithm computes the negation of an input.  First it copies $a$ over $b$.  If $a$ has no used digits then
-the algorithm returns immediately.  Otherwise it flips the sign flag and stores the result in $b$.  Note that if 
+the algorithm returns immediately.  Otherwise it flips the sign flag and stores the result in $b$.  Note that if
 $a$ had no digits then it must be positive by definition.  Had step three been omitted then the algorithm would return
 zero as negative.
 
@@ -1395,10 +1671,31 @@ zero as negative.
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_neg.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* b = -a */
+018   int mp_neg (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+019   \{
+020     int     res;
+021     if (a != b) \{
+022        if ((res = mp_copy (a, b)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+023           return res;
+024        \}
+025     \}
+026
+027     if (mp_iszero(b) != MP_YES) \{
+028        b->sign = (a->sign == MP_ZPOS) ? MP_NEG : MP_ZPOS;
+029     \} else \{
+030        b->sign = MP_ZPOS;
+031     \}
+032
+033     return MP_OKAY;
+034   \}
+035   #endif
+036
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-Like mp\_abs() this function avoids non--required duplications (line 22) and then sets the sign.  We
+Like mp\_abs() this function avoids non--required duplications (line 21) and then sets the sign.  We
 have to make sure that only non--zero values get a \textbf{sign} of \textbf{MP\_NEG}.  If the mp\_int is zero
 than the \textbf{sign} is hard--coded to \textbf{MP\_ZPOS}.
 
@@ -1417,9 +1714,9 @@ Often a mp\_int must be set to a relatively small value such as $1$ or $2$.  For
 2.  $a_0 \leftarrow b \mbox{ (mod }\beta\mbox{)}$ \\
 3.  $a.used \leftarrow  \left \lbrace \begin{array}{ll}
                               1 &  \mbox{if }a_0 > 0 \\
-                              0 &  \mbox{if }a_0 = 0 
+                              0 &  \mbox{if }a_0 = 0
                               \end{array} \right .$ \\
-\hline                              
+\hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \caption{Algorithm mp\_set}
@@ -1433,19 +1730,29 @@ single digit is set (\textit{modulo $\beta$}) and the \textbf{used} count is adj
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_set.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* set to a digit */
+018   void mp_set (mp_int * a, mp_digit b)
+019   \{
+020     mp_zero (a);
+021     a->dp[0] = b & MP_MASK;
+022     a->used  = (a->dp[0] != 0) ? 1 : 0;
+023   \}
+024   #endif
+025
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-First we zero (line 21) the mp\_int to make sure that the other members are initialized for a 
+First we zero (line 20) the mp\_int to make sure that the other members are initialized for a
 small positive constant.  mp\_zero() ensures that the \textbf{sign} is positive and the \textbf{used} count
-is zero.  Next we set the digit and reduce it modulo $\beta$ (line 22).  After this step we have to 
+is zero.  Next we set the digit and reduce it modulo $\beta$ (line 21).  After this step we have to
 check if the resulting digit is zero or not.  If it is not then we set the \textbf{used} count to one, otherwise
 to zero.
 
-We can quickly reduce modulo $\beta$ since it is of the form $2^k$ and a quick binary AND operation with 
+We can quickly reduce modulo $\beta$ since it is of the form $2^k$ and a quick binary AND operation with
 $2^k - 1$ will perform the same operation.
 
-One important limitation of this function is that it will only set one digit.  The size of a digit is not fixed, meaning source that uses 
+One important limitation of this function is that it will only set one digit.  The size of a digit is not fixed, meaning source that uses
 this function should take that into account.  Only trivially small constants can be set using this function.
 
 \subsection{Setting Large Constants}
@@ -1473,9 +1780,9 @@ data type as input and will always treat it as a 32-bit integer.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_set\_int.}
-The algorithm performs eight iterations of a simple loop where in each iteration four bits from the source are added to the 
+The algorithm performs eight iterations of a simple loop where in each iteration four bits from the source are added to the
 mp\_int.  Step 2.1 will multiply the current result by sixteen making room for four more bits in the less significant positions.  In step 2.2 the
-next four bits from the source are extracted and are added to the mp\_int. The \textbf{used} digit count is 
+next four bits from the source are extracted and are added to the mp\_int. The \textbf{used} digit count is
 incremented to reflect the addition.  The \textbf{used} digit counter is incremented since if any of the leading digits were zero the mp\_int would have
 zero digits used and the newly added four bits would be ignored.
 
@@ -1485,27 +1792,56 @@ Excess zero digits are trimmed in steps 2.1 and 3 by using higher level algorith
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_set\_int.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* set a 32-bit const */
+018   int mp_set_int (mp_int * a, unsigned long b)
+019   \{
+020     int     x, res;
+021
+022     mp_zero (a);
+023
+024     /* set four bits at a time */
+025     for (x = 0; x < 8; x++) \{
+026       /* shift the number up four bits */
+027       if ((res = mp_mul_2d (a, 4, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+028         return res;
+029       \}
+030
+031       /* OR in the top four bits of the source */
+032       a->dp[0] |= (b >> 28) & 15;
+033
+034       /* shift the source up to the next four bits */
+035       b <<= 4;
+036
+037       /* ensure that digits are not clamped off */
+038       a->used += 1;
+039     \}
+040     mp_clamp (a);
+041     return MP_OKAY;
+042   \}
+043   #endif
+044
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 This function sets four bits of the number at a time to handle all practical \textbf{DIGIT\_BIT} sizes.  The weird
-addition on line 39 ensures that the newly added in bits are added to the number of digits.  While it may not 
-seem obvious as to why the digit counter does not grow exceedingly large it is because of the shift on line 28 
-as well as the  call to mp\_clamp() on line 41.  Both functions will clamp excess leading digits which keeps 
+addition on line 38 ensures that the newly added in bits are added to the number of digits.  While it may not
+seem obvious as to why the digit counter does not grow exceedingly large it is because of the shift on line 27
+as well as the  call to mp\_clamp() on line 40.  Both functions will clamp excess leading digits which keeps
 the number of used digits low.
 
 \section{Comparisons}
 \subsection{Unsigned Comparisions}
 Comparing a multiple precision integer is performed with the exact same algorithm used to compare two decimal numbers.  For example,
 to compare $1,234$ to $1,264$ the digits are extracted by their positions.  That is we compare $1 \cdot 10^3 + 2 \cdot 10^2 + 3 \cdot 10^1 + 4 \cdot 10^0$
-to $1 \cdot 10^3 + 2 \cdot 10^2 + 6 \cdot 10^1 + 4 \cdot 10^0$ by comparing single digits at a time starting with the highest magnitude 
-positions.  If any leading digit of one integer is greater than a digit in the same position of another integer then obviously it must be greater.  
+to $1 \cdot 10^3 + 2 \cdot 10^2 + 6 \cdot 10^1 + 4 \cdot 10^0$ by comparing single digits at a time starting with the highest magnitude
+positions.  If any leading digit of one integer is greater than a digit in the same position of another integer then obviously it must be greater.
 
 The first comparision routine that will be developed is the unsigned magnitude compare which will perform a comparison based on the digits of two
-mp\_int variables alone.  It will ignore the sign of the two inputs.  Such a function is useful when an absolute comparison is required or if the 
+mp\_int variables alone.  It will ignore the sign of the two inputs.  Such a function is useful when an absolute comparison is required or if the
 signs are known to agree in advance.
 
-To facilitate working with the results of the comparison functions three constants are required.  
+To facilitate working with the results of the comparison functions three constants are required.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{center}
@@ -1541,9 +1877,9 @@ To facilitate working with the results of the comparison functions three constan
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_cmp\_mag.}
 By saying ``$a$ to the left of $b$'' it is meant that the comparison is with respect to $a$, that is if $a$ is greater than $b$ it will return
-\textbf{MP\_GT} and similar with respect to when $a = b$ and $a < b$.  The first two steps compare the number of digits used in both $a$ and $b$.  
-Obviously if the digit counts differ there would be an imaginary zero digit in the smaller number where the leading digit of the larger number is.  
-If both have the same number of digits than the actual digits themselves must be compared starting at the leading digit.  
+\textbf{MP\_GT} and similar with respect to when $a = b$ and $a < b$.  The first two steps compare the number of digits used in both $a$ and $b$.
+Obviously if the digit counts differ there would be an imaginary zero digit in the smaller number where the leading digit of the larger number is.
+If both have the same number of digits than the actual digits themselves must be compared starting at the leading digit.
 
 By step three both inputs must have the same number of digits so its safe to start from either $a.used - 1$ or $b.used - 1$ and count down to
 the zero'th digit.  If after all of the digits have been compared, no difference is found, the algorithm returns \textbf{MP\_EQ}.
@@ -1552,18 +1888,54 @@ the zero'th digit.  If after all of the digits have been compared, no difference
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_cmp\_mag.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* compare maginitude of two ints (unsigned) */
+018   int mp_cmp_mag (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+019   \{
+020     int     n;
+021     mp_digit *tmpa, *tmpb;
+022
+023     /* compare based on # of non-zero digits */
+024     if (a->used > b->used) \{
+025       return MP_GT;
+026     \}
+027
+028     if (a->used < b->used) \{
+029       return MP_LT;
+030     \}
+031
+032     /* alias for a */
+033     tmpa = a->dp + (a->used - 1);
+034
+035     /* alias for b */
+036     tmpb = b->dp + (a->used - 1);
+037
+038     /* compare based on digits  */
+039     for (n = 0; n < a->used; ++n, --tmpa, --tmpb) \{
+040       if (*tmpa > *tmpb) \{
+041         return MP_GT;
+042       \}
+043
+044       if (*tmpa < *tmpb) \{
+045         return MP_LT;
+046       \}
+047     \}
+048     return MP_EQ;
+049   \}
+050   #endif
+051
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The two if statements (lines 25 and 29) compare the number of digits in the two inputs.  These two are 
-performed before all of the digits are compared since it is a very cheap test to perform and can potentially save 
-considerable time.  The implementation given is also not valid without those two statements.  $b.alloc$ may be 
+The two if statements (lines 24 and 28) compare the number of digits in the two inputs.  These two are
+performed before all of the digits are compared since it is a very cheap test to perform and can potentially save
+considerable time.  The implementation given is also not valid without those two statements.  $b.alloc$ may be
 smaller than $a.used$, meaning that undefined values will be read from $b$ past the end of the array of digits.
 
 
 
 \subsection{Signed Comparisons}
-Comparing with sign considerations is also fairly critical in several routines (\textit{division for example}).  Based on an unsigned magnitude 
+Comparing with sign considerations is also fairly critical in several routines (\textit{division for example}).  Based on an unsigned magnitude
 comparison a trivial signed comparison algorithm can be written.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -1586,21 +1958,45 @@ comparison a trivial signed comparison algorithm can be written.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_cmp.}
-The first two steps compare the signs of the two inputs.  If the signs do not agree then it can return right away with the appropriate 
-comparison code.  When the signs are equal the digits of the inputs must be compared to determine the correct result.  In step 
-three the unsigned comparision flips the order of the arguments since they are both negative.  For instance, if $-a > -b$ then 
+The first two steps compare the signs of the two inputs.  If the signs do not agree then it can return right away with the appropriate
+comparison code.  When the signs are equal the digits of the inputs must be compared to determine the correct result.  In step
+three the unsigned comparision flips the order of the arguments since they are both negative.  For instance, if $-a > -b$ then
 $\vert a \vert < \vert b \vert$.  Step number four will compare the two when they are both positive.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_cmp.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* compare two ints (signed)*/
+018   int
+019   mp_cmp (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+020   \{
+021     /* compare based on sign */
+022     if (a->sign != b->sign) \{
+023        if (a->sign == MP_NEG) \{
+024           return MP_LT;
+025        \} else \{
+026           return MP_GT;
+027        \}
+028     \}
+029
+030     /* compare digits */
+031     if (a->sign == MP_NEG) \{
+032        /* if negative compare opposite direction */
+033        return mp_cmp_mag(b, a);
+034     \} else \{
+035        return mp_cmp_mag(a, b);
+036     \}
+037   \}
+038   #endif
+039
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The two if statements (lines 23 and 24) perform the initial sign comparison.  If the signs are not the equal then which ever
-has the positive sign is larger.   The inputs are compared (line 32) based on magnitudes.  If the signs were both 
-negative then the unsigned comparison is performed in the opposite direction (line 34).  Otherwise, the signs are assumed to 
+The two if statements (lines 22 and 23) perform the initial sign comparison.  If the signs are not the equal then which ever
+has the positive sign is larger.   The inputs are compared (line 31) based on magnitudes.  If the signs were both
+negative then the unsigned comparison is performed in the opposite direction (line 33).  Otherwise, the signs are assumed to
 be both positive and a forward direction unsigned comparison is performed.
 
 \section*{Exercises}
@@ -1617,37 +2013,37 @@ $\left [ 1 \right ]$ & Suggest a simple method to speed up the implementation of
 
 \chapter{Basic Arithmetic}
 \section{Introduction}
-At this point algorithms for initialization, clearing, zeroing, copying, comparing and setting small constants have been 
-established.  The next logical set of algorithms to develop are addition, subtraction and digit shifting algorithms.  These 
-algorithms make use of the lower level algorithms and are the cruicial building block for the multiplication algorithms.  It is very important 
-that these algorithms are highly optimized.  On their own they are simple $O(n)$ algorithms but they can be called from higher level algorithms 
-which easily places them at $O(n^2)$ or even $O(n^3)$ work levels.  
-
-All of the algorithms within this chapter make use of the logical bit shift operations denoted by $<<$ and $>>$ for left and right 
-logical shifts respectively.  A logical shift is analogous to sliding the decimal point of radix-10 representations.  For example, the real 
-number $0.9345$ is equivalent to $93.45\%$ which is found by sliding the the decimal two places to the right (\textit{multiplying by $\beta^2 = 10^2$}).  
-Algebraically a binary logical shift is equivalent to a division or multiplication by a power of two.  
+At this point algorithms for initialization, clearing, zeroing, copying, comparing and setting small constants have been
+established.  The next logical set of algorithms to develop are addition, subtraction and digit shifting algorithms.  These
+algorithms make use of the lower level algorithms and are the cruicial building block for the multiplication algorithms.  It is very important
+that these algorithms are highly optimized.  On their own they are simple $O(n)$ algorithms but they can be called from higher level algorithms
+which easily places them at $O(n^2)$ or even $O(n^3)$ work levels.
+
+All of the algorithms within this chapter make use of the logical bit shift operations denoted by $<<$ and $>>$ for left and right
+logical shifts respectively.  A logical shift is analogous to sliding the decimal point of radix-10 representations.  For example, the real
+number $0.9345$ is equivalent to $93.45\%$ which is found by sliding the the decimal two places to the right (\textit{multiplying by $\beta^2 = 10^2$}).
+Algebraically a binary logical shift is equivalent to a division or multiplication by a power of two.
 For example, $a << k = a \cdot 2^k$ while $a >> k = \lfloor a/2^k \rfloor$.
 
 One significant difference between a logical shift and the way decimals are shifted is that digits below the zero'th position are removed
-from the number.  For example, consider $1101_2 >> 1$ using decimal notation this would produce $110.1_2$.  However, with a logical shift the 
-result is $110_2$.  
+from the number.  For example, consider $1101_2 >> 1$ using decimal notation this would produce $110.1_2$.  However, with a logical shift the
+result is $110_2$.
 
 \section{Addition and Subtraction}
 In common twos complement fixed precision arithmetic negative numbers are easily represented by subtraction from the modulus.  For example, with 32-bit integers
-$a - b\mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$ is the same as $a + (2^{32} - b) \mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$  since $2^{32} \equiv 0 \mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$.  
+$a - b\mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$ is the same as $a + (2^{32} - b) \mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$  since $2^{32} \equiv 0 \mbox{ (mod }2^{32}\mbox{)}$.
 As a result subtraction can be performed with a trivial series of logical operations and an addition.
 
 However, in multiple precision arithmetic negative numbers are not represented in the same way.  Instead a sign flag is used to keep track of the
-sign of the integer.  As a result signed addition and subtraction are actually implemented as conditional usage of lower level addition or 
+sign of the integer.  As a result signed addition and subtraction are actually implemented as conditional usage of lower level addition or
 subtraction algorithms with the sign fixed up appropriately.
 
 The lower level algorithms will add or subtract integers without regard to the sign flag.  That is they will add or subtract the magnitude of
 the integers respectively.
 
 \subsection{Low Level Addition}
-An unsigned addition of multiple precision integers is performed with the same long-hand algorithm used to add decimal numbers.  That is to add the 
-trailing digits first and propagate the resulting carry upwards.  Since this is a lower level algorithm the name will have a ``s\_'' prefix.  
+An unsigned addition of multiple precision integers is performed with the same long-hand algorithm used to add decimal numbers.  That is to add the
+trailing digits first and propagate the resulting carry upwards.  Since this is a lower level algorithm the name will have a ``s\_'' prefix.
 Historically that convention stems from the MPI library where ``s\_'' stood for static functions that were hidden from the developer entirely.
 
 \newpage
@@ -1694,18 +2090,18 @@ Historically that convention stems from the MPI library where ``s\_'' stood for
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm s\_mp\_add.}
-This algorithm is loosely based on algorithm 14.7 of HAC \cite[pp. 594]{HAC} but has been extended to allow the inputs to have different magnitudes.  
-Coincidentally the description of algorithm A in Knuth \cite[pp. 266]{TAOCPV2} shares the same deficiency as the algorithm from \cite{HAC}.  Even the 
+This algorithm is loosely based on algorithm 14.7 of HAC \cite[pp. 594]{HAC} but has been extended to allow the inputs to have different magnitudes.
+Coincidentally the description of algorithm A in Knuth \cite[pp. 266]{TAOCPV2} shares the same deficiency as the algorithm from \cite{HAC}.  Even the
 MIX pseudo  machine code presented by Knuth \cite[pp. 266-267]{TAOCPV2} is incapable of handling inputs which are of different magnitudes.
 
 The first thing that has to be accomplished is to sort out which of the two inputs is the largest.  The addition logic
 will simply add all of the smallest input to the largest input and store that first part of the result in the
 destination.  Then it will apply a simpler addition loop to excess digits of the larger input.
 
-The first two steps will handle sorting the inputs such that $min$ and $max$ hold the digit counts of the two 
+The first two steps will handle sorting the inputs such that $min$ and $max$ hold the digit counts of the two
 inputs.  The variable $x$ will be an mp\_int alias for the largest input or the second input $b$ if they have the
-same number of digits.  After the inputs are sorted the destination $c$ is grown as required to accomodate the sum 
-of the two inputs.  The original \textbf{used} count of $c$ is copied and set to the new used count.  
+same number of digits.  After the inputs are sorted the destination $c$ is grown as required to accomodate the sum
+of the two inputs.  The original \textbf{used} count of $c$ is copied and set to the new used count.
 
 At this point the first addition loop will go through as many digit positions that both inputs have.  The carry
 variable $\mu$ is set to zero outside the loop.  Inside the loop an ``addition'' step requires three statements to produce
@@ -1724,36 +2120,126 @@ The final carry is stored in $c_{max}$ and digits above $max$ upto $oldused$ are
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_s\_mp\_add.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* low level addition, based on HAC pp.594, Algorithm 14.7 */
+018   int
+019   s_mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+020   \{
+021     mp_int *x;
+022     int     olduse, res, min, max;
+023
+024     /* find sizes, we let |a| <= |b| which means we have to sort
+025      * them.  "x" will point to the input with the most digits
+026      */
+027     if (a->used > b->used) \{
+028       min = b->used;
+029       max = a->used;
+030       x = a;
+031     \} else \{
+032       min = a->used;
+033       max = b->used;
+034       x = b;
+035     \}
+036
+037     /* init result */
+038     if (c->alloc < (max + 1)) \{
+039       if ((res = mp_grow (c, max + 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+040         return res;
+041       \}
+042     \}
+043
+044     /* get old used digit count and set new one */
+045     olduse = c->used;
+046     c->used = max + 1;
+047
+048     \{
+049       mp_digit u, *tmpa, *tmpb, *tmpc;
+050       int i;
+051
+052       /* alias for digit pointers */
+053
+054       /* first input */
+055       tmpa = a->dp;
+056
+057       /* second input */
+058       tmpb = b->dp;
+059
+060       /* destination */
+061       tmpc = c->dp;
+062
+063       /* zero the carry */
+064       u = 0;
+065       for (i = 0; i < min; i++) \{
+066         /* Compute the sum at one digit, T[i] = A[i] + B[i] + U */
+067         *tmpc = *tmpa++ + *tmpb++ + u;
+068
+069         /* U = carry bit of T[i] */
+070         u = *tmpc >> ((mp_digit)DIGIT_BIT);
+071
+072         /* take away carry bit from T[i] */
+073         *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
+074       \}
+075
+076       /* now copy higher words if any, that is in A+B
+077        * if A or B has more digits add those in
+078        */
+079       if (min != max) \{
+080         for (; i < max; i++) \{
+081           /* T[i] = X[i] + U */
+082           *tmpc = x->dp[i] + u;
+083
+084           /* U = carry bit of T[i] */
+085           u = *tmpc >> ((mp_digit)DIGIT_BIT);
+086
+087           /* take away carry bit from T[i] */
+088           *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
+089         \}
+090       \}
+091
+092       /* add carry */
+093       *tmpc++ = u;
+094
+095       /* clear digits above oldused */
+096       for (i = c->used; i < olduse; i++) \{
+097         *tmpc++ = 0;
+098       \}
+099     \}
+100
+101     mp_clamp (c);
+102     return MP_OKAY;
+103   \}
+104   #endif
+105
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-We first sort (lines 28 to 36) the inputs based on magnitude and determine the $min$ and $max$ variables.
+We first sort (lines 27 to 35) the inputs based on magnitude and determine the $min$ and $max$ variables.
 Note that $x$ is a pointer to an mp\_int assigned to the largest input, in effect it is a local alias.  Next we
-grow the destination (38 to 42) ensure that it can accomodate the result of the addition. 
+grow the destination (37 to 42) ensure that it can accomodate the result of the addition.
 
-Similar to the implementation of mp\_copy this function uses the braced code and local aliases coding style.  The three aliases that are on 
-lines 56, 59 and 62 represent the two inputs and destination variables respectively.  These aliases are used to ensure the
+Similar to the implementation of mp\_copy this function uses the braced code and local aliases coding style.  The three aliases that are on
+lines 55, 58 and 61 represent the two inputs and destination variables respectively.  These aliases are used to ensure the
 compiler does not have to dereference $a$, $b$ or $c$ (respectively) to access the digits of the respective mp\_int.
 
-The initial carry $u$ will be cleared (line 65), note that $u$ is of type mp\_digit which ensures type 
-compatibility within the implementation.  The initial addition (line 66 to 75) adds digits from
+The initial carry $u$ will be cleared (line 64), note that $u$ is of type mp\_digit which ensures type
+compatibility within the implementation.  The initial addition (line 65 to 74) adds digits from
 both inputs until the smallest input runs out of digits.  Similarly the conditional addition loop
-(line 81 to 90) adds the remaining digits from the larger of the two inputs.  The addition is finished 
-with the final carry being stored in $tmpc$ (line 94).  Note the ``++'' operator within the same expression.
-After line 94, $tmpc$ will point to the $c.used$'th digit of the mp\_int $c$.  This is useful
-for the next loop (line 97 to 99) which set any old upper digits to zero.
+(line 80 to 90) adds the remaining digits from the larger of the two inputs.  The addition is finished
+with the final carry being stored in $tmpc$ (line 93).  Note the ``++'' operator within the same expression.
+After line 93, $tmpc$ will point to the $c.used$'th digit of the mp\_int $c$.  This is useful
+for the next loop (line 96 to 99) which set any old upper digits to zero.
 
 \subsection{Low Level Subtraction}
 The low level unsigned subtraction algorithm is very similar to the low level unsigned addition algorithm.  The principle difference is that the
-unsigned subtraction algorithm requires the result to be positive.  That is when computing $a - b$ the condition $\vert a \vert \ge \vert b\vert$ must 
-be met for this algorithm to function properly.  Keep in mind this low level algorithm is not meant to be used in higher level algorithms directly.  
+unsigned subtraction algorithm requires the result to be positive.  That is when computing $a - b$ the condition $\vert a \vert \ge \vert b\vert$ must
+be met for this algorithm to function properly.  Keep in mind this low level algorithm is not meant to be used in higher level algorithms directly.
 This algorithm as will be shown can be used to create functional signed addition and subtraction algorithms.
 
 
 For this algorithm a new variable is required to make the description simpler.  Recall from section 1.3.1 that a mp\_digit must be able to represent
-the range $0 \le x < 2\beta$ for the algorithms to work correctly.  However, it is allowable that a mp\_digit represent a larger range of values.  For 
-this algorithm we will assume that the variable $\gamma$ represents the number of bits available in a 
-mp\_digit (\textit{this implies $2^{\gamma} > \beta$}).  
+the range $0 \le x < 2\beta$ for the algorithms to work correctly.  However, it is allowable that a mp\_digit represent a larger range of values.  For
+this algorithm we will assume that the variable $\gamma$ represents the number of bits available in a
+mp\_digit (\textit{this implies $2^{\gamma} > \beta$}).
 
 For example, the default for LibTomMath is to use a ``unsigned long'' for the mp\_digit ``type'' while $\beta = 2^{28}$.  In ISO C an ``unsigned long''
 data type must be able to represent $0 \le x < 2^{32}$ meaning that in this case $\gamma \ge 32$.
@@ -1769,7 +2255,7 @@ data type must be able to represent $0 \le x < 2^{32}$ meaning that in this case
 1.  $min \leftarrow b.used$ \\
 2.  $max \leftarrow a.used$ \\
 3.  If $c.alloc < max$ then grow $c$ to hold at least $max$ digits.  (\textit{mp\_grow}) \\
-4.  $oldused \leftarrow c.used$ \\ 
+4.  $oldused \leftarrow c.used$ \\
 5.  $c.used \leftarrow max$ \\
 6.  $u \leftarrow 0$ \\
 7.  for $n$ from $0$ to $min - 1$ do \\
@@ -1799,24 +2285,24 @@ passing variables $a$ and $b$ the condition that $\vert a \vert \ge \vert b \ver
 algorithm is loosely based on algorithm 14.9 \cite[pp. 595]{HAC} and is similar to algorithm S in \cite[pp. 267]{TAOCPV2} as well.  As was the case
 of the algorithm s\_mp\_add both other references lack discussion concerning various practical details such as when the inputs differ in magnitude.
 
-The initial sorting of the inputs is trivial in this algorithm since $a$ is guaranteed to have at least the same magnitude of $b$.  Steps 1 and 2 
-set the $min$ and $max$ variables.  Unlike the addition routine there is guaranteed to be no carry which means that the final result can be at 
-most $max$ digits in length as opposed to $max + 1$.  Similar to the addition algorithm the \textbf{used} count of $c$ is copied locally and 
+The initial sorting of the inputs is trivial in this algorithm since $a$ is guaranteed to have at least the same magnitude of $b$.  Steps 1 and 2
+set the $min$ and $max$ variables.  Unlike the addition routine there is guaranteed to be no carry which means that the final result can be at
+most $max$ digits in length as opposed to $max + 1$.  Similar to the addition algorithm the \textbf{used} count of $c$ is copied locally and
 set to the maximal count for the operation.
 
-The subtraction loop that begins on step seven is essentially the same as the addition loop of algorithm s\_mp\_add except single precision 
-subtraction is used instead.  Note the use of the $\gamma$ variable to extract the carry (\textit{also known as the borrow}) within the subtraction 
-loops.  Under the assumption that two's complement single precision arithmetic is used this will successfully extract the desired carry.  
+The subtraction loop that begins on step seven is essentially the same as the addition loop of algorithm s\_mp\_add except single precision
+subtraction is used instead.  Note the use of the $\gamma$ variable to extract the carry (\textit{also known as the borrow}) within the subtraction
+loops.  Under the assumption that two's complement single precision arithmetic is used this will successfully extract the desired carry.
 
-For example, consider subtracting $0101_2$ from $0100_2$ where $\gamma = 4$ and $\beta = 2$.  The least significant bit will force a carry upwards to 
-the third bit which will be set to zero after the borrow.  After the very first bit has been subtracted $4 - 1 \equiv 0011_2$ will remain,  When the 
-third bit of $0101_2$ is subtracted from the result it will cause another carry.  In this case though the carry will be forced to propagate all the 
-way to the most significant bit.  
+For example, consider subtracting $0101_2$ from $0100_2$ where $\gamma = 4$ and $\beta = 2$.  The least significant bit will force a carry upwards to
+the third bit which will be set to zero after the borrow.  After the very first bit has been subtracted $4 - 1 \equiv 0011_2$ will remain,  When the
+third bit of $0101_2$ is subtracted from the result it will cause another carry.  In this case though the carry will be forced to propagate all the
+way to the most significant bit.
 
-Recall that $\beta < 2^{\gamma}$.  This means that if a carry does occur just before the $lg(\beta)$'th bit it will propagate all the way to the most 
+Recall that $\beta < 2^{\gamma}$.  This means that if a carry does occur just before the $lg(\beta)$'th bit it will propagate all the way to the most
 significant bit.  Thus, the high order bits of the mp\_digit that are not part of the actual digit will either be all zero, or all one. All that
-is needed is a single zero or one bit for the carry.  Therefore a single logical shift right by $\gamma - 1$ positions is sufficient to extract the 
-carry.  This method of carry extraction may seem awkward but the reason for it becomes apparent when the implementation is discussed.  
+is needed is a single zero or one bit for the carry.  Therefore a single logical shift right by $\gamma - 1$ positions is sufficient to extract the
+carry.  This method of carry extraction may seem awkward but the reason for it becomes apparent when the implementation is discussed.
 
 If $b$ has a smaller magnitude than $a$ then step 9 will force the carry and copy operation to propagate through the larger input $a$ into $c$.  Step
 10 will ensure that any leading digits of $c$ above the $max$'th position are zeroed.
@@ -1825,33 +2311,104 @@ If $b$ has a smaller magnitude than $a$ then step 9 will force the carry and cop
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_s\_mp\_sub.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* low level subtraction (assumes |a| > |b|), HAC pp.595 Algorithm 14.9 */
+018   int
+019   s_mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+020   \{
+021     int     olduse, res, min, max;
+022
+023     /* find sizes */
+024     min = b->used;
+025     max = a->used;
+026
+027     /* init result */
+028     if (c->alloc < max) \{
+029       if ((res = mp_grow (c, max)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+030         return res;
+031       \}
+032     \}
+033     olduse = c->used;
+034     c->used = max;
+035
+036     \{
+037       mp_digit u, *tmpa, *tmpb, *tmpc;
+038       int i;
+039
+040       /* alias for digit pointers */
+041       tmpa = a->dp;
+042       tmpb = b->dp;
+043       tmpc = c->dp;
+044
+045       /* set carry to zero */
+046       u = 0;
+047       for (i = 0; i < min; i++) \{
+048         /* T[i] = A[i] - B[i] - U */
+049         *tmpc = (*tmpa++ - *tmpb++) - u;
+050
+051         /* U = carry bit of T[i]
+052          * Note this saves performing an AND operation since
+053          * if a carry does occur it will propagate all the way to the
+054          * MSB.  As a result a single shift is enough to get the carry
+055          */
+056         u = *tmpc >> ((mp_digit)((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_digit)) - 1));
+057
+058         /* Clear carry from T[i] */
+059         *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
+060       \}
+061
+062       /* now copy higher words if any, e.g. if A has more digits than B  */
+063       for (; i < max; i++) \{
+064         /* T[i] = A[i] - U */
+065         *tmpc = *tmpa++ - u;
+066
+067         /* U = carry bit of T[i] */
+068         u = *tmpc >> ((mp_digit)((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_digit)) - 1));
+069
+070         /* Clear carry from T[i] */
+071         *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
+072       \}
+073
+074       /* clear digits above used (since we may not have grown result above) */
+
+075       for (i = c->used; i < olduse; i++) \{
+076         *tmpc++ = 0;
+077       \}
+078     \}
+079
+080     mp_clamp (c);
+081     return MP_OKAY;
+082   \}
+083
+084   #endif
+085
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-Like low level addition we ``sort'' the inputs.  Except in this case the sorting is hardcoded 
-(lines 25 and 26).  In reality the $min$ and $max$ variables are only aliases and are only 
-used to make the source code easier to read.  Again the pointer alias optimization is used 
+Like low level addition we ``sort'' the inputs.  Except in this case the sorting is hardcoded
+(lines 24 and 25).  In reality the $min$ and $max$ variables are only aliases and are only
+used to make the source code easier to read.  Again the pointer alias optimization is used
 within this algorithm.  The aliases $tmpa$, $tmpb$ and $tmpc$ are initialized
-(lines 42, 43 and 44) for $a$, $b$ and $c$ respectively.
-
-The first subtraction loop (lines 47 through 61) subtract digits from both inputs until the smaller of
-the two inputs has been exhausted.  As remarked earlier there is an implementation reason for using the ``awkward'' 
-method of extracting the carry (line 57).  The traditional method for extracting the carry would be to shift 
-by $lg(\beta)$ positions and logically AND the least significant bit.  The AND operation is required because all of 
-the bits above the $\lg(\beta)$'th bit will be set to one after a carry occurs from subtraction.  This carry 
-extraction requires two relatively cheap operations to extract the carry.  The other method is to simply shift the 
-most significant bit to the least significant bit thus extracting the carry with a single cheap operation.  This 
+(lines 41, 42 and 43) for $a$, $b$ and $c$ respectively.
+
+The first subtraction loop (lines 46 through 60) subtract digits from both inputs until the smaller of
+the two inputs has been exhausted.  As remarked earlier there is an implementation reason for using the ``awkward''
+method of extracting the carry (line 56).  The traditional method for extracting the carry would be to shift
+by $lg(\beta)$ positions and logically AND the least significant bit.  The AND operation is required because all of
+the bits above the $\lg(\beta)$'th bit will be set to one after a carry occurs from subtraction.  This carry
+extraction requires two relatively cheap operations to extract the carry.  The other method is to simply shift the
+most significant bit to the least significant bit thus extracting the carry with a single cheap operation.  This
 optimization only works on twos compliment machines which is a safe assumption to make.
 
-If $a$ has a larger magnitude than $b$ an additional loop (lines 64 through 73) is required to propagate 
-the carry through $a$ and copy the result to $c$.  
+If $a$ has a larger magnitude than $b$ an additional loop (lines 63 through 72) is required to propagate
+the carry through $a$ and copy the result to $c$.
 
 \subsection{High Level Addition}
 Now that both lower level addition and subtraction algorithms have been established an effective high level signed addition algorithm can be
-established.  This high level addition algorithm will be what other algorithms and developers will use to perform addition of mp\_int data 
-types.  
+established.  This high level addition algorithm will be what other algorithms and developers will use to perform addition of mp\_int data
+types.
 
-Recall from section 5.2 that an mp\_int represents an integer with an unsigned mantissa (\textit{the array of digits}) and a \textbf{sign} 
+Recall from section 5.2 that an mp\_int represents an integer with an unsigned mantissa (\textit{the array of digits}) and a \textbf{sign}
 flag.  A high level addition is actually performed as a series of eight separate cases which can be optimized down to three unique cases.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -1879,8 +2436,8 @@ flag.  A high level addition is actually performed as a series of eight separate
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_add.}
-This algorithm performs the signed addition of two mp\_int variables.  There is no reference algorithm to draw upon from 
-either \cite{TAOCPV2} or \cite{HAC} since they both only provide unsigned operations.  The algorithm is fairly 
+This algorithm performs the signed addition of two mp\_int variables.  There is no reference algorithm to draw upon from
+either \cite{TAOCPV2} or \cite{HAC} since they both only provide unsigned operations.  The algorithm is fairly
 straightforward but restricted since subtraction can only produce positive results.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -1910,9 +2467,9 @@ straightforward but restricted since subtraction can only produce positive resul
 \label{fig:AddChart}
 \end{figure}
 
-Figure~\ref{fig:AddChart} lists all of the eight possible input combinations and is sorted to show that only three 
-specific cases need to be handled.  The return code of the unsigned operations at step 1.2, 2.1.2 and 2.2.2 are 
-forwarded to step three to check for errors.  This simplifies the description of the algorithm considerably and best 
+Figure~\ref{fig:AddChart} lists all of the eight possible input combinations and is sorted to show that only three
+specific cases need to be handled.  The return code of the unsigned operations at step 1.2, 2.1.2 and 2.2.2 are
+forwarded to step three to check for errors.  This simplifies the description of the algorithm considerably and best
 follows how the implementation actually was achieved.
 
 Also note how the \textbf{sign} is set before the unsigned addition or subtraction is performed.  Recall from the descriptions of algorithms
@@ -1920,13 +2477,47 @@ s\_mp\_add and s\_mp\_sub that the mp\_clamp function is used at the end to trim
 to \textbf{MP\_ZPOS} when the \textbf{used} digit count reaches zero.
 
 For example, consider performing $-a + a$ with algorithm mp\_add.  By the description of the algorithm the sign is set to \textbf{MP\_NEG} which would
-produce a result of $-0$.  However, since the sign is set first then the unsigned addition is performed the subsequent usage of algorithm mp\_clamp 
-within algorithm s\_mp\_add will force $-0$ to become $0$.  
+produce a result of $-0$.  However, since the sign is set first then the unsigned addition is performed the subsequent usage of algorithm mp\_clamp
+within algorithm s\_mp\_add will force $-0$ to become $0$.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_add.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* high level addition (handles signs) */
+018   int mp_add (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+019   \{
+020     int     sa, sb, res;
+021
+022     /* get sign of both inputs */
+023     sa = a->sign;
+024     sb = b->sign;
+025
+026     /* handle two cases, not four */
+027     if (sa == sb) \{
+028       /* both positive or both negative */
+029       /* add their magnitudes, copy the sign */
+030       c->sign = sa;
+031       res = s_mp_add (a, b, c);
+032     \} else \{
+033       /* one positive, the other negative */
+034       /* subtract the one with the greater magnitude from */
+035       /* the one of the lesser magnitude.  The result gets */
+036       /* the sign of the one with the greater magnitude. */
+037       if (mp_cmp_mag (a, b) == MP_LT) \{
+038         c->sign = sb;
+039         res = s_mp_sub (b, a, c);
+040       \} else \{
+041         c->sign = sa;
+042         res = s_mp_sub (a, b, c);
+043       \}
+044     \}
+045     return res;
+046   \}
+047
+048   #endif
+049
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
@@ -1936,7 +2527,7 @@ explicitly checking it and returning the constant \textbf{MP\_OKAY}.  The observ
 level functions do so.  Returning their return code is sufficient.
 
 \subsection{High Level Subtraction}
-The high level signed subtraction algorithm is essentially the same as the high level signed addition algorithm.  
+The high level signed subtraction algorithm is essentially the same as the high level signed addition algorithm.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{center}
@@ -1966,7 +2557,7 @@ The high level signed subtraction algorithm is essentially the same as the high
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_sub.}
-This algorithm performs the signed subtraction of two inputs.  Similar to algorithm mp\_add there is no reference in either \cite{TAOCPV2} or 
+This algorithm performs the signed subtraction of two inputs.  Similar to algorithm mp\_add there is no reference in either \cite{TAOCPV2} or
 \cite{HAC}.  Also this algorithm is restricted by algorithm s\_mp\_sub.  Chart \ref{fig:SubChart} lists the eight possible inputs and
 the operations required.
 
@@ -1993,32 +2584,72 @@ the operations required.
 \label{fig:SubChart}
 \end{figure}
 
-Similar to the case of algorithm mp\_add the \textbf{sign} is set first before the unsigned addition or subtraction.  That is to prevent the 
-algorithm from producing $-a - -a = -0$ as a result.  
+Similar to the case of algorithm mp\_add the \textbf{sign} is set first before the unsigned addition or subtraction.  That is to prevent the
+algorithm from producing $-a - -a = -0$ as a result.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_sub.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* high level subtraction (handles signs) */
+018   int
+019   mp_sub (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+020   \{
+021     int     sa, sb, res;
+022
+023     sa = a->sign;
+024     sb = b->sign;
+025
+026     if (sa != sb) \{
+027       /* subtract a negative from a positive, OR */
+028       /* subtract a positive from a negative. */
+029       /* In either case, ADD their magnitudes, */
+030       /* and use the sign of the first number. */
+031       c->sign = sa;
+032       res = s_mp_add (a, b, c);
+033     \} else \{
+034       /* subtract a positive from a positive, OR */
+035       /* subtract a negative from a negative. */
+036       /* First, take the difference between their */
+037       /* magnitudes, then... */
+038       if (mp_cmp_mag (a, b) != MP_LT) \{
+039         /* Copy the sign from the first */
+040         c->sign = sa;
+041         /* The first has a larger or equal magnitude */
+042         res = s_mp_sub (a, b, c);
+043       \} else \{
+044         /* The result has the *opposite* sign from */
+045         /* the first number. */
+046         c->sign = (sa == MP_ZPOS) ? MP_NEG : MP_ZPOS;
+047         /* The second has a larger magnitude */
+048         res = s_mp_sub (b, a, c);
+049       \}
+050     \}
+051     return res;
+052   \}
+053
+054   #endif
+055
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 Much like the implementation of algorithm mp\_add the variable $res$ is used to catch the return code of the unsigned addition or subtraction operations
-and forward it to the end of the function.  On line 39 the ``not equal to'' \textbf{MP\_LT} expression is used to emulate a 
-``greater than or equal to'' comparison.  
+and forward it to the end of the function.  On line 38 the ``not equal to'' \textbf{MP\_LT} expression is used to emulate a
+``greater than or equal to'' comparison.
 
 \section{Bit and Digit Shifting}
-It is quite common to think of a multiple precision integer as a polynomial in $x$, that is $y = f(\beta)$ where $f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} a_i x^i$.  
-This notation arises within discussion of Montgomery and Diminished Radix Reduction as well as Karatsuba multiplication and squaring.  
+It is quite common to think of a multiple precision integer as a polynomial in $x$, that is $y = f(\beta)$ where $f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n-1} a_i x^i$.
+This notation arises within discussion of Montgomery and Diminished Radix Reduction as well as Karatsuba multiplication and squaring.
 
 In order to facilitate operations on polynomials in $x$ as above a series of simple ``digit'' algorithms have to be established.  That is to shift
 the digits left or right as well to shift individual bits of the digits left and right.  It is important to note that not all ``shift'' operations
-are on radix-$\beta$ digits.  
+are on radix-$\beta$ digits.
 
 \subsection{Multiplication by Two}
 
-In a binary system where the radix is a power of two multiplication by two not only arises often in other algorithms it is a fairly efficient 
-operation to perform.  A single precision logical shift left is sufficient to multiply a single digit by two.  
+In a binary system where the radix is a power of two multiplication by two not only arises often in other algorithms it is a fairly efficient
+operation to perform.  A single precision logical shift left is sufficient to multiply a single digit by two.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2052,31 +2683,94 @@ operation to perform.  A single precision logical shift left is sufficient to mu
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_mul\_2.}
-This algorithm will quickly multiply a mp\_int by two provided $\beta$ is a power of two.  Neither \cite{TAOCPV2} nor \cite{HAC} describe such 
-an algorithm despite the fact it arises often in other algorithms.  The algorithm is setup much like the lower level algorithm s\_mp\_add since 
-it is for all intents and purposes equivalent to the operation $b = \vert a \vert + \vert a \vert$.  
+This algorithm will quickly multiply a mp\_int by two provided $\beta$ is a power of two.  Neither \cite{TAOCPV2} nor \cite{HAC} describe such
+an algorithm despite the fact it arises often in other algorithms.  The algorithm is setup much like the lower level algorithm s\_mp\_add since
+it is for all intents and purposes equivalent to the operation $b = \vert a \vert + \vert a \vert$.
 
 Step 1 and 2 grow the input as required to accomodate the maximum number of \textbf{used} digits in the result.  The initial \textbf{used} count
 is set to $a.used$ at step 4.  Only if there is a final carry will the \textbf{used} count require adjustment.
 
-Step 6 is an optimization implementation of the addition loop for this specific case.  That is since the two values being added together 
+Step 6 is an optimization implementation of the addition loop for this specific case.  That is since the two values being added together
 are the same there is no need to perform two reads from the digits of $a$.  Step 6.1 performs a single precision shift on the current digit $a_n$ to
 obtain what will be the carry for the next iteration.  Step 6.2 calculates the $n$'th digit of the result as single precision shift of $a_n$ plus
-the previous carry.  Recall from section 4.1 that $a_n << 1$ is equivalent to $a_n \cdot 2$.  An iteration of the addition loop is finished with 
+the previous carry.  Recall from section 4.1 that $a_n << 1$ is equivalent to $a_n \cdot 2$.  An iteration of the addition loop is finished with
 forwarding the carry to the next iteration.
 
-Step 7 takes care of any final carry by setting the $a.used$'th digit of the result to the carry and augmenting the \textbf{used} count of $b$.  
+Step 7 takes care of any final carry by setting the $a.used$'th digit of the result to the carry and augmenting the \textbf{used} count of $b$.
 Step 8 clears any leading digits of $b$ in case it originally had a larger magnitude than $a$.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_mul\_2.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* b = a*2 */
+018   int mp_mul_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+019   \{
+020     int     x, res, oldused;
+021
+022     /* grow to accomodate result */
+023     if (b->alloc < (a->used + 1)) \{
+024       if ((res = mp_grow (b, a->used + 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+025         return res;
+026       \}
+027     \}
+028
+029     oldused = b->used;
+030     b->used = a->used;
+031
+032     \{
+033       mp_digit r, rr, *tmpa, *tmpb;
+034
+035       /* alias for source */
+036       tmpa = a->dp;
+037
+038       /* alias for dest */
+039       tmpb = b->dp;
+040
+041       /* carry */
+042       r = 0;
+043       for (x = 0; x < a->used; x++) \{
+044
+045         /* get what will be the *next* carry bit from the
+046          * MSB of the current digit
+047          */
+048         rr = *tmpa >> ((mp_digit)(DIGIT_BIT - 1));
+049
+050         /* now shift up this digit, add in the carry [from the previous] */
+051         *tmpb++ = ((*tmpa++ << ((mp_digit)1)) | r) & MP_MASK;
+052
+053         /* copy the carry that would be from the source
+054          * digit into the next iteration
+055          */
+056         r = rr;
+057       \}
+058
+059       /* new leading digit? */
+060       if (r != 0) \{
+061         /* add a MSB which is always 1 at this point */
+062         *tmpb = 1;
+063         ++(b->used);
+064       \}
+065
+066       /* now zero any excess digits on the destination
+067        * that we didn't write to
+068        */
+069       tmpb = b->dp + b->used;
+070       for (x = b->used; x < oldused; x++) \{
+071         *tmpb++ = 0;
+072       \}
+073     \}
+074     b->sign = a->sign;
+075     return MP_OKAY;
+076   \}
+077   #endif
+078
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 This implementation is essentially an optimized implementation of s\_mp\_add for the case of doubling an input.  The only noteworthy difference
-is the use of the logical shift operator on line 52 to perform a single precision doubling.  
+is the use of the logical shift operator on line 51 to perform a single precision doubling.
 
 \subsection{Division by Two}
 A division by two can just as easily be accomplished with a logical shift right as multiplication by two can be with a logical shift left.
@@ -2117,31 +2811,80 @@ core as the basis of the algorithm.  Unlike mp\_mul\_2 the shift operations work
 could be written to work from the trailing digit to the leading digit however, it would have to stop one short of $a.used - 1$ digits to prevent
 reading past the end of the array of digits.
 
-Essentially the loop at step 6 is similar to that of mp\_mul\_2 except the logical shifts go in the opposite direction and the carry is at the 
-least significant bit not the most significant bit.  
+Essentially the loop at step 6 is similar to that of mp\_mul\_2 except the logical shifts go in the opposite direction and the carry is at the
+least significant bit not the most significant bit.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_div\_2.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* b = a/2 */
+018   int mp_div_2(mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+019   \{
+020     int     x, res, oldused;
+021
+022     /* copy */
+023     if (b->alloc < a->used) \{
+024       if ((res = mp_grow (b, a->used)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+025         return res;
+026       \}
+027     \}
+028
+029     oldused = b->used;
+030     b->used = a->used;
+031     \{
+032       mp_digit r, rr, *tmpa, *tmpb;
+033
+034       /* source alias */
+035       tmpa = a->dp + b->used - 1;
+036
+037       /* dest alias */
+038       tmpb = b->dp + b->used - 1;
+039
+040       /* carry */
+041       r = 0;
+042       for (x = b->used - 1; x >= 0; x--) \{
+043         /* get the carry for the next iteration */
+044         rr = *tmpa & 1;
+045
+046         /* shift the current digit, add in carry and store */
+047         *tmpb-- = (*tmpa-- >> 1) | (r << (DIGIT_BIT - 1));
+048
+049         /* forward carry to next iteration */
+050         r = rr;
+051       \}
+052
+053       /* zero excess digits */
+054       tmpb = b->dp + b->used;
+055       for (x = b->used; x < oldused; x++) \{
+056         *tmpb++ = 0;
+057       \}
+058     \}
+059     b->sign = a->sign;
+060     mp_clamp (b);
+061     return MP_OKAY;
+062   \}
+063   #endif
+064
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 \section{Polynomial Basis Operations}
 Recall from section 4.3 that any integer can be represented as a polynomial in $x$ as $y = f(\beta)$.  Such a representation is also known as
-the polynomial basis \cite[pp. 48]{ROSE}. Given such a notation a multiplication or division by $x$ amounts to shifting whole digits a single 
+the polynomial basis \cite[pp. 48]{ROSE}. Given such a notation a multiplication or division by $x$ amounts to shifting whole digits a single
 place.  The need for such operations arises in several other higher level algorithms such as Barrett and Montgomery reduction, integer
-division and Karatsuba multiplication.  
+division and Karatsuba multiplication.
 
 Converting from an array of digits to polynomial basis is very simple.  Consider the integer $y \equiv (a_2, a_1, a_0)_{\beta}$ and recall that
 $y = \sum_{i=0}^{2} a_i \beta^i$.  Simply replace $\beta$ with $x$ and the expression is in polynomial basis.  For example, $f(x) = 8x + 9$ is the
-polynomial basis representation for $89$ using radix ten.  That is, $f(10) = 8(10) + 9 = 89$.  
+polynomial basis representation for $89$ using radix ten.  That is, $f(10) = 8(10) + 9 = 89$.
 
 \subsection{Multiplication by $x$}
 
-Given a polynomial in $x$ such as $f(x) = a_n x^n + a_{n-1} x^{n-1} + ... + a_0$ multiplying by $x$ amounts to shifting the coefficients up one 
+Given a polynomial in $x$ such as $f(x) = a_n x^n + a_{n-1} x^{n-1} + ... + a_0$ multiplying by $x$ amounts to shifting the coefficients up one
 degree.  In this case $f(x) \cdot x = a_n x^{n+1} + a_{n-1} x^n + ... + a_0 x$.  From a scalar basis point of view multiplying by $x$ is equivalent to
-multiplying by the integer $\beta$.  
+multiplying by the integer $\beta$.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2172,16 +2915,16 @@ multiplying by the integer $\beta$.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_lshd.}
-This algorithm multiplies an mp\_int by the $b$'th power of $x$.  This is equivalent to multiplying by $\beta^b$.  The algorithm differs 
+This algorithm multiplies an mp\_int by the $b$'th power of $x$.  This is equivalent to multiplying by $\beta^b$.  The algorithm differs
 from the other algorithms presented so far as it performs the operation in place instead storing the result in a separate location.  The
 motivation behind this change is due to the way this function is typically used.  Algorithms such as mp\_add store the result in an optionally
 different third mp\_int because the original inputs are often still required.  Algorithm mp\_lshd (\textit{and similarly algorithm mp\_rshd}) is
-typically used on values where the original value is no longer required.  The algorithm will return success immediately if 
-$b \le 0$ since the rest of algorithm is only valid when $b > 0$.  
+typically used on values where the original value is no longer required.  The algorithm will return success immediately if
+$b \le 0$ since the rest of algorithm is only valid when $b > 0$.
 
 First the destination $a$ is grown as required to accomodate the result.  The counters $i$ and $j$ are used to form a \textit{sliding window} over
-the digits of $a$ of length $b$.  The head of the sliding window is at $i$ (\textit{the leading digit}) and the tail at $j$ (\textit{the trailing digit}).  
-The loop on step 7 copies the digit from the tail to the head.  In each iteration the window is moved down one digit.   The last loop on 
+the digits of $a$ of length $b$.  The head of the sliding window is at $i$ (\textit{the leading digit}) and the tail at $j$ (\textit{the trailing digit}).
+The loop on step 7 copies the digit from the tail to the head.  In each iteration the window is moved down one digit.   The last loop on
 step 8 sets the lower $b$ digits to zero.
 
 \newpage
@@ -2197,18 +2940,66 @@ step 8 sets the lower $b$ digits to zero.
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_lshd.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* shift left a certain amount of digits */
+018   int mp_lshd (mp_int * a, int b)
+019   \{
+020     int     x, res;
+021
+022     /* if its less than zero return */
+023     if (b <= 0) \{
+024       return MP_OKAY;
+025     \}
+026
+027     /* grow to fit the new digits */
+028     if (a->alloc < (a->used + b)) \{
+029        if ((res = mp_grow (a, a->used + b)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+030          return res;
+031        \}
+032     \}
+033
+034     \{
+035       mp_digit *top, *bottom;
+036
+037       /* increment the used by the shift amount then copy upwards */
+038       a->used += b;
+039
+040       /* top */
+041       top = a->dp + a->used - 1;
+042
+043       /* base */
+044       bottom = (a->dp + a->used - 1) - b;
+045
+046       /* much like mp_rshd this is implemented using a sliding window
+047        * except the window goes the otherway around.  Copying from
+048        * the bottom to the top.  see bn_mp_rshd.c for more info.
+049        */
+050       for (x = a->used - 1; x >= b; x--) \{
+051         *top-- = *bottom--;
+052       \}
+053
+054       /* zero the lower digits */
+055       top = a->dp;
+056       for (x = 0; x < b; x++) \{
+057         *top++ = 0;
+058       \}
+059     \}
+060     return MP_OKAY;
+061   \}
+062   #endif
+063
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The if statement (line 24) ensures that the $b$ variable is greater than zero since we do not interpret negative
-shift counts properly.  The \textbf{used} count is incremented by $b$ before the copy loop begins.  This elminates 
-the need for an additional variable in the for loop.  The variable $top$ (line 42) is an alias
-for the leading digit while $bottom$ (line 45) is an alias for the trailing edge.  The aliases form a 
-window of exactly $b$ digits over the input.  
+The if statement (line 23) ensures that the $b$ variable is greater than zero since we do not interpret negative
+shift counts properly.  The \textbf{used} count is incremented by $b$ before the copy loop begins.  This elminates
+the need for an additional variable in the for loop.  The variable $top$ (line 41) is an alias
+for the leading digit while $bottom$ (line 44) is an alias for the trailing edge.  The aliases form a
+window of exactly $b$ digits over the input.
 
 \subsection{Division by $x$}
 
-Division by powers of $x$ is easily achieved by shifting the digits right and removing any that will end up to the right of the zero'th digit.  
+Division by powers of $x$ is easily achieved by shifting the digits right and removing any that will end up to the right of the zero'th digit.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2241,13 +3032,13 @@ Division by powers of $x$ is easily achieved by shifting the digits right and re
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_rshd.}
 This algorithm divides the input in place by the $b$'th power of $x$.  It is analogous to dividing by a $\beta^b$ but much quicker since
-it does not require single precision division.  This algorithm does not actually return an error code as it cannot fail.  
+it does not require single precision division.  This algorithm does not actually return an error code as it cannot fail.
 
 If the input $b$ is less than one the algorithm quickly returns without performing any work.  If the \textbf{used} count is less than or equal
 to the shift count $b$ then it will simply zero the input and return.
 
 After the trivial cases of inputs have been handled the sliding window is setup.  Much like the case of algorithm mp\_lshd a sliding window that
-is $b$ digits wide is used to copy the digits.  Unlike mp\_lshd the window slides in the opposite direction from the trailing to the leading digit.  
+is $b$ digits wide is used to copy the digits.  Unlike mp\_lshd the window slides in the opposite direction from the trailing to the leading digit.
 Also the digits are copied from the leading to the trailing edge.
 
 Once the window copy is complete the upper digits must be zeroed and the \textbf{used} count decremented.
@@ -2256,18 +3047,71 @@ Once the window copy is complete the upper digits must be zeroed and the \textbf
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_rshd.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* shift right a certain amount of digits */
+018   void mp_rshd (mp_int * a, int b)
+019   \{
+020     int     x;
+021
+022     /* if b <= 0 then ignore it */
+023     if (b <= 0) \{
+024       return;
+025     \}
+026
+027     /* if b > used then simply zero it and return */
+028     if (a->used <= b) \{
+029       mp_zero (a);
+030       return;
+031     \}
+032
+033     \{
+034       mp_digit *bottom, *top;
+035
+036       /* shift the digits down */
+037
+038       /* bottom */
+039       bottom = a->dp;
+040
+041       /* top [offset into digits] */
+042       top = a->dp + b;
+043
+044       /* this is implemented as a sliding window where
+045        * the window is b-digits long and digits from
+046        * the top of the window are copied to the bottom
+047        *
+048        * e.g.
+049
+050        b-2 | b-1 | b0 | b1 | b2 | ... | bb |   ---->
+051                    /\symbol{92}                   |      ---->
+052                     \symbol{92}-------------------/      ---->
+053        */
+054       for (x = 0; x < (a->used - b); x++) \{
+055         *bottom++ = *top++;
+056       \}
+057
+058       /* zero the top digits */
+059       for (; x < a->used; x++) \{
+060         *bottom++ = 0;
+061       \}
+062     \}
+063
+064     /* remove excess digits */
+065     a->used -= b;
+066   \}
+067   #endif
+068
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 The only noteworthy element of this routine is the lack of a return type since it cannot fail.  Like mp\_lshd() we
-form a sliding window except we copy in the other direction.  After the window (line 60) we then zero
+form a sliding window except we copy in the other direction.  After the window (line 59) we then zero
 the upper digits of the input to make sure the result is correct.
 
 \section{Powers of Two}
 
-Now that algorithms for moving single bits as well as whole digits exist algorithms for moving the ``in between'' distances are required.  For 
+Now that algorithms for moving single bits as well as whole digits exist algorithms for moving the ``in between'' distances are required.  For
 example, to quickly multiply by $2^k$ for any $k$ without using a full multiplier algorithm would prove useful.  Instead of performing single
-shifts $k$ times to achieve a multiplication by $2^{\pm k}$ a mixture of whole digit shifting and partial digit shifting is employed.  
+shifts $k$ times to achieve a multiplication by $2^{\pm k}$ a mixture of whole digit shifting and partial digit shifting is employed.
 
 \subsection{Multiplication by Power of Two}
 
@@ -2308,34 +3152,100 @@ shifts $k$ times to achieve a multiplication by $2^{\pm k}$ a mixture of whole d
 This algorithm multiplies $a$ by $2^b$ and stores the result in $c$.  The algorithm uses algorithm mp\_lshd and a derivative of algorithm mp\_mul\_2 to
 quickly compute the product.
 
-First the algorithm will multiply $a$ by $x^{\lfloor b / lg(\beta) \rfloor}$ which will ensure that the remainder multiplicand is less than 
-$\beta$.  For example, if $b = 37$ and $\beta = 2^{28}$ then this step will multiply by $x$ leaving a multiplication by $2^{37 - 28} = 2^{9}$ 
+First the algorithm will multiply $a$ by $x^{\lfloor b / lg(\beta) \rfloor}$ which will ensure that the remainder multiplicand is less than
+$\beta$.  For example, if $b = 37$ and $\beta = 2^{28}$ then this step will multiply by $x$ leaving a multiplication by $2^{37 - 28} = 2^{9}$
 left.
 
-After the digits have been shifted appropriately at most $lg(\beta) - 1$ shifts are left to perform.  Step 5 calculates the number of remaining shifts 
-required.  If it is non-zero a modified shift loop is used to calculate the remaining product.  
+After the digits have been shifted appropriately at most $lg(\beta) - 1$ shifts are left to perform.  Step 5 calculates the number of remaining shifts
+required.  If it is non-zero a modified shift loop is used to calculate the remaining product.
 Essentially the loop is a generic version of algorithm mp\_mul\_2 designed to handle any shift count in the range $1 \le x < lg(\beta)$.  The $mask$
-variable is used to extract the upper $d$ bits to form the carry for the next iteration.  
+variable is used to extract the upper $d$ bits to form the carry for the next iteration.
 
-This algorithm is loosely measured as a $O(2n)$ algorithm which means that if the input is $n$-digits that it takes $2n$ ``time'' to 
+This algorithm is loosely measured as a $O(2n)$ algorithm which means that if the input is $n$-digits that it takes $2n$ ``time'' to
 complete.  It is possible to optimize this algorithm down to a $O(n)$ algorithm at a cost of making the algorithm slightly harder to follow.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_mul\_2d.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* shift left by a certain bit count */
+018   int mp_mul_2d (mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c)
+019   \{
+020     mp_digit d;
+021     int      res;
+022
+023     /* copy */
+024     if (a != c) \{
+025        if ((res = mp_copy (a, c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+026          return res;
+027        \}
+028     \}
+029
+030     if (c->alloc < (int)(c->used + (b / DIGIT_BIT) + 1)) \{
+031        if ((res = mp_grow (c, c->used + (b / DIGIT_BIT) + 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+032          return res;
+033        \}
+034     \}
+035
+036     /* shift by as many digits in the bit count */
+037     if (b >= (int)DIGIT_BIT) \{
+038       if ((res = mp_lshd (c, b / DIGIT_BIT)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+039         return res;
+040       \}
+041     \}
+042
+043     /* shift any bit count < DIGIT_BIT */
+044     d = (mp_digit) (b % DIGIT_BIT);
+045     if (d != 0) \{
+046       mp_digit *tmpc, shift, mask, r, rr;
+047       int x;
+048
+049       /* bitmask for carries */
+050       mask = (((mp_digit)1) << d) - 1;
+051
+052       /* shift for msbs */
+053       shift = DIGIT_BIT - d;
+054
+055       /* alias */
+056       tmpc = c->dp;
+057
+058       /* carry */
+059       r    = 0;
+060       for (x = 0; x < c->used; x++) \{
+061         /* get the higher bits of the current word */
+062         rr = (*tmpc >> shift) & mask;
+063
+064         /* shift the current word and OR in the carry */
+065         *tmpc = ((*tmpc << d) | r) & MP_MASK;
+066         ++tmpc;
+067
+068         /* set the carry to the carry bits of the current word */
+069         r = rr;
+070       \}
+071
+072       /* set final carry */
+073       if (r != 0) \{
+074          c->dp[(c->used)++] = r;
+075       \}
+076     \}
+077     mp_clamp (c);
+078     return MP_OKAY;
+079   \}
+080   #endif
+081
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The shifting is performed in--place which means the first step (line 25) is to copy the input to the 
+The shifting is performed in--place which means the first step (line 24) is to copy the input to the
 destination.  We avoid calling mp\_copy() by making sure the mp\_ints are different.  The destination then
-has to be grown (line 32) to accomodate the result.
+has to be grown (line 31) to accomodate the result.
 
-If the shift count $b$ is larger than $lg(\beta)$ then a call to mp\_lshd() is used to handle all of the multiples 
-of $lg(\beta)$.  Leaving only a remaining shift of $lg(\beta) - 1$ or fewer bits left.  Inside the actual shift 
-loop (lines 46 to 76) we make use of pre--computed values $shift$ and $mask$.   These are used to
-extract the carry bit(s) to pass into the next iteration of the loop.  The $r$ and $rr$ variables form a 
-chain between consecutive iterations to propagate the carry.  
+If the shift count $b$ is larger than $lg(\beta)$ then a call to mp\_lshd() is used to handle all of the multiples
+of $lg(\beta)$.  Leaving only a remaining shift of $lg(\beta) - 1$ or fewer bits left.  Inside the actual shift
+loop (lines 45 to 76) we make use of pre--computed values $shift$ and $mask$.   These are used to
+extract the carry bit(s) to pass into the next iteration of the loop.  The $r$ and $rr$ variables form a
+chain between consecutive iterations to propagate the carry.
 
 \subsection{Division by Power of Two}
 
@@ -2373,7 +3283,7 @@ chain between consecutive iterations to propagate the carry.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_div\_2d.}
-This algorithm will divide an input $a$ by $2^b$ and produce the quotient and remainder.  The algorithm is designed much like algorithm 
+This algorithm will divide an input $a$ by $2^b$ and produce the quotient and remainder.  The algorithm is designed much like algorithm
 mp\_mul\_2d by first using whole digit shifts then single precision shifts.  This algorithm will also produce the remainder of the division
 by using algorithm mp\_mod\_2d.
 
@@ -2381,11 +3291,91 @@ by using algorithm mp\_mod\_2d.
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_div\_2d.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* shift right by a certain bit count (store quotient in c, optional remaind
+      er in d) */
+018   int mp_div_2d (mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
+019   \{
+020     mp_digit D, r, rr;
+021     int     x, res;
+022     mp_int  t;
+023
+024
+025     /* if the shift count is <= 0 then we do no work */
+026     if (b <= 0) \{
+027       res = mp_copy (a, c);
+028       if (d != NULL) \{
+029         mp_zero (d);
+030       \}
+031       return res;
+032     \}
+033
+034     if ((res = mp_init (&t)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+035       return res;
+036     \}
+037
+038     /* get the remainder */
+039     if (d != NULL) \{
+040       if ((res = mp_mod_2d (a, b, &t)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+041         mp_clear (&t);
+042         return res;
+043       \}
+044     \}
+045
+046     /* copy */
+047     if ((res = mp_copy (a, c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+048       mp_clear (&t);
+049       return res;
+050     \}
+051
+052     /* shift by as many digits in the bit count */
+053     if (b >= (int)DIGIT_BIT) \{
+054       mp_rshd (c, b / DIGIT_BIT);
+055     \}
+056
+057     /* shift any bit count < DIGIT_BIT */
+058     D = (mp_digit) (b % DIGIT_BIT);
+059     if (D != 0) \{
+060       mp_digit *tmpc, mask, shift;
+061
+062       /* mask */
+063       mask = (((mp_digit)1) << D) - 1;
+064
+065       /* shift for lsb */
+066       shift = DIGIT_BIT - D;
+067
+068       /* alias */
+069       tmpc = c->dp + (c->used - 1);
+070
+071       /* carry */
+072       r = 0;
+073       for (x = c->used - 1; x >= 0; x--) \{
+074         /* get the lower  bits of this word in a temp */
+075         rr = *tmpc & mask;
+076
+077         /* shift the current word and mix in the carry bits from the previous
+      word */
+078         *tmpc = (*tmpc >> D) | (r << shift);
+079         --tmpc;
+080
+081         /* set the carry to the carry bits of the current word found above */
+082         r = rr;
+083       \}
+084     \}
+085     mp_clamp (c);
+086     if (d != NULL) \{
+087       mp_exch (&t, d);
+088     \}
+089     mp_clear (&t);
+090     return MP_OKAY;
+091   \}
+092   #endif
+093
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The implementation of algorithm mp\_div\_2d is slightly different than the algorithm specifies.  The remainder $d$ may be optionally 
-ignored by passing \textbf{NULL} as the pointer to the mp\_int variable.    The temporary mp\_int variable $t$ is used to hold the 
+The implementation of algorithm mp\_div\_2d is slightly different than the algorithm specifies.  The remainder $d$ may be optionally
+ignored by passing \textbf{NULL} as the pointer to the mp\_int variable.    The temporary mp\_int variable $t$ is used to hold the
 result of the remainder operation until the end.  This allows $d$ and $a$ to represent the same mp\_int without modifying $a$ before
 the quotient is obtained.
 
@@ -2395,7 +3385,7 @@ the direction of the shifts.
 \subsection{Remainder of Division by Power of Two}
 
 The last algorithm in the series of polynomial basis power of two algorithms is calculating the remainder of division by $2^b$.  This
-algorithm benefits from the fact that in twos complement arithmetic $a \mbox{ (mod }2^b\mbox{)}$ is the same as $a$ AND $2^b - 1$.  
+algorithm benefits from the fact that in twos complement arithmetic $a \mbox{ (mod }2^b\mbox{)}$ is the same as $a$ AND $2^b - 1$.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2427,14 +3417,52 @@ algorithm benefits from the fact that in twos complement arithmetic $a \mbox{ (m
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_mod\_2d.}
-This algorithm will quickly calculate the value of $a \mbox{ (mod }2^b\mbox{)}$.  First if $b$ is less than or equal to zero the 
-result is set to zero.  If $b$ is greater than the number of bits in $a$ then it simply copies $a$ to $c$ and returns.  Otherwise, $a$ 
+This algorithm will quickly calculate the value of $a \mbox{ (mod }2^b\mbox{)}$.  First if $b$ is less than or equal to zero the
+result is set to zero.  If $b$ is greater than the number of bits in $a$ then it simply copies $a$ to $c$ and returns.  Otherwise, $a$
 is copied to $b$, leading digits are removed and the remaining leading digit is trimed to the exact bit count.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_mod\_2d.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* calc a value mod 2**b */
+018   int
+019   mp_mod_2d (mp_int * a, int b, mp_int * c)
+020   \{
+021     int     x, res;
+022
+023     /* if b is <= 0 then zero the int */
+024     if (b <= 0) \{
+025       mp_zero (c);
+026       return MP_OKAY;
+027     \}
+028
+029     /* if the modulus is larger than the value than return */
+030     if (b >= (int) (a->used * DIGIT_BIT)) \{
+031       res = mp_copy (a, c);
+032       return res;
+033     \}
+034
+035     /* copy */
+036     if ((res = mp_copy (a, c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+037       return res;
+038     \}
+039
+040     /* zero digits above the last digit of the modulus */
+041     for (x = (b / DIGIT_BIT) + (((b % DIGIT_BIT) == 0) ? 0 : 1); x < c->used;
+      x++) \{
+042       c->dp[x] = 0;
+043     \}
+044     /* clear the digit that is not completely outside/inside the modulus */
+045     c->dp[b / DIGIT_BIT] &=
+046       (mp_digit) ((((mp_digit) 1) << (((mp_digit) b) % DIGIT_BIT)) - ((mp_digi
+      t) 1));
+047     mp_clamp (c);
+048     return MP_OKAY;
+049   \}
+050   #endif
+051
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
@@ -2442,9 +3470,9 @@ We first avoid cases of $b \le 0$ by simply mp\_zero()'ing the destination in su
 than the input we just mp\_copy() the input and return right away.  After this point we know we must actually
 perform some work to produce the remainder.
 
-Recalling that reducing modulo $2^k$ and a binary ``and'' with $2^k - 1$ are numerically equivalent we can quickly reduce 
-the number.  First we zero any digits above the last digit in $2^b$ (line 42).  Next we reduce the 
-leading digit of both (line 46) and then mp\_clamp().
+Recalling that reducing modulo $2^k$ and a binary ``and'' with $2^k - 1$ are numerically equivalent we can quickly reduce
+the number.  First we zero any digits above the last digit in $2^b$ (line 41).  Next we reduce the
+leading digit of both (line 45) and then mp\_clamp().
 
 \section*{Exercises}
 \begin{tabular}{cl}
@@ -2477,40 +3505,40 @@ $\left [ 2 \right ] $ & Using only algorithms mp\_abs and mp\_sub devise another
 
 \chapter{Multiplication and Squaring}
 \section{The Multipliers}
-For most number theoretic problems including certain public key cryptographic algorithms, the ``multipliers'' form the most important subset of 
-algorithms of any multiple precision integer package.  The set of multiplier algorithms include integer multiplication, squaring and modular reduction 
-where in each of the algorithms single precision multiplication is the dominant operation performed.  This chapter will discuss integer multiplication 
-and squaring, leaving modular reductions for the subsequent chapter.  
+For most number theoretic problems including certain public key cryptographic algorithms, the ``multipliers'' form the most important subset of
+algorithms of any multiple precision integer package.  The set of multiplier algorithms include integer multiplication, squaring and modular reduction
+where in each of the algorithms single precision multiplication is the dominant operation performed.  This chapter will discuss integer multiplication
+and squaring, leaving modular reductions for the subsequent chapter.
 
-The importance of the multiplier algorithms is for the most part driven by the fact that certain popular public key algorithms are based on modular 
+The importance of the multiplier algorithms is for the most part driven by the fact that certain popular public key algorithms are based on modular
 exponentiation, that is computing $d \equiv a^b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}$ for some arbitrary choice of $a$, $b$, $c$ and $d$.  During a modular
-exponentiation the majority\footnote{Roughly speaking a modular exponentiation will spend about 40\% of the time performing modular reductions, 
-35\% of the time performing squaring and 25\% of the time performing multiplications.} of the processor time is spent performing single precision 
+exponentiation the majority\footnote{Roughly speaking a modular exponentiation will spend about 40\% of the time performing modular reductions,
+35\% of the time performing squaring and 25\% of the time performing multiplications.} of the processor time is spent performing single precision
 multiplications.
 
-For centuries general purpose multiplication has required a lengthly $O(n^2)$ process, whereby each digit of one multiplicand has to be multiplied 
-against every digit of the other multiplicand.  Traditional long-hand multiplication is based on this process;  while the techniques can differ the 
-overall algorithm used is essentially the same.  Only ``recently'' have faster algorithms been studied.  First Karatsuba multiplication was discovered in 
-1962.  This algorithm can multiply two numbers with considerably fewer single precision multiplications when compared to the long-hand approach.  
-This technique led to the discovery of polynomial basis algorithms (\textit{good reference?}) and subquently Fourier Transform based solutions.  
+For centuries general purpose multiplication has required a lengthly $O(n^2)$ process, whereby each digit of one multiplicand has to be multiplied
+against every digit of the other multiplicand.  Traditional long-hand multiplication is based on this process;  while the techniques can differ the
+overall algorithm used is essentially the same.  Only ``recently'' have faster algorithms been studied.  First Karatsuba multiplication was discovered in
+1962.  This algorithm can multiply two numbers with considerably fewer single precision multiplications when compared to the long-hand approach.
+This technique led to the discovery of polynomial basis algorithms (\textit{good reference?}) and subquently Fourier Transform based solutions.
 
 \section{Multiplication}
 \subsection{The Baseline Multiplication}
 \label{sec:basemult}
 \index{baseline multiplication}
 Computing the product of two integers in software can be achieved using a trivial adaptation of the standard $O(n^2)$ long-hand multiplication
-algorithm that school children are taught.  The algorithm is considered an $O(n^2)$ algorithm since for two $n$-digit inputs $n^2$ single precision 
-multiplications are required.  More specifically for a $m$ and $n$ digit input $m \cdot n$ single precision multiplications are required.  To 
-simplify most discussions, it will be assumed that the inputs have comparable number of digits.  
-
-The ``baseline multiplication'' algorithm is designed to act as the ``catch-all'' algorithm, only to be used when the faster algorithms cannot be 
-used.  This algorithm does not use any particularly interesting optimizations and should ideally be avoided if possible.    One important 
-facet of this algorithm, is that it has been modified to only produce a certain amount of output digits as resolution.  The importance of this 
-modification will become evident during the discussion of Barrett modular reduction.  Recall that for a $n$ and $m$ digit input the product 
-will be at most $n + m$ digits.  Therefore, this algorithm can be reduced to a full multiplier by having it produce $n + m$ digits of the product.  
-
-Recall from sub-section 4.2.2 the definition of $\gamma$ as the number of bits in the type \textbf{mp\_digit}.  We shall now extend the variable set to 
-include $\alpha$ which shall represent the number of bits in the type \textbf{mp\_word}.  This implies that $2^{\alpha} > 2 \cdot \beta^2$.  The 
+algorithm that school children are taught.  The algorithm is considered an $O(n^2)$ algorithm since for two $n$-digit inputs $n^2$ single precision
+multiplications are required.  More specifically for a $m$ and $n$ digit input $m \cdot n$ single precision multiplications are required.  To
+simplify most discussions, it will be assumed that the inputs have comparable number of digits.
+
+The ``baseline multiplication'' algorithm is designed to act as the ``catch-all'' algorithm, only to be used when the faster algorithms cannot be
+used.  This algorithm does not use any particularly interesting optimizations and should ideally be avoided if possible.    One important
+facet of this algorithm, is that it has been modified to only produce a certain amount of output digits as resolution.  The importance of this
+modification will become evident during the discussion of Barrett modular reduction.  Recall that for a $n$ and $m$ digit input the product
+will be at most $n + m$ digits.  Therefore, this algorithm can be reduced to a full multiplier by having it produce $n + m$ digits of the product.
+
+Recall from sub-section 4.2.2 the definition of $\gamma$ as the number of bits in the type \textbf{mp\_digit}.  We shall now extend the variable set to
+include $\alpha$ which shall represent the number of bits in the type \textbf{mp\_word}.  This implies that $2^{\alpha} > 2 \cdot \beta^2$.  The
 constant $\delta = 2^{\alpha - 2lg(\beta)}$ will represent the maximal weight of any column in a product (\textit{see sub-section 5.2.2 for more information}).
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -2554,20 +3582,20 @@ Compute the product. \\
 
 \textbf{Algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs.}
 This algorithm computes the unsigned product of two inputs $a$ and $b$, limited to an output precision of $digs$ digits.  While it may seem
-a bit awkward to modify the function from its simple $O(n^2)$ description, the usefulness of partial multipliers will arise in a subsequent 
-algorithm.  The algorithm is loosely based on algorithm 14.12 from \cite[pp. 595]{HAC} and is similar to Algorithm M of Knuth \cite[pp. 268]{TAOCPV2}.  
-Algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs differs from these cited references since it can produce a variable output precision regardless of the precision of the 
+a bit awkward to modify the function from its simple $O(n^2)$ description, the usefulness of partial multipliers will arise in a subsequent
+algorithm.  The algorithm is loosely based on algorithm 14.12 from \cite[pp. 595]{HAC} and is similar to Algorithm M of Knuth \cite[pp. 268]{TAOCPV2}.
+Algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs differs from these cited references since it can produce a variable output precision regardless of the precision of the
 inputs.
 
 The first thing this algorithm checks for is whether a Comba multiplier can be used instead.   If the minimum digit count of either
-input is less than $\delta$, then the Comba method may be used instead.    After the Comba method is ruled out, the baseline algorithm begins.  A 
-temporary mp\_int variable $t$ is used to hold the intermediate result of the product.  This allows the algorithm to be used to 
-compute products when either $a = c$ or $b = c$ without overwriting the inputs.  
+input is less than $\delta$, then the Comba method may be used instead.    After the Comba method is ruled out, the baseline algorithm begins.  A
+temporary mp\_int variable $t$ is used to hold the intermediate result of the product.  This allows the algorithm to be used to
+compute products when either $a = c$ or $b = c$ without overwriting the inputs.
 
 All of step 5 is the infamous $O(n^2)$ multiplication loop slightly modified to only produce upto $digs$ digits of output.  The $pb$ variable
 is given the count of digits to read from $b$ inside the nested loop.  If $pb \le 1$ then no more output digits can be produced and the algorithm
-will exit the loop.  The best way to think of the loops are as a series of $pb \times 1$ multiplications.    That is, in each pass of the 
-innermost loop $a_{ix}$ is multiplied against $b$ and the result is added (\textit{with an appropriate shift}) to $t$.  
+will exit the loop.  The best way to think of the loops are as a series of $pb \times 1$ multiplications.    That is, in each pass of the
+innermost loop $a_{ix}$ is multiplied against $b$ and the result is added (\textit{with an appropriate shift}) to $t$.
 
 For example, consider multiplying $576$ by $241$.  That is equivalent to computing $10^0(1)(576) + 10^1(4)(576) + 10^2(2)(576)$ which is best
 visualized in the following table.
@@ -2581,20 +3609,20 @@ visualized in the following table.
   &&          & 5 & 7 & 6 & $10^0(1)(576)$ \\
   &2 &   3    & 6 & 1 & 6 & $10^1(4)(576) + 10^0(1)(576)$ \\
   1 & 3 & 8 & 8 & 1 & 6 &   $10^2(2)(576) + 10^1(4)(576) + 10^0(1)(576)$ \\
-\hline  
+\hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \caption{Long-Hand Multiplication Diagram}
 \end{figure}
 
-Each row of the product is added to the result after being shifted to the left (\textit{multiplied by a power of the radix}) by the appropriate 
+Each row of the product is added to the result after being shifted to the left (\textit{multiplied by a power of the radix}) by the appropriate
 count.  That is in pass $ix$ of the inner loop the product is added starting at the $ix$'th digit of the reult.
 
 Step 5.4.1 introduces the hat symbol (\textit{e.g. $\hat r$}) which represents a double precision variable.  The multiplication on that step
 is assumed to be a double wide output single precision multiplication.  That is, two single precision variables are multiplied to produce a
 double precision result.  The step is somewhat optimized from a long-hand multiplication algorithm because the carry from the addition in step
-5.4.1 is propagated through the nested loop.  If the carry was not propagated immediately it would overflow the single precision digit 
-$t_{ix+iy}$ and the result would be lost.  
+5.4.1 is propagated through the nested loop.  If the carry was not propagated immediately it would overflow the single precision digit
+$t_{ix+iy}$ and the result would be lost.
 
 At step 5.5 the nested loop is finished and any carry that was left over should be forwarded.  The carry does not have to be added to the $ix+pb$'th
 digit since that digit is assumed to be zero at this point.  However, if $ix + pb \ge digs$ the carry is not set as it would make the result
@@ -2604,55 +3632,126 @@ exceed the precision requested.
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_s\_mp\_mul\_digs.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* multiplies |a| * |b| and only computes upto digs digits of result
+018    * HAC pp. 595, Algorithm 14.12  Modified so you can control how
+019    * many digits of output are created.
+020    */
+021   int s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
+022   \{
+023     mp_int  t;
+024     int     res, pa, pb, ix, iy;
+025     mp_digit u;
+026     mp_word r;
+027     mp_digit tmpx, *tmpt, *tmpy;
+028
+029     /* can we use the fast multiplier? */
+030     if (((digs) < MP_WARRAY) &&
+031         (MIN (a->used, b->used) <
+032             (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT))))) \{
+033       return fast_s_mp_mul_digs (a, b, c, digs);
+034     \}
+035
+036     if ((res = mp_init_size (&t, digs)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+037       return res;
+038     \}
+039     t.used = digs;
+040
+041     /* compute the digits of the product directly */
+042     pa = a->used;
+043     for (ix = 0; ix < pa; ix++) \{
+044       /* set the carry to zero */
+045       u = 0;
+046
+047       /* limit ourselves to making digs digits of output */
+048       pb = MIN (b->used, digs - ix);
+049
+050       /* setup some aliases */
+051       /* copy of the digit from a used within the nested loop */
+052       tmpx = a->dp[ix];
+053
+054       /* an alias for the destination shifted ix places */
+055       tmpt = t.dp + ix;
+056
+057       /* an alias for the digits of b */
+058       tmpy = b->dp;
+059
+060       /* compute the columns of the output and propagate the carry */
+061       for (iy = 0; iy < pb; iy++) \{
+062         /* compute the column as a mp_word */
+063         r       = (mp_word)*tmpt +
+064                   ((mp_word)tmpx * (mp_word)*tmpy++) +
+065                   (mp_word)u;
+066
+067         /* the new column is the lower part of the result */
+068         *tmpt++ = (mp_digit) (r & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
+069
+070         /* get the carry word from the result */
+071         u       = (mp_digit) (r >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT));
+072       \}
+073       /* set carry if it is placed below digs */
+074       if ((ix + iy) < digs) \{
+075         *tmpt = u;
+076       \}
+077     \}
+078
+079     mp_clamp (&t);
+080     mp_exch (&t, c);
+081
+082     mp_clear (&t);
+083     return MP_OKAY;
+084   \}
+085   #endif
+086
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-First we determine (line 31) if the Comba method can be used first since it's faster.  The conditions for 
-sing the Comba routine are that min$(a.used, b.used) < \delta$ and the number of digits of output is less than 
-\textbf{MP\_WARRAY}.  This new constant is used to control the stack usage in the Comba routines.  By default it is 
+First we determine (line 30) if the Comba method can be used first since it's faster.  The conditions for
+sing the Comba routine are that min$(a.used, b.used) < \delta$ and the number of digits of output is less than
+\textbf{MP\_WARRAY}.  This new constant is used to control the stack usage in the Comba routines.  By default it is
 set to $\delta$ but can be reduced when memory is at a premium.
 
 If we cannot use the Comba method we proceed to setup the baseline routine.  We allocate the the destination mp\_int
-$t$ (line 37) to the exact size of the output to avoid further re--allocations.  At this point we now 
+$t$ (line 36) to the exact size of the output to avoid further re--allocations.  At this point we now
 begin the $O(n^2)$ loop.
 
 This implementation of multiplication has the caveat that it can be trimmed to only produce a variable number of
-digits as output.  In each iteration of the outer loop the $pb$ variable is set (line 49) to the maximum 
-number of inner loop iterations.  
+digits as output.  In each iteration of the outer loop the $pb$ variable is set (line 48) to the maximum
+number of inner loop iterations.
 
 Inside the inner loop we calculate $\hat r$ as the mp\_word product of the two mp\_digits and the addition of the
-carry from the previous iteration.  A particularly important observation is that most modern optimizing 
-C compilers (GCC for instance) can recognize that a $N \times N \rightarrow 2N$ multiplication is all that 
+carry from the previous iteration.  A particularly important observation is that most modern optimizing
+C compilers (GCC for instance) can recognize that a $N \times N \rightarrow 2N$ multiplication is all that
 is required for the product.  In x86 terms for example, this means using the MUL instruction.
 
-Each digit of the product is stored in turn (line 69) and the carry propagated (line 72) to the 
+Each digit of the product is stored in turn (line 68) and the carry propagated (line 71) to the
 next iteration.
 
 \subsection{Faster Multiplication by the ``Comba'' Method}
 
-One of the huge drawbacks of the ``baseline'' algorithms is that at the $O(n^2)$ level the carry must be 
-computed and propagated upwards.  This makes the nested loop very sequential and hard to unroll and implement 
-in parallel.  The ``Comba'' \cite{COMBA} method is named after little known (\textit{in cryptographic venues}) Paul G. 
-Comba who described a method of implementing fast multipliers that do not require nested carry fixup operations.  As an 
-interesting aside it seems that Paul Barrett describes a similar technique in his 1986 paper \cite{BARRETT} written 
+One of the huge drawbacks of the ``baseline'' algorithms is that at the $O(n^2)$ level the carry must be
+computed and propagated upwards.  This makes the nested loop very sequential and hard to unroll and implement
+in parallel.  The ``Comba'' \cite{COMBA} method is named after little known (\textit{in cryptographic venues}) Paul G.
+Comba who described a method of implementing fast multipliers that do not require nested carry fixup operations.  As an
+interesting aside it seems that Paul Barrett describes a similar technique in his 1986 paper \cite{BARRETT} written
 five years before.
 
-At the heart of the Comba technique is once again the long-hand algorithm.  Except in this case a slight 
-twist is placed on how the columns of the result are produced.  In the standard long-hand algorithm rows of products 
-are produced then added together to form the final result.  In the baseline algorithm the columns are added together 
-after each iteration to get the result instantaneously.  
+At the heart of the Comba technique is once again the long-hand algorithm.  Except in this case a slight
+twist is placed on how the columns of the result are produced.  In the standard long-hand algorithm rows of products
+are produced then added together to form the final result.  In the baseline algorithm the columns are added together
+after each iteration to get the result instantaneously.
 
-In the Comba algorithm the columns of the result are produced entirely independently of each other.  That is at 
-the $O(n^2)$ level a simple multiplication and addition step is performed.  The carries of the columns are propagated 
-after the nested loop to reduce the amount of work requiored. Succintly the first step of the algorithm is to compute 
-the product vector $\vec x$ as follows. 
+In the Comba algorithm the columns of the result are produced entirely independently of each other.  That is at
+the $O(n^2)$ level a simple multiplication and addition step is performed.  The carries of the columns are propagated
+after the nested loop to reduce the amount of work requiored. Succintly the first step of the algorithm is to compute
+the product vector $\vec x$ as follows.
 
 \begin{equation}
 \vec x_n = \sum_{i+j = n} a_ib_j, \forall n \in \lbrace 0, 1, 2, \ldots, i + j \rbrace
 \end{equation}
 
 Where $\vec x_n$ is the $n'th$ column of the output vector.  Consider the following example which computes the vector $\vec x$ for the multiplication
-of $576$ and $241$.  
+of $576$ and $241$.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2663,15 +3762,15 @@ of $576$ and $241$.
 \hline            &                        & $1 \cdot 5 = 5$   & $1 \cdot 7 = 7$   & $1 \cdot 6 = 6$ & First pass \\
                   &  $4 \cdot 5 = 20$      & $4 \cdot 7+5=33$  & $4 \cdot 6+7=31$  & 6               & Second pass \\
    $2 \cdot 5 = 10$ &  $2 \cdot 7 + 20 = 34$ & $2 \cdot 6+33=45$ & 31                & 6             & Third pass \\
-\hline 10 & 34 & 45 & 31 & 6 & Final Result \\   
-\hline   
+\hline 10 & 34 & 45 & 31 & 6 & Final Result \\
+\hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \end{small}
 \caption{Comba Multiplication Diagram}
 \end{figure}
 
-At this point the vector $x = \left < 10, 34, 45, 31, 6 \right >$ is the result of the first step of the Comba multipler.  
+At this point the vector $x = \left < 10, 34, 45, 31, 6 \right >$ is the result of the first step of the Comba multipler.
 Now the columns must be fixed by propagating the carry upwards.  The resultant vector will have one extra dimension over the input vector which is
 congruent to adding a leading zero digit.
 
@@ -2694,16 +3793,16 @@ congruent to adding a leading zero digit.
 \caption{Algorithm Comba Fixup}
 \end{figure}
 
-With that algorithm and $k = 5$ and $\beta = 10$ the following vector is produced $\vec x= \left < 1, 3, 8, 8, 1, 6 \right >$.  In this case 
+With that algorithm and $k = 5$ and $\beta = 10$ the following vector is produced $\vec x= \left < 1, 3, 8, 8, 1, 6 \right >$.  In this case
 $241 \cdot 576$ is in fact $138816$ and the procedure succeeded.  If the algorithm is correct and as will be demonstrated shortly more
 efficient than the baseline algorithm why not simply always use this algorithm?
 
 \subsubsection{Column Weight.}
-At the nested $O(n^2)$ level the Comba method adds the product of two single precision variables to each column of the output 
+At the nested $O(n^2)$ level the Comba method adds the product of two single precision variables to each column of the output
 independently.  A serious obstacle is if the carry is lost, due to lack of precision before the algorithm has a chance to fix
 the carries.  For example, in the multiplication of two three-digit numbers the third column of output will be the sum of
 three single precision multiplications.  If the precision of the accumulator for the output digits is less then $3 \cdot (\beta - 1)^2$ then
-an overflow can occur and the carry information will be lost.  For any $m$ and $n$ digit inputs the maximum weight of any column is 
+an overflow can occur and the carry information will be lost.  For any $m$ and $n$ digit inputs the maximum weight of any column is
 min$(m, n)$ which is fairly obvious.
 
 The maximum number of terms in any column of a product is known as the ``column weight'' and strictly governs when the algorithm can be used.  Recall
@@ -2714,7 +3813,7 @@ two quantities we must not violate the following
 k \cdot \left (\beta - 1 \right )^2 < 2^{\alpha}
 \end{equation}
 
-Which reduces to 
+Which reduces to
 
 \begin{equation}
 k \cdot \left ( \beta^2 - 2\beta + 1 \right ) < 2^{\alpha}
@@ -2727,9 +3826,9 @@ found.
 k  < {{2^{\alpha}} \over {\left (2^{2\rho} - 2^{\rho + 1} + 1 \right )}}
 \end{equation}
 
-The defaults for LibTomMath are $\beta = 2^{28}$ and $\alpha = 2^{64}$ which means that $k$ is bounded by $k < 257$.  In this configuration 
-the smaller input may not have more than $256$ digits if the Comba method is to be used.  This is quite satisfactory for most applications since 
-$256$ digits would allow for numbers in the range of $0 \le x < 2^{7168}$ which, is much larger than most public key cryptographic algorithms require.  
+The defaults for LibTomMath are $\beta = 2^{28}$ and $\alpha = 2^{64}$ which means that $k$ is bounded by $k < 257$.  In this configuration
+the smaller input may not have more than $256$ digits if the Comba method is to be used.  This is quite satisfactory for most applications since
+$256$ digits would allow for numbers in the range of $0 \le x < 2^{7168}$ which, is much larger than most public key cryptographic algorithms require.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2775,79 +3874,167 @@ Place an array of \textbf{MP\_WARRAY} single precision digits named $W$ on the s
 \textbf{Algorithm fast\_s\_mp\_mul\_digs.}
 This algorithm performs the unsigned multiplication of $a$ and $b$ using the Comba method limited to $digs$ digits of precision.
 
-The outer loop of this algorithm is more complicated than that of the baseline multiplier.  This is because on the inside of the 
+The outer loop of this algorithm is more complicated than that of the baseline multiplier.  This is because on the inside of the
 loop we want to produce one column per pass.  This allows the accumulator $\_ \hat W$ to be placed in CPU registers and
 reduce the memory bandwidth to two \textbf{mp\_digit} reads per iteration.
 
 The $ty$ variable is set to the minimum count of $ix$ or the number of digits in $b$.  That way if $a$ has more digits than
 $b$ this will be limited to $b.used - 1$.  The $tx$ variable is set to the to the distance past $b.used$ the variable
-$ix$ is.  This is used for the immediately subsequent statement where we find $iy$.  
+$ix$ is.  This is used for the immediately subsequent statement where we find $iy$.
 
 The variable $iy$ is the minimum digits we can read from either $a$ or $b$ before running out.  Computing one column at a time
 means we have to scan one integer upwards and the other downwards.  $a$ starts at $tx$ and $b$ starts at $ty$.  In each
-pass we are producing the $ix$'th output column and we note that $tx + ty = ix$.  As we move $tx$ upwards we have to 
-move $ty$ downards so the equality remains valid.  The $iy$ variable is the number of iterations until 
+pass we are producing the $ix$'th output column and we note that $tx + ty = ix$.  As we move $tx$ upwards we have to
+move $ty$ downards so the equality remains valid.  The $iy$ variable is the number of iterations until
 $tx \ge a.used$ or $ty < 0$ occurs.
 
 After every inner pass we store the lower half of the accumulator into $W_{ix}$ and then propagate the carry of the accumulator
 into the next round by dividing $\_ \hat W$ by $\beta$.
 
-To measure the benefits of the Comba method over the baseline method consider the number of operations that are required.  If the 
-cost in terms of time of a multiply and addition is $p$ and the cost of a carry propagation is $q$ then a baseline multiplication would require 
-$O \left ((p + q)n^2 \right )$ time to multiply two $n$-digit numbers.  The Comba method requires only $O(pn^2 + qn)$ time, however in practice, 
+To measure the benefits of the Comba method over the baseline method consider the number of operations that are required.  If the
+cost in terms of time of a multiply and addition is $p$ and the cost of a carry propagation is $q$ then a baseline multiplication would require
+$O \left ((p + q)n^2 \right )$ time to multiply two $n$-digit numbers.  The Comba method requires only $O(pn^2 + qn)$ time, however in practice,
 the speed increase is actually much more.  With $O(n)$ space the algorithm can be reduced to $O(pn + qn)$ time by implementing the $n$ multiply
-and addition operations in the nested loop in parallel.  
+and addition operations in the nested loop in parallel.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_fast\_s\_mp\_mul\_digs.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* Fast (comba) multiplier
+018    *
+019    * This is the fast column-array [comba] multiplier.  It is
+020    * designed to compute the columns of the product first
+021    * then handle the carries afterwards.  This has the effect
+022    * of making the nested loops that compute the columns very
+023    * simple and schedulable on super-scalar processors.
+024    *
+025    * This has been modified to produce a variable number of
+026    * digits of output so if say only a half-product is required
+027    * you don't have to compute the upper half (a feature
+028    * required for fast Barrett reduction).
+029    *
+030    * Based on Algorithm 14.12 on pp.595 of HAC.
+031    *
+032    */
+033   int fast_s_mp_mul_digs (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, int digs)
+034   \{
+035     int     olduse, res, pa, ix, iz;
+036     mp_digit W[MP_WARRAY];
+037     mp_word  _W;
+038
+039     /* grow the destination as required */
+040     if (c->alloc < digs) \{
+041       if ((res = mp_grow (c, digs)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+042         return res;
+043       \}
+044     \}
+045
+046     /* number of output digits to produce */
+047     pa = MIN(digs, a->used + b->used);
+048
+049     /* clear the carry */
+050     _W = 0;
+051     for (ix = 0; ix < pa; ix++) \{
+052         int      tx, ty;
+053         int      iy;
+054         mp_digit *tmpx, *tmpy;
+055
+056         /* get offsets into the two bignums */
+057         ty = MIN(b->used-1, ix);
+058         tx = ix - ty;
+059
+060         /* setup temp aliases */
+061         tmpx = a->dp + tx;
+062         tmpy = b->dp + ty;
+063
+064         /* this is the number of times the loop will iterrate, essentially
+065            while (tx++ < a->used && ty-- >= 0) \{ ... \}
+066          */
+067         iy = MIN(a->used-tx, ty+1);
+068
+069         /* execute loop */
+070         for (iz = 0; iz < iy; ++iz) \{
+071            _W += ((mp_word)*tmpx++)*((mp_word)*tmpy--);
+072
+073         \}
+074
+075         /* store term */
+076         W[ix] = ((mp_digit)_W) & MP_MASK;
+077
+078         /* make next carry */
+079         _W = _W >> ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT);
+080     \}
+081
+082     /* setup dest */
+083     olduse  = c->used;
+084     c->used = pa;
+085
+086     \{
+087       mp_digit *tmpc;
+088       tmpc = c->dp;
+089       for (ix = 0; ix < (pa + 1); ix++) \{
+090         /* now extract the previous digit [below the carry] */
+091         *tmpc++ = W[ix];
+092       \}
+093
+094       /* clear unused digits [that existed in the old copy of c] */
+095       for (; ix < olduse; ix++) \{
+096         *tmpc++ = 0;
+097       \}
+098     \}
+099     mp_clamp (c);
+100     return MP_OKAY;
+101   \}
+102   #endif
+103
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-As per the pseudo--code we first calculate $pa$ (line 48) as the number of digits to output.  Next we begin the outer loop
-to produce the individual columns of the product.  We use the two aliases $tmpx$ and $tmpy$ (lines 62, 63) to point
-inside the two multiplicands quickly.  
+As per the pseudo--code we first calculate $pa$ (line 47) as the number of digits to output.  Next we begin the outer loop
+to produce the individual columns of the product.  We use the two aliases $tmpx$ and $tmpy$ (lines 61, 62) to point
+inside the two multiplicands quickly.
 
-The inner loop (lines 71 to 74) of this implementation is where the tradeoff come into play.  Originally this comba 
-implementation was ``row--major'' which means it adds to each of the columns in each pass.  After the outer loop it would then fix 
-the carries.  This was very fast except it had an annoying drawback.  You had to read a mp\_word and two mp\_digits and write 
-one mp\_word per iteration.  On processors such as the Athlon XP and P4 this did not matter much since the cache bandwidth 
-is very high and it can keep the ALU fed with data.  It did, however, matter on older and embedded cpus where cache is often 
-slower and also often doesn't exist.  This new algorithm only performs two reads per iteration under the assumption that the 
+The inner loop (lines 70 to 73) of this implementation is where the tradeoff come into play.  Originally this comba
+implementation was ``row--major'' which means it adds to each of the columns in each pass.  After the outer loop it would then fix
+the carries.  This was very fast except it had an annoying drawback.  You had to read a mp\_word and two mp\_digits and write
+one mp\_word per iteration.  On processors such as the Athlon XP and P4 this did not matter much since the cache bandwidth
+is very high and it can keep the ALU fed with data.  It did, however, matter on older and embedded cpus where cache is often
+slower and also often doesn't exist.  This new algorithm only performs two reads per iteration under the assumption that the
 compiler has aliased $\_ \hat W$ to a CPU register.
 
-After the inner loop we store the current accumulator in $W$ and shift $\_ \hat W$ (lines 77, 80) to forward it as 
-a carry for the next pass.  After the outer loop we use the final carry (line 77) as the last digit of the product.  
+After the inner loop we store the current accumulator in $W$ and shift $\_ \hat W$ (lines 76, 79) to forward it as
+a carry for the next pass.  After the outer loop we use the final carry (line 76) as the last digit of the product.
 
 \subsection{Polynomial Basis Multiplication}
 To break the $O(n^2)$ barrier in multiplication requires a completely different look at integer multiplication.  In the following algorithms
-the use of polynomial basis representation for two integers $a$ and $b$ as $f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n} a_i x^i$ and  
+the use of polynomial basis representation for two integers $a$ and $b$ as $f(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n} a_i x^i$ and
 $g(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{n} b_i x^i$ respectively, is required.  In this system both $f(x)$ and $g(x)$ have $n + 1$ terms and are of the $n$'th degree.
- 
+
 The product $a \cdot b \equiv f(x)g(x)$ is the polynomial $W(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{2n} w_i x^i$.  The coefficients $w_i$ will
 directly yield the desired product when $\beta$ is substituted for $x$.  The direct solution to solve for the $2n + 1$ coefficients
 requires $O(n^2)$ time and would in practice be slower than the Comba technique.
 
-However, numerical analysis theory indicates that only $2n + 1$ distinct points in $W(x)$ are required to determine the values of the $2n + 1$ unknown 
-coefficients.   This means by finding $\zeta_y = W(y)$ for $2n + 1$ small values of $y$ the coefficients of $W(x)$ can be found with 
-Gaussian elimination.  This technique is also occasionally refered to as the \textit{interpolation technique} (\textit{references please...}) since in 
-effect an interpolation based on $2n + 1$ points will yield a polynomial equivalent to $W(x)$.  
+However, numerical analysis theory indicates that only $2n + 1$ distinct points in $W(x)$ are required to determine the values of the $2n + 1$ unknown
+coefficients.   This means by finding $\zeta_y = W(y)$ for $2n + 1$ small values of $y$ the coefficients of $W(x)$ can be found with
+Gaussian elimination.  This technique is also occasionally refered to as the \textit{interpolation technique} (\textit{references please...}) since in
+effect an interpolation based on $2n + 1$ points will yield a polynomial equivalent to $W(x)$.
 
-The coefficients of the polynomial $W(x)$ are unknown which makes finding $W(y)$ for any value of $y$ impossible.  However, since 
-$W(x) = f(x)g(x)$ the equivalent $\zeta_y = f(y) g(y)$ can be used in its place.  The benefit of this technique stems from the 
-fact that $f(y)$ and $g(y)$ are much smaller than either $a$ or $b$ respectively.  As a result finding the $2n + 1$ relations required 
+The coefficients of the polynomial $W(x)$ are unknown which makes finding $W(y)$ for any value of $y$ impossible.  However, since
+$W(x) = f(x)g(x)$ the equivalent $\zeta_y = f(y) g(y)$ can be used in its place.  The benefit of this technique stems from the
+fact that $f(y)$ and $g(y)$ are much smaller than either $a$ or $b$ respectively.  As a result finding the $2n + 1$ relations required
 by multiplying $f(y)g(y)$ involves multiplying integers that are much smaller than either of the inputs.
 
 When picking points to gather relations there are always three obvious points to choose, $y = 0, 1$ and $ \infty$.  The $\zeta_0$ term
-is simply the product $W(0) = w_0 = a_0 \cdot b_0$.  The $\zeta_1$ term is the product 
+is simply the product $W(0) = w_0 = a_0 \cdot b_0$.  The $\zeta_1$ term is the product
 $W(1) = \left (\sum_{i = 0}^{n} a_i \right ) \left (\sum_{i = 0}^{n} b_i \right )$.  The third point $\zeta_{\infty}$ is less obvious but rather
-simple to explain.  The $2n + 1$'th coefficient of $W(x)$ is numerically equivalent to the most significant column in an integer multiplication.  
-The point at $\infty$ is used symbolically to represent the most significant column, that is $W(\infty) = w_{2n} = a_nb_n$.  Note that the 
+simple to explain.  The $2n + 1$'th coefficient of $W(x)$ is numerically equivalent to the most significant column in an integer multiplication.
+The point at $\infty$ is used symbolically to represent the most significant column, that is $W(\infty) = w_{2n} = a_nb_n$.  Note that the
 points at $y = 0$ and $\infty$ yield the coefficients $w_0$ and $w_{2n}$ directly.
 
-If more points are required they should be of small values and powers of two such as $2^q$ and the related \textit{mirror points} 
-$\left (2^q \right )^{2n}  \cdot \zeta_{2^{-q}}$ for small values of $q$.  The term ``mirror point'' stems from the fact that 
+If more points are required they should be of small values and powers of two such as $2^q$ and the related \textit{mirror points}
+$\left (2^q \right )^{2n}  \cdot \zeta_{2^{-q}}$ for small values of $q$.  The term ``mirror point'' stems from the fact that
 $\left (2^q \right )^{2n}  \cdot \zeta_{2^{-q}}$ can be calculated in the exact opposite fashion as $\zeta_{2^q}$.  For
 example, when $n = 2$ and $q = 1$ then following two equations are equivalent to the point $\zeta_{2}$ and its mirror.
 
@@ -2857,10 +4044,10 @@ example, when $n = 2$ and $q = 1$ then following two equations are equivalent to
 \end{eqnarray}
 
 Using such points will allow the values of $f(y)$ and $g(y)$ to be independently calculated using only left shifts.  For example, when $n = 2$ the
-polynomial $f(2^q)$ is equal to $2^q((2^qa_2) + a_1) + a_0$.  This technique of polynomial representation is known as Horner's method.  
+polynomial $f(2^q)$ is equal to $2^q((2^qa_2) + a_1) + a_0$.  This technique of polynomial representation is known as Horner's method.
 
-As a general rule of the algorithm when the inputs are split into $n$ parts each there are $2n - 1$ multiplications.  Each multiplication is of 
-multiplicands that have $n$ times fewer digits than the inputs.  The asymptotic running time of this algorithm is 
+As a general rule of the algorithm when the inputs are split into $n$ parts each there are $2n - 1$ multiplications.  Each multiplication is of
+multiplicands that have $n$ times fewer digits than the inputs.  The asymptotic running time of this algorithm is
 $O \left ( k^{lg_n(2n - 1)} \right )$ for $k$ digit inputs (\textit{assuming they have the same number of digits}).  Figure~\ref{fig:exponent}
 summarizes the exponents for various values of $n$.
 
@@ -2885,23 +4072,23 @@ summarizes the exponents for various values of $n$.
 
 At first it may seem like a good idea to choose $n = 1000$ since the exponent is approximately $1.1$.  However, the overhead
 of solving for the 2001 terms of $W(x)$ will certainly consume any savings the algorithm could offer for all but exceedingly large
-numbers.  
+numbers.
 
 \subsubsection{Cutoff Point}
-The polynomial basis multiplication algorithms all require fewer single precision multiplications than a straight Comba approach.  However, 
+The polynomial basis multiplication algorithms all require fewer single precision multiplications than a straight Comba approach.  However,
 the algorithms incur an overhead (\textit{at the $O(n)$ work level}) since they require a system of equations to be solved.  This makes the
 polynomial basis approach more costly to use with small inputs.
 
-Let $m$ represent the number of digits in the multiplicands (\textit{assume both multiplicands have the same number of digits}).  There exists a 
-point $y$ such that when $m < y$ the polynomial basis algorithms are more costly than Comba, when $m = y$ they are roughly the same cost and 
-when $m > y$ the Comba methods are slower than the polynomial basis algorithms.  
+Let $m$ represent the number of digits in the multiplicands (\textit{assume both multiplicands have the same number of digits}).  There exists a
+point $y$ such that when $m < y$ the polynomial basis algorithms are more costly than Comba, when $m = y$ they are roughly the same cost and
+when $m > y$ the Comba methods are slower than the polynomial basis algorithms.
 
 The exact location of $y$ depends on several key architectural elements of the computer platform in question.
 
 \begin{enumerate}
 \item  The ratio of clock cycles for single precision multiplication versus other simpler operations such as addition, shifting, etc.  For example
 on the AMD Athlon the ratio is roughly $17 : 1$ while on the Intel P4 it is $29 : 1$.  The higher the ratio in favour of multiplication the lower
-the cutoff point $y$ will be.  
+the cutoff point $y$ will be.
 
 \item  The complexity of the linear system of equations (\textit{for the coefficients of $W(x)$}) is.  Generally speaking as the number of splits
 grows the complexity grows substantially.  Ideally solving the system will only involve addition, subtraction and shifting of integers.  This
@@ -2914,11 +4101,11 @@ influence over the cutoff point.
 
 A clean cutoff point separation occurs when a point $y$ is found such that all of the cutoff point conditions are met.  For example, if the point
 is too low then there will be values of $m$ such that $m > y$ and the Comba method is still faster.  Finding the cutoff points is fairly simple when
-a high resolution timer is available.  
+a high resolution timer is available.
 
 \subsection{Karatsuba Multiplication}
 Karatsuba \cite{KARA} multiplication when originally proposed in 1962 was among the first set of algorithms to break the $O(n^2)$ barrier for
-general purpose multiplication.  Given two polynomial basis representations $f(x) = ax + b$ and $g(x) = cx + d$, Karatsuba proved with 
+general purpose multiplication.  Given two polynomial basis representations $f(x) = ax + b$ and $g(x) = cx + d$, Karatsuba proved with
 light algebra \cite{KARAP} that the following polynomial is equivalent to multiplication of the two integers the polynomials represent.
 
 \begin{equation}
@@ -2926,8 +4113,8 @@ f(x) \cdot g(x) = acx^2 + ((a + b)(c + d) - (ac + bd))x + bd
 \end{equation}
 
 Using the observation that $ac$ and $bd$ could be re-used only three half sized multiplications would be required to produce the product.  Applying
-this algorithm recursively, the work factor becomes $O(n^{lg(3)})$ which is substantially better than the work factor $O(n^2)$ of the Comba technique.  It turns 
-out what Karatsuba did not know or at least did not publish was that this is simply polynomial basis multiplication with the points 
+this algorithm recursively, the work factor becomes $O(n^{lg(3)})$ which is substantially better than the work factor $O(n^2)$ of the Comba technique.  It turns
+out what Karatsuba did not know or at least did not publish was that this is simply polynomial basis multiplication with the points
 $\zeta_0$, $\zeta_{\infty}$ and $\zeta_{1}$.  Consider the resultant system of equations.
 
 \begin{center}
@@ -2940,7 +4127,7 @@ $\zeta_{\infty}$ & $=$ & $w_2$ &  & &  & \\
 
 By adding the first and last equation to the equation in the middle the term $w_1$ can be isolated and all three coefficients solved for.  The simplicity
 of this system of equations has made Karatsuba fairly popular.  In fact the cutoff point is often fairly low\footnote{With LibTomMath 0.18 it is 70 and 109 digits for the Intel P4 and AMD Athlon respectively.}
-making it an ideal algorithm to speed up certain public key cryptosystems such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman.  
+making it an ideal algorithm to speed up certain public key cryptosystems such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -2978,7 +4165,7 @@ Calculate the final product. \\
 18.  $c \leftarrow t1 + x1y1$ \\
 19.  Clear all of the temporary variables. \\
 20.  Return(\textit{MP\_OKAY}).\\
-\hline 
+\hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \end{small}
@@ -2987,13 +4174,13 @@ Calculate the final product. \\
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_karatsuba\_mul.}
 This algorithm computes the unsigned product of two inputs using the Karatsuba multiplication algorithm.  It is loosely based on the description
-from Knuth \cite[pp. 294-295]{TAOCPV2}.  
+from Knuth \cite[pp. 294-295]{TAOCPV2}.
 
 \index{radix point}
 In order to split the two inputs into their respective halves, a suitable \textit{radix point} must be chosen.  The radix point chosen must
-be used for both of the inputs meaning that it must be smaller than the smallest input.  Step 3 chooses the radix point $B$ as half of the 
-smallest input \textbf{used} count.  After the radix point is chosen the inputs are split into lower and upper halves.  Step 4 and 5 
-compute the lower halves.  Step 6 and 7 computer the upper halves.  
+be used for both of the inputs meaning that it must be smaller than the smallest input.  Step 3 chooses the radix point $B$ as half of the
+smallest input \textbf{used} count.  After the radix point is chosen the inputs are split into lower and upper halves.  Step 4 and 5
+compute the lower halves.  Step 6 and 7 computer the upper halves.
 
 After the halves have been computed the three intermediate half-size products must be computed.  Step 8 and 9 compute the trivial products
 $x0 \cdot y0$ and $x1 \cdot y1$.  The mp\_int $x0$ is used as a temporary variable after $x1 + x0$ has been computed.  By using $x0$ instead
@@ -3005,34 +4192,182 @@ The remaining steps 13 through 18 compute the Karatsuba polynomial through a var
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_karatsuba\_mul.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* c = |a| * |b| using Karatsuba Multiplication using
+018    * three half size multiplications
+019    *
+020    * Let B represent the radix [e.g. 2**DIGIT_BIT] and
+021    * let n represent half of the number of digits in
+022    * the min(a,b)
+023    *
+024    * a = a1 * B**n + a0
+025    * b = b1 * B**n + b0
+026    *
+027    * Then, a * b =>
+028      a1b1 * B**2n + ((a1 + a0)(b1 + b0) - (a0b0 + a1b1)) * B + a0b0
+029    *
+030    * Note that a1b1 and a0b0 are used twice and only need to be
+031    * computed once.  So in total three half size (half # of
+032    * digit) multiplications are performed, a0b0, a1b1 and
+033    * (a1+b1)(a0+b0)
+034    *
+035    * Note that a multiplication of half the digits requires
+036    * 1/4th the number of single precision multiplications so in
+037    * total after one call 25% of the single precision multiplications
+038    * are saved.  Note also that the call to mp_mul can end up back
+039    * in this function if the a0, a1, b0, or b1 are above the threshold.
+040    * This is known as divide-and-conquer and leads to the famous
+041    * O(N**lg(3)) or O(N**1.584) work which is asymptopically lower than
+042    * the standard O(N**2) that the baseline/comba methods use.
+043    * Generally though the overhead of this method doesn't pay off
+044    * until a certain size (N ~ 80) is reached.
+045    */
+046   int mp_karatsuba_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+047   \{
+048     mp_int  x0, x1, y0, y1, t1, x0y0, x1y1;
+049     int     B, err;
+050
+051     /* default the return code to an error */
+052     err = MP_MEM;
+053
+054     /* min # of digits */
+055     B = MIN (a->used, b->used);
+056
+057     /* now divide in two */
+058     B = B >> 1;
+059
+060     /* init copy all the temps */
+061     if (mp_init_size (&x0, B) != MP_OKAY)
+062       goto ERR;
+063     if (mp_init_size (&x1, a->used - B) != MP_OKAY)
+064       goto X0;
+065     if (mp_init_size (&y0, B) != MP_OKAY)
+066       goto X1;
+067     if (mp_init_size (&y1, b->used - B) != MP_OKAY)
+068       goto Y0;
+069
+070     /* init temps */
+071     if (mp_init_size (&t1, B * 2) != MP_OKAY)
+072       goto Y1;
+073     if (mp_init_size (&x0y0, B * 2) != MP_OKAY)
+074       goto T1;
+075     if (mp_init_size (&x1y1, B * 2) != MP_OKAY)
+076       goto X0Y0;
+077
+078     /* now shift the digits */
+079     x0.used = y0.used = B;
+080     x1.used = a->used - B;
+081     y1.used = b->used - B;
+082
+083     \{
+084       int x;
+085       mp_digit *tmpa, *tmpb, *tmpx, *tmpy;
+086
+087       /* we copy the digits directly instead of using higher level functions
+088        * since we also need to shift the digits
+089        */
+090       tmpa = a->dp;
+091       tmpb = b->dp;
+092
+093       tmpx = x0.dp;
+094       tmpy = y0.dp;
+095       for (x = 0; x < B; x++) \{
+096         *tmpx++ = *tmpa++;
+097         *tmpy++ = *tmpb++;
+098       \}
+099
+100       tmpx = x1.dp;
+101       for (x = B; x < a->used; x++) \{
+102         *tmpx++ = *tmpa++;
+103       \}
+104
+105       tmpy = y1.dp;
+106       for (x = B; x < b->used; x++) \{
+107         *tmpy++ = *tmpb++;
+108       \}
+109     \}
+110
+111     /* only need to clamp the lower words since by definition the
+112      * upper words x1/y1 must have a known number of digits
+113      */
+114     mp_clamp (&x0);
+115     mp_clamp (&y0);
+116
+117     /* now calc the products x0y0 and x1y1 */
+118     /* after this x0 is no longer required, free temp [x0==t2]! */
+119     if (mp_mul (&x0, &y0, &x0y0) != MP_OKAY)
+120       goto X1Y1;          /* x0y0 = x0*y0 */
+121     if (mp_mul (&x1, &y1, &x1y1) != MP_OKAY)
+122       goto X1Y1;          /* x1y1 = x1*y1 */
+123
+124     /* now calc x1+x0 and y1+y0 */
+125     if (s_mp_add (&x1, &x0, &t1) != MP_OKAY)
+126       goto X1Y1;          /* t1 = x1 - x0 */
+127     if (s_mp_add (&y1, &y0, &x0) != MP_OKAY)
+128       goto X1Y1;          /* t2 = y1 - y0 */
+129     if (mp_mul (&t1, &x0, &t1) != MP_OKAY)
+130       goto X1Y1;          /* t1 = (x1 + x0) * (y1 + y0) */
+131
+132     /* add x0y0 */
+133     if (mp_add (&x0y0, &x1y1, &x0) != MP_OKAY)
+134       goto X1Y1;          /* t2 = x0y0 + x1y1 */
+135     if (s_mp_sub (&t1, &x0, &t1) != MP_OKAY)
+136       goto X1Y1;          /* t1 = (x1+x0)*(y1+y0) - (x1y1 + x0y0) */
+137
+138     /* shift by B */
+139     if (mp_lshd (&t1, B) != MP_OKAY)
+140       goto X1Y1;          /* t1 = (x0y0 + x1y1 - (x1-x0)*(y1-y0))<<B */
+141     if (mp_lshd (&x1y1, B * 2) != MP_OKAY)
+142       goto X1Y1;          /* x1y1 = x1y1 << 2*B */
+143
+144     if (mp_add (&x0y0, &t1, &t1) != MP_OKAY)
+145       goto X1Y1;          /* t1 = x0y0 + t1 */
+146     if (mp_add (&t1, &x1y1, c) != MP_OKAY)
+147       goto X1Y1;          /* t1 = x0y0 + t1 + x1y1 */
+148
+149     /* Algorithm succeeded set the return code to MP_OKAY */
+150     err = MP_OKAY;
+151
+152   X1Y1:mp_clear (&x1y1);
+153   X0Y0:mp_clear (&x0y0);
+154   T1:mp_clear (&t1);
+155   Y1:mp_clear (&y1);
+156   Y0:mp_clear (&y0);
+157   X1:mp_clear (&x1);
+158   X0:mp_clear (&x0);
+159   ERR:
+160     return err;
+161   \}
+162   #endif
+163
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 The new coding element in this routine, not  seen in previous routines, is the usage of goto statements.  The conventional
 wisdom is that goto statements should be avoided.  This is generally true, however when every single function call can fail, it makes sense
-to handle error recovery with a single piece of code.  Lines 62 to 76 handle initializing all of the temporary variables 
+to handle error recovery with a single piece of code.  Lines 61 to 75 handle initializing all of the temporary variables
 required.  Note how each of the if statements goes to a different label in case of failure.  This allows the routine to correctly free only
 the temporaries that have been successfully allocated so far.
 
-The temporary variables are all initialized using the mp\_init\_size routine since they are expected to be large.  This saves the 
+The temporary variables are all initialized using the mp\_init\_size routine since they are expected to be large.  This saves the
 additional reallocation that would have been necessary.  Also $x0$, $x1$, $y0$ and $y1$ have to be able to hold at least their respective
 number of digits for the next section of code.
 
 The first algebraic portion of the algorithm is to split the two inputs into their halves.  However, instead of using mp\_mod\_2d and mp\_rshd
-to extract the halves, the respective code has been placed inline within the body of the function.  To initialize the halves, the \textbf{used} and 
-\textbf{sign} members are copied first.  The first for loop on line 96 copies the lower halves.  Since they are both the same magnitude it 
-is simpler to calculate both lower halves in a single loop.  The for loop on lines 102 and 107 calculate the upper halves $x1$ and 
+to extract the halves, the respective code has been placed inline within the body of the function.  To initialize the halves, the \textbf{used} and
+\textbf{sign} members are copied first.  The first for loop on line 101 copies the lower halves.  Since they are both the same magnitude it
+is simpler to calculate both lower halves in a single loop.  The for loop on lines 106 and 106 calculate the upper halves $x1$ and
 $y1$ respectively.
 
 By inlining the calculation of the halves, the Karatsuba multiplier has a slightly lower overhead and can be used for smaller magnitude inputs.
 
-When line 151 is reached, the algorithm has completed succesfully.  The ``error status'' variable $err$ is set to \textbf{MP\_OKAY} so that
-the same code that handles errors can be used to clear the temporary variables and return.  
+When line 150 is reached, the algorithm has completed succesfully.  The ``error status'' variable $err$ is set to \textbf{MP\_OKAY} so that
+the same code that handles errors can be used to clear the temporary variables and return.
 
 \subsection{Toom-Cook $3$-Way Multiplication}
-Toom-Cook $3$-Way \cite{TOOM} multiplication is essentially the polynomial basis algorithm for $n = 2$ except that the points  are 
-chosen such that $\zeta$ is easy to compute and the resulting system of equations easy to reduce.  Here, the points $\zeta_{0}$, 
-$16 \cdot \zeta_{1 \over 2}$, $\zeta_1$, $\zeta_2$ and $\zeta_{\infty}$ make up the five required points to solve for the coefficients 
+Toom-Cook $3$-Way \cite{TOOM} multiplication is essentially the polynomial basis algorithm for $n = 2$ except that the points  are
+chosen such that $\zeta$ is easy to compute and the resulting system of equations easy to reduce.  Here, the points $\zeta_{0}$,
+$16 \cdot \zeta_{1 \over 2}$, $\zeta_1$, $\zeta_2$ and $\zeta_{\infty}$ make up the five required points to solve for the coefficients
 of the $W(x)$.
 
 With the five relations that Toom-Cook specifies, the following system of equations is formed.
@@ -3050,7 +4385,7 @@ $\zeta_{\infty}$             & $=$ & $1w_4$ & $+$ & $0w_3$ & $+$ & $0w_2$ & $+$
 A trivial solution to this matrix requires $12$ subtractions, two multiplications by a small power of two, two divisions by a small power
 of two, two divisions by three and one multiplication by three.  All of these $19$ sub-operations require less than quadratic time, meaning that
 the algorithm can be faster than a baseline multiplication.  However, the greater complexity of this algorithm places the cutoff point
-(\textbf{TOOM\_MUL\_CUTOFF}) where Toom-Cook becomes more efficient much higher than the Karatsuba cutoff point.  
+(\textbf{TOOM\_MUL\_CUTOFF}) where Toom-Cook becomes more efficient much higher than the Karatsuba cutoff point.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3120,7 +4455,7 @@ Now substitute $\beta^k$ for $x$ by shifting $w_0, w_1, ..., w_4$. \\
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_toom\_mul.}
-This algorithm computes the product of two mp\_int variables $a$ and $b$ using the Toom-Cook approach.  Compared to the Karatsuba multiplication, this 
+This algorithm computes the product of two mp\_int variables $a$ and $b$ using the Toom-Cook approach.  Compared to the Karatsuba multiplication, this
 algorithm has a lower asymptotic running time of approximately $O(n^{1.464})$ but at an obvious cost in overhead.  In this
 description, several statements have been compounded to save space.  The intention is that the statements are executed from left to right across
 any given step.
@@ -3132,39 +4467,306 @@ The first two relations $w_0$ and $w_4$ are the points $\zeta_{0}$ and $\zeta_{\
 to the points $16 \cdot \zeta_{1 \over 2}, \zeta_{2}$ and $\zeta_{1}$ respectively.  These are found using logical shifts to independently find
 $f(y)$ and $g(y)$ which significantly speeds up the algorithm.
 
-After the five relations $w_0, w_1, \ldots, w_4$ have been computed, the system they represent must be solved in order for the unknown coefficients 
+After the five relations $w_0, w_1, \ldots, w_4$ have been computed, the system they represent must be solved in order for the unknown coefficients
 $w_1, w_2$ and $w_3$ to be isolated.  The steps 18 through 25 perform the system reduction required as previously described.  Each step of
 the reduction represents the comparable matrix operation that would be performed had this been performed by pencil.  For example, step 18 indicates
-that row $1$ must be subtracted from row $4$ and simultaneously row $0$ subtracted from row $3$.  
+that row $1$ must be subtracted from row $4$ and simultaneously row $0$ subtracted from row $3$.
 
-Once the coeffients have been isolated, the polynomial $W(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{2n} w_i x^i$ is known.  By substituting $\beta^{k}$ for $x$, the integer 
+Once the coeffients have been isolated, the polynomial $W(x) = \sum_{i=0}^{2n} w_i x^i$ is known.  By substituting $\beta^{k}$ for $x$, the integer
 result $a \cdot b$ is produced.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_toom\_mul.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* multiplication using the Toom-Cook 3-way algorithm
+018    *
+019    * Much more complicated than Karatsuba but has a lower
+020    * asymptotic running time of O(N**1.464).  This algorithm is
+021    * only particularly useful on VERY large inputs
+022    * (we're talking 1000s of digits here...).
+023   */
+024   int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c)
+025   \{
+026       mp_int w0, w1, w2, w3, w4, tmp1, tmp2, a0, a1, a2, b0, b1, b2;
+027       int res, B;
+028
+029       /* init temps */
+030       if ((res = mp_init_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4,
+031                                &a0, &a1, &a2, &b0, &b1,
+032                                &b2, &tmp1, &tmp2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+033          return res;
+034       \}
+035
+036       /* B */
+037       B = MIN(a->used, b->used) / 3;
+038
+039       /* a = a2 * B**2 + a1 * B + a0 */
+040       if ((res = mp_mod_2d(a, DIGIT_BIT * B, &a0)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+041          goto ERR;
+042       \}
+043
+044       if ((res = mp_copy(a, &a1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+045          goto ERR;
+046       \}
+047       mp_rshd(&a1, B);
+048       if ((res = mp_mod_2d(&a1, DIGIT_BIT * B, &a1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+049          goto ERR;
+050       \}
+051
+052       if ((res = mp_copy(a, &a2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+053          goto ERR;
+054       \}
+055       mp_rshd(&a2, B*2);
+056
+057       /* b = b2 * B**2 + b1 * B + b0 */
+058       if ((res = mp_mod_2d(b, DIGIT_BIT * B, &b0)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+059          goto ERR;
+060       \}
+061
+062       if ((res = mp_copy(b, &b1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+063          goto ERR;
+064       \}
+065       mp_rshd(&b1, B);
+066       (void)mp_mod_2d(&b1, DIGIT_BIT * B, &b1);
+067
+068       if ((res = mp_copy(b, &b2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+069          goto ERR;
+070       \}
+071       mp_rshd(&b2, B*2);
+072
+073       /* w0 = a0*b0 */
+074       if ((res = mp_mul(&a0, &b0, &w0)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+075          goto ERR;
+076       \}
+077
+078       /* w4 = a2 * b2 */
+079       if ((res = mp_mul(&a2, &b2, &w4)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+080          goto ERR;
+081       \}
+082
+083       /* w1 = (a2 + 2(a1 + 2a0))(b2 + 2(b1 + 2b0)) */
+084       if ((res = mp_mul_2(&a0, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+085          goto ERR;
+086       \}
+087       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, &a1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+088          goto ERR;
+089       \}
+090       if ((res = mp_mul_2(&tmp1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+091          goto ERR;
+092       \}
+093       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, &a2, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+094          goto ERR;
+095       \}
+096
+097       if ((res = mp_mul_2(&b0, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+098          goto ERR;
+099       \}
+100       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp2, &b1, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+101          goto ERR;
+102       \}
+103       if ((res = mp_mul_2(&tmp2, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+104          goto ERR;
+105       \}
+106       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp2, &b2, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+107          goto ERR;
+108       \}
+109
+110       if ((res = mp_mul(&tmp1, &tmp2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+111          goto ERR;
+112       \}
+113
+114       /* w3 = (a0 + 2(a1 + 2a2))(b0 + 2(b1 + 2b2)) */
+115       if ((res = mp_mul_2(&a2, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+116          goto ERR;
+117       \}
+118       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, &a1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+119          goto ERR;
+120       \}
+121       if ((res = mp_mul_2(&tmp1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+122          goto ERR;
+123       \}
+124       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, &a0, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+125          goto ERR;
+126       \}
+127
+128       if ((res = mp_mul_2(&b2, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+129          goto ERR;
+130       \}
+131       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp2, &b1, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+132          goto ERR;
+133       \}
+134       if ((res = mp_mul_2(&tmp2, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+135          goto ERR;
+136       \}
+137       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp2, &b0, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+138          goto ERR;
+139       \}
+140
+141       if ((res = mp_mul(&tmp1, &tmp2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+142          goto ERR;
+143       \}
+144
+145
+146       /* w2 = (a2 + a1 + a0)(b2 + b1 + b0) */
+147       if ((res = mp_add(&a2, &a1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+148          goto ERR;
+149       \}
+150       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, &a0, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+151          goto ERR;
+152       \}
+153       if ((res = mp_add(&b2, &b1, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+154          goto ERR;
+155       \}
+156       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp2, &b0, &tmp2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+157          goto ERR;
+158       \}
+159       if ((res = mp_mul(&tmp1, &tmp2, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+160          goto ERR;
+161       \}
+162
+163       /* now solve the matrix
+164
+165          0  0  0  0  1
+166          1  2  4  8  16
+167          1  1  1  1  1
+168          16 8  4  2  1
+169          1  0  0  0  0
+170
+171          using 12 subtractions, 4 shifts,
+172                 2 small divisions and 1 small multiplication
+173        */
+174
+175       /* r1 - r4 */
+176       if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w4, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+177          goto ERR;
+178       \}
+179       /* r3 - r0 */
+180       if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w0, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+181          goto ERR;
+182       \}
+183       /* r1/2 */
+184       if ((res = mp_div_2(&w1, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+185          goto ERR;
+186       \}
+187       /* r3/2 */
+188       if ((res = mp_div_2(&w3, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+189          goto ERR;
+190       \}
+191       /* r2 - r0 - r4 */
+192       if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w0, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+193          goto ERR;
+194       \}
+195       if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w4, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+196          goto ERR;
+197       \}
+198       /* r1 - r2 */
+199       if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+200          goto ERR;
+201       \}
+202       /* r3 - r2 */
+203       if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+204          goto ERR;
+205       \}
+206       /* r1 - 8r0 */
+207       if ((res = mp_mul_2d(&w0, 3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+208          goto ERR;
+209       \}
+210       if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &tmp1, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+211          goto ERR;
+212       \}
+213       /* r3 - 8r4 */
+214       if ((res = mp_mul_2d(&w4, 3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+215          goto ERR;
+216       \}
+217       if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &tmp1, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+218          goto ERR;
+219       \}
+220       /* 3r2 - r1 - r3 */
+221       if ((res = mp_mul_d(&w2, 3, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+222          goto ERR;
+223       \}
+224       if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w1, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+225          goto ERR;
+226       \}
+227       if ((res = mp_sub(&w2, &w3, &w2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+228          goto ERR;
+229       \}
+230       /* r1 - r2 */
+231       if ((res = mp_sub(&w1, &w2, &w1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+232          goto ERR;
+233       \}
+234       /* r3 - r2 */
+235       if ((res = mp_sub(&w3, &w2, &w3)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+236          goto ERR;
+237       \}
+238       /* r1/3 */
+239       if ((res = mp_div_3(&w1, &w1, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+240          goto ERR;
+241       \}
+242       /* r3/3 */
+243       if ((res = mp_div_3(&w3, &w3, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+244          goto ERR;
+245       \}
+246
+247       /* at this point shift W[n] by B*n */
+248       if ((res = mp_lshd(&w1, 1*B)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+249          goto ERR;
+250       \}
+251       if ((res = mp_lshd(&w2, 2*B)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+252          goto ERR;
+253       \}
+254       if ((res = mp_lshd(&w3, 3*B)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+255          goto ERR;
+256       \}
+257       if ((res = mp_lshd(&w4, 4*B)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+258          goto ERR;
+259       \}
+260
+261       if ((res = mp_add(&w0, &w1, c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+262          goto ERR;
+263       \}
+264       if ((res = mp_add(&w2, &w3, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+265          goto ERR;
+266       \}
+267       if ((res = mp_add(&w4, &tmp1, &tmp1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+268          goto ERR;
+269       \}
+270       if ((res = mp_add(&tmp1, c, c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+271          goto ERR;
+272       \}
+273
+274   ERR:
+275       mp_clear_multi(&w0, &w1, &w2, &w3, &w4,
+276                      &a0, &a1, &a2, &b0, &b1,
+277                      &b2, &tmp1, &tmp2, NULL);
+278       return res;
+279   \}
+280
+281   #endif
+282
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The first obvious thing to note is that this algorithm is complicated.  The complexity is worth it if you are multiplying very 
+The first obvious thing to note is that this algorithm is complicated.  The complexity is worth it if you are multiplying very
 large numbers.  For example, a 10,000 digit multiplication takes approximaly 99,282,205 fewer single precision multiplications with
 Toom--Cook than a Comba or baseline approach (this is a savings of more than 99$\%$).  For most ``crypto'' sized numbers this
 algorithm is not practical as Karatsuba has a much lower cutoff point.
 
-First we split $a$ and $b$ into three roughly equal portions.  This has been accomplished (lines 41 to 70) with 
+First we split $a$ and $b$ into three roughly equal portions.  This has been accomplished (lines 40 to 71) with
 combinations of mp\_rshd() and mp\_mod\_2d() function calls.  At this point $a = a2 \cdot \beta^2 + a1 \cdot \beta + a0$ and similiarly
-for $b$.  
+for $b$.
 
 Next we compute the five points $w0, w1, w2, w3$ and $w4$.  Recall that $w0$ and $w4$ can be computed directly from the portions so
-we get those out of the way first (lines 73 and 78).  Next we compute $w1, w2$ and $w3$ using Horners method.
+we get those out of the way first (lines 74 and 79).  Next we compute $w1, w2$ and $w3$ using Horners method.
 
 After this point we solve for the actual values of $w1, w2$ and $w3$ by reducing the $5 \times 5$ system which is relatively
-straight forward.  
+straight forward.
 
 \subsection{Signed Multiplication}
 Now that algorithms to handle multiplications of every useful dimensions have been developed, a rather simple finishing touch is required.  So far all
-of the multiplication algorithms have been unsigned multiplications which leaves only a signed multiplication algorithm to be established.  
+of the multiplication algorithms have been unsigned multiplications which leaves only a signed multiplication algorithm to be established.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3198,29 +4800,77 @@ of the multiplication algorithms have been unsigned multiplications which leaves
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_mul.}
-This algorithm performs the signed multiplication of two inputs.  It will make use of any of the three unsigned multiplication algorithms 
+This algorithm performs the signed multiplication of two inputs.  It will make use of any of the three unsigned multiplication algorithms
 available when the input is of appropriate size.  The \textbf{sign} of the result is not set until the end of the algorithm since algorithm
-s\_mp\_mul\_digs will clear it.  
+s\_mp\_mul\_digs will clear it.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_mul.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* high level multiplication (handles sign) */
+018   int mp_mul (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+019   \{
+020     int     res, neg;
+021     neg = (a->sign == b->sign) ? MP_ZPOS : MP_NEG;
+022
+023     /* use Toom-Cook? */
+024   #ifdef BN_MP_TOOM_MUL_C
+025     if (MIN (a->used, b->used) >= TOOM_MUL_CUTOFF) \{
+026       res = mp_toom_mul(a, b, c);
+027     \} else
+028   #endif
+029   #ifdef BN_MP_KARATSUBA_MUL_C
+030     /* use Karatsuba? */
+031     if (MIN (a->used, b->used) >= KARATSUBA_MUL_CUTOFF) \{
+032       res = mp_karatsuba_mul (a, b, c);
+033     \} else
+034   #endif
+035     \{
+036       /* can we use the fast multiplier?
+037        *
+038        * The fast multiplier can be used if the output will
+039        * have less than MP_WARRAY digits and the number of
+040        * digits won't affect carry propagation
+041        */
+042       int     digs = a->used + b->used + 1;
+043
+044   #ifdef BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+045       if ((digs < MP_WARRAY) &&
+046           (MIN(a->used, b->used) <=
+047            (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT))))) \{
+048         res = fast_s_mp_mul_digs (a, b, c, digs);
+049       \} else
+050   #endif
+051       \{
+052   #ifdef BN_S_MP_MUL_DIGS_C
+053         res = s_mp_mul (a, b, c); /* uses s_mp_mul_digs */
+054   #else
+055         res = MP_VAL;
+056   #endif
+057       \}
+058     \}
+059     c->sign = (c->used > 0) ? neg : MP_ZPOS;
+060     return res;
+061   \}
+062   #endif
+063
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The implementation is rather simplistic and is not particularly noteworthy.  Line 22 computes the sign of the result using the ``?'' 
-operator from the C programming language.  Line 48 computes $\delta$ using the fact that $1 << k$ is equal to $2^k$.  
+The implementation is rather simplistic and is not particularly noteworthy.  Line 23 computes the sign of the result using the ``?''
+operator from the C programming language.  Line 47 computes $\delta$ using the fact that $1 << k$ is equal to $2^k$.
 
 \section{Squaring}
 \label{sec:basesquare}
 
 Squaring is a special case of multiplication where both multiplicands are equal.  At first it may seem like there is no significant optimization
 available but in fact there is.  Consider the multiplication of $576$ against $241$.  In total there will be nine single precision multiplications
-performed which are $1\cdot 6$, $1 \cdot 7$, $1 \cdot 5$, $4 \cdot 6$, $4 \cdot 7$, $4 \cdot 5$, $2 \cdot  6$, $2 \cdot 7$ and $2 \cdot 5$.  Now consider 
-the multiplication of $123$ against $123$.  The nine products are $3 \cdot 3$, $3 \cdot 2$, $3 \cdot 1$, $2 \cdot 3$, $2 \cdot 2$, $2 \cdot 1$, 
-$1 \cdot 3$, $1 \cdot 2$ and $1 \cdot 1$.  On closer inspection some of the products are equivalent.  For example, $3 \cdot 2 = 2 \cdot 3$ 
-and $3 \cdot 1 = 1 \cdot 3$. 
+performed which are $1\cdot 6$, $1 \cdot 7$, $1 \cdot 5$, $4 \cdot 6$, $4 \cdot 7$, $4 \cdot 5$, $2 \cdot  6$, $2 \cdot 7$ and $2 \cdot 5$.  Now consider
+the multiplication of $123$ against $123$.  The nine products are $3 \cdot 3$, $3 \cdot 2$, $3 \cdot 1$, $2 \cdot 3$, $2 \cdot 2$, $2 \cdot 1$,
+$1 \cdot 3$, $1 \cdot 2$ and $1 \cdot 1$.  On closer inspection some of the products are equivalent.  For example, $3 \cdot 2 = 2 \cdot 3$
+and $3 \cdot 1 = 1 \cdot 3$.
 
 For any $n$-digit input, there are ${{\left (n^2 + n \right)}\over 2}$ possible unique single precision multiplications required compared to the $n^2$
 required for multiplication.  The following diagram gives an example of the operations required.
@@ -3239,19 +4889,19 @@ $\times$ &&1&2&3&\\
 \end{figure}
 
 Starting from zero and numbering the columns from right to left a very simple pattern becomes obvious.  For the purposes of this discussion let $x$
-represent the number being squared.  The first observation is that in row $k$ the $2k$'th column of the product has a $\left (x_k \right)^2$ term in it.  
+represent the number being squared.  The first observation is that in row $k$ the $2k$'th column of the product has a $\left (x_k \right)^2$ term in it.
 
 The second observation is that every column $j$ in row $k$ where $j \ne 2k$ is part of a double product.  Every non-square term of a column will
-appear twice hence the name ``double product''.  Every odd column is made up entirely of double products.  In fact every column is made up of double 
-products and at most one square (\textit{see the exercise section}).  
+appear twice hence the name ``double product''.  Every odd column is made up entirely of double products.  In fact every column is made up of double
+products and at most one square (\textit{see the exercise section}).
 
-The third and final observation is that for row $k$ the first unique non-square term, that is, one that hasn't already appeared in an earlier row, 
-occurs at column $2k + 1$.  For example, on row $1$ of the previous squaring, column one is part of the double product with column one from row zero. 
+The third and final observation is that for row $k$ the first unique non-square term, that is, one that hasn't already appeared in an earlier row,
+occurs at column $2k + 1$.  For example, on row $1$ of the previous squaring, column one is part of the double product with column one from row zero.
 Column two of row one is a square and column three is the first unique column.
 
 \subsection{The Baseline Squaring Algorithm}
 The baseline squaring algorithm is meant to be a catch-all squaring algorithm.  It will handle any of the input sizes that the faster routines
-will not handle.  
+will not handle.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3293,35 +4943,100 @@ will not handle.
 
 \textbf{Algorithm s\_mp\_sqr.}
 This algorithm computes the square of an input using the three observations on squaring.  It is based fairly faithfully on  algorithm 14.16 of HAC
-\cite[pp.596-597]{HAC}.  Similar to algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs, a temporary mp\_int is allocated to hold the result of the squaring.  This allows the 
+\cite[pp.596-597]{HAC}.  Similar to algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs, a temporary mp\_int is allocated to hold the result of the squaring.  This allows the
 destination mp\_int to be the same as the source mp\_int.
 
 The outer loop of this algorithm begins on step 4. It is best to think of the outer loop as walking down the rows of the partial results, while
 the inner loop computes the columns of the partial result.  Step 4.1 and 4.2 compute the square term for each row, and step 4.3 and 4.4 propagate
-the carry and compute the double products.  
+the carry and compute the double products.
 
 The requirement that a mp\_word be able to represent the range $0 \le x < 2 \beta^2$ arises from this
 very algorithm.  The product $a_{ix}a_{iy}$ will lie in the range $0 \le x \le \beta^2 - 2\beta + 1$ which is obviously less than $\beta^2$ meaning that
 when it is multiplied by two, it can be properly represented by a mp\_word.
 
-Similar to algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs, after every pass of the inner loop, the destination is correctly set to the sum of all of the partial 
-results calculated so far.  This involves expensive carry propagation which will be eliminated in the next algorithm.  
+Similar to algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_digs, after every pass of the inner loop, the destination is correctly set to the sum of all of the partial
+results calculated so far.  This involves expensive carry propagation which will be eliminated in the next algorithm.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_s\_mp\_sqr.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* low level squaring, b = a*a, HAC pp.596-597, Algorithm 14.16 */
+018   int s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+019   \{
+020     mp_int  t;
+021     int     res, ix, iy, pa;
+022     mp_word r;
+023     mp_digit u, tmpx, *tmpt;
+024
+025     pa = a->used;
+026     if ((res = mp_init_size (&t, (2 * pa) + 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+027       return res;
+028     \}
+029
+030     /* default used is maximum possible size */
+031     t.used = (2 * pa) + 1;
+032
+033     for (ix = 0; ix < pa; ix++) \{
+034       /* first calculate the digit at 2*ix */
+035       /* calculate double precision result */
+036       r = (mp_word)t.dp[2*ix] +
+037           ((mp_word)a->dp[ix] * (mp_word)a->dp[ix]);
+038
+039       /* store lower part in result */
+040       t.dp[ix+ix] = (mp_digit) (r & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
+041
+042       /* get the carry */
+043       u           = (mp_digit)(r >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT));
+044
+045       /* left hand side of A[ix] * A[iy] */
+046       tmpx        = a->dp[ix];
+047
+048       /* alias for where to store the results */
+049       tmpt        = t.dp + ((2 * ix) + 1);
+050
+051       for (iy = ix + 1; iy < pa; iy++) \{
+052         /* first calculate the product */
+053         r       = ((mp_word)tmpx) * ((mp_word)a->dp[iy]);
+054
+055         /* now calculate the double precision result, note we use
+056          * addition instead of *2 since it's easier to optimize
+057          */
+058         r       = ((mp_word) *tmpt) + r + r + ((mp_word) u);
+059
+060         /* store lower part */
+061         *tmpt++ = (mp_digit) (r & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
+062
+063         /* get carry */
+064         u       = (mp_digit)(r >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT));
+065       \}
+066       /* propagate upwards */
+067       while (u != ((mp_digit) 0)) \{
+068         r       = ((mp_word) *tmpt) + ((mp_word) u);
+069         *tmpt++ = (mp_digit) (r & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
+070         u       = (mp_digit)(r >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT));
+071       \}
+072     \}
+073
+074     mp_clamp (&t);
+075     mp_exch (&t, b);
+076     mp_clear (&t);
+077     return MP_OKAY;
+078   \}
+079   #endif
+080
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-Inside the outer loop (line 34) the square term is calculated on line 37.  The carry (line 44) has been
-extracted from the mp\_word accumulator using a right shift.  Aliases for $a_{ix}$ and $t_{ix+iy}$ are initialized 
-(lines 47 and 50) to simplify the inner loop.  The doubling is performed using two
-additions (line 59) since it is usually faster than shifting, if not at least as fast.  
+Inside the outer loop (line 33) the square term is calculated on line 36.  The carry (line 43) has been
+extracted from the mp\_word accumulator using a right shift.  Aliases for $a_{ix}$ and $t_{ix+iy}$ are initialized
+(lines 46 and 49) to simplify the inner loop.  The doubling is performed using two
+additions (line 58) since it is usually faster than shifting, if not at least as fast.
 
 The important observation is that the inner loop does not begin at $iy = 0$ like for multiplication.  As such the inner loops
 get progressively shorter as the algorithm proceeds.  This is what leads to the savings compared to using a multiplication to
-square a number. 
+square a number.
 
 \subsection{Faster Squaring by the ``Comba'' Method}
 A major drawback to the baseline method is the requirement for single precision shifting inside the $O(n^2)$ nested loop.  Squaring has an additional
@@ -3331,10 +5046,10 @@ performance hazards.
 The first obvious solution is to make an array of mp\_words which will hold all of the columns.  This will indeed eliminate all of the carry
 propagation operations from the inner loop.  However, the inner product must still be doubled $O(n^2)$ times.  The solution stems from the simple fact
 that $2a + 2b + 2c = 2(a + b + c)$.  That is the sum of all of the double products is equal to double the sum of all the products.  For example,
-$ab + ba + ac + ca = 2ab + 2ac = 2(ab + ac)$.  
+$ab + ba + ac + ca = 2ab + 2ac = 2(ab + ac)$.
 
-However, we cannot simply double all of the columns, since the squares appear only once per row.  The most practical solution is to have two 
-mp\_word arrays.  One array will hold the squares and the other array will hold the double products.  With both arrays the doubling and 
+However, we cannot simply double all of the columns, since the squares appear only once per row.  The most practical solution is to have two
+mp\_word arrays.  One array will hold the squares and the other array will hold the double products.  With both arrays the doubling and
 carry propagation can be moved to a $O(n)$ work level outside the $O(n^2)$ level.  In this case, we have an even simpler solution in mind.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -3372,7 +5087,7 @@ Place an array of \textbf{MP\_WARRAY} mp\_digits named $W$ on the stack. \\
 9.  for $ix$ from $pa$ to $oldused - 1$ do \\
 \hspace{3mm}9.1  $b_{ix} \leftarrow 0$ \\
 10.  Clamp excess digits from $b$.  (\textit{mp\_clamp}) \\
-11.  Return(\textit{MP\_OKAY}). \\ 
+11.  Return(\textit{MP\_OKAY}). \\
 \hline
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
@@ -3381,8 +5096,8 @@ Place an array of \textbf{MP\_WARRAY} mp\_digits named $W$ on the stack. \\
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm fast\_s\_mp\_sqr.}
-This algorithm computes the square of an input using the Comba technique.  It is designed to be a replacement for algorithm 
-s\_mp\_sqr when the number of input digits is less than \textbf{MP\_WARRAY} and less than $\delta \over 2$.  
+This algorithm computes the square of an input using the Comba technique.  It is designed to be a replacement for algorithm
+s\_mp\_sqr when the number of input digits is less than \textbf{MP\_WARRAY} and less than $\delta \over 2$.
 This algorithm is very similar to the Comba multiplier except with a few key differences we shall make note of.
 
 First, we have an accumulator and carry variables $\_ \hat W$ and $\hat W1$ respectively.  This is because the inner loop
@@ -3399,38 +5114,133 @@ only to even outputs and it is the square of the term at the $\lfloor ix / 2 \rf
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_fast\_s\_mp\_sqr.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* the jist of squaring...
+018    * you do like mult except the offset of the tmpx [one that
+019    * starts closer to zero] can't equal the offset of tmpy.
+020    * So basically you set up iy like before then you min it with
+021    * (ty-tx) so that it never happens.  You double all those
+022    * you add in the inner loop
+023
+024   After that loop you do the squares and add them in.
+025   */
+026
+027   int fast_s_mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+028   \{
+029     int       olduse, res, pa, ix, iz;
+030     mp_digit   W[MP_WARRAY], *tmpx;
+031     mp_word   W1;
+032
+033     /* grow the destination as required */
+034     pa = a->used + a->used;
+035     if (b->alloc < pa) \{
+036       if ((res = mp_grow (b, pa)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+037         return res;
+038       \}
+039     \}
+040
+041     /* number of output digits to produce */
+042     W1 = 0;
+043     for (ix = 0; ix < pa; ix++) \{
+044         int      tx, ty, iy;
+045         mp_word  _W;
+046         mp_digit *tmpy;
+047
+048         /* clear counter */
+049         _W = 0;
+050
+051         /* get offsets into the two bignums */
+052         ty = MIN(a->used-1, ix);
+053         tx = ix - ty;
+054
+055         /* setup temp aliases */
+056         tmpx = a->dp + tx;
+057         tmpy = a->dp + ty;
+058
+059         /* this is the number of times the loop will iterrate, essentially
+060            while (tx++ < a->used && ty-- >= 0) \{ ... \}
+061          */
+062         iy = MIN(a->used-tx, ty+1);
+063
+064         /* now for squaring tx can never equal ty
+065          * we halve the distance since they approach at a rate of 2x
+066          * and we have to round because odd cases need to be executed
+067          */
+068         iy = MIN(iy, ((ty-tx)+1)>>1);
+069
+070         /* execute loop */
+071         for (iz = 0; iz < iy; iz++) \{
+072            _W += ((mp_word)*tmpx++)*((mp_word)*tmpy--);
+073         \}
+074
+075         /* double the inner product and add carry */
+076         _W = _W + _W + W1;
+077
+078         /* even columns have the square term in them */
+079         if ((ix&1) == 0) \{
+080            _W += ((mp_word)a->dp[ix>>1])*((mp_word)a->dp[ix>>1]);
+081         \}
+082
+083         /* store it */
+084         W[ix] = (mp_digit)(_W & MP_MASK);
+085
+086         /* make next carry */
+087         W1 = _W >> ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT);
+088     \}
+089
+090     /* setup dest */
+091     olduse  = b->used;
+092     b->used = a->used+a->used;
+093
+094     \{
+095       mp_digit *tmpb;
+096       tmpb = b->dp;
+097       for (ix = 0; ix < pa; ix++) \{
+098         *tmpb++ = W[ix] & MP_MASK;
+099       \}
+100
+101       /* clear unused digits [that existed in the old copy of c] */
+102       for (; ix < olduse; ix++) \{
+103         *tmpb++ = 0;
+104       \}
+105     \}
+106     mp_clamp (b);
+107     return MP_OKAY;
+108   \}
+109   #endif
+110
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-This implementation is essentially a copy of Comba multiplication with the appropriate changes added to make it faster for 
-the special case of squaring.  
+This implementation is essentially a copy of Comba multiplication with the appropriate changes added to make it faster for
+the special case of squaring.
 
 \subsection{Polynomial Basis Squaring}
 The same algorithm that performs optimal polynomial basis multiplication can be used to perform polynomial basis squaring.  The minor exception
 is that $\zeta_y = f(y)g(y)$ is actually equivalent to $\zeta_y = f(y)^2$ since $f(y) = g(y)$.  Instead of performing $2n + 1$
-multiplications to find the $\zeta$ relations, squaring operations are performed instead.  
+multiplications to find the $\zeta$ relations, squaring operations are performed instead.
 
 \subsection{Karatsuba Squaring}
-Let $f(x) = ax + b$ represent the polynomial basis representation of a number to square.  
-Let $h(x) = \left ( f(x) \right )^2$ represent the square of the polynomial.  The Karatsuba equation can be modified to square a 
+Let $f(x) = ax + b$ represent the polynomial basis representation of a number to square.
+Let $h(x) = \left ( f(x) \right )^2$ represent the square of the polynomial.  The Karatsuba equation can be modified to square a
 number with the following equation.
 
 \begin{equation}
 h(x) = a^2x^2 + \left ((a + b)^2 - (a^2 + b^2) \right )x + b^2
 \end{equation}
 
-Upon closer inspection this equation only requires the calculation of three half-sized squares: $a^2$, $b^2$ and $(a + b)^2$.  As in 
-Karatsuba multiplication, this algorithm can be applied recursively on the input and will achieve an asymptotic running time of 
+Upon closer inspection this equation only requires the calculation of three half-sized squares: $a^2$, $b^2$ and $(a + b)^2$.  As in
+Karatsuba multiplication, this algorithm can be applied recursively on the input and will achieve an asymptotic running time of
 $O \left ( n^{lg(3)} \right )$.
 
-If the asymptotic times of Karatsuba squaring and multiplication are the same, why not simply use the multiplication algorithm 
-instead?  The answer to this arises from the cutoff point for squaring.  As in multiplication there exists a cutoff point, at which the 
-time required for a Comba based squaring and a Karatsuba based squaring meet.  Due to the overhead inherent in the Karatsuba method, the cutoff 
-point is fairly high.  For example, on an AMD Athlon XP processor with $\beta = 2^{28}$, the cutoff point is around 127 digits.  
+If the asymptotic times of Karatsuba squaring and multiplication are the same, why not simply use the multiplication algorithm
+instead?  The answer to this arises from the cutoff point for squaring.  As in multiplication there exists a cutoff point, at which the
+time required for a Comba based squaring and a Karatsuba based squaring meet.  Due to the overhead inherent in the Karatsuba method, the cutoff
+point is fairly high.  For example, on an AMD Athlon XP processor with $\beta = 2^{28}$, the cutoff point is around 127 digits.
 
-Consider squaring a 200 digit number with this technique.  It will be split into two 100 digit halves which are subsequently squared.  
+Consider squaring a 200 digit number with this technique.  It will be split into two 100 digit halves which are subsequently squared.
 The 100 digit halves will not be squared using Karatsuba, but instead using the faster Comba based squaring algorithm.  If Karatsuba multiplication
-were used instead, the 100 digit numbers would be squared with a slower Comba based multiplication.  
+were used instead, the 100 digit numbers would be squared with a slower Comba based multiplication.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3484,7 +5294,7 @@ Now if $5n$ single precision additions and a squaring of $n$-digits is faster th
 this method is faster.  Assuming no further recursions occur, the difference can be estimated with the following inequality.
 
 Let $p$ represent the cost of a single precision addition and $q$ the cost of a single precision multiplication both in terms of time\footnote{Or
-machine clock cycles.}. 
+machine clock cycles.}.
 
 \begin{equation}
 5pn +{{q(n^2 + n)} \over 2} \le pn + qn^2
@@ -3502,32 +5312,134 @@ ${13 \over 9}$     & $<$ & $n$ \\
 This results in a cutoff point around $n = 2$.  As a consequence it is actually faster to compute the middle term the ``long way'' on processors
 where multiplication is substantially slower\footnote{On the Athlon there is a 1:17 ratio between clock cycles for addition and multiplication.  On
 the Intel P4 processor this ratio is 1:29 making this method even more beneficial.  The only common exception is the ARMv4 processor which has a
-ratio of 1:7.  } than simpler operations such as addition.  
+ratio of 1:7.  } than simpler operations such as addition.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_karatsuba\_sqr.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* Karatsuba squaring, computes b = a*a using three
+018    * half size squarings
+019    *
+020    * See comments of karatsuba_mul for details.  It
+021    * is essentially the same algorithm but merely
+022    * tuned to perform recursive squarings.
+023    */
+024   int mp_karatsuba_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+025   \{
+026     mp_int  x0, x1, t1, t2, x0x0, x1x1;
+027     int     B, err;
+028
+029     err = MP_MEM;
+030
+031     /* min # of digits */
+032     B = a->used;
+033
+034     /* now divide in two */
+035     B = B >> 1;
+036
+037     /* init copy all the temps */
+038     if (mp_init_size (&x0, B) != MP_OKAY)
+039       goto ERR;
+040     if (mp_init_size (&x1, a->used - B) != MP_OKAY)
+041       goto X0;
+042
+043     /* init temps */
+044     if (mp_init_size (&t1, a->used * 2) != MP_OKAY)
+045       goto X1;
+046     if (mp_init_size (&t2, a->used * 2) != MP_OKAY)
+047       goto T1;
+048     if (mp_init_size (&x0x0, B * 2) != MP_OKAY)
+049       goto T2;
+050     if (mp_init_size (&x1x1, (a->used - B) * 2) != MP_OKAY)
+051       goto X0X0;
+052
+053     \{
+054       int x;
+055       mp_digit *dst, *src;
+056
+057       src = a->dp;
+058
+059       /* now shift the digits */
+060       dst = x0.dp;
+061       for (x = 0; x < B; x++) \{
+062         *dst++ = *src++;
+063       \}
+064
+065       dst = x1.dp;
+066       for (x = B; x < a->used; x++) \{
+067         *dst++ = *src++;
+068       \}
+069     \}
+070
+071     x0.used = B;
+072     x1.used = a->used - B;
+073
+074     mp_clamp (&x0);
+075
+076     /* now calc the products x0*x0 and x1*x1 */
+077     if (mp_sqr (&x0, &x0x0) != MP_OKAY)
+078       goto X1X1;           /* x0x0 = x0*x0 */
+079     if (mp_sqr (&x1, &x1x1) != MP_OKAY)
+080       goto X1X1;           /* x1x1 = x1*x1 */
+081
+082     /* now calc (x1+x0)**2 */
+083     if (s_mp_add (&x1, &x0, &t1) != MP_OKAY)
+084       goto X1X1;           /* t1 = x1 - x0 */
+085     if (mp_sqr (&t1, &t1) != MP_OKAY)
+086       goto X1X1;           /* t1 = (x1 - x0) * (x1 - x0) */
+087
+088     /* add x0y0 */
+089     if (s_mp_add (&x0x0, &x1x1, &t2) != MP_OKAY)
+090       goto X1X1;           /* t2 = x0x0 + x1x1 */
+091     if (s_mp_sub (&t1, &t2, &t1) != MP_OKAY)
+092       goto X1X1;           /* t1 = (x1+x0)**2 - (x0x0 + x1x1) */
+093
+094     /* shift by B */
+095     if (mp_lshd (&t1, B) != MP_OKAY)
+096       goto X1X1;           /* t1 = (x0x0 + x1x1 - (x1-x0)*(x1-x0))<<B */
+097     if (mp_lshd (&x1x1, B * 2) != MP_OKAY)
+098       goto X1X1;           /* x1x1 = x1x1 << 2*B */
+099
+100     if (mp_add (&x0x0, &t1, &t1) != MP_OKAY)
+101       goto X1X1;           /* t1 = x0x0 + t1 */
+102     if (mp_add (&t1, &x1x1, b) != MP_OKAY)
+103       goto X1X1;           /* t1 = x0x0 + t1 + x1x1 */
+104
+105     err = MP_OKAY;
+106
+107   X1X1:mp_clear (&x1x1);
+108   X0X0:mp_clear (&x0x0);
+109   T2:mp_clear (&t2);
+110   T1:mp_clear (&t1);
+111   X1:mp_clear (&x1);
+112   X0:mp_clear (&x0);
+113   ERR:
+114     return err;
+115   \}
+116   #endif
+117
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-This implementation is largely based on the implementation of algorithm mp\_karatsuba\_mul.  It uses the same inline style to copy and 
-shift the input into the two halves.  The loop from line 54 to line 70 has been modified since only one input exists.  The \textbf{used}
+This implementation is largely based on the implementation of algorithm mp\_karatsuba\_mul.  It uses the same inline style to copy and
+shift the input into the two halves.  The loop from line 53 to line 69 has been modified since only one input exists.  The \textbf{used}
 count of both $x0$ and $x1$ is fixed up and $x0$ is clamped before the calculations begin.  At this point $x1$ and $x0$ are valid equivalents
-to the respective halves as if mp\_rshd and mp\_mod\_2d had been used.  
+to the respective halves as if mp\_rshd and mp\_mod\_2d had been used.
 
 By inlining the copy and shift operations the cutoff point for Karatsuba multiplication can be lowered.  On the Athlon the cutoff point
 is exactly at the point where Comba squaring can no longer be used (\textit{128 digits}).  On slower processors such as the Intel P4
 it is actually below the Comba limit (\textit{at 110 digits}).
 
-This routine uses the same error trap coding style as mp\_karatsuba\_sqr.  As the temporary variables are initialized errors are 
-redirected to the error trap higher up.  If the algorithm completes without error the error code is set to \textbf{MP\_OKAY} and 
+This routine uses the same error trap coding style as mp\_karatsuba\_sqr.  As the temporary variables are initialized errors are
+redirected to the error trap higher up.  If the algorithm completes without error the error code is set to \textbf{MP\_OKAY} and
 mp\_clears are executed normally.
 
 \subsection{Toom-Cook Squaring}
 The Toom-Cook squaring algorithm mp\_toom\_sqr is heavily based on the algorithm mp\_toom\_mul with the exception that squarings are used
-instead of multiplication to find the five relations.  The reader is encouraged to read the description of the latter algorithm and try to 
-derive their own Toom-Cook squaring algorithm.  
+instead of multiplication to find the five relations.  The reader is encouraged to read the description of the latter algorithm and try to
+derive their own Toom-Cook squaring algorithm.
 
 \subsection{High Level Squaring}
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -3560,12 +5472,53 @@ derive their own Toom-Cook squaring algorithm.
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_sqr.}
 This algorithm computes the square of the input using one of four different algorithms.  If the input is very large and has at least
 \textbf{TOOM\_SQR\_CUTOFF} or \textbf{KARATSUBA\_SQR\_CUTOFF} digits then either the Toom-Cook or the Karatsuba Squaring algorithm is used.  If
-neither of the polynomial basis algorithms should be used then either the Comba or baseline algorithm is used.  
+neither of the polynomial basis algorithms should be used then either the Comba or baseline algorithm is used.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_sqr.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* computes b = a*a */
+018   int
+019   mp_sqr (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+020   \{
+021     int     res;
+022
+023   #ifdef BN_MP_TOOM_SQR_C
+024     /* use Toom-Cook? */
+025     if (a->used >= TOOM_SQR_CUTOFF) \{
+026       res = mp_toom_sqr(a, b);
+027     /* Karatsuba? */
+028     \} else
+029   #endif
+030   #ifdef BN_MP_KARATSUBA_SQR_C
+031     if (a->used >= KARATSUBA_SQR_CUTOFF) \{
+032       res = mp_karatsuba_sqr (a, b);
+033     \} else
+034   #endif
+035     \{
+036   #ifdef BN_FAST_S_MP_SQR_C
+037       /* can we use the fast comba multiplier? */
+038       if ((((a->used * 2) + 1) < MP_WARRAY) &&
+039            (a->used <
+040            (1 << (((sizeof(mp_word) * CHAR_BIT) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT)) - 1)))) \{
+041         res = fast_s_mp_sqr (a, b);
+042       \} else
+043   #endif
+044       \{
+045   #ifdef BN_S_MP_SQR_C
+046         res = s_mp_sqr (a, b);
+047   #else
+048         res = MP_VAL;
+049   #endif
+050       \}
+051     \}
+052     b->sign = MP_ZPOS;
+053     return res;
+054   \}
+055   #endif
+056
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
@@ -3576,11 +5529,11 @@ $\left [ 3 \right ] $ & Devise an efficient algorithm for selection of the radix
                       & \\
 $\left [ 2 \right ] $ & In section 5.3 the fact that every column of a squaring is made up \\
                       & of double products and at most one square is stated.  Prove this statement. \\
-                      & \\                      
+                      & \\
 $\left [ 3 \right ] $ & Prove the equation for Karatsuba squaring. \\
                       & \\
 $\left [ 1 \right ] $ & Prove that Karatsuba squaring requires $O \left (n^{lg(3)} \right )$ time. \\
-                      & \\ 
+                      & \\
 $\left [ 2 \right ] $ & Determine the minimal ratio between addition and multiplication clock cycles \\
                       & required for equation $6.7$ to be true.  \\
                       & \\
@@ -3597,61 +5550,61 @@ $\left [ 4 \right ] $ & Same as the previous but also modify the Karatsuba and T
 \chapter{Modular Reduction}
 \section{Basics of Modular Reduction}
 \index{modular residue}
-Modular reduction is an operation that arises quite often within public key cryptography algorithms and various number theoretic algorithms, 
+Modular reduction is an operation that arises quite often within public key cryptography algorithms and various number theoretic algorithms,
 such as factoring.  Modular reduction algorithms are the third class of algorithms of the ``multipliers'' set.  A number $a$ is said to be \textit{reduced}
-modulo another number $b$ by finding the remainder of the division $a/b$.  Full integer division with remainder is a topic to be covered 
+modulo another number $b$ by finding the remainder of the division $a/b$.  Full integer division with remainder is a topic to be covered
 in~\ref{sec:division}.
 
-Modular reduction is equivalent to solving for $r$ in the following equation.  $a = bq + r$ where $q = \lfloor a/b \rfloor$.  The result 
-$r$ is said to be ``congruent to $a$ modulo $b$'' which is also written as $r \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }b\mbox{)}$.  In other vernacular $r$ is known as the 
+Modular reduction is equivalent to solving for $r$ in the following equation.  $a = bq + r$ where $q = \lfloor a/b \rfloor$.  The result
+$r$ is said to be ``congruent to $a$ modulo $b$'' which is also written as $r \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }b\mbox{)}$.  In other vernacular $r$ is known as the
 ``modular residue'' which leads to ``quadratic residue''\footnote{That's fancy talk for $b \equiv a^2 \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}$.} and
-other forms of residues.  
+other forms of residues.
 
-Modular reductions are normally used to create either finite groups, rings or fields.  The most common usage for performance driven modular reductions 
-is in modular exponentiation algorithms.  That is to compute $d = a^b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}$ as fast as possible.  This operation is used in the 
-RSA and Diffie-Hellman public key algorithms, for example.  Modular multiplication and squaring also appears as a fundamental operation in 
-elliptic curve cryptographic algorithms.  As will be discussed in the subsequent chapter there exist fast algorithms for computing modular 
-exponentiations without having to perform (\textit{in this example}) $b - 1$ multiplications.  These algorithms will produce partial results in the 
-range $0 \le x < c^2$ which can be taken advantage of to create several efficient algorithms.   They have also been used to create redundancy check 
-algorithms known as CRCs, error correction codes such as Reed-Solomon and solve a variety of number theoeretic problems.  
+Modular reductions are normally used to create either finite groups, rings or fields.  The most common usage for performance driven modular reductions
+is in modular exponentiation algorithms.  That is to compute $d = a^b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}$ as fast as possible.  This operation is used in the
+RSA and Diffie-Hellman public key algorithms, for example.  Modular multiplication and squaring also appears as a fundamental operation in
+elliptic curve cryptographic algorithms.  As will be discussed in the subsequent chapter there exist fast algorithms for computing modular
+exponentiations without having to perform (\textit{in this example}) $b - 1$ multiplications.  These algorithms will produce partial results in the
+range $0 \le x < c^2$ which can be taken advantage of to create several efficient algorithms.   They have also been used to create redundancy check
+algorithms known as CRCs, error correction codes such as Reed-Solomon and solve a variety of number theoeretic problems.
 
 \section{The Barrett Reduction}
 The Barrett reduction algorithm \cite{BARRETT} was inspired by fast division algorithms which multiply by the reciprocal to emulate
-division.  Barretts observation was that the residue $c$ of $a$ modulo $b$ is equal to 
+division.  Barretts observation was that the residue $c$ of $a$ modulo $b$ is equal to
 
 \begin{equation}
 c = a - b \cdot \lfloor a/b \rfloor
 \end{equation}
 
-Since algorithms such as modular exponentiation would be using the same modulus extensively, typical DSP\footnote{It is worth noting that Barrett's paper 
-targeted the DSP56K processor.}  intuition would indicate the next step would be to replace $a/b$ by a multiplication by the reciprocal.  However, 
-DSP intuition on its own will not work as these numbers are considerably larger than the precision of common DSP floating point data types.  
+Since algorithms such as modular exponentiation would be using the same modulus extensively, typical DSP\footnote{It is worth noting that Barrett's paper
+targeted the DSP56K processor.}  intuition would indicate the next step would be to replace $a/b$ by a multiplication by the reciprocal.  However,
+DSP intuition on its own will not work as these numbers are considerably larger than the precision of common DSP floating point data types.
 It would take another common optimization to optimize the algorithm.
 
 \subsection{Fixed Point Arithmetic}
 The trick used to optimize the above equation is based on a technique of emulating floating point data types with fixed precision integers.  Fixed
-point arithmetic would become very popular as it greatly optimize the ``3d-shooter'' genre of games in the mid 1990s when floating point units were 
-fairly slow if not unavailable.   The idea behind fixed point arithmetic is to take a normal $k$-bit integer data type and break it into $p$-bit 
-integer and a $q$-bit fraction part (\textit{where $p+q = k$}).  
+point arithmetic would become very popular as it greatly optimize the ``3d-shooter'' genre of games in the mid 1990s when floating point units were
+fairly slow if not unavailable.   The idea behind fixed point arithmetic is to take a normal $k$-bit integer data type and break it into $p$-bit
+integer and a $q$-bit fraction part (\textit{where $p+q = k$}).
 
 In this system a $k$-bit integer $n$ would actually represent $n/2^q$.  For example, with $q = 4$ the integer $n = 37$ would actually represent the
-value $2.3125$.  To multiply two fixed point numbers the integers are multiplied using traditional arithmetic and subsequently normalized by 
-moving the implied decimal point back to where it should be.  For example, with $q = 4$ to multiply the integers $9$ and $5$ they must be converted 
-to fixed point first by multiplying by $2^q$.  Let $a = 9(2^q)$ represent the fixed point representation of $9$ and $b = 5(2^q)$ represent the 
-fixed point representation of $5$.  The product $ab$ is equal to $45(2^{2q})$ which when normalized by dividing by $2^q$ produces $45(2^q)$.  
+value $2.3125$.  To multiply two fixed point numbers the integers are multiplied using traditional arithmetic and subsequently normalized by
+moving the implied decimal point back to where it should be.  For example, with $q = 4$ to multiply the integers $9$ and $5$ they must be converted
+to fixed point first by multiplying by $2^q$.  Let $a = 9(2^q)$ represent the fixed point representation of $9$ and $b = 5(2^q)$ represent the
+fixed point representation of $5$.  The product $ab$ is equal to $45(2^{2q})$ which when normalized by dividing by $2^q$ produces $45(2^q)$.
 
 This technique became popular since a normal integer multiplication and logical shift right are the only required operations to perform a multiplication
-of two fixed point numbers.  Using fixed point arithmetic, division can be easily approximated by multiplying by the reciprocal.  If $2^q$ is 
-equivalent to one than $2^q/b$ is equivalent to the fixed point approximation of $1/b$ using real arithmetic.  Using this fact dividing an integer 
+of two fixed point numbers.  Using fixed point arithmetic, division can be easily approximated by multiplying by the reciprocal.  If $2^q$ is
+equivalent to one than $2^q/b$ is equivalent to the fixed point approximation of $1/b$ using real arithmetic.  Using this fact dividing an integer
 $a$ by another integer $b$ can be achieved with the following expression.
 
 \begin{equation}
 \lfloor a / b \rfloor \mbox{ }\approx\mbox{ } \lfloor (a \cdot \lfloor 2^q / b \rfloor)/2^q \rfloor
 \end{equation}
 
-The precision of the division is proportional to the value of $q$.  If the divisor $b$ is used frequently as is the case with 
+The precision of the division is proportional to the value of $q$.  If the divisor $b$ is used frequently as is the case with
 modular exponentiation pre-computing $2^q/b$ will allow a division to be performed with a multiplication and a right shift.  Both operations
-are considerably faster than division on most processors.  
+are considerably faster than division on most processors.
 
 Consider dividing $19$ by $5$.  The correct result is $\lfloor 19/5 \rfloor = 3$.  With $q = 3$ the reciprocal is $\lfloor 2^q/5 \rfloor = 1$ which
 leads to a product of $19$ which when divided by $2^q$ produces $2$.  However, with $q = 4$ the reciprocal is $\lfloor 2^q/5 \rfloor = 3$ and
@@ -3672,11 +5625,11 @@ c = a - b \cdot \lfloor (a \cdot \mu)/2^q \rfloor
 
 Provided that $2^q \ge a$ this algorithm will produce a quotient that is either exactly correct or off by a value of one.  In the context of Barrett
 reduction the value of $a$ is bound by $0 \le a \le (b - 1)^2$ meaning that $2^q \ge b^2$ is sufficient to ensure the reciprocal will have enough
-precision.  
+precision.
 
-Let $n$ represent the number of digits in $b$.  This algorithm requires approximately $2n^2$ single precision multiplications to produce the quotient and 
-another $n^2$ single precision multiplications to find the residue.  In total $3n^2$ single precision multiplications are required to 
-reduce the number.  
+Let $n$ represent the number of digits in $b$.  This algorithm requires approximately $2n^2$ single precision multiplications to produce the quotient and
+another $n^2$ single precision multiplications to find the residue.  In total $3n^2$ single precision multiplications are required to
+reduce the number.
 
 For example, if $b = 1179677$ and $q = 41$ ($2^q > b^2$), then the reciprocal $\mu$ is equal to $\lfloor 2^q / b \rfloor = 1864089$.  Consider reducing
 $a = 180388626447$ modulo $b$ using the above reduction equation.  The quotient using the new formula is $\lfloor (a \cdot \mu) / 2^q \rfloor = 152913$.
@@ -3684,19 +5637,19 @@ By subtracting $152913b$ from $a$ the correct residue $a \equiv 677346 \mbox{ (m
 
 \subsection{Choosing a Radix Point}
 Using the fixed point representation a modular reduction can be performed with $3n^2$ single precision multiplications.  If that were the best
-that could be achieved a full division\footnote{A division requires approximately $O(2cn^2)$ single precision multiplications for a small value of $c$.  
+that could be achieved a full division\footnote{A division requires approximately $O(2cn^2)$ single precision multiplications for a small value of $c$.
 See~\ref{sec:division} for further details.} might as well be used in its place.  The key to optimizing the reduction is to reduce the precision of
-the initial multiplication that finds the quotient.  
+the initial multiplication that finds the quotient.
 
 Let $a$ represent the number of which the residue is sought.  Let $b$ represent the modulus used to find the residue.  Let $m$ represent
-the number of digits in $b$.  For the purposes of this discussion we will assume that the number of digits in $a$ is $2m$, which is generally true if 
-two $m$-digit numbers have been multiplied.  Dividing $a$ by $b$ is the same as dividing a $2m$ digit integer by a $m$ digit integer.  Digits below the 
+the number of digits in $b$.  For the purposes of this discussion we will assume that the number of digits in $a$ is $2m$, which is generally true if
+two $m$-digit numbers have been multiplied.  Dividing $a$ by $b$ is the same as dividing a $2m$ digit integer by a $m$ digit integer.  Digits below the
 $m - 1$'th digit of $a$ will contribute at most a value of $1$ to the quotient because $\beta^k < b$ for any $0 \le k \le m - 1$.  Another way to
-express this is by re-writing $a$ as two parts.  If $a' \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }b^m\mbox{)}$ and $a'' = a - a'$ then 
+express this is by re-writing $a$ as two parts.  If $a' \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }b^m\mbox{)}$ and $a'' = a - a'$ then
 ${a \over b} \equiv {{a' + a''} \over b}$ which is equivalent to ${a' \over b} + {a'' \over b}$.  Since $a'$ is bound to be less than $b$ the quotient
 is bound by $0 \le {a' \over b} < 1$.
 
-Since the digits of $a'$ do not contribute much to the quotient the observation is that they might as well be zero.  However, if the digits 
+Since the digits of $a'$ do not contribute much to the quotient the observation is that they might as well be zero.  However, if the digits
 ``might as well be zero'' they might as well not be there in the first place.  Let $q_0 = \lfloor a/\beta^{m-1} \rfloor$ represent the input
 with the irrelevant digits trimmed.  Now the modular reduction is trimmed to the almost equivalent equation
 
@@ -3704,52 +5657,52 @@ with the irrelevant digits trimmed.  Now the modular reduction is trimmed to the
 c = a - b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor
 \end{equation}
 
-Note that the original divisor $2^q$ has been replaced with $\beta^{m+1}$ where in this case $q$ is a multiple of $lg(\beta)$. Also note that the 
-exponent on the divisor when added to the amount $q_0$ was shifted by equals $2m$.  If the optimization had not been performed the divisor 
-would have the exponent $2m$ so in the end the exponents do ``add up''. Using the above equation the quotient 
+Note that the original divisor $2^q$ has been replaced with $\beta^{m+1}$ where in this case $q$ is a multiple of $lg(\beta)$. Also note that the
+exponent on the divisor when added to the amount $q_0$ was shifted by equals $2m$.  If the optimization had not been performed the divisor
+would have the exponent $2m$ so in the end the exponents do ``add up''. Using the above equation the quotient
 $\lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor$ can be off from the true quotient by at most two.  The original fixed point quotient can be off
 by as much as one (\textit{provided the radix point is chosen suitably}) and now that the lower irrelevent digits have been trimmed the quotient
-can be off by an additional value of one for a total of at most two.  This implies that 
-$0 \le a - b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor < 3b$.  By first subtracting $b$ times the quotient and then conditionally subtracting 
+can be off by an additional value of one for a total of at most two.  This implies that
+$0 \le a - b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor < 3b$.  By first subtracting $b$ times the quotient and then conditionally subtracting
 $b$ once or twice the residue is found.
 
 The quotient is now found using $(m + 1)(m) = m^2 + m$ single precision multiplications and the residue with an additional $m^2$ single
-precision multiplications, ignoring the subtractions required.  In total $2m^2 + m$ single precision multiplications are required to find the residue.  
+precision multiplications, ignoring the subtractions required.  In total $2m^2 + m$ single precision multiplications are required to find the residue.
 This is considerably faster than the original attempt.
 
-For example, let $\beta = 10$ represent the radix of the digits.  Let $b = 9999$ represent the modulus which implies $m = 4$. Let $a = 99929878$ 
-represent the value of which the residue is desired.  In this case $q = 8$ since $10^7 < 9999^2$ meaning that $\mu = \lfloor \beta^{q}/b \rfloor = 10001$.  
-With the new observation the multiplicand for the quotient is equal to $q_0 = \lfloor a / \beta^{m - 1} \rfloor = 99929$.  The quotient is then 
-$\lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor = 9993$.  Subtracting $9993b$ from $a$ and the correct residue $a \equiv 9871 \mbox{ (mod }b\mbox{)}$ 
-is found.  
+For example, let $\beta = 10$ represent the radix of the digits.  Let $b = 9999$ represent the modulus which implies $m = 4$. Let $a = 99929878$
+represent the value of which the residue is desired.  In this case $q = 8$ since $10^7 < 9999^2$ meaning that $\mu = \lfloor \beta^{q}/b \rfloor = 10001$.
+With the new observation the multiplicand for the quotient is equal to $q_0 = \lfloor a / \beta^{m - 1} \rfloor = 99929$.  The quotient is then
+$\lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor = 9993$.  Subtracting $9993b$ from $a$ and the correct residue $a \equiv 9871 \mbox{ (mod }b\mbox{)}$
+is found.
 
 \subsection{Trimming the Quotient}
-So far the reduction algorithm has been optimized from $3m^2$ single precision multiplications down to $2m^2 + m$ single precision multiplications.  As 
+So far the reduction algorithm has been optimized from $3m^2$ single precision multiplications down to $2m^2 + m$ single precision multiplications.  As
 it stands now the algorithm is already fairly fast compared to a full integer division algorithm.  However, there is still room for
-optimization.  
+optimization.
 
 After the first multiplication inside the quotient ($q_0 \cdot \mu$) the value is shifted right by $m + 1$ places effectively nullifying the lower
-half of the product.  It would be nice to be able to remove those digits from the product to effectively cut down the number of single precision 
-multiplications.  If the number of digits in the modulus $m$ is far less than $\beta$ a full product is not required for the algorithm to work properly.  
-In fact the lower $m - 2$ digits will not affect the upper half of the product at all and do not need to be computed.  
+half of the product.  It would be nice to be able to remove those digits from the product to effectively cut down the number of single precision
+multiplications.  If the number of digits in the modulus $m$ is far less than $\beta$ a full product is not required for the algorithm to work properly.
+In fact the lower $m - 2$ digits will not affect the upper half of the product at all and do not need to be computed.
 
 The value of $\mu$ is a $m$-digit number and $q_0$ is a $m + 1$ digit number.  Using a full multiplier $(m + 1)(m) = m^2 + m$ single precision
 multiplications would be required.  Using a multiplier that will only produce digits at and above the $m - 1$'th digit reduces the number
-of single precision multiplications to ${m^2 + m} \over 2$ single precision multiplications.  
+of single precision multiplications to ${m^2 + m} \over 2$ single precision multiplications.
 
 \subsection{Trimming the Residue}
 After the quotient has been calculated it is used to reduce the input.  As previously noted the algorithm is not exact and it can be off by a small
-multiple of the modulus, that is $0 \le a - b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor < 3b$.  If $b$ is $m$ digits than the 
+multiple of the modulus, that is $0 \le a - b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor < 3b$.  If $b$ is $m$ digits than the
 result of reduction equation is a value of at most $m + 1$ digits (\textit{provided $3 < \beta$}) implying that the upper $m - 1$ digits are
-implicitly zero.  
+implicitly zero.
 
 The next optimization arises from this very fact.  Instead of computing $b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor$ using a full
 $O(m^2)$ multiplication algorithm only the lower $m+1$ digits of the product have to be computed.  Similarly the value of $a$ can
-be reduced modulo $\beta^{m+1}$ before the multiple of $b$ is subtracted which simplifes the subtraction as well.  A multiplication that produces 
-only the lower $m+1$ digits requires ${m^2 + 3m - 2} \over 2$ single precision multiplications.  
+be reduced modulo $\beta^{m+1}$ before the multiple of $b$ is subtracted which simplifes the subtraction as well.  A multiplication that produces
+only the lower $m+1$ digits requires ${m^2 + 3m - 2} \over 2$ single precision multiplications.
 
 With both optimizations in place the algorithm is the algorithm Barrett proposed.  It requires $m^2 + 2m - 1$ single precision multiplications which
-is considerably faster than the straightforward $3m^2$ method.  
+is considerably faster than the straightforward $3m^2$ method.
 
 \subsection{The Barrett Algorithm}
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -3793,43 +5746,124 @@ Now subtract the modulus if the residue is too large (e.g. quotient too small).
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_reduce.}
 This algorithm will reduce the input $a$ modulo $b$ in place using the Barrett algorithm.  It is loosely based on algorithm 14.42 of HAC
-\cite[pp.  602]{HAC} which is based on the paper from Paul Barrett \cite{BARRETT}.  The algorithm has several restrictions and assumptions which must 
+\cite[pp.  602]{HAC} which is based on the paper from Paul Barrett \cite{BARRETT}.  The algorithm has several restrictions and assumptions which must
 be adhered to for the algorithm to work.
 
 First the modulus $b$ is assumed to be positive and greater than one.  If the modulus were less than or equal to one than subtracting
 a multiple of it would either accomplish nothing or actually enlarge the input.  The input $a$ must be in the range $0 \le a < b^2$ in order
 for the quotient to have enough precision.  If $a$ is the product of two numbers that were already reduced modulo $b$, this will not be a problem.
-Technically the algorithm will still work if $a \ge b^2$ but it will take much longer to finish.  The value of $\mu$ is passed as an argument to this 
-algorithm and is assumed to be calculated and stored before the algorithm is used.  
+Technically the algorithm will still work if $a \ge b^2$ but it will take much longer to finish.  The value of $\mu$ is passed as an argument to this
+algorithm and is assumed to be calculated and stored before the algorithm is used.
 
-Recall that the multiplication for the quotient on step 3 must only produce digits at or above the $m-1$'th position.  An algorithm called 
+Recall that the multiplication for the quotient on step 3 must only produce digits at or above the $m-1$'th position.  An algorithm called
 $s\_mp\_mul\_high\_digs$ which has not been presented is used to accomplish this task.  The algorithm is based on $s\_mp\_mul\_digs$ except that
 instead of stopping at a given level of precision it starts at a given level of precision.  This optimal algorithm can only be used if the number
-of digits in $b$ is very much smaller than $\beta$.  
+of digits in $b$ is very much smaller than $\beta$.
 
-While it is known that 
-$a \ge b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor$ only the lower $m+1$ digits are being used to compute the residue, so an implied 
-``borrow'' from the higher digits might leave a negative result.  After the multiple of the modulus has been subtracted from $a$ the residue must be 
-fixed up in case it is negative.  The invariant $\beta^{m+1}$ must be added to the residue to make it positive again.  
+While it is known that
+$a \ge b \cdot \lfloor (q_0 \cdot \mu) / \beta^{m+1} \rfloor$ only the lower $m+1$ digits are being used to compute the residue, so an implied
+``borrow'' from the higher digits might leave a negative result.  After the multiple of the modulus has been subtracted from $a$ the residue must be
+fixed up in case it is negative.  The invariant $\beta^{m+1}$ must be added to the residue to make it positive again.
 
-The while loop at step 9 will subtract $b$ until the residue is less than $b$.  If the algorithm is performed correctly this step is 
+The while loop at step 9 will subtract $b$ until the residue is less than $b$.  If the algorithm is performed correctly this step is
 performed at most twice, and on average once. However, if $a \ge b^2$ than it will iterate substantially more times than it should.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_reduce.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* reduces x mod m, assumes 0 < x < m**2, mu is
+018    * precomputed via mp_reduce_setup.
+019    * From HAC pp.604 Algorithm 14.42
+020    */
+021   int mp_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * m, mp_int * mu)
+022   \{
+023     mp_int  q;
+024     int     res, um = m->used;
+025
+026     /* q = x */
+027     if ((res = mp_init_copy (&q, x)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+028       return res;
+029     \}
+030
+031     /* q1 = x / b**(k-1)  */
+032     mp_rshd (&q, um - 1);
+033
+034     /* according to HAC this optimization is ok */
+035     if (((mp_digit) um) > (((mp_digit)1) << (DIGIT_BIT - 1))) \{
+036       if ((res = mp_mul (&q, mu, &q)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+037         goto CLEANUP;
+038       \}
+039     \} else \{
+040   #ifdef BN_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C
+041       if ((res = s_mp_mul_high_digs (&q, mu, &q, um)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+042         goto CLEANUP;
+043       \}
+044   #elif defined(BN_FAST_S_MP_MUL_HIGH_DIGS_C)
+045       if ((res = fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs (&q, mu, &q, um)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+046         goto CLEANUP;
+047       \}
+048   #else
+049       \{
+050         res = MP_VAL;
+051         goto CLEANUP;
+052       \}
+053   #endif
+054     \}
+055
+056     /* q3 = q2 / b**(k+1) */
+057     mp_rshd (&q, um + 1);
+058
+059     /* x = x mod b**(k+1), quick (no division) */
+060     if ((res = mp_mod_2d (x, DIGIT_BIT * (um + 1), x)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+061       goto CLEANUP;
+062     \}
+063
+064     /* q = q * m mod b**(k+1), quick (no division) */
+065     if ((res = s_mp_mul_digs (&q, m, &q, um + 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+066       goto CLEANUP;
+067     \}
+068
+069     /* x = x - q */
+070     if ((res = mp_sub (x, &q, x)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+071       goto CLEANUP;
+072     \}
+073
+074     /* If x < 0, add b**(k+1) to it */
+075     if (mp_cmp_d (x, 0) == MP_LT) \{
+076       mp_set (&q, 1);
+077       if ((res = mp_lshd (&q, um + 1)) != MP_OKAY)
+078         goto CLEANUP;
+079       if ((res = mp_add (x, &q, x)) != MP_OKAY)
+080         goto CLEANUP;
+081     \}
+082
+083     /* Back off if it's too big */
+084     while (mp_cmp (x, m) != MP_LT) \{
+085       if ((res = s_mp_sub (x, m, x)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+086         goto CLEANUP;
+087       \}
+088     \}
+089
+090   CLEANUP:
+091     mp_clear (&q);
+092
+093     return res;
+094   \}
+095   #endif
+096
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 The first multiplication that determines the quotient can be performed by only producing the digits from $m - 1$ and up.  This essentially halves
 the number of single precision multiplications required.  However, the optimization is only safe if $\beta$ is much larger than the number of digits
-in the modulus.  In the source code this is evaluated on lines 36 to 44 where algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_high\_digs is used when it is
-safe to do so.  
+in the modulus.  In the source code this is evaluated on lines 36 to 43 where algorithm s\_mp\_mul\_high\_digs is used when it is
+safe to do so.
 
 \subsection{The Barrett Setup Algorithm}
 In order to use algorithm mp\_reduce the value of $\mu$ must be calculated in advance.  Ideally this value should be computed once and stored for
-future use so that the Barrett algorithm can be used without delay.  
+future use so that the Barrett algorithm can be used without delay.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -3857,28 +5891,43 @@ is equivalent and much faster.  The final value is computed by taking the intege
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_reduce\_setup.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* pre-calculate the value required for Barrett reduction
+018    * For a given modulus "b" it calulates the value required in "a"
+019    */
+020   int mp_reduce_setup (mp_int * a, mp_int * b)
+021   \{
+022     int     res;
+023
+024     if ((res = mp_2expt (a, b->used * 2 * DIGIT_BIT)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+025       return res;
+026     \}
+027     return mp_div (a, b, a, NULL);
+028   \}
+029   #endif
+030
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 This simple routine calculates the reciprocal $\mu$ required by Barrett reduction.  Note the extended usage of algorithm mp\_div where the variable
-which would received the remainder is passed as NULL.  As will be discussed in~\ref{sec:division} the division routine allows both the quotient and the 
-remainder to be passed as NULL meaning to ignore the value.  
+which would received the remainder is passed as NULL.  As will be discussed in~\ref{sec:division} the division routine allows both the quotient and the
+remainder to be passed as NULL meaning to ignore the value.
 
 \section{The Montgomery Reduction}
-Montgomery reduction\footnote{Thanks to Niels Ferguson for his insightful explanation of the algorithm.} \cite{MONT} is by far the most interesting 
-form of reduction in common use.  It computes a modular residue which is not actually equal to the residue of the input yet instead equal to a 
-residue times a constant.  However, as perplexing as this may sound the algorithm is relatively simple and very efficient.  
+Montgomery reduction\footnote{Thanks to Niels Ferguson for his insightful explanation of the algorithm.} \cite{MONT} is by far the most interesting
+form of reduction in common use.  It computes a modular residue which is not actually equal to the residue of the input yet instead equal to a
+residue times a constant.  However, as perplexing as this may sound the algorithm is relatively simple and very efficient.
 
 Throughout this entire section the variable $n$ will represent the modulus used to form the residue.  As will be discussed shortly the value of
 $n$ must be odd.  The variable $x$ will represent the quantity of which the residue is sought.  Similar to the Barrett algorithm the input
 is restricted to $0 \le x < n^2$.  To begin the description some simple number theory facts must be established.
 
 \textbf{Fact 1.}  Adding $n$ to $x$ does not change the residue since in effect it adds one to the quotient $\lfloor x / n \rfloor$.  Another way
-to explain this is that $n$ is (\textit{or multiples of $n$ are}) congruent to zero modulo $n$.  Adding zero will not change the value of the residue.  
+to explain this is that $n$ is (\textit{or multiples of $n$ are}) congruent to zero modulo $n$.  Adding zero will not change the value of the residue.
 
 \textbf{Fact 2.}  If $x$ is even then performing a division by two in $\Z$ is congruent to $x \cdot 2^{-1} \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$.  Actually
-this is an application of the fact that if $x$ is evenly divisible by any $k \in \Z$ then division in $\Z$ will be congruent to 
-multiplication by $k^{-1}$ modulo $n$.  
+this is an application of the fact that if $x$ is evenly divisible by any $k \in \Z$ then division in $\Z$ will be congruent to
+multiplication by $k^{-1}$ modulo $n$.
 
 From these two simple facts the following simple algorithm can be derived.
 
@@ -3904,8 +5953,8 @@ From these two simple facts the following simple algorithm can be derived.
 
 The algorithm reduces the input one bit at a time using the two congruencies stated previously.  Inside the loop $n$, which is odd, is
 added to $x$ if $x$ is odd.  This forces $x$ to be even which allows the division by two in $\Z$ to be congruent to a modular division by two.  Since
-$x$ is assumed to be initially much larger than $n$ the addition of $n$ will contribute an insignificant magnitude to $x$.  Let $r$ represent the 
-final result of the Montgomery algorithm.  If $k > lg(n)$ and $0 \le x < n^2$ then the final result is limited to 
+$x$ is assumed to be initially much larger than $n$ the addition of $n$ will contribute an insignificant magnitude to $x$.  Let $r$ represent the
+final result of the Montgomery algorithm.  If $k > lg(n)$ and $0 \le x < n^2$ then the final result is limited to
 $0 \le r < \lfloor x/2^k \rfloor + n$.  As a result at most a single subtraction is required to get the residue desired.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -3930,12 +5979,12 @@ $0 \le r < \lfloor x/2^k \rfloor + n$.  As a result at most a single subtraction
 \label{fig:MONT1}
 \end{figure}
 
-Consider the example in figure~\ref{fig:MONT1} which reduces $x = 5555$ modulo $n = 257$ when $k = 9$ (note $\beta^k = 512$ which is larger than $n$).  The result of 
-the algorithm $r = 178$ is congruent to the value of $2^{-9} \cdot 5555 \mbox{ (mod }257\mbox{)}$.  When $r$ is multiplied by $2^9$ modulo $257$ the correct residue 
-$r \equiv 158$ is produced.  
+Consider the example in figure~\ref{fig:MONT1} which reduces $x = 5555$ modulo $n = 257$ when $k = 9$ (note $\beta^k = 512$ which is larger than $n$).  The result of
+the algorithm $r = 178$ is congruent to the value of $2^{-9} \cdot 5555 \mbox{ (mod }257\mbox{)}$.  When $r$ is multiplied by $2^9$ modulo $257$ the correct residue
+$r \equiv 158$ is produced.
 
 Let $k = \lfloor lg(n) \rfloor + 1$ represent the number of bits in $n$.  The current algorithm requires $2k^2$ single precision shifts
-and $k^2$ single precision additions.  At this rate the algorithm is most certainly slower than Barrett reduction and not terribly useful.  
+and $k^2$ single precision additions.  At this rate the algorithm is most certainly slower than Barrett reduction and not terribly useful.
 Fortunately there exists an alternative representation of the algorithm.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -3984,10 +6033,10 @@ precision shifts has now been reduced from $2k^2$ to $k^2 + k$ which is only a s
 \label{fig:MONT2}
 \end{figure}
 
-Figure~\ref{fig:MONT2} demonstrates the modified algorithm reducing $x = 5555$ modulo $n = 257$ with $k = 9$. 
-With this algorithm a single shift right at the end is the only right shift required to reduce the input instead of $k$ right shifts inside the 
-loop.  Note that for the iterations $t = 2, 5, 6$ and $8$ where the result $x$ is not changed.  In those iterations the $t$'th bit of $x$ is 
-zero and the appropriate multiple of $n$ does not need to be added to force the $t$'th bit of the result to zero.  
+Figure~\ref{fig:MONT2} demonstrates the modified algorithm reducing $x = 5555$ modulo $n = 257$ with $k = 9$.
+With this algorithm a single shift right at the end is the only right shift required to reduce the input instead of $k$ right shifts inside the
+loop.  Note that for the iterations $t = 2, 5, 6$ and $8$ where the result $x$ is not changed.  In those iterations the $t$'th bit of $x$ is
+zero and the appropriate multiple of $n$ does not need to be added to force the $t$'th bit of the result to zero.
 
 \subsection{Digit Based Montgomery Reduction}
 Instead of computing the reduction on a bit-by-bit basis it is actually much faster to compute it on digit-by-digit basis.  Consider the
@@ -4011,9 +6060,9 @@ previous algorithm re-written to compute the Montgomery reduction in this new fa
 \caption{Algorithm Montgomery Reduction (modified II)}
 \end{figure}
 
-The value $\mu n \beta^t$ is a multiple of the modulus $n$ meaning that it will not change the residue.  If the first digit of 
+The value $\mu n \beta^t$ is a multiple of the modulus $n$ meaning that it will not change the residue.  If the first digit of
 the value $\mu n \beta^t$ equals the negative (modulo $\beta$) of the $t$'th digit of $x$ then the addition will result in a zero digit.  This
-problem breaks down to solving the following congruency.  
+problem breaks down to solving the following congruency.
 
 \begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{rcl}
@@ -4023,10 +6072,10 @@ $\mu$ & $\equiv$ & $-x_t/n_0 \mbox{ (mod }\beta\mbox{)}$ \\
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 
-In each iteration of the loop on step 1 a new value of $\mu$ must be calculated.  The value of $-1/n_0 \mbox{ (mod }\beta\mbox{)}$ is used 
-extensively in this algorithm and should be precomputed.  Let $\rho$ represent the negative of the modular inverse of $n_0$ modulo $\beta$.  
+In each iteration of the loop on step 1 a new value of $\mu$ must be calculated.  The value of $-1/n_0 \mbox{ (mod }\beta\mbox{)}$ is used
+extensively in this algorithm and should be precomputed.  Let $\rho$ represent the negative of the modular inverse of $n_0$ modulo $\beta$.
 
-For example, let $\beta = 10$ represent the radix.  Let $n = 17$ represent the modulus which implies $k = 2$ and $\rho \equiv 7$.  Let $x = 33$ 
+For example, let $\beta = 10$ represent the radix.  Let $n = 17$ represent the modulus which implies $k = 2$ and $\rho \equiv 7$.  Let $x = 33$
 represent the value to reduce.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}
@@ -4042,14 +6091,14 @@ represent the value to reduce.
 \caption{Example of Montgomery Reduction}
 \end{figure}
 
-The final result $900$ is then divided by $\beta^k$ to produce the final result $9$.  The first observation is that $9 \nequiv x \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$ 
+The final result $900$ is then divided by $\beta^k$ to produce the final result $9$.  The first observation is that $9 \nequiv x \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$
 which implies the result is not the modular residue of $x$ modulo $n$.  However, recall that the residue is actually multiplied by $\beta^{-k}$ in
 the algorithm.  To get the true residue the value must be multiplied by $\beta^k$.  In this case $\beta^k \equiv 15 \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$ and
-the correct residue is $9 \cdot 15 \equiv 16 \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$.  
+the correct residue is $9 \cdot 15 \equiv 16 \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$.
 
 \subsection{Baseline Montgomery Reduction}
-The baseline Montgomery reduction algorithm will produce the residue for any size input.  It is designed to be a catch-all algororithm for 
-Montgomery reductions.  
+The baseline Montgomery reduction algorithm will produce the residue for any size input.  It is designed to be a catch-all algororithm for
+Montgomery reductions.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -4097,9 +6146,9 @@ Divide by $\beta^k$ and fix up as required. \\
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_montgomery\_reduce.}
 This algorithm reduces the input $x$ modulo $n$ in place using the Montgomery reduction algorithm.  The algorithm is loosely based
 on algorithm 14.32 of \cite[pp.601]{HAC} except it merges the multiplication of $\mu n \beta^t$ with the addition in the inner loop.  The
-restrictions on this algorithm are fairly easy to adapt to.  First $0 \le x < n^2$ bounds the input to numbers in the same range as 
+restrictions on this algorithm are fairly easy to adapt to.  First $0 \le x < n^2$ bounds the input to numbers in the same range as
 for the Barrett algorithm.  Additionally if $n > 1$ and $n$ is odd there will exist a modular inverse $\rho$.  $\rho$ must be calculated in
-advance of this algorithm.  Finally the variable $k$ is fixed and a pseudonym for $n.used$.  
+advance of this algorithm.  Finally the variable $k$ is fixed and a pseudonym for $n.used$.
 
 Step 2 decides whether a faster Montgomery algorithm can be used.  It is based on the Comba technique meaning that there are limits on
 the size of the input.  This algorithm is discussed in sub-section 6.3.3.
@@ -4108,36 +6157,135 @@ Step 5 is the main reduction loop of the algorithm.  The value of $\mu$ is calcu
 calculates $x + \mu n \beta^{ix}$ by multiplying $\mu n$ and adding the result to $x$ shifted by $ix$ digits.  Both the addition and
 multiplication are performed in the same loop to save time and memory.  Step 5.4 will handle any additional carries that escape the inner loop.
 
-Using a quick inspection this algorithm requires $n$ single precision multiplications for the outer loop and $n^2$ single precision multiplications 
+Using a quick inspection this algorithm requires $n$ single precision multiplications for the outer loop and $n^2$ single precision multiplications
 in the inner loop.  In total $n^2 + n$ single precision multiplications which compares favourably to Barrett at $n^2 + 2n - 1$ single precision
-multiplications.  
+multiplications.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_montgomery\_reduce.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* computes xR**-1 == x (mod N) via Montgomery Reduction */
+018   int
+019   mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
+020   \{
+021     int     ix, res, digs;
+022     mp_digit mu;
+023
+024     /* can the fast reduction [comba] method be used?
+025      *
+026      * Note that unlike in mul you're safely allowed *less*
+027      * than the available columns [255 per default] since carries
+028      * are fixed up in the inner loop.
+029      */
+030     digs = (n->used * 2) + 1;
+031     if ((digs < MP_WARRAY) &&
+032         (n->used <
+033         (1 << ((CHAR_BIT * sizeof(mp_word)) - (2 * DIGIT_BIT))))) \{
+034       return fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (x, n, rho);
+035     \}
+036
+037     /* grow the input as required */
+038     if (x->alloc < digs) \{
+039       if ((res = mp_grow (x, digs)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+040         return res;
+041       \}
+042     \}
+043     x->used = digs;
+044
+045     for (ix = 0; ix < n->used; ix++) \{
+046       /* mu = ai * rho mod b
+047        *
+048        * The value of rho must be precalculated via
+049        * montgomery_setup() such that
+050        * it equals -1/n0 mod b this allows the
+051        * following inner loop to reduce the
+052        * input one digit at a time
+053        */
+054       mu = (mp_digit) (((mp_word)x->dp[ix] * (mp_word)rho) & MP_MASK);
+055
+056       /* a = a + mu * m * b**i */
+057       \{
+058         int iy;
+059         mp_digit *tmpn, *tmpx, u;
+060         mp_word r;
+061
+062         /* alias for digits of the modulus */
+063         tmpn = n->dp;
+064
+065         /* alias for the digits of x [the input] */
+066         tmpx = x->dp + ix;
+067
+068         /* set the carry to zero */
+069         u = 0;
+070
+071         /* Multiply and add in place */
+072         for (iy = 0; iy < n->used; iy++) \{
+073           /* compute product and sum */
+074           r       = ((mp_word)mu * (mp_word)*tmpn++) +
+075                      (mp_word) u + (mp_word) *tmpx;
+076
+077           /* get carry */
+078           u       = (mp_digit)(r >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT));
+079
+080           /* fix digit */
+081           *tmpx++ = (mp_digit)(r & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
+082         \}
+083         /* At this point the ix'th digit of x should be zero */
+084
+085
+086         /* propagate carries upwards as required*/
+087         while (u != 0) \{
+088           *tmpx   += u;
+089           u        = *tmpx >> DIGIT_BIT;
+090           *tmpx++ &= MP_MASK;
+091         \}
+092       \}
+093     \}
+094
+095     /* at this point the n.used'th least
+096      * significant digits of x are all zero
+097      * which means we can shift x to the
+098      * right by n.used digits and the
+099      * residue is unchanged.
+100      */
+101
+102     /* x = x/b**n.used */
+103     mp_clamp(x);
+104     mp_rshd (x, n->used);
+105
+106     /* if x >= n then x = x - n */
+107     if (mp_cmp_mag (x, n) != MP_LT) \{
+108       return s_mp_sub (x, n, x);
+109     \}
+110
+111     return MP_OKAY;
+112   \}
+113   #endif
+114
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-This is the baseline implementation of the Montgomery reduction algorithm.  Lines 31 to 36 determine if the Comba based
-routine can be used instead.  Line 47 computes the value of $\mu$ for that particular iteration of the outer loop.  
+This is the baseline implementation of the Montgomery reduction algorithm.  Lines 30 to 35 determine if the Comba based
+routine can be used instead.  Line 48 computes the value of $\mu$ for that particular iteration of the outer loop.
 
 The multiplication $\mu n \beta^{ix}$ is performed in one step in the inner loop.  The alias $tmpx$ refers to the $ix$'th digit of $x$ and
-the alias $tmpn$ refers to the modulus $n$.  
+the alias $tmpn$ refers to the modulus $n$.
 
 \subsection{Faster ``Comba'' Montgomery Reduction}
 
 The Montgomery reduction requires fewer single precision multiplications than a Barrett reduction, however it is much slower due to the serial
 nature of the inner loop.  The Barrett reduction algorithm requires two slightly modified multipliers which can be implemented with the Comba
 technique.  The Montgomery reduction algorithm cannot directly use the Comba technique to any significant advantage since the inner loop calculates
-a $k \times 1$ product $k$ times. 
+a $k \times 1$ product $k$ times.
 
-The biggest obstacle is that at the $ix$'th iteration of the outer loop the value of $x_{ix}$ is required to calculate $\mu$.  This means the 
-carries from $0$ to $ix - 1$ must have been propagated upwards to form a valid $ix$'th digit.  The solution as it turns out is very simple.  
-Perform a Comba like multiplier and inside the outer loop just after the inner loop fix up the $ix + 1$'th digit by forwarding the carry.  
+The biggest obstacle is that at the $ix$'th iteration of the outer loop the value of $x_{ix}$ is required to calculate $\mu$.  This means the
+carries from $0$ to $ix - 1$ must have been propagated upwards to form a valid $ix$'th digit.  The solution as it turns out is very simple.
+Perform a Comba like multiplier and inside the outer loop just after the inner loop fix up the $ix + 1$'th digit by forwarding the carry.
 
 With this change in place the Montgomery reduction algorithm can be performed with a Comba style multiplication loop which substantially increases
-the speed of the algorithm.  
+the speed of the algorithm.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -4186,9 +6334,9 @@ Zero excess digits and fixup $x$. \\
 \textbf{Algorithm fast\_mp\_montgomery\_reduce.}
 This algorithm will compute the Montgomery reduction of $x$ modulo $n$ using the Comba technique.  It is on most computer platforms significantly
 faster than algorithm mp\_montgomery\_reduce and algorithm mp\_reduce (\textit{Barrett reduction}).  The algorithm has the same restrictions
-on the input as the baseline reduction algorithm.  An additional two restrictions are imposed on this algorithm.  The number of digits $k$ in the 
+on the input as the baseline reduction algorithm.  An additional two restrictions are imposed on this algorithm.  The number of digits $k$ in the
 the modulus $n$ must not violate $MP\_WARRAY > 2k +1$ and $n < \delta$.   When $\beta = 2^{28}$ this algorithm can be used to reduce modulo
-a modulus of at most $3,556$ bits in length.  
+a modulus of at most $3,556$ bits in length.
 
 As in the other Comba reduction algorithms there is a $\hat W$ array which stores the columns of the product.  It is initially filled with the
 contents of $x$ with the excess digits zeroed.  The reduction loop is very similar the to the baseline loop at heart.  The multiplication on step
@@ -4202,28 +6350,181 @@ how the upper bits of those same words are not reduced modulo $\beta$.  This is
 point.
 
 Step 5 will propagate the remainder of the carries upwards.  On step 6 the columns are reduced modulo $\beta$ and shifted simultaneously as they are
-stored in the destination $x$.  
+stored in the destination $x$.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_fast\_mp\_montgomery\_reduce.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* computes xR**-1 == x (mod N) via Montgomery Reduction
+018    *
+019    * This is an optimized implementation of montgomery_reduce
+020    * which uses the comba method to quickly calculate the columns of the
+021    * reduction.
+022    *
+023    * Based on Algorithm 14.32 on pp.601 of HAC.
+024   */
+025   int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit rho)
+026   \{
+027     int     ix, res, olduse;
+028     mp_word W[MP_WARRAY];
+029
+030     /* get old used count */
+031     olduse = x->used;
+032
+033     /* grow a as required */
+034     if (x->alloc < (n->used + 1)) \{
+035       if ((res = mp_grow (x, n->used + 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+036         return res;
+037       \}
+038     \}
+039
+040     /* first we have to get the digits of the input into
+041      * an array of double precision words W[...]
+042      */
+043     \{
+044       mp_word *_W;
+045       mp_digit *tmpx;
+046
+047       /* alias for the W[] array */
+048       _W   = W;
+049
+050       /* alias for the digits of  x*/
+051       tmpx = x->dp;
+052
+053       /* copy the digits of a into W[0..a->used-1] */
+054       for (ix = 0; ix < x->used; ix++) \{
+055         *_W++ = *tmpx++;
+056       \}
+057
+058       /* zero the high words of W[a->used..m->used*2] */
+059       for (; ix < ((n->used * 2) + 1); ix++) \{
+060         *_W++ = 0;
+061       \}
+062     \}
+063
+064     /* now we proceed to zero successive digits
+065      * from the least significant upwards
+066      */
+067     for (ix = 0; ix < n->used; ix++) \{
+068       /* mu = ai * m' mod b
+069        *
+070        * We avoid a double precision multiplication (which isn't required)
+071        * by casting the value down to a mp_digit.  Note this requires
+072        * that W[ix-1] have  the carry cleared (see after the inner loop)
+073        */
+074       mp_digit mu;
+075       mu = (mp_digit) (((W[ix] & MP_MASK) * rho) & MP_MASK);
+076
+077       /* a = a + mu * m * b**i
+078        *
+079        * This is computed in place and on the fly.  The multiplication
+080        * by b**i is handled by offseting which columns the results
+081        * are added to.
+082        *
+083        * Note the comba method normally doesn't handle carries in the
+084        * inner loop In this case we fix the carry from the previous
+085        * column since the Montgomery reduction requires digits of the
+086        * result (so far) [see above] to work.  This is
+087        * handled by fixing up one carry after the inner loop.  The
+088        * carry fixups are done in order so after these loops the
+089        * first m->used words of W[] have the carries fixed
+090        */
+091       \{
+092         int iy;
+093         mp_digit *tmpn;
+094         mp_word *_W;
+095
+096         /* alias for the digits of the modulus */
+097         tmpn = n->dp;
+098
+099         /* Alias for the columns set by an offset of ix */
+100         _W = W + ix;
+101
+102         /* inner loop */
+103         for (iy = 0; iy < n->used; iy++) \{
+104             *_W++ += ((mp_word)mu) * ((mp_word)*tmpn++);
+105         \}
+106       \}
+107
+108       /* now fix carry for next digit, W[ix+1] */
+109       W[ix + 1] += W[ix] >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT);
+110     \}
+111
+112     /* now we have to propagate the carries and
+113      * shift the words downward [all those least
+114      * significant digits we zeroed].
+115      */
+116     \{
+117       mp_digit *tmpx;
+118       mp_word *_W, *_W1;
+119
+120       /* nox fix rest of carries */
+121
+122       /* alias for current word */
+123       _W1 = W + ix;
+124
+125       /* alias for next word, where the carry goes */
+126       _W = W + ++ix;
+127
+128       for (; ix <= ((n->used * 2) + 1); ix++) \{
+129         *_W++ += *_W1++ >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT);
+130       \}
+131
+132       /* copy out, A = A/b**n
+133        *
+134        * The result is A/b**n but instead of converting from an
+135        * array of mp_word to mp_digit than calling mp_rshd
+136        * we just copy them in the right order
+137        */
+138
+139       /* alias for destination word */
+140       tmpx = x->dp;
+141
+142       /* alias for shifted double precision result */
+143       _W = W + n->used;
+144
+145       for (ix = 0; ix < (n->used + 1); ix++) \{
+146         *tmpx++ = (mp_digit)(*_W++ & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
+147       \}
+148
+149       /* zero oldused digits, if the input a was larger than
+150        * m->used+1 we'll have to clear the digits
+151        */
+152       for (; ix < olduse; ix++) \{
+153         *tmpx++ = 0;
+154       \}
+155     \}
+156
+157     /* set the max used and clamp */
+158     x->used = n->used + 1;
+159     mp_clamp (x);
+160
+161     /* if A >= m then A = A - m */
+162     if (mp_cmp_mag (x, n) != MP_LT) \{
+163       return s_mp_sub (x, n, x);
+164     \}
+165     return MP_OKAY;
+166   \}
+167   #endif
+168
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The $\hat W$ array is first filled with digits of $x$ on line 48 then the rest of the digits are zeroed on line 55.  Both loops share
-the same alias variables to make the code easier to read.  
+The $\hat W$ array is first filled with digits of $x$ on line 50 then the rest of the digits are zeroed on line 54.  Both loops share
+the same alias variables to make the code easier to read.
 
 The value of $\mu$ is calculated in an interesting fashion.  First the value $\hat W_{ix}$ is reduced modulo $\beta$ and cast to a mp\_digit.  This
-forces the compiler to use a single precision multiplication and prevents any concerns about loss of precision.   Line 110 fixes the carry 
+forces the compiler to use a single precision multiplication and prevents any concerns about loss of precision.   Line 109 fixes the carry
 for the next iteration of the loop by propagating the carry from $\hat W_{ix}$ to $\hat W_{ix+1}$.
 
-The for loop on line 109 propagates the rest of the carries upwards through the columns.  The for loop on line 126 reduces the columns
+The for loop on line 108 propagates the rest of the carries upwards through the columns.  The for loop on line 125 reduces the columns
 modulo $\beta$ and shifts them $k$ places at the same time.  The alias $\_ \hat W$ actually refers to the array $\hat W$ starting at the $n.used$'th
-digit, that is $\_ \hat W_{t} = \hat W_{n.used + t}$.  
+digit, that is $\_ \hat W_{t} = \hat W_{n.used + t}$.
 
 \subsection{Montgomery Setup}
-To calculate the variable $\rho$ a relatively simple algorithm will be required.  
+To calculate the variable $\rho$ a relatively simple algorithm will be required.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -4244,22 +6545,62 @@ To calculate the variable $\rho$ a relatively simple algorithm will be required.
 \end{tabular}
 \end{center}
 \end{small}
-\caption{Algorithm mp\_montgomery\_setup} 
+\caption{Algorithm mp\_montgomery\_setup}
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_montgomery\_setup.}
-This algorithm will calculate the value of $\rho$ required within the Montgomery reduction algorithms.  It uses a very interesting trick 
-to calculate $1/n_0$ when $\beta$ is a power of two.  
+This algorithm will calculate the value of $\rho$ required within the Montgomery reduction algorithms.  It uses a very interesting trick
+to calculate $1/n_0$ when $\beta$ is a power of two.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_montgomery\_setup.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* setups the montgomery reduction stuff */
+018   int
+019   mp_montgomery_setup (mp_int * n, mp_digit * rho)
+020   \{
+021     mp_digit x, b;
+022
+023   /* fast inversion mod 2**k
+024    *
+025    * Based on the fact that
+026    *
+027    * XA = 1 (mod 2**n)  =>  (X(2-XA)) A = 1 (mod 2**2n)
+028    *                    =>  2*X*A - X*X*A*A = 1
+029    *                    =>  2*(1) - (1)     = 1
+030    */
+031     b = n->dp[0];
+032
+033     if ((b & 1) == 0) \{
+034       return MP_VAL;
+035     \}
+036
+037     x = (((b + 2) & 4) << 1) + b; /* here x*a==1 mod 2**4 */
+038     x *= 2 - (b * x);             /* here x*a==1 mod 2**8 */
+039   #if !defined(MP_8BIT)
+040     x *= 2 - (b * x);             /* here x*a==1 mod 2**16 */
+041   #endif
+042   #if defined(MP_64BIT) || !(defined(MP_8BIT) || defined(MP_16BIT))
+043     x *= 2 - (b * x);             /* here x*a==1 mod 2**32 */
+044   #endif
+045   #ifdef MP_64BIT
+046     x *= 2 - (b * x);             /* here x*a==1 mod 2**64 */
+047   #endif
+048
+049     /* rho = -1/m mod b */
+050     *rho = (mp_digit)(((mp_word)1 << ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT)) - x) & MP_MASK;
+051
+052     return MP_OKAY;
+053   \}
+054   #endif
+055
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 This source code computes the value of $\rho$ required to perform Montgomery reduction.  It has been modified to avoid performing excess
-multiplications when $\beta$ is not the default 28-bits.  
+multiplications when $\beta$ is not the default 28-bits.
 
 \section{The Diminished Radix Algorithm}
 The Diminished Radix method of modular reduction \cite{DRMET} is a fairly clever technique which can be more efficient than either the Barrett
@@ -4269,7 +6610,7 @@ or Montgomery methods for certain forms of moduli.  The technique is based on th
 (x \mbox{ mod } n) + k \lfloor x / n \rfloor \equiv x \mbox{ (mod }(n - k)\mbox{)}
 \end{equation}
 
-This observation was used in the MMB \cite{MMB} block cipher to create a diffusion primitive.  It used the fact that if $n = 2^{31}$ and $k=1$ that 
+This observation was used in the MMB \cite{MMB} block cipher to create a diffusion primitive.  It used the fact that if $n = 2^{31}$ and $k=1$ that
 then a x86 multiplier could produce the 62-bit product and use  the ``shrd'' instruction to perform a double-precision right shift.  The proof
 of the above equation is very simple.  First write $x$ in the product form.
 
@@ -4283,7 +6624,7 @@ Now reduce both sides modulo $(n - k)$.
 x \equiv qk + r  \mbox{ (mod }(n-k)\mbox{)}
 \end{equation}
 
-The variable $n$ reduces modulo $n - k$ to $k$.  By putting $q = \lfloor x/n \rfloor$ and $r = x \mbox{ mod } n$ 
+The variable $n$ reduces modulo $n - k$ to $k$.  By putting $q = \lfloor x/n \rfloor$ and $r = x \mbox{ mod } n$
 into the equation the original congruence is reproduced, thus concluding the proof.  The following algorithm is based on this observation.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -4313,7 +6654,7 @@ into the equation the original congruence is reproduced, thus concluding the pro
 This algorithm will reduce $x$ modulo $n - k$ and return the residue.  If $0 \le x < (n - k)^2$ then the algorithm will loop almost always
 once or twice and occasionally three times.  For simplicity sake the value of $x$ is bounded by the following simple polynomial.
 
-\begin{equation} 
+\begin{equation}
 0 \le x < n^2 + k^2 - 2nk
 \end{equation}
 
@@ -4324,15 +6665,15 @@ q < n - 2k - k^2/n
 \end{equation}
 
 Since $k^2$ is going to be considerably smaller than $n$ that term will always be zero.  The value of $x$ after step 3 is bounded trivially as
-$0 \le x < n$.  By step four the sum $x + q$ is bounded by 
+$0 \le x < n$.  By step four the sum $x + q$ is bounded by
 
 \begin{equation}
 0 \le q + x < (k + 1)n - 2k^2 - 1
 \end{equation}
 
 With a second pass $q$ will be loosely bounded by $0 \le q < k^2$ after step 2 while $x$ will still be loosely bounded by $0 \le x < n$ after step 3.  After the second pass it is highly unlike that the
-sum in step 4 will exceed $n - k$.  In practice fewer than three passes of the algorithm are required to reduce virtually every input in the 
-range $0 \le x < (n - k - 1)^2$.  
+sum in step 4 will exceed $n - k$.  In practice fewer than three passes of the algorithm are required to reduce virtually every input in the
+range $0 \le x < (n - k - 1)^2$.
 
 \begin{figure}
 \begin{small}
@@ -4345,13 +6686,13 @@ $q \leftarrow q*k = 1446759$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x \mbox{ mod } n = 21$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x + q = 1446780$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x - (n - k) = 1446527$ \\
-\hline 
+\hline
 $q \leftarrow \lfloor x/n \rfloor = 5650$ \\
 $q \leftarrow q*k = 16950$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x \mbox{ mod } n = 127$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x + q = 17077$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x - (n - k) = 16824$ \\
-\hline 
+\hline
 $q \leftarrow \lfloor x/n \rfloor = 65$ \\
 $q \leftarrow q*k = 195$ \\
 $x \leftarrow x \mbox{ mod } n = 184$ \\
@@ -4374,29 +6715,29 @@ three passes were required to find the residue $x \equiv 126$.
 On the surface this algorithm looks like a very expensive algorithm.  It requires a couple of subtractions followed by multiplication and other
 modular reductions.  The usefulness of this algorithm becomes exceedingly clear when an appropriate modulus is chosen.
 
-Division in general is a very expensive operation to perform.  The one exception is when the division is by a power of the radix of representation used.  
-Division by ten for example is simple for pencil and paper mathematics since it amounts to shifting the decimal place to the right.  Similarly division 
-by two (\textit{or powers of two}) is very simple for binary computers to perform.  It would therefore seem logical to choose $n$ of the form $2^p$ 
-which would imply that $\lfloor x / n \rfloor$ is a simple shift of $x$ right $p$ bits.  
+Division in general is a very expensive operation to perform.  The one exception is when the division is by a power of the radix of representation used.
+Division by ten for example is simple for pencil and paper mathematics since it amounts to shifting the decimal place to the right.  Similarly division
+by two (\textit{or powers of two}) is very simple for binary computers to perform.  It would therefore seem logical to choose $n$ of the form $2^p$
+which would imply that $\lfloor x / n \rfloor$ is a simple shift of $x$ right $p$ bits.
 
-However, there is one operation related to division of power of twos that is even faster than this.  If $n = \beta^p$ then the division may be 
-performed by moving whole digits to the right $p$ places.  In practice division by $\beta^p$ is much faster than division by $2^p$ for any $p$.  
-Also with the choice of $n = \beta^p$ reducing $x$ modulo $n$ merely requires zeroing the digits above the $p-1$'th digit of $x$.  
+However, there is one operation related to division of power of twos that is even faster than this.  If $n = \beta^p$ then the division may be
+performed by moving whole digits to the right $p$ places.  In practice division by $\beta^p$ is much faster than division by $2^p$ for any $p$.
+Also with the choice of $n = \beta^p$ reducing $x$ modulo $n$ merely requires zeroing the digits above the $p-1$'th digit of $x$.
 
 Throughout the next section the term ``restricted modulus'' will refer to a modulus of the form $\beta^p - k$ whereas the term ``unrestricted
-modulus'' will refer to a modulus of the form $2^p - k$.  The word ``restricted'' in this case refers to the fact that it is based on the 
-$2^p$ logic except $p$ must be a multiple of $lg(\beta)$.  
+modulus'' will refer to a modulus of the form $2^p - k$.  The word ``restricted'' in this case refers to the fact that it is based on the
+$2^p$ logic except $p$ must be a multiple of $lg(\beta)$.
 
 \subsection{Choice of $k$}
 Now that division and reduction (\textit{step 1 and 3 of figure~\ref{fig:DR}}) have been optimized to simple digit operations the multiplication by $k$
 in step 2 is the most expensive operation.  Fortunately the choice of $k$ is not terribly limited.  For all intents and purposes it might
-as well be a single digit.  The smaller the value of $k$ is the faster the algorithm will be.  
+as well be a single digit.  The smaller the value of $k$ is the faster the algorithm will be.
 
 \subsection{Restricted Diminished Radix Reduction}
-The restricted Diminished Radix algorithm can quickly reduce an input modulo a modulus of the form $n = \beta^p - k$.  This algorithm can reduce 
+The restricted Diminished Radix algorithm can quickly reduce an input modulo a modulus of the form $n = \beta^p - k$.  This algorithm can reduce
 an input $x$ within the range $0 \le x < n^2$ using only a couple passes of the algorithm demonstrated in figure~\ref{fig:DR}.  The implementation
-of this algorithm has been optimized to avoid additional overhead associated with a division by $\beta^p$, the multiplication by $k$ or the addition 
-of $x$ and $q$.  The resulting algorithm is very efficient and can lead to substantial improvements over Barrett and Montgomery reduction when modular 
+of this algorithm has been optimized to avoid additional overhead associated with a division by $\beta^p$, the multiplication by $k$ or the addition
+of $x$ and $q$.  The resulting algorithm is very efficient and can lead to substantial improvements over Barrett and Montgomery reduction when modular
 exponentiations are performed.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -4432,37 +6773,114 @@ exponentiations are performed.
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_dr\_reduce.}
 This algorithm will perform the Dimished Radix reduction of $x$ modulo $n$.  It has similar restrictions to that of the Barrett reduction
-with the addition that $n$ must be of the form $n = \beta^m - k$ where $0 < k <\beta$.  
+with the addition that $n$ must be of the form $n = \beta^m - k$ where $0 < k <\beta$.
 
 This algorithm essentially implements the pseudo-code in figure~\ref{fig:DR} except with a slight optimization.  The division by $\beta^m$, multiplication by $k$
 and addition of $x \mbox{ mod }\beta^m$ are all performed simultaneously inside the loop on step 4.  The division by $\beta^m$ is emulated by accessing
 the term at the $m+i$'th position which is subsequently multiplied by $k$ and added to the term at the $i$'th position.  After the loop the $m$'th
-digit is set to the carry and the upper digits are zeroed.  Steps 5 and 6 emulate the reduction modulo $\beta^m$ that should have happend to 
-$x$ before the addition of the multiple of the upper half.  
+digit is set to the carry and the upper digits are zeroed.  Steps 5 and 6 emulate the reduction modulo $\beta^m$ that should have happend to
+$x$ before the addition of the multiple of the upper half.
 
 At step 8 if $x$ is still larger than $n$ another pass of the algorithm is required.  First $n$ is subtracted from $x$ and then the algorithm resumes
-at step 3.  
+at step 3.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_dr\_reduce.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* reduce "x" in place modulo "n" using the Diminished Radix algorithm.
+018    *
+019    * Based on algorithm from the paper
+020    *
+021    * "Generating Efficient Primes for Discrete Log Cryptosystems"
+022    *                 Chae Hoon Lim, Pil Joong Lee,
+023    *          POSTECH Information Research Laboratories
+024    *
+025    * The modulus must be of a special format [see manual]
+026    *
+027    * Has been modified to use algorithm 7.10 from the LTM book instead
+028    *
+029    * Input x must be in the range 0 <= x <= (n-1)**2
+030    */
+031   int
+032   mp_dr_reduce (mp_int * x, mp_int * n, mp_digit k)
+033   \{
+034     int      err, i, m;
+035     mp_word  r;
+036     mp_digit mu, *tmpx1, *tmpx2;
+037
+038     /* m = digits in modulus */
+039     m = n->used;
+040
+041     /* ensure that "x" has at least 2m digits */
+042     if (x->alloc < (m + m)) \{
+043       if ((err = mp_grow (x, m + m)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+044         return err;
+045       \}
+046     \}
+047
+048   /* top of loop, this is where the code resumes if
+049    * another reduction pass is required.
+050    */
+051   top:
+052     /* aliases for digits */
+053     /* alias for lower half of x */
+054     tmpx1 = x->dp;
+055
+056     /* alias for upper half of x, or x/B**m */
+057     tmpx2 = x->dp + m;
+058
+059     /* set carry to zero */
+060     mu = 0;
+061
+062     /* compute (x mod B**m) + k * [x/B**m] inline and inplace */
+063     for (i = 0; i < m; i++) \{
+064         r         = (((mp_word)*tmpx2++) * (mp_word)k) + *tmpx1 + mu;
+065         *tmpx1++  = (mp_digit)(r & MP_MASK);
+066         mu        = (mp_digit)(r >> ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT));
+067     \}
+068
+069     /* set final carry */
+070     *tmpx1++ = mu;
+071
+072     /* zero words above m */
+073     for (i = m + 1; i < x->used; i++) \{
+074         *tmpx1++ = 0;
+075     \}
+076
+077     /* clamp, sub and return */
+078     mp_clamp (x);
+079
+080     /* if x >= n then subtract and reduce again
+081      * Each successive "recursion" makes the input smaller and smaller.
+082      */
+083     if (mp_cmp_mag (x, n) != MP_LT) \{
+084       if ((err = s_mp_sub(x, n, x)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+085         return err;
+086       \}
+087       goto top;
+088     \}
+089     return MP_OKAY;
+090   \}
+091   #endif
+092
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The first step is to grow $x$ as required to $2m$ digits since the reduction is performed in place on $x$.  The label on line 52 is where
+The first step is to grow $x$ as required to $2m$ digits since the reduction is performed in place on $x$.  The label on line 51 is where
 the algorithm will resume if further reduction passes are required.  In theory it could be placed at the top of the function however, the size of
-the modulus and question of whether $x$ is large enough are invariant after the first pass meaning that it would be a waste of time.  
+the modulus and question of whether $x$ is large enough are invariant after the first pass meaning that it would be a waste of time.
 
 The aliases $tmpx1$ and $tmpx2$ refer to the digits of $x$ where the latter is offset by $m$ digits.  By reading digits from $x$ offset by $m$ digits
-a division by $\beta^m$ can be simulated virtually for free.  The loop on line 64 performs the bulk of the work (\textit{corresponds to step 4 of algorithm 7.11})
+a division by $\beta^m$ can be simulated virtually for free.  The loop on line 63 performs the bulk of the work (\textit{corresponds to step 4 of algorithm 7.11})
 in this algorithm.
 
-By line 67 the pointer $tmpx1$ points to the $m$'th digit of $x$ which is where the final carry will be placed.  Similarly by line 74 the 
-same pointer will point to the $m+1$'th digit where the zeroes will be placed.  
+By line 70 the pointer $tmpx1$ points to the $m$'th digit of $x$ which is where the final carry will be placed.  Similarly by line 73 the
+same pointer will point to the $m+1$'th digit where the zeroes will be placed.
 
-Since the algorithm is only valid if both $x$ and $n$ are greater than zero an unsigned comparison suffices to determine if another pass is required.  
-With the same logic at line 81 the value of $x$ is known to be greater than or equal to $n$ meaning that an unsigned subtraction can be used
+Since the algorithm is only valid if both $x$ and $n$ are greater than zero an unsigned comparison suffices to determine if another pass is required.
+With the same logic at line 84 the value of $x$ is known to be greater than or equal to $n$ meaning that an unsigned subtraction can be used
 as well.  Since the destination of the subtraction is the larger of the inputs the call to algorithm s\_mp\_sub cannot fail and the return code
 does not need to be checked.
 
@@ -4490,6 +6908,19 @@ completeness.
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_dr\_setup.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* determines the setup value */
+018   void mp_dr_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
+019   \{
+020      /* the casts are required if DIGIT_BIT is one less than
+021       * the number of bits in a mp_digit [e.g. DIGIT_BIT==31]
+022       */
+023      *d = (mp_digit)((((mp_word)1) << ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT)) -
+024           ((mp_word)a->dp[0]));
+025   \}
+026
+027   #endif
+028
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
@@ -4525,6 +6956,30 @@ step 3 then $n$ must be of Diminished Radix form.
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_dr\_is\_modulus.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* determines if a number is a valid DR modulus */
+018   int mp_dr_is_modulus(mp_int *a)
+019   \{
+020      int ix;
+021
+022      /* must be at least two digits */
+023      if (a->used < 2) \{
+024         return 0;
+025      \}
+026
+027      /* must be of the form b**k - a [a <= b] so all
+028       * but the first digit must be equal to -1 (mod b).
+029       */
+030      for (ix = 1; ix < a->used; ix++) \{
+031          if (a->dp[ix] != MP_MASK) \{
+032             return 0;
+033          \}
+034      \}
+035      return 1;
+036   \}
+037
+038   #endif
+039
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
@@ -4562,25 +7017,69 @@ algorithm is much faster than either Montgomery or Barrett reduction when the mo
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_reduce\_2k.}
 This algorithm quickly reduces an input $a$ modulo an unrestricted Diminished Radix modulus $n$.  Division by $2^p$ is emulated with a right
-shift which makes the algorithm fairly inexpensive to use.  
+shift which makes the algorithm fairly inexpensive to use.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_reduce\_2k.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* reduces a modulo n where n is of the form 2**p - d */
+018   int mp_reduce_2k(mp_int *a, mp_int *n, mp_digit d)
+019   \{
+020      mp_int q;
+021      int    p, res;
+022
+023      if ((res = mp_init(&q)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+024         return res;
+025      \}
+026
+027      p = mp_count_bits(n);
+028   top:
+029      /* q = a/2**p, a = a mod 2**p */
+030      if ((res = mp_div_2d(a, p, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+031         goto ERR;
+032      \}
+033
+034      if (d != 1) \{
+035         /* q = q * d */
+036         if ((res = mp_mul_d(&q, d, &q)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+037            goto ERR;
+038         \}
+039      \}
+040
+041      /* a = a + q */
+042      if ((res = s_mp_add(a, &q, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+043         goto ERR;
+044      \}
+045
+046      if (mp_cmp_mag(a, n) != MP_LT) \{
+047         if ((res = s_mp_sub(a, n, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+048            goto ERR;
+049         \}
+050         goto top;
+051      \}
+052
+053   ERR:
+054      mp_clear(&q);
+055      return res;
+056   \}
+057
+058   #endif
+059
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 The algorithm mp\_count\_bits calculates the number of bits in an mp\_int which is used to find the initial value of $p$.  The call to mp\_div\_2d
-on line 31 calculates both the quotient $q$ and the remainder $a$ required.  By doing both in a single function call the code size
+on line 30 calculates both the quotient $q$ and the remainder $a$ required.  By doing both in a single function call the code size
 is kept fairly small.  The multiplication by $k$ is only performed if $k > 1$. This allows reductions modulo $2^p - 1$ to be performed without
-any multiplications.  
+any multiplications.
 
-The unsigned s\_mp\_add, mp\_cmp\_mag and s\_mp\_sub are used in place of their full sign counterparts since the inputs are only valid if they are 
-positive.  By using the unsigned versions the overhead is kept to a minimum.  
+The unsigned s\_mp\_add, mp\_cmp\_mag and s\_mp\_sub are used in place of their full sign counterparts since the inputs are only valid if they are
+positive.  By using the unsigned versions the overhead is kept to a minimum.
 
 \subsubsection{Unrestricted Setup}
-To setup this reduction algorithm the value of $k = 2^p - n$ is required.  
+To setup this reduction algorithm the value of $k = 2^p - n$ is required.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -4604,12 +7103,40 @@ To setup this reduction algorithm the value of $k = 2^p - n$ is required.
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_reduce\_2k\_setup.}
 This algorithm computes the value of $k$ required for the algorithm mp\_reduce\_2k.  By making a temporary variable $x$ equal to $2^p$ a subtraction
-is sufficient to solve for $k$.  Alternatively if $n$ has more than one digit the value of $k$ is simply $\beta - n_0$.  
+is sufficient to solve for $k$.  Alternatively if $n$ has more than one digit the value of $k$ is simply $\beta - n_0$.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_reduce\_2k\_setup.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* determines the setup value */
+018   int mp_reduce_2k_setup(mp_int *a, mp_digit *d)
+019   \{
+020      int res, p;
+021      mp_int tmp;
+022
+023      if ((res = mp_init(&tmp)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+024         return res;
+025      \}
+026
+027      p = mp_count_bits(a);
+028      if ((res = mp_2expt(&tmp, p)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+029         mp_clear(&tmp);
+030         return res;
+031      \}
+032
+033      if ((res = s_mp_sub(&tmp, a, &tmp)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+034         mp_clear(&tmp);
+035         return res;
+036      \}
+037
+038      *d = tmp.dp[0];
+039      mp_clear(&tmp);
+040      return MP_OKAY;
+041   \}
+042   #endif
+043
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
@@ -4648,12 +7175,45 @@ significant bit.  The resulting sum will be a power of two.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_reduce\_is\_2k.}
-This algorithm quickly determines if a modulus is of the form required for algorithm mp\_reduce\_2k to function properly.  
+This algorithm quickly determines if a modulus is of the form required for algorithm mp\_reduce\_2k to function properly.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_reduce\_is\_2k.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* determines if mp_reduce_2k can be used */
+018   int mp_reduce_is_2k(mp_int *a)
+019   \{
+020      int ix, iy, iw;
+021      mp_digit iz;
+022
+023      if (a->used == 0) \{
+024         return MP_NO;
+025      \} else if (a->used == 1) \{
+026         return MP_YES;
+027      \} else if (a->used > 1) \{
+028         iy = mp_count_bits(a);
+029         iz = 1;
+030         iw = 1;
+031
+032         /* Test every bit from the second digit up, must be 1 */
+033         for (ix = DIGIT_BIT; ix < iy; ix++) \{
+034             if ((a->dp[iw] & iz) == 0) \{
+035                return MP_NO;
+036             \}
+037             iz <<= 1;
+038             if (iz > (mp_digit)MP_MASK) \{
+039                ++iw;
+040                iz = 1;
+041             \}
+042         \}
+043      \}
+044      return MP_YES;
+045   \}
+046
+047   #endif
+048
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
@@ -4662,7 +7222,7 @@ This algorithm quickly determines if a modulus is of the form required for algor
 \section{Algorithm Comparison}
 So far three very different algorithms for modular reduction have been discussed.  Each of the algorithms have their own strengths and weaknesses
 that makes having such a selection very useful.  The following table sumarizes the three algorithms along with comparisons of work factors.  Since
-all three algorithms have the restriction that $0 \le x < n^2$ and $n > 1$ those limitations are not included in the table.  
+all three algorithms have the restriction that $0 \le x < n^2$ and $n > 1$ those limitations are not included in the table.
 
 \begin{center}
 \begin{small}
@@ -4698,12 +7258,12 @@ $\left [ 4 \right ]$ & Prove that the pseudo-code algorithm ``Diminished Radix R
                      & (\textit{figure~\ref{fig:DR}}) terminates.  Also prove the probability that it will \\
                      & terminate within $1 \le k \le 10$ iterations. \\
                      & \\
-\end{tabular}                     
+\end{tabular}
 
 
 \chapter{Exponentiation}
 Exponentiation is the operation of raising one variable to the power of another, for example, $a^b$.  A variant of exponentiation, computed
-in a finite field or ring, is called modular exponentiation.  This latter style of operation is typically used in public key 
+in a finite field or ring, is called modular exponentiation.  This latter style of operation is typically used in public key
 cryptosystems such as RSA and Diffie-Hellman.  The ability to quickly compute modular exponentiations is of great benefit to any
 such cryptosystem and many methods have been sought to speed it up.
 
@@ -4713,7 +7273,7 @@ the number of multiplications becomes prohibitive.  Imagine what would happen if
 with a $1024$-bit key.  Such a calculation could never be completed as it would take simply far too long.
 
 Fortunately there is a very simple algorithm based on the laws of exponents.  Recall that $lg_a(a^b) = b$ and that $lg_a(a^ba^c) = b + c$ which
-are two trivial relationships between the base and the exponent.  Let $b_i$ represent the $i$'th bit of $b$ starting from the least 
+are two trivial relationships between the base and the exponent.  Let $b_i$ represent the $i$'th bit of $b$ starting from the least
 significant bit.  If $b$ is a $k$-bit integer than the following equation is true.
 
 \begin{equation}
@@ -4730,7 +7290,7 @@ The term $a^{2^i}$ can be found from the $i - 1$'th term by squaring the term si
 $a^{2^{i+1}}$.  This observation forms the basis of essentially all fast exponentiation algorithms.  It requires $k$ squarings and on average
 $k \over 2$ multiplications to compute the result.  This is indeed quite an improvement over simply multiplying by $a$ a total of $b-1$ times.
 
-While this current method is a considerable speed up there are further improvements to be made.  For example, the $a^{2^i}$ term does not need to 
+While this current method is a considerable speed up there are further improvements to be made.  For example, the $a^{2^i}$ term does not need to
 be computed in an auxilary variable.  Consider the following equivalent algorithm.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -4756,7 +7316,7 @@ be computed in an auxilary variable.  Consider the following equivalent algorith
 
 This algorithm starts from the most significant bit and works towards the least significant bit.  When the $i$'th bit of $b$ is set $a$ is
 multiplied against the current product.  In each iteration the product is squared which doubles the exponent of the individual terms of the
-product.  
+product.
 
 For example, let $b = 101100_2 \equiv 44_{10}$.  The following chart demonstrates the actions of the algorithm.
 
@@ -4777,13 +7337,13 @@ For example, let $b = 101100_2 \equiv 44_{10}$.  The following chart demonstrate
 \caption{Example of Left to Right Exponentiation}
 \end{figure}
 
-When the product $a^{32} \cdot a^8 \cdot a^4$ is simplified it is equal $a^{44}$ which is the desired exponentiation.  This particular algorithm is 
-called ``Left to Right'' because it reads the exponent in that order.  All of the exponentiation algorithms that will be presented are of this nature.  
+When the product $a^{32} \cdot a^8 \cdot a^4$ is simplified it is equal $a^{44}$ which is the desired exponentiation.  This particular algorithm is
+called ``Left to Right'' because it reads the exponent in that order.  All of the exponentiation algorithms that will be presented are of this nature.
 
 \subsection{Single Digit Exponentiation}
-The first algorithm in the series of exponentiation algorithms will be an unbounded algorithm where the exponent is a single digit.  It is intended 
-to be used when a small power of an input is required (\textit{e.g. $a^5$}).  It is faster than simply multiplying $b - 1$ times for all values of 
-$b$ that are greater than three.  
+The first algorithm in the series of exponentiation algorithms will be an unbounded algorithm where the exponent is a single digit.  It is intended
+to be used when a small power of an input is required (\textit{e.g. $a^5$}).  It is faster than simply multiplying $b - 1$ times for all values of
+$b$ that are greater than three.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -4811,10 +7371,10 @@ $b$ that are greater than three.
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_expt\_d.}
 This algorithm computes the value of $a$ raised to the power of a single digit $b$.  It uses the left to right exponentiation algorithm to
-quickly compute the exponentiation.  It is loosely based on algorithm 14.79 of HAC \cite[pp. 615]{HAC} with the difference that the 
-exponent is a fixed width.  
+quickly compute the exponentiation.  It is loosely based on algorithm 14.79 of HAC \cite[pp. 615]{HAC} with the difference that the
+exponent is a fixed width.
 
-A copy of $a$ is made first to allow destination variable $c$ be the same as the source variable $a$.  The result is set to the initial value of 
+A copy of $a$ is made first to allow destination variable $c$ be the same as the source variable $a$.  The result is set to the initial value of
 $1$ in the subsequent step.
 
 Inside the loop the exponent is read from the most significant bit first down to the least significant bit.  First $c$ is invariably squared
@@ -4823,16 +7383,80 @@ of $b$ is shifted left one bit to make the next bit down from the most signfican
 iteration of the loop moves the bits of the exponent $b$ upwards to the most significant location.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
-\hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_expt\_d.c
+\hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_expt\_d\_ex.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* calculate c = a**b  using a square-multiply algorithm */
+018   int mp_expt_d_ex (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c, int fast)
+019   \{
+020     int     res;
+021     unsigned int x;
+022
+023     mp_int  g;
+024
+025     if ((res = mp_init_copy (&g, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+026       return res;
+027     \}
+028
+029     /* set initial result */
+030     mp_set (c, 1);
+031
+032     if (fast != 0) \{
+033       while (b > 0) \{
+034         /* if the bit is set multiply */
+035         if ((b & 1) != 0) \{
+036           if ((res = mp_mul (c, &g, c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+037             mp_clear (&g);
+038             return res;
+039           \}
+040         \}
+041
+042         /* square */
+043         if (b > 1) \{
+044           if ((res = mp_sqr (&g, &g)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+045             mp_clear (&g);
+046             return res;
+047           \}
+048         \}
+049
+050         /* shift to next bit */
+051         b >>= 1;
+052       \}
+053     \}
+054     else \{
+055       for (x = 0; x < DIGIT_BIT; x++) \{
+056         /* square */
+057         if ((res = mp_sqr (c, c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+058           mp_clear (&g);
+059           return res;
+060         \}
+061
+062         /* if the bit is set multiply */
+063         if ((b & (mp_digit) (((mp_digit)1) << (DIGIT_BIT - 1))) != 0) \{
+064           if ((res = mp_mul (c, &g, c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+065              mp_clear (&g);
+066              return res;
+067           \}
+068         \}
+069
+070         /* shift to next bit */
+071         b <<= 1;
+072       \}
+073     \} /* if ... else */
+074
+075     mp_clear (&g);
+076     return MP_OKAY;
+077   \}
+078   #endif
+079
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-Line 29 sets the initial value of the result to $1$.  Next the loop on line 31 steps through each bit of the exponent starting from
-the most significant down towards the least significant. The invariant squaring operation placed on line 33 is performed first.  After 
+This describes only the algorithm that is used when the parameter $fast$ is $0$.  Line 30 sets the initial value of the result to $1$.  Next the loop on line 55 steps through each bit of the exponent starting from
+the most significant down towards the least significant. The invariant squaring operation placed on line 57 is performed first.  After
 the squaring the result $c$ is multiplied by the base $g$ if and only if the most significant bit of the exponent is set.  The shift on line
-47 moves all of the bits of the exponent upwards towards the most significant location.  
+71 moves all of the bits of the exponent upwards towards the most significant location.
 
 \section{$k$-ary Exponentiation}
 When calculating an exponentiation the most time consuming bottleneck is the multiplications which are in general a small factor
@@ -4865,7 +7489,7 @@ portion of the entire exponent.  Consider the following modification to the basi
 
 The squaring on step 2.1 can be calculated by squaring the value $c$ successively $k$ times.  If the values of $a^g$ for $0 < g < 2^k$ have been
 precomputed this algorithm requires only $t$ multiplications and $tk$ squarings.  The table can be generated with $2^{k - 1} - 1$ squarings and
-$2^{k - 1} + 1$ multiplications.  This algorithm assumes that the number of bits in the exponent is evenly divisible by $k$.  
+$2^{k - 1} + 1$ multiplications.  This algorithm assumes that the number of bits in the exponent is evenly divisible by $k$.
 However, when it is not the remaining $0 < x \le k - 1$ bits can be handled with algorithm~\ref{fig:LTOR}.
 
 Suppose $k = 4$ and $t = 100$.  This modified algorithm will require $109$ multiplications and $408$ squarings to compute the exponentiation.  The
@@ -4875,7 +7499,7 @@ has increased slightly but the number of multiplications has nearly halved.
 \subsection{Optimal Values of $k$}
 An optimal value of $k$ will minimize $2^{k} + \lceil n / k \rceil + n - 1$ for a fixed number of bits in the exponent $n$.  The simplest
 approach is to brute force search amongst the values $k = 2, 3, \ldots, 8$ for the lowest result.  Table~\ref{fig:OPTK} lists optimal values of $k$
-for various exponent sizes and compares the number of multiplication and squarings required against algorithm~\ref{fig:LTOR}.  
+for various exponent sizes and compares the number of multiplication and squarings required against algorithm~\ref{fig:LTOR}.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{center}
@@ -4901,10 +7525,10 @@ for various exponent sizes and compares the number of multiplication and squarin
 
 \subsection{Sliding-Window Exponentiation}
 A simple modification to the previous algorithm is only generate the upper half of the table in the range $2^{k-1} \le g < 2^k$.  Essentially
-this is a table for all values of $g$ where the most significant bit of $g$ is a one.  However, in order for this to be allowed in the 
-algorithm values of $g$ in the range $0 \le g < 2^{k-1}$ must be avoided.  
+this is a table for all values of $g$ where the most significant bit of $g$ is a one.  However, in order for this to be allowed in the
+algorithm values of $g$ in the range $0 \le g < 2^{k-1}$ must be avoided.
 
-Table~\ref{fig:OPTK2} lists optimal values of $k$ for various exponent sizes and compares the work required against algorithm~\ref{fig:KARY}.  
+Table~\ref{fig:OPTK2} lists optimal values of $k$ for various exponent sizes and compares the work required against algorithm {\ref{fig:KARY}}.
 
 \begin{figure}[here]
 \begin{center}
@@ -4955,29 +7579,29 @@ Table~\ref{fig:OPTK2} lists optimal values of $k$ for various exponent sizes and
 
 Similar to the previous algorithm this algorithm must have a special handler when fewer than $k$ bits are left in the exponent.  While this
 algorithm requires the same number of squarings it can potentially have fewer multiplications.  The pre-computed table $a^g$ is also half
-the size as the previous table.  
+the size as the previous table.
 
-Consider the exponent $b = 111101011001000_2 \equiv 31432_{10}$ with $k = 3$ using both algorithms.  The first algorithm will divide the exponent up as 
-the following five $3$-bit words $b \equiv \left ( 111, 101, 011, 001, 000 \right )_{2}$.  The second algorithm will break the 
+Consider the exponent $b = 111101011001000_2 \equiv 31432_{10}$ with $k = 3$ using both algorithms.  The first algorithm will divide the exponent up as
+the following five $3$-bit words $b \equiv \left ( 111, 101, 011, 001, 000 \right )_{2}$.  The second algorithm will break the
 exponent as $b \equiv \left ( 111, 101, 0, 110, 0, 100, 0 \right )_{2}$.  The single digit $0$ in the second representation are where
-a single squaring took place instead of a squaring and multiplication.  In total the first method requires $10$ multiplications and $18$ 
-squarings.  The second method requires $8$ multiplications and $18$ squarings.  
+a single squaring took place instead of a squaring and multiplication.  In total the first method requires $10$ multiplications and $18$
+squarings.  The second method requires $8$ multiplications and $18$ squarings.
 
-In general the sliding window method is never slower than the generic $k$-ary method and often it is slightly faster.  
+In general the sliding window method is never slower than the generic $k$-ary method and often it is slightly faster.
 
 \section{Modular Exponentiation}
 
-Modular exponentiation is essentially computing the power of a base within a finite field or ring.  For example, computing 
-$d \equiv a^b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}$ is a modular exponentiation.  Instead of first computing $a^b$ and then reducing it 
-modulo $c$ the intermediate result is reduced modulo $c$ after every squaring or multiplication operation.  
+Modular exponentiation is essentially computing the power of a base within a finite field or ring.  For example, computing
+$d \equiv a^b \mbox{ (mod }c\mbox{)}$ is a modular exponentiation.  Instead of first computing $a^b$ and then reducing it
+modulo $c$ the intermediate result is reduced modulo $c$ after every squaring or multiplication operation.
 
 This guarantees that any intermediate result is bounded by $0 \le d \le c^2 - 2c + 1$ and can be reduced modulo $c$ quickly using
-one of the algorithms presented in chapter six.  
+one of the algorithms presented in chapter six.
 
 Before the actual modular exponentiation algorithm can be written a wrapper algorithm must be written first.  This algorithm
 will allow the exponent $b$ to be negative which is computed as $c \equiv \left (1 / a \right )^{\vert b \vert} \mbox{(mod }d\mbox{)}$. The
 value of $(1/a) \mbox{ mod }c$ is computed using the modular inverse (\textit{see \ref{sec;modinv}}).  If no inverse exists the algorithm
-terminates with an error.  
+terminates with an error.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5004,25 +7628,119 @@ terminates with an error.
 \end{figure}
 
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_exptmod.}
-The first algorithm which actually performs modular exponentiation is algorithm s\_mp\_exptmod.  It is a sliding window $k$-ary algorithm 
-which uses Barrett reduction to reduce the product modulo $p$.  The second algorithm mp\_exptmod\_fast performs the same operation 
+The first algorithm which actually performs modular exponentiation is algorithm s\_mp\_exptmod.  It is a sliding window $k$-ary algorithm
+which uses Barrett reduction to reduce the product modulo $p$.  The second algorithm mp\_exptmod\_fast performs the same operation
 except it uses either Montgomery or Diminished Radix reduction.  The two latter reduction algorithms are clumped in the same exponentiation
-algorithm since their arguments are essentially the same (\textit{two mp\_ints and one mp\_digit}).  
+algorithm since their arguments are essentially the same (\textit{two mp\_ints and one mp\_digit}).
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_exptmod.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017
+018   /* this is a shell function that calls either the normal or Montgomery
+019    * exptmod functions.  Originally the call to the montgomery code was
+020    * embedded in the normal function but that wasted alot of stack space
+021    * for nothing (since 99% of the time the Montgomery code would be called)
+022    */
+023   int mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y)
+024   \{
+025     int dr;
+026
+027     /* modulus P must be positive */
+028     if (P->sign == MP_NEG) \{
+029        return MP_VAL;
+030     \}
+031
+032     /* if exponent X is negative we have to recurse */
+033     if (X->sign == MP_NEG) \{
+034   #ifdef BN_MP_INVMOD_C
+035        mp_int tmpG, tmpX;
+036        int err;
+037
+038        /* first compute 1/G mod P */
+039        if ((err = mp_init(&tmpG)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+040           return err;
+041        \}
+042        if ((err = mp_invmod(G, P, &tmpG)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+043           mp_clear(&tmpG);
+044           return err;
+045        \}
+046
+047        /* now get |X| */
+048        if ((err = mp_init(&tmpX)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+049           mp_clear(&tmpG);
+050           return err;
+051        \}
+052        if ((err = mp_abs(X, &tmpX)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+053           mp_clear_multi(&tmpG, &tmpX, NULL);
+054           return err;
+055        \}
+056
+057        /* and now compute (1/G)**|X| instead of G**X [X < 0] */
+058        err = mp_exptmod(&tmpG, &tmpX, P, Y);
+059        mp_clear_multi(&tmpG, &tmpX, NULL);
+060        return err;
+061   #else
+062        /* no invmod */
+063        return MP_VAL;
+064   #endif
+065     \}
+066
+067   /* modified diminished radix reduction */
+068   #if defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_L_C) && defined(BN_MP_REDUCE_2K_L_C) && defin
+      ed(BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C)
+069     if (mp_reduce_is_2k_l(P) == MP_YES) \{
+070        return s_mp_exptmod(G, X, P, Y, 1);
+071     \}
+072   #endif
+073
+074   #ifdef BN_MP_DR_IS_MODULUS_C
+075     /* is it a DR modulus? */
+076     dr = mp_dr_is_modulus(P);
+077   #else
+078     /* default to no */
+079     dr = 0;
+080   #endif
+081
+082   #ifdef BN_MP_REDUCE_IS_2K_C
+083     /* if not, is it a unrestricted DR modulus? */
+084     if (dr == 0) \{
+085        dr = mp_reduce_is_2k(P) << 1;
+086     \}
+087   #endif
+088
+089     /* if the modulus is odd or dr != 0 use the montgomery method */
+090   #ifdef BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
+091     if ((mp_isodd (P) == MP_YES) || (dr !=  0)) \{
+092       return mp_exptmod_fast (G, X, P, Y, dr);
+093     \} else \{
+094   #endif
+095   #ifdef BN_S_MP_EXPTMOD_C
+096       /* otherwise use the generic Barrett reduction technique */
+097       return s_mp_exptmod (G, X, P, Y, 0);
+098   #else
+099       /* no exptmod for evens */
+100       return MP_VAL;
+101   #endif
+102   #ifdef BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
+103     \}
+104   #endif
+105   \}
+106
+107   #endif
+108
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-In order to keep the algorithms in a known state the first step on line 29 is to reject any negative modulus as input.  If the exponent is
+In order to keep the algorithms in a known state the first step on line 28 is to reject any negative modulus as input.  If the exponent is
 negative the algorithm tries to perform a modular exponentiation with the modular inverse of the base $G$.  The temporary variable $tmpG$ is assigned
 the modular inverse of $G$ and $tmpX$ is assigned the absolute value of $X$.  The algorithm will recuse with these new values with a positive
 exponent.
 
-If the exponent is positive the algorithm resumes the exponentiation.  Line 77 determines if the modulus is of the restricted Diminished Radix 
-form.  If it is not line 70 attempts to determine if it is of a unrestricted Diminished Radix form.  The integer $dr$ will take on one
+If the exponent is positive the algorithm resumes the exponentiation.  Line 76 determines if the modulus is of the restricted Diminished Radix
+form.  If it is not line 69 attempts to determine if it is of a unrestricted Diminished Radix form.  The integer $dr$ will take on one
 of three values.
 
 \begin{enumerate}
@@ -5032,7 +7750,7 @@ of three values.
 \end{enumerate}
 
 Line 69 determines if the fast modular exponentiation algorithm can be used.  It is allowed if $dr \ne 0$ or if the modulus is odd.  Otherwise,
-the slower s\_mp\_exptmod algorithm is used which uses Barrett reduction.  
+the slower s\_mp\_exptmod algorithm is used which uses Barrett reduction.
 
 \subsection{Barrett Modular Exponentiation}
 
@@ -5137,9 +7855,9 @@ No more windows left.  Check for residual bits of exponent. \\
 This algorithm computes the $x$'th power of $g$ modulo $p$ and stores the result in $y$.  It takes advantage of the Barrett reduction
 algorithm to keep the product small throughout the algorithm.
 
-The first two steps determine the optimal window size based on the number of bits in the exponent.  The larger the exponent the 
+The first two steps determine the optimal window size based on the number of bits in the exponent.  The larger the exponent the
 larger the window size becomes.  After a window size $winsize$ has been chosen an array of $2^{winsize}$ mp\_int variables is allocated.  This
-table will hold the values of $g^x \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}$ for $2^{winsize - 1} \le x < 2^{winsize}$.  
+table will hold the values of $g^x \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}$ for $2^{winsize - 1} \le x < 2^{winsize}$.
 
 After the table is allocated the first power of $g$ is found.  Since $g \ge p$ is allowed it must be first reduced modulo $p$ to make
 the rest of the algorithm more efficient.  The first element of the table at $2^{winsize - 1}$ is found by squaring $M_1$ successively $winsize - 2$
@@ -5147,35 +7865,35 @@ times.  The rest of the table elements are found by multiplying the previous ele
 
 Now that the table is available the sliding window may begin.  The following list describes the functions of all the variables in the window.
 \begin{enumerate}
-\item The variable $mode$ dictates how the bits of the exponent are interpreted.  
+\item The variable $mode$ dictates how the bits of the exponent are interpreted.
 \begin{enumerate}
-   \item When $mode = 0$ the bits are ignored since no non-zero bit of the exponent has been seen yet.  For example, if the exponent were simply 
-         $1$ then there would be $lg(\beta) - 1$ zero bits before the first non-zero bit.  In this case bits are ignored until a non-zero bit is found.  
-   \item When $mode = 1$ a non-zero bit has been seen before and a new $winsize$-bit window has not been formed yet.  In this mode leading $0$ bits 
-         are read and a single squaring is performed.  If a non-zero bit is read a new window is created.  
+   \item When $mode = 0$ the bits are ignored since no non-zero bit of the exponent has been seen yet.  For example, if the exponent were simply
+         $1$ then there would be $lg(\beta) - 1$ zero bits before the first non-zero bit.  In this case bits are ignored until a non-zero bit is found.
+   \item When $mode = 1$ a non-zero bit has been seen before and a new $winsize$-bit window has not been formed yet.  In this mode leading $0$ bits
+         are read and a single squaring is performed.  If a non-zero bit is read a new window is created.
    \item When $mode = 2$ the algorithm is in the middle of forming a window and new bits are appended to the window from the most significant bit
          downwards.
 \end{enumerate}
 \item The variable $bitcnt$ indicates how many bits are left in the current digit of the exponent left to be read.  When it reaches zero a new digit
       is fetched from the exponent.
-\item The variable $buf$ holds the currently read digit of the exponent. 
+\item The variable $buf$ holds the currently read digit of the exponent.
 \item The variable $digidx$ is an index into the exponents digits.  It starts at the leading digit $x.used - 1$ and moves towards the trailing digit.
 \item The variable $bitcpy$ indicates how many bits are in the currently formed window.  When it reaches $winsize$ the window is flushed and
       the appropriate operations performed.
-\item The variable $bitbuf$ holds the current bits of the window being formed.  
+\item The variable $bitbuf$ holds the current bits of the window being formed.
 \end{enumerate}
 
 All of step 12 is the window processing loop.  It will iterate while there are digits available form the exponent to read.  The first step
 inside this loop is to extract a new digit if no more bits are available in the current digit.  If there are no bits left a new digit is
-read and if there are no digits left than the loop terminates.  
+read and if there are no digits left than the loop terminates.
 
 After a digit is made available step 12.3 will extract the most significant bit of the current digit and move all other bits in the digit
-upwards.  In effect the digit is read from most significant bit to least significant bit and since the digits are read from leading to 
+upwards.  In effect the digit is read from most significant bit to least significant bit and since the digits are read from leading to
 trailing edges the entire exponent is read from most significant bit to least significant bit.
 
-At step 12.5 if the $mode$ and currently extracted bit $y$ are both zero the bit is ignored and the next bit is read.  This prevents the 
+At step 12.5 if the $mode$ and currently extracted bit $y$ are both zero the bit is ignored and the next bit is read.  This prevents the
 algorithm from having to perform trivial squaring and reduction operations before the first non-zero bit is read.  Step 12.6 and 12.7-10 handle
-the two cases of $mode = 1$ and $mode = 2$ respectively.  
+the two cases of $mode = 1$ and $mode = 2$ respectively.
 
 \begin{center}
 \begin{figure}[here]
@@ -5185,24 +7903,258 @@ the two cases of $mode = 1$ and $mode = 2$ respectively.
 \end{figure}
 \end{center}
 
-By step 13 there are no more digits left in the exponent.  However, there may be partial bits in the window left.  If $mode = 2$ then 
-a Left-to-Right algorithm is used to process the remaining few bits.  
+By step 13 there are no more digits left in the exponent.  However, there may be partial bits in the window left.  If $mode = 2$ then
+a Left-to-Right algorithm is used to process the remaining few bits.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_s\_mp\_exptmod.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016   #ifdef MP_LOW_MEM
+017      #define TAB_SIZE 32
+018   #else
+019      #define TAB_SIZE 256
+020   #endif
+021
+022   int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmod
+      e)
+023   \{
+024     mp_int  M[TAB_SIZE], res, mu;
+025     mp_digit buf;
+026     int     err, bitbuf, bitcpy, bitcnt, mode, digidx, x, y, winsize;
+027     int (*redux)(mp_int*,mp_int*,mp_int*);
+028
+029     /* find window size */
+030     x = mp_count_bits (X);
+031     if (x <= 7) \{
+032       winsize = 2;
+033     \} else if (x <= 36) \{
+034       winsize = 3;
+035     \} else if (x <= 140) \{
+036       winsize = 4;
+037     \} else if (x <= 450) \{
+038       winsize = 5;
+039     \} else if (x <= 1303) \{
+040       winsize = 6;
+041     \} else if (x <= 3529) \{
+042       winsize = 7;
+043     \} else \{
+044       winsize = 8;
+045     \}
+046
+047   #ifdef MP_LOW_MEM
+048       if (winsize > 5) \{
+049          winsize = 5;
+050       \}
+051   #endif
+052
+053     /* init M array */
+054     /* init first cell */
+055     if ((err = mp_init(&M[1])) != MP_OKAY) \{
+056        return err;
+057     \}
+058
+059     /* now init the second half of the array */
+060     for (x = 1<<(winsize-1); x < (1 << winsize); x++) \{
+061       if ((err = mp_init(&M[x])) != MP_OKAY) \{
+062         for (y = 1<<(winsize-1); y < x; y++) \{
+063           mp_clear (&M[y]);
+064         \}
+065         mp_clear(&M[1]);
+066         return err;
+067       \}
+068     \}
+069
+070     /* create mu, used for Barrett reduction */
+071     if ((err = mp_init (&mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+072       goto LBL_M;
+073     \}
+074
+075     if (redmode == 0) \{
+076        if ((err = mp_reduce_setup (&mu, P)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+077           goto LBL_MU;
+078        \}
+079        redux = mp_reduce;
+080     \} else \{
+081        if ((err = mp_reduce_2k_setup_l (P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+082           goto LBL_MU;
+083        \}
+084        redux = mp_reduce_2k_l;
+085     \}
+086
+087     /* create M table
+088      *
+089      * The M table contains powers of the base,
+090      * e.g. M[x] = G**x mod P
+091      *
+092      * The first half of the table is not
+093      * computed though accept for M[0] and M[1]
+094      */
+095     if ((err = mp_mod (G, P, &M[1])) != MP_OKAY) \{
+096       goto LBL_MU;
+097     \}
+098
+099     /* compute the value at M[1<<(winsize-1)] by squaring
+100      * M[1] (winsize-1) times
+101      */
+102     if ((err = mp_copy (&M[1], &M[1 << (winsize - 1)])) != MP_OKAY) \{
+103       goto LBL_MU;
+104     \}
+105
+106     for (x = 0; x < (winsize - 1); x++) \{
+107       /* square it */
+108       if ((err = mp_sqr (&M[1 << (winsize - 1)],
+109                          &M[1 << (winsize - 1)])) != MP_OKAY) \{
+110         goto LBL_MU;
+111       \}
+112
+113       /* reduce modulo P */
+114       if ((err = redux (&M[1 << (winsize - 1)], P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+115         goto LBL_MU;
+116       \}
+117     \}
+118
+119     /* create upper table, that is M[x] = M[x-1] * M[1] (mod P)
+120      * for x = (2**(winsize - 1) + 1) to (2**winsize - 1)
+121      */
+122     for (x = (1 << (winsize - 1)) + 1; x < (1 << winsize); x++) \{
+123       if ((err = mp_mul (&M[x - 1], &M[1], &M[x])) != MP_OKAY) \{
+124         goto LBL_MU;
+125       \}
+126       if ((err = redux (&M[x], P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+127         goto LBL_MU;
+128       \}
+129     \}
+130
+131     /* setup result */
+132     if ((err = mp_init (&res)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+133       goto LBL_MU;
+134     \}
+135     mp_set (&res, 1);
+136
+137     /* set initial mode and bit cnt */
+138     mode   = 0;
+139     bitcnt = 1;
+140     buf    = 0;
+141     digidx = X->used - 1;
+142     bitcpy = 0;
+143     bitbuf = 0;
+144
+145     for (;;) \{
+146       /* grab next digit as required */
+147       if (--bitcnt == 0) \{
+148         /* if digidx == -1 we are out of digits */
+149         if (digidx == -1) \{
+150           break;
+151         \}
+152         /* read next digit and reset the bitcnt */
+153         buf    = X->dp[digidx--];
+154         bitcnt = (int) DIGIT_BIT;
+155       \}
+156
+157       /* grab the next msb from the exponent */
+158       y     = (buf >> (mp_digit)(DIGIT_BIT - 1)) & 1;
+159       buf <<= (mp_digit)1;
+160
+161       /* if the bit is zero and mode == 0 then we ignore it
+162        * These represent the leading zero bits before the first 1 bit
+163        * in the exponent.  Technically this opt is not required but it
+164        * does lower the # of trivial squaring/reductions used
+165        */
+166       if ((mode == 0) && (y == 0)) \{
+167         continue;
+168       \}
+169
+170       /* if the bit is zero and mode == 1 then we square */
+171       if ((mode == 1) && (y == 0)) \{
+172         if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+173           goto LBL_RES;
+174         \}
+175         if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+176           goto LBL_RES;
+177         \}
+178         continue;
+179       \}
+180
+181       /* else we add it to the window */
+182       bitbuf |= (y << (winsize - ++bitcpy));
+183       mode    = 2;
+184
+185       if (bitcpy == winsize) \{
+186         /* ok window is filled so square as required and multiply  */
+187         /* square first */
+188         for (x = 0; x < winsize; x++) \{
+189           if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+190             goto LBL_RES;
+191           \}
+192           if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+193             goto LBL_RES;
+194           \}
+195         \}
+196
+197         /* then multiply */
+198         if ((err = mp_mul (&res, &M[bitbuf], &res)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+199           goto LBL_RES;
+200         \}
+201         if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+202           goto LBL_RES;
+203         \}
+204
+205         /* empty window and reset */
+206         bitcpy = 0;
+207         bitbuf = 0;
+208         mode   = 1;
+209       \}
+210     \}
+211
+212     /* if bits remain then square/multiply */
+213     if ((mode == 2) && (bitcpy > 0)) \{
+214       /* square then multiply if the bit is set */
+215       for (x = 0; x < bitcpy; x++) \{
+216         if ((err = mp_sqr (&res, &res)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+217           goto LBL_RES;
+218         \}
+219         if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+220           goto LBL_RES;
+221         \}
+222
+223         bitbuf <<= 1;
+224         if ((bitbuf & (1 << winsize)) != 0) \{
+225           /* then multiply */
+226           if ((err = mp_mul (&res, &M[1], &res)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+227             goto LBL_RES;
+228           \}
+229           if ((err = redux (&res, P, &mu)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+230             goto LBL_RES;
+231           \}
+232         \}
+233       \}
+234     \}
+235
+236     mp_exch (&res, Y);
+237     err = MP_OKAY;
+238   LBL_RES:mp_clear (&res);
+239   LBL_MU:mp_clear (&mu);
+240   LBL_M:
+241     mp_clear(&M[1]);
+242     for (x = 1<<(winsize-1); x < (1 << winsize); x++) \{
+243       mp_clear (&M[x]);
+244     \}
+245     return err;
+246   \}
+247   #endif
+248
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-Lines 32 through 46 determine the optimal window size based on the length of the exponent in bits.  The window divisions are sorted
-from smallest to greatest so that in each \textbf{if} statement only one condition must be tested.  For example, by the \textbf{if} statement 
-on line 38 the value of $x$ is already known to be greater than $140$.  
+Lines 31 through 45 determine the optimal window size based on the length of the exponent in bits.  The window divisions are sorted
+from smallest to greatest so that in each \textbf{if} statement only one condition must be tested.  For example, by the \textbf{if} statement
+on line 37 the value of $x$ is already known to be greater than $140$.
 
-The conditional piece of code beginning on line 48 allows the window size to be restricted to five bits.  This logic is used to ensure
-the table of precomputed powers of $G$ remains relatively small.  
+The conditional piece of code beginning on line 47 allows the window size to be restricted to five bits.  This logic is used to ensure
+the table of precomputed powers of $G$ remains relatively small.
 
-The for loop on line 61 initializes the $M$ array while lines 72 and 77 through 86 initialize the reduction
+The for loop on line 60 initializes the $M$ array while lines 71 and 76 through 85 initialize the reduction
 function that will be used for this modulus.
 
 -- More later.
@@ -5237,17 +8189,46 @@ equivalent to $m \cdot 2^k$.  By this logic when $m = 1$ a quick power of two ca
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_2expt.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* computes a = 2**b
+018    *
+019    * Simple algorithm which zeroes the int, grows it then just sets one bit
+020    * as required.
+021    */
+022   int
+023   mp_2expt (mp_int * a, int b)
+024   \{
+025     int     res;
+026
+027     /* zero a as per default */
+028     mp_zero (a);
+029
+030     /* grow a to accomodate the single bit */
+031     if ((res = mp_grow (a, (b / DIGIT_BIT) + 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+032       return res;
+033     \}
+034
+035     /* set the used count of where the bit will go */
+036     a->used = (b / DIGIT_BIT) + 1;
+037
+038     /* put the single bit in its place */
+039     a->dp[b / DIGIT_BIT] = ((mp_digit)1) << (b % DIGIT_BIT);
+040
+041     return MP_OKAY;
+042   \}
+043   #endif
+044
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 \chapter{Higher Level Algorithms}
 
 This chapter discusses the various higher level algorithms that are required to complete a well rounded multiple precision integer package.  These
-routines are less performance oriented than the algorithms of chapters five, six and seven but are no less important.  
+routines are less performance oriented than the algorithms of chapters five, six and seven but are no less important.
 
 The first section describes a method of integer division with remainder that is universally well known.  It provides the signed division logic
-for the package.  The subsequent section discusses a set of algorithms which allow a single digit to be the 2nd operand for a variety of operations.  
-These algorithms serve mostly to simplify other algorithms where small constants are required.  The last two sections discuss how to manipulate 
+for the package.  The subsequent section discusses a set of algorithms which allow a single digit to be the 2nd operand for a variety of operations.
+These algorithms serve mostly to simplify other algorithms where small constants are required.  The last two sections discuss how to manipulate
 various representations of integers.  For example, converting from an mp\_int to a string of character.
 
 \section{Integer Division with Remainder}
@@ -5255,7 +8236,7 @@ various representations of integers.  For example, converting from an mp\_int to
 
 Integer division aside from modular exponentiation is the most intensive algorithm to compute.  Like addition, subtraction and multiplication
 the basis of this algorithm is the long-hand division algorithm taught to school children.  Throughout this discussion several common variables
-will be used.  Let $x$ represent the divisor and $y$ represent the dividend.  Let $q$ represent the integer quotient $\lfloor y / x \rfloor$ and 
+will be used.  Let $x$ represent the divisor and $y$ represent the dividend.  Let $q$ represent the integer quotient $\lfloor y / x \rfloor$ and
 let $r$ represent the remainder $r = y - x \lfloor y / x \rfloor$.  The following simple algorithm will be used to start the discussion.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -5285,42 +8266,42 @@ let $r$ represent the remainder $r = y - x \lfloor y / x \rfloor$.  The followin
 As children we are taught this very simple algorithm for the case of $\beta = 10$.  Almost instinctively several optimizations are taught for which
 their reason of existing are never explained.  For this example let $y = 5471$ represent the dividend and $x = 23$ represent the divisor.
 
-To find the first digit of the quotient the value of $k$ must be maximized such that $kx\beta^t$ is less than or equal to $y$ and 
+To find the first digit of the quotient the value of $k$ must be maximized such that $kx\beta^t$ is less than or equal to $y$ and
 simultaneously $(k + 1)x\beta^t$ is greater than $y$.  Implicitly $k$ is the maximum value the $t$'th digit of the quotient may have.  The habitual method
 used to find the maximum is to ``eyeball'' the two numbers, typically only the leading digits and quickly estimate a quotient.  By only using leading
-digits a much simpler division may be used to form an educated guess at what the value must be.  In this case $k = \lfloor 54/23\rfloor = 2$ quickly 
-arises as a possible  solution.  Indeed $2x\beta^2 = 4600$ is less than $y = 5471$ and simultaneously $(k + 1)x\beta^2 = 6900$ is larger than $y$.  
+digits a much simpler division may be used to form an educated guess at what the value must be.  In this case $k = \lfloor 54/23\rfloor = 2$ quickly
+arises as a possible  solution.  Indeed $2x\beta^2 = 4600$ is less than $y = 5471$ and simultaneously $(k + 1)x\beta^2 = 6900$ is larger than $y$.
 As a  result $k\beta^2$ is added to the quotient which now equals $q = 200$ and $4600$ is subtracted from $y$ to give a remainder of $y = 841$.
 
-Again this process is repeated to produce the quotient digit $k = 3$ which makes the quotient $q = 200 + 3\beta = 230$ and the remainder 
+Again this process is repeated to produce the quotient digit $k = 3$ which makes the quotient $q = 200 + 3\beta = 230$ and the remainder
 $y = 841 - 3x\beta = 181$.  Finally the last iteration of the loop produces $k = 7$ which leads to the quotient $q = 230 + 7 = 237$ and the
-remainder $y = 181 - 7x = 20$.  The final quotient and remainder found are $q = 237$ and $r = y = 20$ which are indeed correct since 
-$237 \cdot 23 + 20 = 5471$ is true.  
+remainder $y = 181 - 7x = 20$.  The final quotient and remainder found are $q = 237$ and $r = y = 20$ which are indeed correct since
+$237 \cdot 23 + 20 = 5471$ is true.
 
 \subsection{Quotient Estimation}
 \label{sec:divest}
 As alluded to earlier the quotient digit $k$ can be estimated from only the leading digits of both the divisor and dividend.  When $p$ leading
 digits are used from both the divisor and dividend to form an estimation the accuracy of the estimation rises as $p$ grows.  Technically
 speaking the estimation is based on assuming the lower $\vert \vert y \vert \vert - p$ and $\vert \vert x \vert \vert - p$ lower digits of the
-dividend and divisor are zero.  
+dividend and divisor are zero.
 
 The value of the estimation may off by a few values in either direction and in general is fairly correct.  A simplification \cite[pp. 271]{TAOCPV2}
-of the estimation technique is to use $t + 1$ digits of the dividend and $t$ digits of the divisor, in particularly when $t = 1$.  The estimate 
-using this technique is never too small.  For the following proof let $t = \vert \vert y \vert \vert - 1$ and $s = \vert \vert x \vert \vert - 1$ 
+of the estimation technique is to use $t + 1$ digits of the dividend and $t$ digits of the divisor, in particularly when $t = 1$.  The estimate
+using this technique is never too small.  For the following proof let $t = \vert \vert y \vert \vert - 1$ and $s = \vert \vert x \vert \vert - 1$
 represent the most significant digits of the dividend and divisor respectively.
 
-\textbf{Proof.}\textit{  The quotient $\hat k = \lfloor (y_t\beta + y_{t-1}) / x_s \rfloor$ is greater than or equal to 
+\textbf{Proof.}\textit{  The quotient $\hat k = \lfloor (y_t\beta + y_{t-1}) / x_s \rfloor$ is greater than or equal to
 $k = \lfloor y / (x \cdot \beta^{\vert \vert y \vert \vert - \vert \vert x \vert \vert - 1}) \rfloor$. }
-The first obvious case is when $\hat k = \beta - 1$ in which case the proof is concluded since the real quotient cannot be larger.  For all other 
+The first obvious case is when $\hat k = \beta - 1$ in which case the proof is concluded since the real quotient cannot be larger.  For all other
 cases $\hat k = \lfloor (y_t\beta + y_{t-1}) / x_s \rfloor$ and $\hat k x_s \ge y_t\beta + y_{t-1} - x_s + 1$.  The latter portion of the inequalility
-$-x_s + 1$ arises from the fact that a truncated integer division will give the same quotient for at most $x_s - 1$ values.  Next a series of 
+$-x_s + 1$ arises from the fact that a truncated integer division will give the same quotient for at most $x_s - 1$ values.  Next a series of
 inequalities will prove the hypothesis.
 
 \begin{equation}
 y - \hat k x \le y - \hat k x_s\beta^s
 \end{equation}
 
-This is trivially true since $x \ge x_s\beta^s$.  Next we replace $\hat kx_s\beta^s$ by the previous inequality for $\hat kx_s$.  
+This is trivially true since $x \ge x_s\beta^s$.  Next we replace $\hat kx_s\beta^s$ by the previous inequality for $\hat kx_s$.
 
 \begin{equation}
 y - \hat k x \le y_t\beta^t + \ldots + y_0 - (y_t\beta^t + y_{t-1}\beta^{t-1} - x_s\beta^t + \beta^s)
@@ -5345,13 +8326,13 @@ Which proves that $y - \hat kx \le x$ and by consequence $\hat k \ge k$ which co
 For the purposes of division a normalized input is when the divisors leading digit $x_n$ is greater than or equal to $\beta / 2$.  By multiplying both
 $x$ and $y$ by $j = \lfloor (\beta / 2) / x_n \rfloor$ the quotient remains unchanged and the remainder is simply $j$ times the original
 remainder.  The purpose of normalization is to ensure the leading digit of the divisor is sufficiently large such that the estimated quotient will
-lie in the domain of a single digit.  Consider the maximum dividend $(\beta - 1) \cdot \beta + (\beta - 1)$ and the minimum divisor $\beta / 2$.  
+lie in the domain of a single digit.  Consider the maximum dividend $(\beta - 1) \cdot \beta + (\beta - 1)$ and the minimum divisor $\beta / 2$.
 
-\begin{equation} 
-{{\beta^2 - 1} \over { \beta / 2}} \le 2\beta - {2 \over \beta} 
+\begin{equation}
+{{\beta^2 - 1} \over { \beta / 2}} \le 2\beta - {2 \over \beta}
 \end{equation}
 
-At most the quotient approaches $2\beta$, however, in practice this will not occur since that would imply the previous quotient digit was too small.  
+At most the quotient approaches $2\beta$, however, in practice this will not occur since that would imply the previous quotient digit was too small.
 
 \subsection{Radix-$\beta$ Division with Remainder}
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -5449,23 +8430,23 @@ Finalize the result. \\
 This algorithm will calculate quotient and remainder from an integer division given a dividend and divisor.  The algorithm is a signed
 division and will produce a fully qualified quotient and remainder.
 
-First the divisor $b$ must be non-zero which is enforced in step one.  If the divisor is larger than the dividend than the quotient is implicitly 
-zero and the remainder is the dividend.  
+First the divisor $b$ must be non-zero which is enforced in step one.  If the divisor is larger than the dividend than the quotient is implicitly
+zero and the remainder is the dividend.
 
 After the first two trivial cases of inputs are handled the variable $q$ is setup to receive the digits of the quotient.  Two unsigned copies of the
 divisor $y$ and dividend $x$ are made as well.  The core of the division algorithm is an unsigned division and will only work if the values are
-positive.  Now the two values $x$ and $y$ must be normalized such that the leading digit of $y$ is greater than or equal to $\beta / 2$.  
-This is performed by shifting both to the left by enough bits to get the desired normalization.  
+positive.  Now the two values $x$ and $y$ must be normalized such that the leading digit of $y$ is greater than or equal to $\beta / 2$.
+This is performed by shifting both to the left by enough bits to get the desired normalization.
 
-At this point the division algorithm can begin producing digits of the quotient.  Recall that maximum value of the estimation used is 
+At this point the division algorithm can begin producing digits of the quotient.  Recall that maximum value of the estimation used is
 $2\beta - {2 \over \beta}$ which means that a digit of the quotient must be first produced by another means.  In this case $y$ is shifted
-to the left (\textit{step ten}) so that it has the same number of digits as $x$.  The loop on step eleven will subtract multiples of the 
+to the left (\textit{step ten}) so that it has the same number of digits as $x$.  The loop on step eleven will subtract multiples of the
 shifted copy of $y$ until $x$ is smaller.  Since the leading digit of $y$ is greater than or equal to $\beta/2$ this loop will iterate at most two
-times to produce the desired leading digit of the quotient.  
+times to produce the desired leading digit of the quotient.
 
 Now the remainder of the digits can be produced.  The equation $\hat q = \lfloor {{x_i \beta + x_{i-1}}\over y_t} \rfloor$ is used to fairly
 accurately approximate the true quotient digit.  The estimation can in theory produce an estimation as high as $2\beta - {2 \over \beta}$ but by
-induction the upper quotient digit is correct (\textit{as established on step eleven}) and the estimate must be less than $\beta$.  
+induction the upper quotient digit is correct (\textit{as established on step eleven}) and the estimate must be less than $\beta$.
 
 Recall from section~\ref{sec:divest} that the estimation is never too low but may be too high.  The next step of the estimation process is
 to refine the estimation.  The loop on step 13.5 uses $x_i\beta^2 + x_{i-1}\beta + x_{i-2}$ and $q_{i - t - 1}(y_t\beta + y_{t-1})$ as a higher
@@ -5473,56 +8454,332 @@ order approximation to adjust the quotient digit.
 
 After both phases of estimation the quotient digit may still be off by a value of one\footnote{This is similar to the error introduced
 by optimizing Barrett reduction.}.  Steps 13.6 and 13.7 subtract the multiple of the divisor from the dividend (\textit{Similar to step 3.3 of
-algorithm~\ref{fig:raddiv}} and then subsequently add a multiple of the divisor if the quotient was too large.  
+algorithm~\ref{fig:raddiv}} and then subsequently add a multiple of the divisor if the quotient was too large.
 
-Now that the quotient has been determine finializing the result is a matter of clamping the quotient, fixing the sizes and de-normalizing the 
+Now that the quotient has been determine finializing the result is a matter of clamping the quotient, fixing the sizes and de-normalizing the
 remainder.  An important aspect of this algorithm seemingly overlooked in other descriptions such as that of Algorithm 14.20 HAC \cite[pp. 598]{HAC}
-is that when the estimations are being made (\textit{inside the loop on step 13.5}) that the digits $y_{t-1}$, $x_{i-2}$ and $x_{i-1}$ may lie 
+is that when the estimations are being made (\textit{inside the loop on step 13.5}) that the digits $y_{t-1}$, $x_{i-2}$ and $x_{i-1}$ may lie
 outside their respective boundaries.  For example, if $t = 0$ or $i \le 1$ then the digits would be undefined.  In those cases the digits should
-respectively be replaced with a zero.  
+respectively be replaced with a zero.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_div.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   #ifdef BN_MP_DIV_SMALL
+018
+019   /* slower bit-bang division... also smaller */
+020   int mp_div(mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
+021   \{
+022      mp_int ta, tb, tq, q;
+023      int    res, n, n2;
+024
+025     /* is divisor zero ? */
+026     if (mp_iszero (b) == MP_YES) \{
+027       return MP_VAL;
+028     \}
+029
+030     /* if a < b then q=0, r = a */
+031     if (mp_cmp_mag (a, b) == MP_LT) \{
+032       if (d != NULL) \{
+033         res = mp_copy (a, d);
+034       \} else \{
+035         res = MP_OKAY;
+036       \}
+037       if (c != NULL) \{
+038         mp_zero (c);
+039       \}
+040       return res;
+041     \}
+042
+043     /* init our temps */
+044     if ((res = mp_init_multi(&ta, &tb, &tq, &q, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+045        return res;
+046     \}
+047
+048
+049     mp_set(&tq, 1);
+050     n = mp_count_bits(a) - mp_count_bits(b);
+051     if (((res = mp_abs(a, &ta)) != MP_OKAY) ||
+052         ((res = mp_abs(b, &tb)) != MP_OKAY) ||
+053         ((res = mp_mul_2d(&tb, n, &tb)) != MP_OKAY) ||
+054         ((res = mp_mul_2d(&tq, n, &tq)) != MP_OKAY)) \{
+055         goto LBL_ERR;
+056     \}
+057
+058     while (n-- >= 0) \{
+059        if (mp_cmp(&tb, &ta) != MP_GT) \{
+060           if (((res = mp_sub(&ta, &tb, &ta)) != MP_OKAY) ||
+061               ((res = mp_add(&q, &tq, &q)) != MP_OKAY)) \{
+062              goto LBL_ERR;
+063           \}
+064        \}
+065        if (((res = mp_div_2d(&tb, 1, &tb, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) ||
+066            ((res = mp_div_2d(&tq, 1, &tq, NULL)) != MP_OKAY)) \{
+067              goto LBL_ERR;
+068        \}
+069     \}
+070
+071     /* now q == quotient and ta == remainder */
+072     n  = a->sign;
+073     n2 = (a->sign == b->sign) ? MP_ZPOS : MP_NEG;
+074     if (c != NULL) \{
+075        mp_exch(c, &q);
+076        c->sign  = (mp_iszero(c) == MP_YES) ? MP_ZPOS : n2;
+077     \}
+078     if (d != NULL) \{
+079        mp_exch(d, &ta);
+080        d->sign = (mp_iszero(d) == MP_YES) ? MP_ZPOS : n;
+081     \}
+082   LBL_ERR:
+083      mp_clear_multi(&ta, &tb, &tq, &q, NULL);
+084      return res;
+085   \}
+086
+087   #else
+088
+089   /* integer signed division.
+090    * c*b + d == a [e.g. a/b, c=quotient, d=remainder]
+091    * HAC pp.598 Algorithm 14.20
+092    *
+093    * Note that the description in HAC is horribly
+094    * incomplete.  For example, it doesn't consider
+095    * the case where digits are removed from 'x' in
+096    * the inner loop.  It also doesn't consider the
+097    * case that y has fewer than three digits, etc..
+098    *
+099    * The overall algorithm is as described as
+100    * 14.20 from HAC but fixed to treat these cases.
+101   */
+102   int mp_div (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c, mp_int * d)
+103   \{
+104     mp_int  q, x, y, t1, t2;
+105     int     res, n, t, i, norm, neg;
+106
+107     /* is divisor zero ? */
+108     if (mp_iszero (b) == MP_YES) \{
+109       return MP_VAL;
+110     \}
+111
+112     /* if a < b then q=0, r = a */
+113     if (mp_cmp_mag (a, b) == MP_LT) \{
+114       if (d != NULL) \{
+115         res = mp_copy (a, d);
+116       \} else \{
+117         res = MP_OKAY;
+118       \}
+119       if (c != NULL) \{
+120         mp_zero (c);
+121       \}
+122       return res;
+123     \}
+124
+125     if ((res = mp_init_size (&q, a->used + 2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+126       return res;
+127     \}
+128     q.used = a->used + 2;
+129
+130     if ((res = mp_init (&t1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+131       goto LBL_Q;
+132     \}
+133
+134     if ((res = mp_init (&t2)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+135       goto LBL_T1;
+136     \}
+137
+138     if ((res = mp_init_copy (&x, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+139       goto LBL_T2;
+140     \}
+141
+142     if ((res = mp_init_copy (&y, b)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+143       goto LBL_X;
+144     \}
+145
+146     /* fix the sign */
+147     neg = (a->sign == b->sign) ? MP_ZPOS : MP_NEG;
+148     x.sign = y.sign = MP_ZPOS;
+149
+150     /* normalize both x and y, ensure that y >= b/2, [b == 2**DIGIT_BIT] */
+151     norm = mp_count_bits(&y) % DIGIT_BIT;
+152     if (norm < (int)(DIGIT_BIT-1)) \{
+153        norm = (DIGIT_BIT-1) - norm;
+154        if ((res = mp_mul_2d (&x, norm, &x)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+155          goto LBL_Y;
+156        \}
+157        if ((res = mp_mul_2d (&y, norm, &y)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+158          goto LBL_Y;
+159        \}
+160     \} else \{
+161        norm = 0;
+162     \}
+163
+164     /* note hac does 0 based, so if used==5 then its 0,1,2,3,4, e.g. use 4 */
+165     n = x.used - 1;
+166     t = y.used - 1;
+167
+168     /* while (x >= y*b**n-t) do \{ q[n-t] += 1; x -= y*b**\{n-t\} \} */
+169     if ((res = mp_lshd (&y, n - t)) != MP_OKAY) \{ /* y = y*b**\{n-t\} */
+170       goto LBL_Y;
+171     \}
+172
+173     while (mp_cmp (&x, &y) != MP_LT) \{
+174       ++(q.dp[n - t]);
+175       if ((res = mp_sub (&x, &y, &x)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+176         goto LBL_Y;
+177       \}
+178     \}
+179
+180     /* reset y by shifting it back down */
+181     mp_rshd (&y, n - t);
+182
+183     /* step 3. for i from n down to (t + 1) */
+184     for (i = n; i >= (t + 1); i--) \{
+185       if (i > x.used) \{
+186         continue;
+187       \}
+188
+189       /* step 3.1 if xi == yt then set q\{i-t-1\} to b-1,
+190        * otherwise set q\{i-t-1\} to (xi*b + x\{i-1\})/yt */
+191       if (x.dp[i] == y.dp[t]) \{
+192         q.dp[(i - t) - 1] = ((((mp_digit)1) << DIGIT_BIT) - 1);
+193       \} else \{
+194         mp_word tmp;
+195         tmp = ((mp_word) x.dp[i]) << ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT);
+196         tmp |= ((mp_word) x.dp[i - 1]);
+197         tmp /= ((mp_word) y.dp[t]);
+198         if (tmp > (mp_word) MP_MASK) \{
+199           tmp = MP_MASK;
+200         \}
+201         q.dp[(i - t) - 1] = (mp_digit) (tmp & (mp_word) (MP_MASK));
+202       \}
+203
+204       /* while (q\{i-t-1\} * (yt * b + y\{t-1\})) >
+205                xi * b**2 + xi-1 * b + xi-2
+206
+207          do q\{i-t-1\} -= 1;
+208       */
+209       q.dp[(i - t) - 1] = (q.dp[(i - t) - 1] + 1) & MP_MASK;
+210       do \{
+211         q.dp[(i - t) - 1] = (q.dp[(i - t) - 1] - 1) & MP_MASK;
+212
+213         /* find left hand */
+214         mp_zero (&t1);
+215         t1.dp[0] = ((t - 1) < 0) ? 0 : y.dp[t - 1];
+216         t1.dp[1] = y.dp[t];
+217         t1.used = 2;
+218         if ((res = mp_mul_d (&t1, q.dp[(i - t) - 1], &t1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+219           goto LBL_Y;
+220         \}
+221
+222         /* find right hand */
+223         t2.dp[0] = ((i - 2) < 0) ? 0 : x.dp[i - 2];
+224         t2.dp[1] = ((i - 1) < 0) ? 0 : x.dp[i - 1];
+225         t2.dp[2] = x.dp[i];
+226         t2.used = 3;
+227       \} while (mp_cmp_mag(&t1, &t2) == MP_GT);
+228
+229       /* step 3.3 x = x - q\{i-t-1\} * y * b**\{i-t-1\} */
+230       if ((res = mp_mul_d (&y, q.dp[(i - t) - 1], &t1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+231         goto LBL_Y;
+232       \}
+233
+234       if ((res = mp_lshd (&t1, (i - t) - 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+235         goto LBL_Y;
+236       \}
+237
+238       if ((res = mp_sub (&x, &t1, &x)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+239         goto LBL_Y;
+240       \}
+241
+242       /* if x < 0 then \{ x = x + y*b**\{i-t-1\}; q\{i-t-1\} -= 1; \} */
+243       if (x.sign == MP_NEG) \{
+244         if ((res = mp_copy (&y, &t1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+245           goto LBL_Y;
+246         \}
+247         if ((res = mp_lshd (&t1, (i - t) - 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+248           goto LBL_Y;
+249         \}
+250         if ((res = mp_add (&x, &t1, &x)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+251           goto LBL_Y;
+252         \}
+253
+254         q.dp[(i - t) - 1] = (q.dp[(i - t) - 1] - 1UL) & MP_MASK;
+255       \}
+256     \}
+257
+258     /* now q is the quotient and x is the remainder
+259      * [which we have to normalize]
+260      */
+261
+262     /* get sign before writing to c */
+263     x.sign = (x.used == 0) ? MP_ZPOS : a->sign;
+264
+265     if (c != NULL) \{
+266       mp_clamp (&q);
+267       mp_exch (&q, c);
+268       c->sign = neg;
+269     \}
+270
+271     if (d != NULL) \{
+272       if ((res = mp_div_2d (&x, norm, &x, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+273         goto LBL_Y;
+274       \}
+275       mp_exch (&x, d);
+276     \}
+277
+278     res = MP_OKAY;
+279
+280   LBL_Y:mp_clear (&y);
+281   LBL_X:mp_clear (&x);
+282   LBL_T2:mp_clear (&t2);
+283   LBL_T1:mp_clear (&t1);
+284   LBL_Q:mp_clear (&q);
+285     return res;
+286   \}
+287
+288   #endif
+289
+290   #endif
+291
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 The implementation of this algorithm differs slightly from the pseudo code presented previously.  In this algorithm either of the quotient $c$ or
 remainder $d$ may be passed as a \textbf{NULL} pointer which indicates their value is not desired.  For example, the C code to call the division
-algorithm with only the quotient is 
+algorithm with only the quotient is
 
 \begin{verbatim}
 mp_div(&a, &b, &c, NULL);  /* c = [a/b] */
 \end{verbatim}
 
-Lines 109 and 113 handle the two trivial cases of inputs which are division by zero and dividend smaller than the divisor 
-respectively.  After the two trivial cases all of the temporary variables are initialized.  Line 148 determines the sign of 
-the quotient and line 148 ensures that both $x$ and $y$ are positive.  
+Lines 108 and 113 handle the two trivial cases of inputs which are division by zero and dividend smaller than the divisor
+respectively.  After the two trivial cases all of the temporary variables are initialized.  Line 147 determines the sign of
+the quotient and line 148 ensures that both $x$ and $y$ are positive.
 
 The number of bits in the leading digit is calculated on line 151.  Implictly an mp\_int with $r$ digits will require $lg(\beta)(r-1) + k$ bits
 of precision which when reduced modulo $lg(\beta)$ produces the value of $k$.  In this case $k$ is the number of bits in the leading digit which is
 exactly what is required.  For the algorithm to operate $k$ must equal $lg(\beta) - 1$ and when it does not the inputs must be normalized by shifting
 them to the left by $lg(\beta) - 1 - k$ bits.
 
-Throughout the variables $n$ and $t$ will represent the highest digit of $x$ and $y$ respectively.  These are first used to produce the 
+Throughout the variables $n$ and $t$ will represent the highest digit of $x$ and $y$ respectively.  These are first used to produce the
 leading digit of the quotient.  The loop beginning on line 184 will produce the remainder of the quotient digits.
 
-The conditional ``continue'' on line 187 is used to prevent the algorithm from reading past the leading edge of $x$ which can occur when the
+The conditional ``continue'' on line 186 is used to prevent the algorithm from reading past the leading edge of $x$ which can occur when the
 algorithm eliminates multiple non-zero digits in a single iteration.  This ensures that $x_i$ is always non-zero since by definition the digits
-above the $i$'th position $x$ must be zero in order for the quotient to be precise\footnote{Precise as far as integer division is concerned.}.  
+above the $i$'th position $x$ must be zero in order for the quotient to be precise\footnote{Precise as far as integer division is concerned.}.
 
-Lines 214, 216 and 223 through 225 manually construct the high accuracy estimations by setting the digits of the two mp\_int 
-variables directly.  
+Lines 214, 216 and 223 through 225 manually construct the high accuracy estimations by setting the digits of the two mp\_int
+variables directly.
 
 \section{Single Digit Helpers}
 
-This section briefly describes a series of single digit helper algorithms which come in handy when working with small constants.  All of 
+This section briefly describes a series of single digit helper algorithms which come in handy when working with small constants.  All of
 the helper functions assume the single digit input is positive and will treat them as such.
 
 \subsection{Single Digit Addition and Subtraction}
 
-Both addition and subtraction are performed by ``cheating'' and using mp\_set followed by the higher level addition or subtraction 
+Both addition and subtraction are performed by ``cheating'' and using mp\_set followed by the higher level addition or subtraction
 algorithms.   As a result these algorithms are subtantially simpler with a slight cost in performance.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -5550,6 +8807,99 @@ This algorithm initiates a temporary mp\_int with the value of the single digit
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_add\_d.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* single digit addition */
+018   int
+019   mp_add_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
+020   \{
+021     int     res, ix, oldused;
+022     mp_digit *tmpa, *tmpc, mu;
+023
+024     /* grow c as required */
+025     if (c->alloc < (a->used + 1)) \{
+026        if ((res = mp_grow(c, a->used + 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+027           return res;
+028        \}
+029     \}
+030
+031     /* if a is negative and |a| >= b, call c = |a| - b */
+032     if ((a->sign == MP_NEG) && ((a->used > 1) || (a->dp[0] >= b))) \{
+033        /* temporarily fix sign of a */
+034        a->sign = MP_ZPOS;
+035
+036        /* c = |a| - b */
+037        res = mp_sub_d(a, b, c);
+038
+039        /* fix sign  */
+040        a->sign = c->sign = MP_NEG;
+041
+042        /* clamp */
+043        mp_clamp(c);
+044
+045        return res;
+046     \}
+047
+048     /* old number of used digits in c */
+049     oldused = c->used;
+050
+051     /* sign always positive */
+052     c->sign = MP_ZPOS;
+053
+054     /* source alias */
+055     tmpa    = a->dp;
+056
+057     /* destination alias */
+058     tmpc    = c->dp;
+059
+060     /* if a is positive */
+061     if (a->sign == MP_ZPOS) \{
+062        /* add digit, after this we're propagating
+063         * the carry.
+064         */
+065        *tmpc   = *tmpa++ + b;
+066        mu      = *tmpc >> DIGIT_BIT;
+067        *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
+068
+069        /* now handle rest of the digits */
+070        for (ix = 1; ix < a->used; ix++) \{
+071           *tmpc   = *tmpa++ + mu;
+072           mu      = *tmpc >> DIGIT_BIT;
+073           *tmpc++ &= MP_MASK;
+074        \}
+075        /* set final carry */
+076        ix++;
+077        *tmpc++  = mu;
+078
+079        /* setup size */
+080        c->used = a->used + 1;
+081     \} else \{
+082        /* a was negative and |a| < b */
+083        c->used  = 1;
+084
+085        /* the result is a single digit */
+086        if (a->used == 1) \{
+087           *tmpc++  =  b - a->dp[0];
+088        \} else \{
+089           *tmpc++  =  b;
+090        \}
+091
+092        /* setup count so the clearing of oldused
+093         * can fall through correctly
+094         */
+095        ix       = 1;
+096     \}
+097
+098     /* now zero to oldused */
+099     while (ix++ < oldused) \{
+100        *tmpc++ = 0;
+101     \}
+102     mp_clamp(c);
+103
+104     return MP_OKAY;
+105   \}
+106
+107   #endif
+108
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
@@ -5593,22 +8943,82 @@ only has one digit.
 \caption{Algorithm mp\_mul\_d}
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_mul\_d.}
-This algorithm quickly multiplies an mp\_int by a small single digit value.  It is specially tailored to the job and has a minimal of overhead.  
-Unlike the full multiplication algorithms this algorithm does not require any significnat temporary storage or memory allocations.  
+This algorithm quickly multiplies an mp\_int by a small single digit value.  It is specially tailored to the job and has a minimal of overhead.
+Unlike the full multiplication algorithms this algorithm does not require any significnat temporary storage or memory allocations.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_mul\_d.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* multiply by a digit */
+018   int
+019   mp_mul_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
+020   \{
+021     mp_digit u, *tmpa, *tmpc;
+022     mp_word  r;
+023     int      ix, res, olduse;
+024
+025     /* make sure c is big enough to hold a*b */
+026     if (c->alloc < (a->used + 1)) \{
+027       if ((res = mp_grow (c, a->used + 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+028         return res;
+029       \}
+030     \}
+031
+032     /* get the original destinations used count */
+033     olduse = c->used;
+034
+035     /* set the sign */
+036     c->sign = a->sign;
+037
+038     /* alias for a->dp [source] */
+039     tmpa = a->dp;
+040
+041     /* alias for c->dp [dest] */
+042     tmpc = c->dp;
+043
+044     /* zero carry */
+045     u = 0;
+046
+047     /* compute columns */
+048     for (ix = 0; ix < a->used; ix++) \{
+049       /* compute product and carry sum for this term */
+050       r       = (mp_word)u + ((mp_word)*tmpa++ * (mp_word)b);
+051
+052       /* mask off higher bits to get a single digit */
+053       *tmpc++ = (mp_digit) (r & ((mp_word) MP_MASK));
+054
+055       /* send carry into next iteration */
+056       u       = (mp_digit) (r >> ((mp_word) DIGIT_BIT));
+057     \}
+058
+059     /* store final carry [if any] and increment ix offset  */
+060     *tmpc++ = u;
+061     ++ix;
+062
+063     /* now zero digits above the top */
+064     while (ix++ < olduse) \{
+065        *tmpc++ = 0;
+066     \}
+067
+068     /* set used count */
+069     c->used = a->used + 1;
+070     mp_clamp(c);
+071
+072     return MP_OKAY;
+073   \}
+074   #endif
+075
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-In this implementation the destination $c$ may point to the same mp\_int as the source $a$ since the result is written after the digit is 
-read from the source.  This function uses pointer aliases $tmpa$ and $tmpc$ for the digits of $a$ and $c$ respectively.  
+In this implementation the destination $c$ may point to the same mp\_int as the source $a$ since the result is written after the digit is
+read from the source.  This function uses pointer aliases $tmpa$ and $tmpc$ for the digits of $a$ and $c$ respectively.
 
 \subsection{Single Digit Division}
 Like the single digit multiplication algorithm, single digit division is also a fairly common algorithm used in radix conversion.  Since the
-divisor is only a single digit a specialized variant of the division algorithm can be used to compute the quotient.  
+divisor is only a single digit a specialized variant of the division algorithm can be used to compute the quotient.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5645,40 +9055,136 @@ divisor is only a single digit a specialized variant of the division algorithm c
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_div\_d.}
 This algorithm divides the mp\_int $a$ by the single mp\_digit $b$ using an optimized approach.  Essentially in every iteration of the
 algorithm another digit of the dividend is reduced and another digit of quotient produced.  Provided $b < \beta$ the value of $\hat w$
-after step 7.1 will be limited such that $0 \le \lfloor \hat w / b \rfloor < \beta$.  
+after step 7.1 will be limited such that $0 \le \lfloor \hat w / b \rfloor < \beta$.
 
 If the divisor $b$ is equal to three a variant of this algorithm is used which is called mp\_div\_3.  It replaces the division by three with
 a multiplication by $\lfloor \beta / 3 \rfloor$ and the appropriate shift and residual fixup.  In essence it is much like the Barrett reduction
-from chapter seven.  
+from chapter seven.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_div\_d.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   static int s_is_power_of_two(mp_digit b, int *p)
+018   \{
+019      int x;
+020
+021      /* fast return if no power of two */
+022      if ((b == 0) || ((b & (b-1)) != 0)) \{
+023         return 0;
+024      \}
+025
+026      for (x = 0; x < DIGIT_BIT; x++) \{
+027         if (b == (((mp_digit)1)<<x)) \{
+028            *p = x;
+029            return 1;
+030         \}
+031      \}
+032      return 0;
+033   \}
+034
+035   /* single digit division (based on routine from MPI) */
+036   int mp_div_d (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c, mp_digit * d)
+037   \{
+038     mp_int  q;
+039     mp_word w;
+040     mp_digit t;
+041     int     res, ix;
+042
+043     /* cannot divide by zero */
+044     if (b == 0) \{
+045        return MP_VAL;
+046     \}
+047
+048     /* quick outs */
+049     if ((b == 1) || (mp_iszero(a) == MP_YES)) \{
+050        if (d != NULL) \{
+051           *d = 0;
+052        \}
+053        if (c != NULL) \{
+054           return mp_copy(a, c);
+055        \}
+056        return MP_OKAY;
+057     \}
+058
+059     /* power of two ? */
+060     if (s_is_power_of_two(b, &ix) == 1) \{
+061        if (d != NULL) \{
+062           *d = a->dp[0] & ((((mp_digit)1)<<ix) - 1);
+063        \}
+064        if (c != NULL) \{
+065           return mp_div_2d(a, ix, c, NULL);
+066        \}
+067        return MP_OKAY;
+068     \}
+069
+070   #ifdef BN_MP_DIV_3_C
+071     /* three? */
+072     if (b == 3) \{
+073        return mp_div_3(a, c, d);
+074     \}
+075   #endif
+076
+077     /* no easy answer [c'est la vie].  Just division */
+078     if ((res = mp_init_size(&q, a->used)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+079        return res;
+080     \}
+081
+082     q.used = a->used;
+083     q.sign = a->sign;
+084     w = 0;
+085     for (ix = a->used - 1; ix >= 0; ix--) \{
+086        w = (w << ((mp_word)DIGIT_BIT)) | ((mp_word)a->dp[ix]);
+087
+088        if (w >= b) \{
+089           t = (mp_digit)(w / b);
+090           w -= ((mp_word)t) * ((mp_word)b);
+091         \} else \{
+092           t = 0;
+093         \}
+094         q.dp[ix] = (mp_digit)t;
+095     \}
+096
+097     if (d != NULL) \{
+098        *d = (mp_digit)w;
+099     \}
+100
+101     if (c != NULL) \{
+102        mp_clamp(&q);
+103        mp_exch(&q, c);
+104     \}
+105     mp_clear(&q);
+106
+107     return res;
+108   \}
+109
+110   #endif
+111
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 Like the implementation of algorithm mp\_div this algorithm allows either of the quotient or remainder to be passed as a \textbf{NULL} pointer to
 indicate the respective value is not required.  This allows a trivial single digit modular reduction algorithm, mp\_mod\_d to be created.
 
-The division and remainder on lines 44 and @45,%@ can be replaced often by a single division on most processors.  For example, the 32-bit x86 based 
-processors can divide a 64-bit quantity by a 32-bit quantity and produce the quotient and remainder simultaneously.  Unfortunately the GCC 
-compiler does not recognize that optimization and will actually produce two function calls to find the quotient and remainder respectively.  
+The division and remainder on lines 89 and 90 can be replaced often by a single division on most processors.  For example, the 32-bit x86 based
+processors can divide a 64-bit quantity by a 32-bit quantity and produce the quotient and remainder simultaneously.  Unfortunately the GCC
+compiler does not recognize that optimization and will actually produce two function calls to find the quotient and remainder respectively.
 
 \subsection{Single Digit Root Extraction}
 
-Finding the $n$'th root of an integer is fairly easy as far as numerical analysis is concerned.  Algorithms such as the Newton-Raphson approximation 
-(\ref{eqn:newton}) series will converge very quickly to a root for any continuous function $f(x)$.  
+Finding the $n$'th root of an integer is fairly easy as far as numerical analysis is concerned.  Algorithms such as the Newton-Raphson approximation
+(\ref{eqn:newton}) series will converge very quickly to a root for any continuous function $f(x)$.
 
 \begin{equation}
 x_{i+1} = x_i - {f(x_i) \over f'(x_i)}
 \label{eqn:newton}
 \end{equation}
 
-In this case the $n$'th root is desired and $f(x) = x^n - a$ where $a$ is the integer of which the root is desired.  The derivative of $f(x)$ is 
+In this case the $n$'th root is desired and $f(x) = x^n - a$ where $a$ is the integer of which the root is desired.  The derivative of $f(x)$ is
 simply $f'(x) = nx^{n - 1}$.  Of particular importance is that this algorithm will be used over the integers not over the a more continuous domain
-such as the real numbers.  As a result the root found can be above the true root by few and must be manually adjusted.  Ideally at the end of the 
-algorithm the $n$'th root $b$ of an integer $a$ is desired such that $b^n \le a$.  
+such as the real numbers.  As a result the root found can be above the true root by few and must be manually adjusted.  Ideally at the end of the
+algorithm the $n$'th root $b$ of an integer $a$ is desired such that $b^n \le a$.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5719,24 +9225,35 @@ algorithm the $n$'th root $b$ of an integer $a$ is desired such that $b^n \le a$
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_n\_root.}
 This algorithm finds the integer $n$'th root of an input using the Newton-Raphson approach.  It is partially optimized based on the observation
 that the numerator of ${f(x) \over f'(x)}$ can be derived from a partial denominator.  That is at first the denominator is calculated by finding
-$x^{b - 1}$.  This value can then be multiplied by $x$ and have $a$ subtracted from it to find the numerator.  This saves a total of $b - 1$ 
-multiplications by t$1$ inside the loop.  
+$x^{b - 1}$.  This value can then be multiplied by $x$ and have $a$ subtracted from it to find the numerator.  This saves a total of $b - 1$
+multiplications by t$1$ inside the loop.
 
 The initial value of the approximation is t$2 = 2$ which allows the algorithm to start with very small values and quickly converge on the
-root.  Ideally this algorithm is meant to find the $n$'th root of an input where $n$ is bounded by $2 \le n \le 5$.  
+root.  Ideally this algorithm is meant to find the $n$'th root of an input where $n$ is bounded by $2 \le n \le 5$.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_n\_root.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* wrapper function for mp_n_root_ex()
+018    * computes c = (a)**(1/b) such that (c)**b <= a and (c+1)**b > a
+019    */
+020   int mp_n_root (mp_int * a, mp_digit b, mp_int * c)
+021   \{
+022     return mp_n_root_ex(a, b, c, 0);
+023   \}
+024
+025   #endif
+026
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 \section{Random Number Generation}
 
-Random numbers come up in a variety of activities from public key cryptography to simple simulations and various randomized algorithms.  Pollard-Rho 
+Random numbers come up in a variety of activities from public key cryptography to simple simulations and various randomized algorithms.  Pollard-Rho
 factoring for example, can make use of random values as starting points to find factors of a composite integer.  In this case the algorithm presented
-is solely for simulations and not intended for cryptographic use.  
+is solely for simulations and not intended for cryptographic use.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5764,12 +9281,49 @@ is solely for simulations and not intended for cryptographic use.
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_rand.}
 This algorithm produces a pseudo-random integer of $b$ digits.  By ensuring that the first digit is non-zero the algorithm also guarantees that the
 final result has at least $b$ digits.  It relies heavily on a third-part random number generator which should ideally generate uniformly all of
-the integers from $0$ to $\beta - 1$.  
+the integers from $0$ to $\beta - 1$.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_rand.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* makes a pseudo-random int of a given size */
+018   int
+019   mp_rand (mp_int * a, int digits)
+020   \{
+021     int     res;
+022     mp_digit d;
+023
+024     mp_zero (a);
+025     if (digits <= 0) \{
+026       return MP_OKAY;
+027     \}
+028
+029     /* first place a random non-zero digit */
+030     do \{
+031       d = ((mp_digit) abs (MP_GEN_RANDOM())) & MP_MASK;
+032     \} while (d == 0);
+033
+034     if ((res = mp_add_d (a, d, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+035       return res;
+036     \}
+037
+038     while (--digits > 0) \{
+039       if ((res = mp_lshd (a, 1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+040         return res;
+041       \}
+042
+043       if ((res = mp_add_d (a, ((mp_digit) abs (MP_GEN_RANDOM())), a)) != MP_OK
+      AY) \{
+044         return res;
+045       \}
+046     \}
+047
+048     return MP_OKAY;
+049   \}
+050   #endif
+051
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
@@ -5779,7 +9333,7 @@ be given a string of characters such as ``114585'' and turn it into the radix-$\
 into a program.
 
 \subsection{Reading Radix-n Input}
-For the purposes of this text we will assume that a simple lower ASCII map (\ref{fig:ASC}) is used for the values of from $0$ to $63$ to 
+For the purposes of this text we will assume that a simple lower ASCII map (\ref{fig:ASC}) is used for the values of from $0$ to $63$ to
 printable characters.  For example, when the character ``N'' is read it represents the integer $23$.  The first $16$ characters of the
 map are for the common representations up to hexadecimal.  After that they match the ``base64'' encoding scheme which are suitable chosen
 such that they are printable.  While outputting as base64 may not be too helpful for human operators it does allow communication via non binary
@@ -5789,7 +9343,7 @@ mediums.
 \begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{cc|cc|cc|cc}
 \hline \textbf{Value} & \textbf{Char} & \textbf{Value} & \textbf{Char} & \textbf{Value} & \textbf{Char} &  \textbf{Value} & \textbf{Char} \\
-\hline 
+\hline
 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 2 & 2 & 3 & 3 \\
 4 & 4 & 5 & 5 & 6 & 6 & 7 & 7 \\
 8 & 8 & 9 & 9 & 10 & A & 11 & B \\
@@ -5843,7 +9397,7 @@ mediums.
 \caption{Algorithm mp\_read\_radix}
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_read\_radix.}
-This algorithm will read an ASCII string and produce the radix-$\beta$ mp\_int representation of the same integer.  A minus symbol ``-'' may precede the 
+This algorithm will read an ASCII string and produce the radix-$\beta$ mp\_int representation of the same integer.  A minus symbol ``-'' may precede the
 string  to indicate the value is negative, otherwise it is assumed to be positive.  The algorithm will read up to $sn$ characters from the input
 and will stop when it reads a character it cannot map the algorithm stops reading characters from the string.  This allows numbers to be embedded
 as part of larger input without any significant problem.
@@ -5852,11 +9406,77 @@ as part of larger input without any significant problem.
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_read\_radix.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* read a string [ASCII] in a given radix */
+018   int mp_read_radix (mp_int * a, const char *str, int radix)
+019   \{
+020     int     y, res, neg;
+021     char    ch;
+022
+023     /* zero the digit bignum */
+024     mp_zero(a);
+025
+026     /* make sure the radix is ok */
+027     if ((radix < 2) || (radix > 64)) \{
+028       return MP_VAL;
+029     \}
+030
+031     /* if the leading digit is a
+032      * minus set the sign to negative.
+033      */
+034     if (*str == '-') \{
+035       ++str;
+036       neg = MP_NEG;
+037     \} else \{
+038       neg = MP_ZPOS;
+039     \}
+040
+041     /* set the integer to the default of zero */
+042     mp_zero (a);
+043
+044     /* process each digit of the string */
+045     while (*str != '\symbol{92}0') \{
+046       /* if the radix <= 36 the conversion is case insensitive
+047        * this allows numbers like 1AB and 1ab to represent the same  value
+048        * [e.g. in hex]
+049        */
+050       ch = (radix <= 36) ? (char)toupper((int)*str) : *str;
+051       for (y = 0; y < 64; y++) \{
+052         if (ch == mp_s_rmap[y]) \{
+053            break;
+054         \}
+055       \}
+056
+057       /* if the char was found in the map
+058        * and is less than the given radix add it
+059        * to the number, otherwise exit the loop.
+060        */
+061       if (y < radix) \{
+062         if ((res = mp_mul_d (a, (mp_digit) radix, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+063            return res;
+064         \}
+065         if ((res = mp_add_d (a, (mp_digit) y, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+066            return res;
+067         \}
+068       \} else \{
+069         break;
+070       \}
+071       ++str;
+072     \}
+073
+074     /* set the sign only if a != 0 */
+075     if (mp_iszero(a) != MP_YES) \{
+076        a->sign = neg;
+077     \}
+078     return MP_OKAY;
+079   \}
+080   #endif
+081
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 \subsection{Generating Radix-$n$ Output}
-Generating radix-$n$ output is fairly trivial with a division and remainder algorithm.  
+Generating radix-$n$ output is fairly trivial with a division and remainder algorithm.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5890,10 +9510,10 @@ Generating radix-$n$ output is fairly trivial with a division and remainder algo
 \caption{Algorithm mp\_toradix}
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_toradix.}
-This algorithm computes the radix-$r$ representation of an mp\_int $a$.  The ``digits'' of the representation are extracted by reducing 
+This algorithm computes the radix-$r$ representation of an mp\_int $a$.  The ``digits'' of the representation are extracted by reducing
 successive powers of $\lfloor a / r^k \rfloor$ the input modulo $r$ until $r^k > a$.  Note that instead of actually dividing by $r^k$ in
 each iteration the quotient $\lfloor a / r \rfloor$ is saved for the next iteration.  As a result a series of trivial $n \times 1$ divisions
-are required instead of a series of $n \times k$ divisions.  One design flaw of this approach is that the digits are produced in the reverse order 
+are required instead of a series of $n \times k$ divisions.  One design flaw of this approach is that the digits are produced in the reverse order
 (see~\ref{fig:mpradix}).  To remedy this flaw the digits must be swapped or simply ``reversed''.
 
 \begin{figure}
@@ -5916,11 +9536,67 @@ are required instead of a series of $n \times k$ divisions.  One design flaw of
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_toradix.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* stores a bignum as a ASCII string in a given radix (2..64) */
+018   int mp_toradix (mp_int * a, char *str, int radix)
+019   \{
+020     int     res, digs;
+021     mp_int  t;
+022     mp_digit d;
+023     char   *_s = str;
+024
+025     /* check range of the radix */
+026     if ((radix < 2) || (radix > 64)) \{
+027       return MP_VAL;
+028     \}
+029
+030     /* quick out if its zero */
+031     if (mp_iszero(a) == MP_YES) \{
+032        *str++ = '0';
+033        *str = '\symbol{92}0';
+034        return MP_OKAY;
+035     \}
+036
+037     if ((res = mp_init_copy (&t, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+038       return res;
+039     \}
+040
+041     /* if it is negative output a - */
+042     if (t.sign == MP_NEG) \{
+043       ++_s;
+044       *str++ = '-';
+045       t.sign = MP_ZPOS;
+046     \}
+047
+048     digs = 0;
+049     while (mp_iszero (&t) == MP_NO) \{
+050       if ((res = mp_div_d (&t, (mp_digit) radix, &t, &d)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+051         mp_clear (&t);
+052         return res;
+053       \}
+054       *str++ = mp_s_rmap[d];
+055       ++digs;
+056     \}
+057
+058     /* reverse the digits of the string.  In this case _s points
+059      * to the first digit [exluding the sign] of the number]
+060      */
+061     bn_reverse ((unsigned char *)_s, digs);
+062
+063     /* append a NULL so the string is properly terminated */
+064     *str = '\symbol{92}0';
+065
+066     mp_clear (&t);
+067     return MP_OKAY;
+068   \}
+069
+070   #endif
+071
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 \chapter{Number Theoretic Algorithms}
-This chapter discusses several fundamental number theoretic algorithms such as the greatest common divisor, least common multiple and Jacobi 
+This chapter discusses several fundamental number theoretic algorithms such as the greatest common divisor, least common multiple and Jacobi
 symbol computation.  These algorithms arise as essential components in several key cryptographic algorithms such as the RSA public key algorithm and
 various Sieve based factoring algorithms.
 
@@ -5930,7 +9606,7 @@ both $a$ and $b$.  That is, $k$ is the largest integer such that $0 \equiv a \mb
 simultaneously.
 
 The most common approach (cite) is to reduce one input modulo another.  That is if $a$ and $b$ are divisible by some integer $k$ and if $qa + r = b$ then
-$r$ is also divisible by $k$.  The reduction pattern follows $\left < a , b \right > \rightarrow \left < b, a \mbox{ mod } b \right >$.  
+$r$ is also divisible by $k$.  The reduction pattern follows $\left < a , b \right > \rightarrow \left < b, a \mbox{ mod } b \right >$.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5954,9 +9630,9 @@ $r$ is also divisible by $k$.  The reduction pattern follows $\left < a , b \rig
 \end{figure}
 
 This algorithm will quickly converge on the greatest common divisor since the residue $r$ tends diminish rapidly.  However, divisions are
-relatively expensive operations to perform and should ideally be avoided.  There is another approach based on a similar relationship of 
-greatest common divisors.  The faster approach is based on the observation that if $k$ divides both $a$ and $b$ it will also divide $a - b$.  
-In particular, we would like $a - b$ to decrease in magnitude which implies that $b \ge a$.  
+relatively expensive operations to perform and should ideally be avoided.  There is another approach based on a similar relationship of
+greatest common divisors.  The faster approach is based on the observation that if $k$ divides both $a$ and $b$ it will also divide $a - b$.
+In particular, we would like $a - b$ to decrease in magnitude which implies that $b \ge a$.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -5980,17 +9656,17 @@ In particular, we would like $a - b$ to decrease in magnitude which implies that
 
 \textbf{Proof} \textit{Algorithm~\ref{fig:gcd2} will return the greatest common divisor of $a$ and $b$.}
 The algorithm in figure~\ref{fig:gcd2} will eventually terminate since $b \ge a$ the subtraction in step 1.2 will be a value less than $b$.  In other
-words in every iteration that tuple $\left < a, b \right >$ decrease in magnitude until eventually $a = b$.  Since both $a$ and $b$ are always 
-divisible by the greatest common divisor (\textit{until the last iteration}) and in the last iteration of the algorithm $b = 0$, therefore, in the 
+words in every iteration that tuple $\left < a, b \right >$ decrease in magnitude until eventually $a = b$.  Since both $a$ and $b$ are always
+divisible by the greatest common divisor (\textit{until the last iteration}) and in the last iteration of the algorithm $b = 0$, therefore, in the
 second to last iteration of the algorithm $b = a$ and clearly $(a, a) = a$ which concludes the proof.  \textbf{QED}.
 
-As a matter of practicality algorithm \ref{fig:gcd1} decreases far too slowly to be useful.  Specially if $b$ is much larger than $a$ such that 
+As a matter of practicality algorithm \ref{fig:gcd1} decreases far too slowly to be useful.  Specially if $b$ is much larger than $a$ such that
 $b - a$ is still very much larger than $a$.  A simple addition to the algorithm is to divide $b - a$ by a power of some integer $p$ which does
 not divide the greatest common divisor but will divide $b - a$.  In this case ${b - a} \over p$ is also an integer and still divisible by
 the greatest common divisor.
 
-However, instead of factoring $b - a$ to find a suitable value of $p$ the powers of $p$ can be removed from $a$ and $b$ that are in common first.  
-Then inside the loop whenever $b - a$ is divisible by some power of $p$ it can be safely removed.  
+However, instead of factoring $b - a$ to find a suitable value of $p$ the powers of $p$ can be removed from $a$ and $b$ that are in common first.
+Then inside the loop whenever $b - a$ is divisible by some power of $p$ it can be safely removed.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -6023,14 +9699,14 @@ Then inside the loop whenever $b - a$ is divisible by some power of $p$ it can b
 \label{fig:gcd3}
 \end{figure}
 
-This algorithm is based on the first except it removes powers of $p$ first and inside the main loop to ensure the tuple $\left < a, b \right >$ 
+This algorithm is based on the first except it removes powers of $p$ first and inside the main loop to ensure the tuple $\left < a, b \right >$
 decreases more rapidly.  The first loop on step two removes powers of $p$ that are in common.  A count, $k$, is kept which will present a common
-divisor of $p^k$.  After step two the remaining common divisor of $a$ and $b$ cannot be divisible by $p$.  This means that $p$ can be safely 
-divided out of the difference $b - a$ so long as the division leaves no remainder.  
+divisor of $p^k$.  After step two the remaining common divisor of $a$ and $b$ cannot be divisible by $p$.  This means that $p$ can be safely
+divided out of the difference $b - a$ so long as the division leaves no remainder.
 
 In particular the value of $p$ should be chosen such that the division on step 5.3.1 occur often.  It also helps that division by $p$ be easy
 to compute.  The ideal choice of $p$ is two since division by two amounts to a right logical shift.  Another important observation is that by
-step five both $a$ and $b$ are odd.  Therefore, the diffrence $b - a$ must be even which means that each iteration removes one bit from the 
+step five both $a$ and $b$ are odd.  Therefore, the diffrence $b - a$ must be even which means that each iteration removes one bit from the
 largest of the pair.
 
 \subsection{Complete Greatest Common Divisor}
@@ -6078,15 +9754,15 @@ and will produce the greatest common divisor.
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_gcd.}
 This algorithm will produce the greatest common divisor of two mp\_ints $a$ and $b$.  The algorithm was originally based on Algorithm B of
 Knuth \cite[pp. 338]{TAOCPV2} but has been modified to be simpler to explain.  In theory it achieves the same asymptotic working time as
-Algorithm B and in practice this appears to be true.  
+Algorithm B and in practice this appears to be true.
 
-The first two steps handle the cases where either one of or both inputs are zero.  If either input is zero the greatest common divisor is the 
-largest input or zero if they are both zero.  If the inputs are not trivial than $u$ and $v$ are assigned the absolute values of 
+The first two steps handle the cases where either one of or both inputs are zero.  If either input is zero the greatest common divisor is the
+largest input or zero if they are both zero.  If the inputs are not trivial than $u$ and $v$ are assigned the absolute values of
 $a$ and $b$ respectively and the algorithm will proceed to reduce the pair.
 
 Step five will divide out any common factors of two and keep track of the count in the variable $k$.  After this step, two is no longer a
-factor of the remaining greatest common divisor between $u$ and $v$ and can be safely evenly divided out of either whenever they are even.  Step 
-six and seven ensure that the $u$ and $v$ respectively have no more factors of two.  At most only one of the while--loops will iterate since 
+factor of the remaining greatest common divisor between $u$ and $v$ and can be safely evenly divided out of either whenever they are even.  Step
+six and seven ensure that the $u$ and $v$ respectively have no more factors of two.  At most only one of the while--loops will iterate since
 they cannot both be even.
 
 By step eight both of $u$ and $v$ are odd which is required for the inner logic.  First the pair are swapped such that $v$ is equal to
@@ -6094,29 +9770,115 @@ or greater than $u$.  This ensures that the subtraction on step 8.2 will always
 factors of two from the difference $u$ to ensure that in the next iteration of the loop both are once again odd.
 
 After $v = 0$ occurs the variable $u$ has the greatest common divisor of the pair $\left < u, v \right >$ just after step six.  The result
-must be adjusted by multiplying by the common factors of two ($2^k$) removed earlier.  
+must be adjusted by multiplying by the common factors of two ($2^k$) removed earlier.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_gcd.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* Greatest Common Divisor using the binary method */
+018   int mp_gcd (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+019   \{
+020     mp_int  u, v;
+021     int     k, u_lsb, v_lsb, res;
+022
+023     /* either zero than gcd is the largest */
+024     if (mp_iszero (a) == MP_YES) \{
+025       return mp_abs (b, c);
+026     \}
+027     if (mp_iszero (b) == MP_YES) \{
+028       return mp_abs (a, c);
+029     \}
+030
+031     /* get copies of a and b we can modify */
+032     if ((res = mp_init_copy (&u, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+033       return res;
+034     \}
+035
+036     if ((res = mp_init_copy (&v, b)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+037       goto LBL_U;
+038     \}
+039
+040     /* must be positive for the remainder of the algorithm */
+041     u.sign = v.sign = MP_ZPOS;
+042
+043     /* B1.  Find the common power of two for u and v */
+044     u_lsb = mp_cnt_lsb(&u);
+045     v_lsb = mp_cnt_lsb(&v);
+046     k     = MIN(u_lsb, v_lsb);
+047
+048     if (k > 0) \{
+049        /* divide the power of two out */
+050        if ((res = mp_div_2d(&u, k, &u, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+051           goto LBL_V;
+052        \}
+053
+054        if ((res = mp_div_2d(&v, k, &v, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+055           goto LBL_V;
+056        \}
+057     \}
+058
+059     /* divide any remaining factors of two out */
+060     if (u_lsb != k) \{
+061        if ((res = mp_div_2d(&u, u_lsb - k, &u, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+062           goto LBL_V;
+063        \}
+064     \}
+065
+066     if (v_lsb != k) \{
+067        if ((res = mp_div_2d(&v, v_lsb - k, &v, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+068           goto LBL_V;
+069        \}
+070     \}
+071
+072     while (mp_iszero(&v) == MP_NO) \{
+073        /* make sure v is the largest */
+074        if (mp_cmp_mag(&u, &v) == MP_GT) \{
+075           /* swap u and v to make sure v is >= u */
+076           mp_exch(&u, &v);
+077        \}
+078
+079        /* subtract smallest from largest */
+080        if ((res = s_mp_sub(&v, &u, &v)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+081           goto LBL_V;
+082        \}
+083
+084        /* Divide out all factors of two */
+085        if ((res = mp_div_2d(&v, mp_cnt_lsb(&v), &v, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+086           goto LBL_V;
+087        \}
+088     \}
+089
+090     /* multiply by 2**k which we divided out at the beginning */
+091     if ((res = mp_mul_2d (&u, k, c)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+092        goto LBL_V;
+093     \}
+094     c->sign = MP_ZPOS;
+095     res = MP_OKAY;
+096   LBL_V:mp_clear (&u);
+097   LBL_U:mp_clear (&v);
+098     return res;
+099   \}
+100   #endif
+101
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-This function makes use of the macros mp\_iszero and mp\_iseven.  The former evaluates to $1$ if the input mp\_int is equivalent to the 
+This function makes use of the macros mp\_iszero and mp\_iseven.  The former evaluates to $1$ if the input mp\_int is equivalent to the
 integer zero otherwise it evaluates to $0$.  The latter evaluates to $1$ if the input mp\_int represents a non-zero even integer otherwise
-it evaluates to $0$.  Note that just because mp\_iseven may evaluate to $0$ does not mean the input is odd, it could also be zero.  The three 
-trivial cases of inputs are handled on lines 24 through 30.  After those lines the inputs are assumed to be non-zero.
+it evaluates to $0$.  Note that just because mp\_iseven may evaluate to $0$ does not mean the input is odd, it could also be zero.  The three
+trivial cases of inputs are handled on lines 23 through 29.  After those lines the inputs are assumed to be non-zero.
 
-Lines 32 and 37 make local copies $u$ and $v$ of the inputs $a$ and $b$ respectively.  At this point the common factors of two 
-must be divided out of the two inputs.  The block starting at line 44 removes common factors of two by first counting the number of trailing
-zero bits in both.  The local integer $k$ is used to keep track of how many factors of $2$ are pulled out of both values.  It is assumed that 
-the number of factors will not exceed the maximum value of a C ``int'' data type\footnote{Strictly speaking no array in C may have more than 
-entries than are accessible by an ``int'' so this is not a limitation.}.  
+Lines 32 and 36 make local copies $u$ and $v$ of the inputs $a$ and $b$ respectively.  At this point the common factors of two
+must be divided out of the two inputs.  The block starting at line 43 removes common factors of two by first counting the number of trailing
+zero bits in both.  The local integer $k$ is used to keep track of how many factors of $2$ are pulled out of both values.  It is assumed that
+the number of factors will not exceed the maximum value of a C ``int'' data type\footnote{Strictly speaking no array in C may have more than
+entries than are accessible by an ``int'' so this is not a limitation.}.
 
-At this point there are no more common factors of two in the two values.  The divisions by a power of two on lines 62 and 68 remove 
+At this point there are no more common factors of two in the two values.  The divisions by a power of two on lines 61 and 67 remove
 any independent factors of two such that both $u$ and $v$ are guaranteed to be an odd integer before hitting the main body of the algorithm.  The while loop
-on line 73 performs the reduction of the pair until $v$ is equal to zero.  The unsigned comparison and subtraction algorithms are used in
+on line 72 performs the reduction of the pair until $v$ is equal to zero.  The unsigned comparison and subtraction algorithms are used in
 place of the full signed routines since both values are guaranteed to be positive and the result of the subtraction is guaranteed to be non-negative.
 
 \section{Least Common Multiple}
@@ -6125,8 +9887,8 @@ least common multiple is normally denoted as $[ a, b ]$ and numerically equivale
 and $b = 2 \cdot 3 \cdot 3 \cdot 7 = 126$ the least common multiple is ${126 \over {(12, 126)}} = {126 \over 6} = 21$.
 
 The least common multiple arises often in coding theory as well as number theory.  If two functions have periods of $a$ and $b$ respectively they will
-collide, that is be in synchronous states, after only $[ a, b ]$ iterations.  This is why, for example, random number generators based on 
-Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSR) tend to use registers with periods which are co-prime (\textit{e.g. the greatest common divisor is one.}).  
+collide, that is be in synchronous states, after only $[ a, b ]$ iterations.  This is why, for example, random number generators based on
+Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSR) tend to use registers with periods which are co-prime (\textit{e.g. the greatest common divisor is one.}).
 Similarly in number theory if a composite $n$ has two prime factors $p$ and $q$ then maximal order of any unit of $\Z/n\Z$ will be $[ p - 1, q - 1] $.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -6155,11 +9917,52 @@ dividing the product of the two inputs by their greatest common divisor.
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_lcm.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* computes least common multiple as |a*b|/(a, b) */
+018   int mp_lcm (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+019   \{
+020     int     res;
+021     mp_int  t1, t2;
+022
+023
+024     if ((res = mp_init_multi (&t1, &t2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+025       return res;
+026     \}
+027
+028     /* t1 = get the GCD of the two inputs */
+029     if ((res = mp_gcd (a, b, &t1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+030       goto LBL_T;
+031     \}
+032
+033     /* divide the smallest by the GCD */
+034     if (mp_cmp_mag(a, b) == MP_LT) \{
+035        /* store quotient in t2 such that t2 * b is the LCM */
+036        if ((res = mp_div(a, &t1, &t2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+037           goto LBL_T;
+038        \}
+039        res = mp_mul(b, &t2, c);
+040     \} else \{
+041        /* store quotient in t2 such that t2 * a is the LCM */
+042        if ((res = mp_div(b, &t1, &t2, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+043           goto LBL_T;
+044        \}
+045        res = mp_mul(a, &t2, c);
+046     \}
+047
+048     /* fix the sign to positive */
+049     c->sign = MP_ZPOS;
+050
+051   LBL_T:
+052     mp_clear_multi (&t1, &t2, NULL);
+053     return res;
+054   \}
+055   #endif
+056
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 \section{Jacobi Symbol Computation}
-To explain the Jacobi Symbol we shall first discuss the Legendre function\footnote{Arrg.  What is the name of this?} off which the Jacobi symbol is 
+To explain the Jacobi Symbol we shall first discuss the Legendre function\footnote{Arrg.  What is the name of this?} off which the Jacobi symbol is
 defined.  The Legendre function computes whether or not an integer $a$ is a quadratic residue modulo an odd prime $p$.  Numerically it is
 equivalent to equation \ref{eqn:legendre}.
 
@@ -6169,9 +9972,9 @@ equivalent to equation \ref{eqn:legendre}.
 a^{(p-1)/2} \equiv \begin{array}{rl}
                               -1 &  \mbox{if }a\mbox{ is a quadratic non-residue.} \\
                               0  &  \mbox{if }a\mbox{ divides }p\mbox{.} \\
-                              1  &  \mbox{if }a\mbox{ is a quadratic residue}. 
+                              1  &  \mbox{if }a\mbox{ is a quadratic residue}.
                               \end{array} \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}
-\label{eqn:legendre}                              
+\label{eqn:legendre}
 \end{equation}
 
 \textbf{Proof.} \textit{Equation \ref{eqn:legendre} correctly identifies the residue status of an integer $a$ modulo a prime $p$.}
@@ -6195,7 +9998,7 @@ then the quantity in the braces must be zero.  By reduction,
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \left (x^2 \right )^{(p-1)/2} - a^{(p-1)/2} \equiv 0  \nonumber \\
 \left (x^2 \right )^{(p-1)/2} \equiv a^{(p-1)/2} \nonumber \\
-x^2 \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)} 
+x^2 \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}
 \end{eqnarray}
 
 As a result there must be a solution to the quadratic equation and in turn $a$ must be a quadratic residue.  If $a$ does not divide $p$ and $a$
@@ -6215,47 +10018,47 @@ the Jacobi symbol $\left ( { a \over p } \right )$ is equal to the following equ
 
 By inspection if $p$ is prime the Jacobi symbol is equivalent to the Legendre function.  The following facts\footnote{See HAC \cite[pp. 72-74]{HAC} for
 further details.} will be used to derive an efficient Jacobi symbol algorithm.  Where $p$ is an odd integer greater than two and $a, b \in \Z$ the
-following are true.  
+following are true.
 
 \begin{enumerate}
-\item $\left ( { a \over p} \right )$ equals $-1$, $0$ or $1$. 
+\item $\left ( { a \over p} \right )$ equals $-1$, $0$ or $1$.
 \item $\left ( { ab \over p} \right ) = \left ( { a \over p} \right )\left ( { b \over p} \right )$.
 \item If $a \equiv b$ then $\left ( { a \over p} \right ) = \left ( { b \over p} \right )$.
 \item $\left ( { 2 \over p} \right )$ equals $1$ if $p \equiv 1$ or $7 \mbox{ (mod }8\mbox{)}$.  Otherwise, it equals $-1$.
-\item $\left ( { a \over p} \right ) \equiv \left ( { p \over a} \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4}$.  More specifically 
-$\left ( { a \over p} \right ) = \left ( { p \over a} \right )$ if $p \equiv a \equiv 1 \mbox{ (mod }4\mbox{)}$.  
+\item $\left ( { a \over p} \right ) \equiv \left ( { p \over a} \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4}$.  More specifically
+$\left ( { a \over p} \right ) = \left ( { p \over a} \right )$ if $p \equiv a \equiv 1 \mbox{ (mod }4\mbox{)}$.
 \end{enumerate}
 
 Using these facts if $a = 2^k \cdot a'$ then
 
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( {{2^k} \over p } \right ) \left ( {a' \over p} \right ) \nonumber \\
-                               = \left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k \left ( {a' \over p} \right ) 
+                               = \left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k \left ( {a' \over p} \right )
 \label{eqn:jacobi}
 \end{eqnarray}
 
-By fact five, 
+By fact five,
 
 \begin{equation}
-\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( { p \over a } \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4} 
+\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( { p \over a } \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4}
 \end{equation}
 
-Subsequently by fact three since $p \equiv (p \mbox{ mod }a) \mbox{ (mod }a\mbox{)}$ then 
+Subsequently by fact three since $p \equiv (p \mbox{ mod }a) \mbox{ (mod }a\mbox{)}$ then
 
 \begin{equation}
-\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( { {p \mbox{ mod } a} \over a } \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4} 
+\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( { {p \mbox{ mod } a} \over a } \right ) \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a-1)/4}
 \end{equation}
 
 By putting both observations into equation \ref{eqn:jacobi} the following simplified equation is formed.
 
 \begin{equation}
-\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k \left ( {{p\mbox{ mod }a'} \over a'} \right )  \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4} 
+\left ( { a \over p } \right ) = \left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k \left ( {{p\mbox{ mod }a'} \over a'} \right )  \cdot (-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4}
 \end{equation}
 
-The value of $\left ( {{p \mbox{ mod }a'} \over a'} \right )$ can be found by using the same equation recursively.  The value of 
-$\left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k$ equals $1$ if $k$ is even otherwise it equals $\left ( {2 \over p } \right )$.  Using this approach the 
-factors of $p$ do not have to be known.  Furthermore, if $(a, p) = 1$ then the algorithm will terminate when the recursion requests the 
-Jacobi symbol computation of $\left ( {1 \over a'} \right )$ which is simply $1$.  
+The value of $\left ( {{p \mbox{ mod }a'} \over a'} \right )$ can be found by using the same equation recursively.  The value of
+$\left ( {2 \over p } \right )^k$ equals $1$ if $k$ is even otherwise it equals $\left ( {2 \over p } \right )$.  Using this approach the
+factors of $p$ do not have to be known.  Furthermore, if $(a, p) = 1$ then the algorithm will terminate when the recursion requests the
+Jacobi symbol computation of $\left ( {1 \over a'} \right )$ which is simply $1$.
 
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -6299,12 +10102,12 @@ Jacobi symbol computation of $\left ( {1 \over a'} \right )$ which is simply $1$
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_jacobi.}
 This algorithm computes the Jacobi symbol for an arbitrary positive integer $a$ with respect to an odd integer $p$ greater than three.  The algorithm
-is based on algorithm 2.149 of HAC \cite[pp. 73]{HAC}.  
+is based on algorithm 2.149 of HAC \cite[pp. 73]{HAC}.
 
 Step numbers one and two handle the trivial cases of $a = 0$ and $a = 1$ respectively.  Step five determines the number of two factors in the
-input $a$.  If $k$ is even than the term $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$ must always evaluate to one.  If $k$ is odd than the term evaluates to one 
-if $p_0$ is congruent to one or seven modulo eight, otherwise it evaluates to $-1$. After the the $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$ term is handled 
-the $(-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4}$ is computed and multiplied against the current product $s$.  The latter term evaluates to one if both $p$ and $a'$ 
+input $a$.  If $k$ is even than the term $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$ must always evaluate to one.  If $k$ is odd than the term evaluates to one
+if $p_0$ is congruent to one or seven modulo eight, otherwise it evaluates to $-1$. After the the $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$ term is handled
+the $(-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4}$ is computed and multiplied against the current product $s$.  The latter term evaluates to one if both $p$ and $a'$
 are congruent to one modulo four, otherwise it evaluates to negative one.
 
 By step nine if $a'$ does not equal one a recursion is required.  Step 9.1 computes $p' \equiv p \mbox{ (mod }a'\mbox{)}$ and will recurse to compute
@@ -6314,25 +10117,123 @@ $\left ( {p' \over a'} \right )$ which is multiplied against the current Jacobi
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_jacobi.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* computes the jacobi c = (a | n) (or Legendre if n is prime)
+018    * HAC pp. 73 Algorithm 2.149
+019    * HAC is wrong here, as the special case of (0 | 1) is not
+020    * handled correctly.
+021    */
+022   int mp_jacobi (mp_int * a, mp_int * n, int *c)
+023   \{
+024     mp_int  a1, p1;
+025     int     k, s, r, res;
+026     mp_digit residue;
+027
+028     /* if a < 0 return MP_VAL */
+029     if (mp_isneg(a) == MP_YES) \{
+030        return MP_VAL;
+031     \}
+032
+033     /* if n <= 0 return MP_VAL */
+034     if (mp_cmp_d(n, 0) != MP_GT) \{
+035        return MP_VAL;
+036     \}
+037
+038     /* step 1. handle case of a == 0 */
+039     if (mp_iszero (a) == MP_YES) \{
+040        /* special case of a == 0 and n == 1 */
+041        if (mp_cmp_d (n, 1) == MP_EQ) \{
+042          *c = 1;
+043        \} else \{
+044          *c = 0;
+045        \}
+046        return MP_OKAY;
+047     \}
+048
+049     /* step 2.  if a == 1, return 1 */
+050     if (mp_cmp_d (a, 1) == MP_EQ) \{
+051       *c = 1;
+052       return MP_OKAY;
+053     \}
+054
+055     /* default */
+056     s = 0;
+057
+058     /* step 3.  write a = a1 * 2**k  */
+059     if ((res = mp_init_copy (&a1, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+060       return res;
+061     \}
+062
+063     if ((res = mp_init (&p1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+064       goto LBL_A1;
+065     \}
+066
+067     /* divide out larger power of two */
+068     k = mp_cnt_lsb(&a1);
+069     if ((res = mp_div_2d(&a1, k, &a1, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+070        goto LBL_P1;
+071     \}
+072
+073     /* step 4.  if e is even set s=1 */
+074     if ((k & 1) == 0) \{
+075       s = 1;
+076     \} else \{
+077       /* else set s=1 if p = 1/7 (mod 8) or s=-1 if p = 3/5 (mod 8) */
+078       residue = n->dp[0] & 7;
+079
+080       if ((residue == 1) || (residue == 7)) \{
+081         s = 1;
+082       \} else if ((residue == 3) || (residue == 5)) \{
+083         s = -1;
+084       \}
+085     \}
+086
+087     /* step 5.  if p == 3 (mod 4) *and* a1 == 3 (mod 4) then s = -s */
+088     if ( ((n->dp[0] & 3) == 3) && ((a1.dp[0] & 3) == 3)) \{
+089       s = -s;
+090     \}
+091
+092     /* if a1 == 1 we're done */
+093     if (mp_cmp_d (&a1, 1) == MP_EQ) \{
+094       *c = s;
+095     \} else \{
+096       /* n1 = n mod a1 */
+097       if ((res = mp_mod (n, &a1, &p1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+098         goto LBL_P1;
+099       \}
+100       if ((res = mp_jacobi (&p1, &a1, &r)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+101         goto LBL_P1;
+102       \}
+103       *c = s * r;
+104     \}
+105
+106     /* done */
+107     res = MP_OKAY;
+108   LBL_P1:mp_clear (&p1);
+109   LBL_A1:mp_clear (&a1);
+110     return res;
+111   \}
+112   #endif
+113
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-As a matter of practicality the variable $a'$ as per the pseudo-code is reprensented by the variable $a1$ since the $'$ symbol is not valid for a C 
-variable name character. 
+As a matter of practicality the variable $a'$ as per the pseudo-code is reprensented by the variable $a1$ since the $'$ symbol is not valid for a C
+variable name character.
 
 The two simple cases of $a = 0$ and $a = 1$ are handled at the very beginning to simplify the algorithm.  If the input is non-trivial the algorithm
 has to proceed compute the Jacobi.  The variable $s$ is used to hold the current Jacobi product.  Note that $s$ is merely a C ``int'' data type since
-the values it may obtain are merely $-1$, $0$ and $1$.  
+the values it may obtain are merely $-1$, $0$ and $1$.
 
 After a local copy of $a$ is made all of the factors of two are divided out and the total stored in $k$.  Technically only the least significant
-bit of $k$ is required, however, it makes the algorithm simpler to follow to perform an addition. In practice an exclusive-or and addition have the same 
+bit of $k$ is required, however, it makes the algorithm simpler to follow to perform an addition. In practice an exclusive-or and addition have the same
 processor requirements and neither is faster than the other.
 
-Line 58 through 71 determines the value of $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$.  If the least significant bit of $k$ is zero than
+Line 59 through 71 determines the value of $\left ( { 2 \over p } \right )^k$.  If the least significant bit of $k$ is zero than
 $k$ is even and the value is one.  Otherwise, the value of $s$ depends on which residue class $p$ belongs to modulo eight.  The value of
-$(-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4}$ is compute and multiplied against $s$ on lines 71 through 74.  
+$(-1)^{(p-1)(a'-1)/4}$ is compute and multiplied against $s$ on lines 73 through 76.
 
-Finally, if $a1$ does not equal one the algorithm must recurse and compute $\left ( {p' \over a'} \right )$.  
+Finally, if $a1$ does not equal one the algorithm must recurse and compute $\left ( {p' \over a'} \right )$.
 
 \textit{-- Comment about default $s$ and such...}
 
@@ -6340,31 +10241,31 @@ Finally, if $a1$ does not equal one the algorithm must recurse and compute $\lef
 \label{sec:modinv}
 The modular inverse of a number actually refers to the modular multiplicative inverse.  Essentially for any integer $a$ such that $(a, p) = 1$ there
 exist another integer $b$ such that $ab \equiv 1 \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}$.  The integer $b$ is called the multiplicative inverse of $a$ which is
-denoted as $b = a^{-1}$.  Technically speaking modular inversion is a well defined operation for any finite ring or field not just for rings and 
+denoted as $b = a^{-1}$.  Technically speaking modular inversion is a well defined operation for any finite ring or field not just for rings and
 fields of integers.  However, the former will be the matter of discussion.
 
-The simplest approach is to compute the algebraic inverse of the input.  That is to compute $b \equiv a^{\Phi(p) - 1}$.  If $\Phi(p)$ is the 
+The simplest approach is to compute the algebraic inverse of the input.  That is to compute $b \equiv a^{\Phi(p) - 1}$.  If $\Phi(p)$ is the
 order of the multiplicative subgroup modulo $p$ then $b$ must be the multiplicative inverse of $a$.  The proof of which is trivial.
 
 \begin{equation}
 ab \equiv a \left (a^{\Phi(p) - 1} \right ) \equiv a^{\Phi(p)} \equiv a^0 \equiv 1 \mbox{ (mod }p\mbox{)}
 \end{equation}
 
-However, as simple as this approach may be it has two serious flaws.  It requires that the value of $\Phi(p)$ be known which if $p$ is composite 
-requires all of the prime factors.  This approach also is very slow as the size of $p$ grows.  
+However, as simple as this approach may be it has two serious flaws.  It requires that the value of $\Phi(p)$ be known which if $p$ is composite
+requires all of the prime factors.  This approach also is very slow as the size of $p$ grows.
 
-A simpler approach is based on the observation that solving for the multiplicative inverse is equivalent to solving the linear 
+A simpler approach is based on the observation that solving for the multiplicative inverse is equivalent to solving the linear
 Diophantine\footnote{See LeVeque \cite[pp. 40-43]{LeVeque} for more information.} equation.
 
 \begin{equation}
 ab + pq = 1
 \end{equation}
 
-Where $a$, $b$, $p$ and $q$ are all integers.  If such a pair of integers $ \left < b, q \right >$ exist than $b$ is the multiplicative inverse of 
-$a$ modulo $p$.  The extended Euclidean algorithm (Knuth \cite[pp. 342]{TAOCPV2}) can be used to solve such equations provided $(a, p) = 1$.  
+Where $a$, $b$, $p$ and $q$ are all integers.  If such a pair of integers $ \left < b, q \right >$ exist than $b$ is the multiplicative inverse of
+$a$ modulo $p$.  The extended Euclidean algorithm (Knuth \cite[pp. 342]{TAOCPV2}) can be used to solve such equations provided $(a, p) = 1$.
 However, instead of using that algorithm directly a variant known as the binary Extended Euclidean algorithm will be used in its place.  The
-binary approach is very similar to the binary greatest common divisor algorithm except it will produce a full solution to the Diophantine 
-equation.  
+binary approach is very similar to the binary greatest common divisor algorithm except it will produce a full solution to the Diophantine
+equation.
 
 \subsection{General Case}
 \newpage\begin{figure}[!here]
@@ -6416,12 +10317,12 @@ equation.
 \end{small}
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_invmod.}
-This algorithm computes the modular multiplicative inverse of an integer $a$ modulo an integer $b$.  This algorithm is a variation of the 
+This algorithm computes the modular multiplicative inverse of an integer $a$ modulo an integer $b$.  This algorithm is a variation of the
 extended binary Euclidean algorithm from HAC \cite[pp. 608]{HAC}.  It has been modified to only compute the modular inverse and not a complete
-Diophantine solution.  
+Diophantine solution.
 
 If $b \le 0$ than the modulus is invalid and MP\_VAL is returned.  Similarly if both $a$ and $b$ are even then there cannot be a multiplicative
-inverse for $a$ and the error is reported.  
+inverse for $a$ and the error is reported.
 
 The astute reader will observe that steps seven through nine are very similar to the binary greatest common divisor algorithm mp\_gcd.  In this case
 the other variables to the Diophantine equation are solved.  The algorithm terminates when $u = 0$ in which case the solution is
@@ -6431,36 +10332,60 @@ Ca + Db = v
 \end{equation}
 
 If $v$, the greatest common divisor of $a$ and $b$ is not equal to one then the algorithm will report an error as no inverse exists.  Otherwise, $C$
-is the modular inverse of $a$.  The actual value of $C$ is congruent to, but not necessarily equal to, the ideal modular inverse which should lie 
-within $1 \le a^{-1} < b$.  Step numbers twelve and thirteen adjust the inverse until it is in range.  If the original input $a$ is within $0 < a < p$ 
+is the modular inverse of $a$.  The actual value of $C$ is congruent to, but not necessarily equal to, the ideal modular inverse which should lie
+within $1 \le a^{-1} < b$.  Step numbers twelve and thirteen adjust the inverse until it is in range.  If the original input $a$ is within $0 < a < p$
 then only a couple of additions or subtractions will be required to adjust the inverse.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_invmod.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* hac 14.61, pp608 */
+018   int mp_invmod (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c)
+019   \{
+020     /* b cannot be negative */
+021     if ((b->sign == MP_NEG) || (mp_iszero(b) == MP_YES)) \{
+022       return MP_VAL;
+023     \}
+024
+025   #ifdef BN_FAST_MP_INVMOD_C
+026     /* if the modulus is odd we can use a faster routine instead */
+027     if (mp_isodd (b) == MP_YES) \{
+028       return fast_mp_invmod (a, b, c);
+029     \}
+030   #endif
+031
+032   #ifdef BN_MP_INVMOD_SLOW_C
+033     return mp_invmod_slow(a, b, c);
+034   #else
+035     return MP_VAL;
+036   #endif
+037   \}
+038   #endif
+039
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 \subsubsection{Odd Moduli}
 
 When the modulus $b$ is odd the variables $A$ and $C$ are fixed and are not required to compute the inverse.  In particular by attempting to solve
-the Diophantine $Cb + Da = 1$ only $B$ and $D$ are required to find the inverse of $a$.  
+the Diophantine $Cb + Da = 1$ only $B$ and $D$ are required to find the inverse of $a$.
 
-The algorithm fast\_mp\_invmod is a direct adaptation of algorithm mp\_invmod with all all steps involving either $A$ or $C$ removed.  This 
+The algorithm fast\_mp\_invmod is a direct adaptation of algorithm mp\_invmod with all all steps involving either $A$ or $C$ removed.  This
 optimization will halve the time required to compute the modular inverse.
 
 \section{Primality Tests}
 
-A non-zero integer $a$ is said to be prime if it is not divisible by any other integer excluding one and itself.  For example, $a = 7$ is prime 
-since the integers $2 \ldots 6$ do not evenly divide $a$.  By contrast, $a = 6$ is not prime since $a = 6 = 2 \cdot 3$. 
+A non-zero integer $a$ is said to be prime if it is not divisible by any other integer excluding one and itself.  For example, $a = 7$ is prime
+since the integers $2 \ldots 6$ do not evenly divide $a$.  By contrast, $a = 6$ is not prime since $a = 6 = 2 \cdot 3$.
 
 Prime numbers arise in cryptography considerably as they allow finite fields to be formed.  The ability to determine whether an integer is prime or
 not quickly has been a viable subject in cryptography and number theory for considerable time.  The algorithms that will be presented are all
 probablistic algorithms in that when they report an integer is composite it must be composite.  However, when the algorithms report an integer is
-prime the algorithm may be incorrect.  
+prime the algorithm may be incorrect.
 
-As will be discussed it is possible to limit the probability of error so well that for practical purposes the probablity of error might as 
+As will be discussed it is possible to limit the probability of error so well that for practical purposes the probablity of error might as
 well be zero.  For the purposes of these discussions let $n$ represent the candidate integer of which the primality is in question.
 
 \subsection{Trial Division}
@@ -6474,13 +10399,13 @@ of the primes less than $\sqrt{n} + 1$ the algorithm cannot prove if a candidate
 
 The benefit of this test is that trial division by small values is fairly efficient.  Specially compared to the other algorithms that will be
 discussed shortly.  The probability that this approach correctly identifies a composite candidate when tested with all primes upto $q$ is given by
-$1 - {1.12 \over ln(q)}$.  The graph (\ref{pic:primality}, will be added later) demonstrates the probability of success for the range 
-$3 \le q \le 100$.  
+$1 - {1.12 \over ln(q)}$.  The graph (\ref{pic:primality}, will be added later) demonstrates the probability of success for the range
+$3 \le q \le 100$.
 
-At approximately $q = 30$ the gain of performing further tests diminishes fairly quickly.  At $q = 90$ further testing is generally not going to 
-be of any practical use.  In the case of LibTomMath the default limit $q = 256$ was chosen since it is not too high and will eliminate 
-approximately $80\%$ of all candidate integers.  The constant \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} is equal to the number of primes in the test base.  The 
-array \_\_prime\_tab is an array of the first \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} prime numbers.  
+At approximately $q = 30$ the gain of performing further tests diminishes fairly quickly.  At $q = 90$ further testing is generally not going to
+be of any practical use.  In the case of LibTomMath the default limit $q = 256$ was chosen since it is not too high and will eliminate
+approximately $80\%$ of all candidate integers.  The constant \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} is equal to the number of primes in the test base.  The
+array \_\_prime\_tab is an array of the first \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} prime numbers.
 
 \begin{figure}[!here]
 \begin{small}
@@ -6504,37 +10429,110 @@ array \_\_prime\_tab is an array of the first \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} prime numbers
 \caption{Algorithm mp\_prime\_is\_divisible}
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_prime\_is\_divisible.}
-This algorithm attempts to determine if a candidate integer $n$ is composite by performing trial divisions.  
+This algorithm attempts to determine if a candidate integer $n$ is composite by performing trial divisions.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_prime\_is\_divisible.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* determines if an integers is divisible by one
+018    * of the first PRIME_SIZE primes or not
+019    *
+020    * sets result to 0 if not, 1 if yes
+021    */
+022   int mp_prime_is_divisible (mp_int * a, int *result)
+023   \{
+024     int     err, ix;
+025     mp_digit res;
+026
+027     /* default to not */
+028     *result = MP_NO;
+029
+030     for (ix = 0; ix < PRIME_SIZE; ix++) \{
+031       /* what is a mod LBL_prime_tab[ix] */
+032       if ((err = mp_mod_d (a, ltm_prime_tab[ix], &res)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+033         return err;
+034       \}
+035
+036       /* is the residue zero? */
+037       if (res == 0) \{
+038         *result = MP_YES;
+039         return MP_OKAY;
+040       \}
+041     \}
+042
+043     return MP_OKAY;
+044   \}
+045   #endif
+046
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
-The algorithm defaults to a return of $0$ in case an error occurs.  The values in the prime table are all specified to be in the range of a 
+The algorithm defaults to a return of $0$ in case an error occurs.  The values in the prime table are all specified to be in the range of a
 mp\_digit.  The table \_\_prime\_tab is defined in the following file.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_prime\_tab.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016   const mp_digit ltm_prime_tab[] = \{
+017     0x0002, 0x0003, 0x0005, 0x0007, 0x000B, 0x000D, 0x0011, 0x0013,
+018     0x0017, 0x001D, 0x001F, 0x0025, 0x0029, 0x002B, 0x002F, 0x0035,
+019     0x003B, 0x003D, 0x0043, 0x0047, 0x0049, 0x004F, 0x0053, 0x0059,
+020     0x0061, 0x0065, 0x0067, 0x006B, 0x006D, 0x0071, 0x007F,
+021   #ifndef MP_8BIT
+022     0x0083,
+023     0x0089, 0x008B, 0x0095, 0x0097, 0x009D, 0x00A3, 0x00A7, 0x00AD,
+024     0x00B3, 0x00B5, 0x00BF, 0x00C1, 0x00C5, 0x00C7, 0x00D3, 0x00DF,
+025     0x00E3, 0x00E5, 0x00E9, 0x00EF, 0x00F1, 0x00FB, 0x0101, 0x0107,
+026     0x010D, 0x010F, 0x0115, 0x0119, 0x011B, 0x0125, 0x0133, 0x0137,
+027
+028     0x0139, 0x013D, 0x014B, 0x0151, 0x015B, 0x015D, 0x0161, 0x0167,
+029     0x016F, 0x0175, 0x017B, 0x017F, 0x0185, 0x018D, 0x0191, 0x0199,
+030     0x01A3, 0x01A5, 0x01AF, 0x01B1, 0x01B7, 0x01BB, 0x01C1, 0x01C9,
+031     0x01CD, 0x01CF, 0x01D3, 0x01DF, 0x01E7, 0x01EB, 0x01F3, 0x01F7,
+032     0x01FD, 0x0209, 0x020B, 0x021D, 0x0223, 0x022D, 0x0233, 0x0239,
+033     0x023B, 0x0241, 0x024B, 0x0251, 0x0257, 0x0259, 0x025F, 0x0265,
+034     0x0269, 0x026B, 0x0277, 0x0281, 0x0283, 0x0287, 0x028D, 0x0293,
+035     0x0295, 0x02A1, 0x02A5, 0x02AB, 0x02B3, 0x02BD, 0x02C5, 0x02CF,
+036
+037     0x02D7, 0x02DD, 0x02E3, 0x02E7, 0x02EF, 0x02F5, 0x02F9, 0x0301,
+038     0x0305, 0x0313, 0x031D, 0x0329, 0x032B, 0x0335, 0x0337, 0x033B,
+039     0x033D, 0x0347, 0x0355, 0x0359, 0x035B, 0x035F, 0x036D, 0x0371,
+040     0x0373, 0x0377, 0x038B, 0x038F, 0x0397, 0x03A1, 0x03A9, 0x03AD,
+041     0x03B3, 0x03B9, 0x03C7, 0x03CB, 0x03D1, 0x03D7, 0x03DF, 0x03E5,
+042     0x03F1, 0x03F5, 0x03FB, 0x03FD, 0x0407, 0x0409, 0x040F, 0x0419,
+043     0x041B, 0x0425, 0x0427, 0x042D, 0x043F, 0x0443, 0x0445, 0x0449,
+044     0x044F, 0x0455, 0x045D, 0x0463, 0x0469, 0x047F, 0x0481, 0x048B,
+045
+046     0x0493, 0x049D, 0x04A3, 0x04A9, 0x04B1, 0x04BD, 0x04C1, 0x04C7,
+047     0x04CD, 0x04CF, 0x04D5, 0x04E1, 0x04EB, 0x04FD, 0x04FF, 0x0503,
+048     0x0509, 0x050B, 0x0511, 0x0515, 0x0517, 0x051B, 0x0527, 0x0529,
+049     0x052F, 0x0551, 0x0557, 0x055D, 0x0565, 0x0577, 0x0581, 0x058F,
+050     0x0593, 0x0595, 0x0599, 0x059F, 0x05A7, 0x05AB, 0x05AD, 0x05B3,
+051     0x05BF, 0x05C9, 0x05CB, 0x05CF, 0x05D1, 0x05D5, 0x05DB, 0x05E7,
+052     0x05F3, 0x05FB, 0x0607, 0x060D, 0x0611, 0x0617, 0x061F, 0x0623,
+053     0x062B, 0x062F, 0x063D, 0x0641, 0x0647, 0x0649, 0x064D, 0x0653
+054   #endif
+055   \};
+056   #endif
+057
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 Note that there are two possible tables.  When an mp\_digit is 7-bits long only the primes upto $127$ may be included, otherwise the primes
-upto $1619$ are used.  Note that the value of \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} is a constant dependent on the size of a mp\_digit. 
+upto $1619$ are used.  Note that the value of \textbf{PRIME\_SIZE} is a constant dependent on the size of a mp\_digit.
 
 \subsection{The Fermat Test}
-The Fermat test is probably one the oldest tests to have a non-trivial probability of success.  It is based on the fact that if $n$ is in 
+The Fermat test is probably one the oldest tests to have a non-trivial probability of success.  It is based on the fact that if $n$ is in
 fact prime then $a^{n} \equiv a \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$ for all $0 < a < n$.  The reason being that if $n$ is prime than the order of
-the multiplicative sub group is $n - 1$.  Any base $a$ must have an order which divides $n - 1$ and as such $a^n$ is equivalent to 
-$a^1 = a$.  
+the multiplicative sub group is $n - 1$.  Any base $a$ must have an order which divides $n - 1$ and as such $a^n$ is equivalent to
+$a^1 = a$.
 
-If $n$ is composite then any given base $a$ does not have to have a period which divides $n - 1$.  In which case 
+If $n$ is composite then any given base $a$ does not have to have a period which divides $n - 1$.  In which case
 it is possible that $a^n \nequiv a \mbox{ (mod }n\mbox{)}$.  However, this test is not absolute as it is possible that the order
-of a base will divide $n - 1$ which would then be reported as prime.  Such a base yields what is known as a Fermat pseudo-prime.  Several 
+of a base will divide $n - 1$ which would then be reported as prime.  Such a base yields what is known as a Fermat pseudo-prime.  Several
 integers known as Carmichael numbers will be a pseudo-prime to all valid bases.  Fortunately such numbers are extremely rare as $n$ grows
 in size.
 
@@ -6560,18 +10558,61 @@ in size.
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_prime\_fermat.}
 This algorithm determines whether an mp\_int $a$ is a Fermat prime to the base $b$ or not.  It uses a single modular exponentiation to
-determine the result.  
+determine the result.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_prime\_fermat.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* performs one Fermat test.
+018    *
+019    * If "a" were prime then b**a == b (mod a) since the order of
+020    * the multiplicative sub-group would be phi(a) = a-1.  That means
+021    * it would be the same as b**(a mod (a-1)) == b**1 == b (mod a).
+022    *
+023    * Sets result to 1 if the congruence holds, or zero otherwise.
+024    */
+025   int mp_prime_fermat (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, int *result)
+026   \{
+027     mp_int  t;
+028     int     err;
+029
+030     /* default to composite  */
+031     *result = MP_NO;
+032
+033     /* ensure b > 1 */
+034     if (mp_cmp_d(b, 1) != MP_GT) \{
+035        return MP_VAL;
+036     \}
+037
+038     /* init t */
+039     if ((err = mp_init (&t)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+040       return err;
+041     \}
+042
+043     /* compute t = b**a mod a */
+044     if ((err = mp_exptmod (b, a, a, &t)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+045       goto LBL_T;
+046     \}
+047
+048     /* is it equal to b? */
+049     if (mp_cmp (&t, b) == MP_EQ) \{
+050       *result = MP_YES;
+051     \}
+052
+053     err = MP_OKAY;
+054   LBL_T:mp_clear (&t);
+055     return err;
+056   \}
+057   #endif
+058
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
 \subsection{The Miller-Rabin Test}
-The Miller-Rabin (citation) test is another primality test which has tighter error bounds than the Fermat test specifically with sequentially chosen 
-candidate  integers.  The algorithm is based on the observation that if $n - 1 = 2^kr$ and if $b^r \nequiv \pm 1$ then after upto $k - 1$ squarings the 
+The Miller-Rabin (citation) test is another primality test which has tighter error bounds than the Fermat test specifically with sequentially chosen
+candidate  integers.  The algorithm is based on the observation that if $n - 1 = 2^kr$ and if $b^r \nequiv \pm 1$ then after upto $k - 1$ squarings the
 value must be equal to $-1$.  The squarings are stopped as soon as $-1$ is observed.  If the value of $1$ is observed first it means that
 some value not congruent to $\pm 1$ when squared equals one which cannot occur if $n$ is prime.
 
@@ -6607,17 +10648,101 @@ some value not congruent to $\pm 1$ when squared equals one which cannot occur i
 \end{figure}
 \textbf{Algorithm mp\_prime\_miller\_rabin.}
 This algorithm performs one trial round of the Miller-Rabin algorithm to the base $b$.  It will set $c = 1$ if the algorithm cannot determine
-if $b$ is composite or $c = 0$ if $b$ is provably composite.  The values of $s$ and $r$ are computed such that $a' = a - 1 = 2^sr$.  
+if $b$ is composite or $c = 0$ if $b$ is provably composite.  The values of $s$ and $r$ are computed such that $a' = a - 1 = 2^sr$.
 
 If the value $y \equiv b^r$ is congruent to $\pm 1$ then the algorithm cannot prove if $a$ is composite or not.  Otherwise, the algorithm will
 square $y$ upto $s - 1$ times stopping only when $y \equiv -1$.  If $y^2 \equiv 1$ and $y \nequiv \pm 1$ then the algorithm can report that $a$
-is provably composite.  If the algorithm performs $s - 1$ squarings and $y \nequiv -1$ then $a$ is provably composite.  If $a$ is not provably 
+is provably composite.  If the algorithm performs $s - 1$ squarings and $y \nequiv -1$ then $a$ is provably composite.  If $a$ is not provably
 composite then it is \textit{probably} prime.
 
 \vspace{+3mm}\begin{small}
 \hspace{-5.1mm}{\bf File}: bn\_mp\_prime\_miller\_rabin.c
 \vspace{-3mm}
 \begin{alltt}
+016
+017   /* Miller-Rabin test of "a" to the base of "b" as described in
+018    * HAC pp. 139 Algorithm 4.24
+019    *
+020    * Sets result to 0 if definitely composite or 1 if probably prime.
+021    * Randomly the chance of error is no more than 1/4 and often
+022    * very much lower.
+023    */
+024   int mp_prime_miller_rabin (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, int *result)
+025   \{
+026     mp_int  n1, y, r;
+027     int     s, j, err;
+028
+029     /* default */
+030     *result = MP_NO;
+031
+032     /* ensure b > 1 */
+033     if (mp_cmp_d(b, 1) != MP_GT) \{
+034        return MP_VAL;
+035     \}
+036
+037     /* get n1 = a - 1 */
+038     if ((err = mp_init_copy (&n1, a)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+039       return err;
+040     \}
+041     if ((err = mp_sub_d (&n1, 1, &n1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+042       goto LBL_N1;
+043     \}
+044
+045     /* set 2**s * r = n1 */
+046     if ((err = mp_init_copy (&r, &n1)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+047       goto LBL_N1;
+048     \}
+049
+050     /* count the number of least significant bits
+051      * which are zero
+052      */
+053     s = mp_cnt_lsb(&r);
+054
+055     /* now divide n - 1 by 2**s */
+056     if ((err = mp_div_2d (&r, s, &r, NULL)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+057       goto LBL_R;
+058     \}
+059
+060     /* compute y = b**r mod a */
+061     if ((err = mp_init (&y)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+062       goto LBL_R;
+063     \}
+064     if ((err = mp_exptmod (b, &r, a, &y)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+065       goto LBL_Y;
+066     \}
+067
+068     /* if y != 1 and y != n1 do */
+069     if ((mp_cmp_d (&y, 1) != MP_EQ) && (mp_cmp (&y, &n1) != MP_EQ)) \{
+070       j = 1;
+071       /* while j <= s-1 and y != n1 */
+072       while ((j <= (s - 1)) && (mp_cmp (&y, &n1) != MP_EQ)) \{
+073         if ((err = mp_sqrmod (&y, a, &y)) != MP_OKAY) \{
+074            goto LBL_Y;
+075         \}
+076
+077         /* if y == 1 then composite */
+078         if (mp_cmp_d (&y, 1) == MP_EQ) \{
+079            goto LBL_Y;
+080         \}
+081
+082         ++j;
+083       \}
+084
+085       /* if y != n1 then composite */
+086       if (mp_cmp (&y, &n1) != MP_EQ) \{
+087         goto LBL_Y;
+088       \}
+089     \}
+090
+091     /* probably prime now */
+092     *result = MP_YES;
+093   LBL_Y:mp_clear (&y);
+094   LBL_R:mp_clear (&r);
+095   LBL_N1:mp_clear (&n1);
+096     return err;
+097   \}
+098   #endif
+099
 \end{alltt}
 \end{small}
 
diff --git a/libtommath/tommath_class.h b/libtommath/tommath_class.h
index b9cc902..2085521 100644
--- a/libtommath/tommath_class.h
+++ b/libtommath/tommath_class.h
@@ -38,7 +38,9 @@
 #define BN_MP_DR_REDUCE_C
 #define BN_MP_DR_SETUP_C
 #define BN_MP_EXCH_C
+#define BN_MP_EXPORT_C
 #define BN_MP_EXPT_D_C
+#define BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C
 #define BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
 #define BN_MP_EXPTMOD_FAST_C
 #define BN_MP_EXTEUCLID_C
@@ -46,7 +48,10 @@
 #define BN_MP_FWRITE_C
 #define BN_MP_GCD_C
 #define BN_MP_GET_INT_C
+#define BN_MP_GET_LONG_C
+#define BN_MP_GET_LONG_LONG_C
 #define BN_MP_GROW_C
+#define BN_MP_IMPORT_C
 #define BN_MP_INIT_C
 #define BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
 #define BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@
 #define BN_MP_MUL_D_C
 #define BN_MP_MULMOD_C
 #define BN_MP_N_ROOT_C
+#define BN_MP_N_ROOT_EX_C
 #define BN_MP_NEG_C
 #define BN_MP_OR_C
 #define BN_MP_PRIME_FERMAT_C
@@ -99,11 +105,14 @@
 #define BN_MP_RSHD_C
 #define BN_MP_SET_C
 #define BN_MP_SET_INT_C
+#define BN_MP_SET_LONG_C
+#define BN_MP_SET_LONG_LONG_C
 #define BN_MP_SHRINK_C
 #define BN_MP_SIGNED_BIN_SIZE_C
 #define BN_MP_SQR_C
 #define BN_MP_SQRMOD_C
 #define BN_MP_SQRT_C
+#define BN_MP_SQRTMOD_PRIME_C
 #define BN_MP_SUB_C
 #define BN_MP_SUB_D_C
 #define BN_MP_SUBMOD_C
@@ -315,12 +324,23 @@
 #if defined(BN_MP_EXCH_C)
 #endif
 
+#if defined(BN_MP_EXPORT_C)
+   #define BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
+   #define BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
+   #define BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
+   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BN_MP_EXPT_D_C)
+   #define BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C
+#endif
+
+#if defined(BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C)
    #define BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
    #define BN_MP_SET_C
-   #define BN_MP_SQR_C
-   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
    #define BN_MP_MUL_C
+   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
+   #define BN_MP_SQR_C
 #endif
 
 #if defined(BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C)
@@ -387,7 +407,6 @@
 #if defined(BN_MP_GCD_C)
    #define BN_MP_ISZERO_C
    #define BN_MP_ABS_C
-   #define BN_MP_ZERO_C
    #define BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
    #define BN_MP_CNT_LSB_C
    #define BN_MP_DIV_2D_C
@@ -401,13 +420,26 @@
 #if defined(BN_MP_GET_INT_C)
 #endif
 
+#if defined(BN_MP_GET_LONG_C)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(BN_MP_GET_LONG_LONG_C)
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BN_MP_GROW_C)
 #endif
 
+#if defined(BN_MP_IMPORT_C)
+   #define BN_MP_ZERO_C
+   #define BN_MP_MUL_2D_C
+   #define BN_MP_CLAMP_C
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BN_MP_INIT_C)
 #endif
 
 #if defined(BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C)
+   #define BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
    #define BN_MP_COPY_C
 #endif
 
@@ -481,8 +513,9 @@
    #define BN_MP_MUL_C
    #define BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
    #define BN_MP_CLAMP_C
-   #define BN_MP_SUB_C
+   #define BN_S_MP_ADD_C
    #define BN_MP_ADD_C
+   #define BN_S_MP_SUB_C
    #define BN_MP_LSHD_C
    #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 #endif
@@ -491,8 +524,8 @@
    #define BN_MP_INIT_SIZE_C
    #define BN_MP_CLAMP_C
    #define BN_MP_SQR_C
-   #define BN_MP_SUB_C
    #define BN_S_MP_ADD_C
+   #define BN_S_MP_SUB_C
    #define BN_MP_LSHD_C
    #define BN_MP_ADD_C
    #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
@@ -516,8 +549,9 @@
    #define BN_MP_INIT_C
    #define BN_MP_DIV_C
    #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
-   #define BN_MP_ADD_C
+   #define BN_MP_ISZERO_C
    #define BN_MP_EXCH_C
+   #define BN_MP_ADD_C
 #endif
 
 #if defined(BN_MP_MOD_2D_C)
@@ -583,10 +617,14 @@
 #endif
 
 #if defined(BN_MP_N_ROOT_C)
+   #define BN_MP_N_ROOT_EX_C
+#endif
+
+#if defined(BN_MP_N_ROOT_EX_C)
    #define BN_MP_INIT_C
    #define BN_MP_SET_C
    #define BN_MP_COPY_C
-   #define BN_MP_EXPT_D_C
+   #define BN_MP_EXPT_D_EX_C
    #define BN_MP_MUL_C
    #define BN_MP_SUB_C
    #define BN_MP_MUL_D_C
@@ -667,9 +705,9 @@
 #endif
 
 #if defined(BN_MP_RADIX_SIZE_C)
+   #define BN_MP_ISZERO_C
    #define BN_MP_COUNT_BITS_C
    #define BN_MP_INIT_COPY_C
-   #define BN_MP_ISZERO_C
    #define BN_MP_DIV_D_C
    #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 #endif
@@ -687,7 +725,6 @@
 #if defined(BN_MP_READ_RADIX_C)
    #define BN_MP_ZERO_C
    #define BN_MP_S_RMAP_C
-   #define BN_MP_RADIX_SMAP_C
    #define BN_MP_MUL_D_C
    #define BN_MP_ADD_D_C
    #define BN_MP_ISZERO_C
@@ -788,6 +825,12 @@
    #define BN_MP_CLAMP_C
 #endif
 
+#if defined(BN_MP_SET_LONG_C)
+#endif
+
+#if defined(BN_MP_SET_LONG_LONG_C)
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BN_MP_SHRINK_C)
 #endif
 
@@ -823,6 +866,25 @@
    #define BN_MP_CLEAR_C
 #endif
 
+#if defined(BN_MP_SQRTMOD_PRIME_C)
+   #define BN_MP_CMP_D_C
+   #define BN_MP_ZERO_C
+   #define BN_MP_JACOBI_C
+   #define BN_MP_INIT_MULTI_C
+   #define BN_MP_MOD_D_C
+   #define BN_MP_ADD_D_C
+   #define BN_MP_DIV_2_C
+   #define BN_MP_EXPTMOD_C
+   #define BN_MP_COPY_C
+   #define BN_MP_SUB_D_C
+   #define BN_MP_ISEVEN_C
+   #define BN_MP_SET_INT_C
+   #define BN_MP_SQRMOD_C
+   #define BN_MP_MULMOD_C
+   #define BN_MP_SET_C
+   #define BN_MP_CLEAR_MULTI_C
+#endif
+
 #if defined(BN_MP_SUB_C)
    #define BN_S_MP_ADD_C
    #define BN_MP_CMP_MAG_C
diff --git a/libtommath/tommath_private.h b/libtommath/tommath_private.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f054fed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/libtommath/tommath_private.h
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+/* LibTomMath, multiple-precision integer library -- Tom St Denis
+ *
+ * LibTomMath is a library that provides multiple-precision
+ * integer arithmetic as well as number theoretic functionality.
+ *
+ * The library was designed directly after the MPI library by
+ * Michael Fromberger but has been written from scratch with
+ * additional optimizations in place.
+ *
+ * The library is free for all purposes without any express
+ * guarantee it works.
+ *
+ * Tom St Denis, tstdenis82@gmail.com, http://math.libtomcrypt.com
+ */
+#ifndef TOMMATH_PRIV_H_
+#define TOMMATH_PRIV_H_
+
+#include <tommath.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+#if 0
+
+#define MIN(x,y) (((x) < (y)) ? (x) : (y))
+
+#define MAX(x,y) (((x) > (y)) ? (x) : (y))
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+extern "C" {
+
+/* C++ compilers don't like assigning void * to mp_digit * */
+#define  OPT_CAST(x)  (x *)
+
+#else
+
+/* C on the other hand doesn't care */
+#define  OPT_CAST(x)
+
+#endif
+
+
+/* define heap macros */
+#ifndef XMALLOC
+   /* default to libc stuff */
+   #define XMALLOC  malloc
+   #define XFREE    free
+   #define XREALLOC realloc
+   #define XCALLOC  calloc
+#else
+   /* prototypes for our heap functions */
+   extern void *XMALLOC(size_t n);
+   extern void *XREALLOC(void *p, size_t n);
+   extern void *XCALLOC(size_t n, size_t s);
+   extern void XFREE(void *p);
+#endif
+
+/* lowlevel functions, do not call! */
+int s_mp_add(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
+int s_mp_sub(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
+#define s_mp_mul(a, b, c) s_mp_mul_digs(a, b, c, (a)->used + (b)->used + 1)
+int fast_s_mp_mul_digs(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c, int digs);
+int s_mp_mul_digs(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c, int digs);
+int fast_s_mp_mul_high_digs(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c, int digs);
+int s_mp_mul_high_digs(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c, int digs);
+int fast_s_mp_sqr(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
+int s_mp_sqr(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
+int mp_karatsuba_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
+int mp_toom_mul(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
+int mp_karatsuba_sqr(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
+int mp_toom_sqr(mp_int *a, mp_int *b);
+int fast_mp_invmod(mp_int *a, mp_int *b, mp_int *c);
+int mp_invmod_slow (mp_int * a, mp_int * b, mp_int * c);
+int fast_mp_montgomery_reduce(mp_int *x, mp_int *n, mp_digit rho);
+int mp_exptmod_fast(mp_int *G, mp_int *X, mp_int *P, mp_int *Y, int redmode);
+int s_mp_exptmod (mp_int * G, mp_int * X, mp_int * P, mp_int * Y, int redmode);
+void bn_reverse(unsigned char *s, int len);
+
+extern const char *mp_s_rmap;
+
+/* Fancy macro to set an MPI from another type.
+ * There are several things assumed:
+ *  x is the counter and unsigned
+ *  a is the pointer to the MPI
+ *  b is the original value that should be set in the MPI.
+ */
+#define MP_SET_XLONG(func_name, type)                    \
+int func_name (mp_int * a, type b)                       \
+{                                                        \
+  unsigned int  x;                                       \
+  int           res;                                     \
+                                                         \
+  mp_zero (a);                                           \
+                                                         \
+  /* set four bits at a time */                          \
+  for (x = 0; x < (sizeof(type) * 2u); x++) {            \
+    /* shift the number up four bits */                  \
+    if ((res = mp_mul_2d (a, 4, a)) != MP_OKAY) {        \
+      return res;                                        \
+    }                                                    \
+                                                         \
+    /* OR in the top four bits of the source */          \
+    a->dp[0] |= (b >> ((sizeof(type) * 8u) - 4u)) & 15u; \
+                                                         \
+    /* shift the source up to the next four bits */      \
+    b <<= 4;                                             \
+                                                         \
+    /* ensure that digits are not clamped off */         \
+    a->used += 1;                                        \
+  }                                                      \
+  mp_clamp (a);                                          \
+  return MP_OKAY;                                        \
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __cplusplus
+   }
+#endif
+
+#endif
+
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/libtommath/tommath_superclass.h b/libtommath/tommath_superclass.h
index e3926df..1b26841 100644
--- a/libtommath/tommath_superclass.h
+++ b/libtommath/tommath_superclass.h
@@ -70,3 +70,7 @@
 #endif
 
 #endif
+
+/* $Source$ */
+/* $Revision$ */
+/* $Date$ */
diff --git a/macosx/Tcl.xcode/project.pbxproj b/macosx/Tcl.xcode/project.pbxproj
index a99afc5..117cd61 100644
--- a/macosx/Tcl.xcode/project.pbxproj
+++ b/macosx/Tcl.xcode/project.pbxproj
@@ -166,6 +166,7 @@
 		F9E61D2A090A4891002B3151 /* bn_mp_sqrt.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D42C008F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_sqrt.c */; };
 		F9E61D2B090A48A4002B3151 /* bn_mp_and.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D426C08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_and.c */; };
 		F9E61D2C090A48AC002B3151 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c */; };
+		F9E61D2C090A48AC002B3151 /* bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c */; };
 		F9E61D2D090A48BB002B3151 /* bn_mp_xor.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D42CD08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_xor.c */; };
 		F9E61D2E090A48BF002B3151 /* bn_mp_or.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D42A308F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_or.c */; };
 		F9E61D2F090A48C7002B3151 /* bn_mp_shrink.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D42BC08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_shrink.c */; };
@@ -1442,6 +1443,7 @@
 				F96D427A08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_div_d.c */,
 				F96D427E08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_exch.c */,
 				F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c */,
+				F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c */,
 				F96D428708F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_grow.c */,
 				F96D428808F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_init.c */,
 				F96D428908F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_init_copy.c */,
@@ -2075,6 +2077,7 @@
 				F96D48F808F272C3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_div_d.c in Sources */,
 				F96D48FC08F272C3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_exch.c in Sources */,
 				F9E61D2C090A48AC002B3151 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c in Sources */,
+				F9E61D2C090A48AC002B3151 /* bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c in Sources */,
 				F96D490508F272C3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_grow.c in Sources */,
 				F96D490608F272C3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_init.c in Sources */,
 				F96D490708F272C3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_init_copy.c in Sources */,
diff --git a/macosx/Tcl.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj b/macosx/Tcl.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
index 393fd31..3be274f 100644
--- a/macosx/Tcl.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
+++ b/macosx/Tcl.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
@@ -165,7 +165,8 @@
 		F9E61D29090A486C002B3151 /* bn_mp_neg.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D42A208F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_neg.c */; };
 		F9E61D2A090A4891002B3151 /* bn_mp_sqrt.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D42C008F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_sqrt.c */; };
 		F9E61D2B090A48A4002B3151 /* bn_mp_and.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D426C08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_and.c */; };
-		F9E61D2C090A48AC002B3151 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c */; };
+		F9E61D2C090A48AC002B3151 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c */; };
+		F9E61D2C090A48AC002B3151 /* bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c */; };
 		F9E61D2D090A48BB002B3151 /* bn_mp_xor.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D42CD08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_xor.c */; };
 		F9E61D2E090A48BF002B3151 /* bn_mp_or.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D42A308F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_or.c */; };
 		F9E61D2F090A48C7002B3151 /* bn_mp_shrink.c in Sources */ = {isa = PBXBuildFile; fileRef = F96D42BC08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_shrink.c */; };
@@ -579,6 +580,7 @@
 		F96D427A08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_div_d.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = bn_mp_div_d.c; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
 		F96D427E08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_exch.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = bn_mp_exch.c; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
 		F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = bn_mp_expt_d.c; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
+		F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
 		F96D428708F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_grow.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = bn_mp_grow.c; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
 		F96D428808F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_init.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = bn_mp_init.c; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
 		F96D428908F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_init_copy.c */ = {isa = PBXFileReference; fileEncoding = 4; lastKnownFileType = sourcecode.c.c; path = bn_mp_init_copy.c; sourceTree = "<group>"; };
@@ -1442,6 +1444,7 @@
 				F96D427A08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_div_d.c */,
 				F96D427E08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_exch.c */,
 				F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c */,
+				F96D427F08F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c */,
 				F96D428708F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_grow.c */,
 				F96D428808F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_init.c */,
 				F96D428908F272B3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_init_copy.c */,
@@ -2075,6 +2078,7 @@
 				F96D48F808F272C3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_div_d.c in Sources */,
 				F96D48FC08F272C3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_exch.c in Sources */,
 				F9E61D2C090A48AC002B3151 /* bn_mp_expt_d.c in Sources */,
+				F9E61D2C090A48AC002B3151 /* bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c in Sources */,
 				F96D490508F272C3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_grow.c in Sources */,
 				F96D490608F272C3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_init.c in Sources */,
 				F96D490708F272C3004A47F5 /* bn_mp_init_copy.c in Sources */,
diff --git a/unix/Makefile.in b/unix/Makefile.in
index 628c6e9..c4f6136 100644
--- a/unix/Makefile.in
+++ b/unix/Makefile.in
@@ -320,7 +320,7 @@ TOMMATH_OBJS = bncore.o bn_reverse.o bn_fast_s_mp_mul_digs.o \
 	bn_mp_cnt_lsb.o bn_mp_copy.o \
 	bn_mp_count_bits.o bn_mp_div.o bn_mp_div_d.o bn_mp_div_2.o \
 	bn_mp_div_2d.o bn_mp_div_3.o \
-        bn_mp_exch.o bn_mp_expt_d.o bn_mp_grow.o bn_mp_init.o \
+        bn_mp_exch.o bn_mp_expt_d.o bn_mp_expt_d_ex.o bn_mp_grow.o bn_mp_init.o \
 	bn_mp_init_copy.o bn_mp_init_multi.o bn_mp_init_set.o \
 	bn_mp_init_set_int.o bn_mp_init_size.o bn_mp_karatsuba_mul.o \
 	bn_mp_karatsuba_sqr.o \
@@ -503,6 +503,7 @@ TOMMATH_SRCS = \
 	$(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_div_3.c \
 	$(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_exch.c \
 	$(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_expt_d.c \
+	$(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c \
 	$(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_grow.c \
 	$(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_init.c \
 	$(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_init_copy.c \
@@ -1420,6 +1421,9 @@ bn_mp_exch.o: $(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_exch.c $(MATHHDRS)
 bn_mp_expt_d.o: $(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_expt_d.c $(MATHHDRS)
 	$(CC) -c $(CC_SWITCHES) $(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_expt_d.c
 
+bn_mp_expt_d_ex.o: $(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c $(MATHHDRS)
+	$(CC) -c $(CC_SWITCHES) $(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_expt_d_ex.c
+
 bn_mp_grow.o: $(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_grow.c $(MATHHDRS)
 	$(CC) -c $(CC_SWITCHES) $(TOMMATH_DIR)/bn_mp_grow.c
 
diff --git a/win/Makefile.in b/win/Makefile.in
index 0ab4204..83f9b67 100644
--- a/win/Makefile.in
+++ b/win/Makefile.in
@@ -328,6 +328,7 @@ TOMMATH_OBJS = \
 	bn_mp_div_3.${OBJEXT} \
 	bn_mp_exch.${OBJEXT} \
 	bn_mp_expt_d.${OBJEXT} \
+	bn_mp_expt_d_ex.${OBJEXT} \
 	bn_mp_grow.${OBJEXT} \
 	bn_mp_init.${OBJEXT} \
 	bn_mp_init_copy.${OBJEXT} \
diff --git a/win/makefile.vc b/win/makefile.vc
index f401541..8526203 100644
--- a/win/makefile.vc
+++ b/win/makefile.vc
@@ -383,6 +383,7 @@ TOMMATHOBJS = \
 	$(TMP_DIR)\bn_mp_div_3.obj \

 	$(TMP_DIR)\bn_mp_exch.obj \

 	$(TMP_DIR)\bn_mp_expt_d.obj \

+	$(TMP_DIR)\bn_mp_expt_d_ex.obj \

 	$(TMP_DIR)\bn_mp_grow.obj \

 	$(TMP_DIR)\bn_mp_init.obj \

 	$(TMP_DIR)\bn_mp_init_copy.obj \