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Diffstat (limited to 'doc/encoding.n')
| -rw-r--r-- | doc/encoding.n | 231 |
1 files changed, 143 insertions, 88 deletions
diff --git a/doc/encoding.n b/doc/encoding.n index 4ad2824..7266311 100644 --- a/doc/encoding.n +++ b/doc/encoding.n @@ -28,71 +28,41 @@ formats. Performs one of several encoding related operations, depending on \fIoption\fR. The legal \fIoption\fRs are: .TP -\fBencoding convertfrom\fR ?\fB-strict\fR? ?\fB-failindex var\fR? ?\fIencoding\fR? \fIdata\fR -\fBencoding convertfrom\fR \fB-nocomplain\fR ?\fIencoding\fR? \fIdata\fR +\fBencoding convertfrom\fR ?\fIencoding\fR? \fIdata\fR +.TP +\fBencoding convertfrom\fR ?\fB-profile \fIprofile\fR? ?\fB-failindex var\fR? \fIencoding\fR \fIdata\fR . -Convert \fIdata\fR to a Unicode string from the specified \fIencoding\fR. The -characters in \fIdata\fR are 8 bit binary data. The resulting -sequence of bytes is a string created by applying the given \fIencoding\fR -to the data. If \fIencoding\fR is not specified, the current +Converts \fIdata\fR, which should be in binary string encoded as per +\fIencoding\fR, to a Tcl string. If \fIencoding\fR is not specified, the current system encoding is used. -.VS "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601" -.PP -.RS -The command does not fail on encoding errors (unless \fB-strict\fR is specified). -Instead, any not convertable bytes (like incomplete UTF-8 sequences, see example -below) are put as byte values into the output stream. -.PP -If the option \fB-failindex\fR with a variable name is given, the error reporting -is changed in the following manner: -in case of a conversion error, the position of the input byte causing the error -is returned in the given variable. The return value of the command are the -converted characters until the first error position. -In case of no error, the value \fI-1\fR is written to the variable. This option -may not be used together with \fB-nocomplain\fR. -.PP -The option \fB-nocomplain\fR has no effect, but assures to get the same result -in Tcl 9. -.PP -The \fB-strict\fR option follows more strict rules in conversion. For the \fButf-8\fR -encoder, it disallows invalid byte sequences and surrogates (which - -otherwise - are just passed through). This option may not be used together -with \fB-nocomplain\fR. -.VE "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601" -.RE + +.VS "TCL8.7 TIP607, TIP656" +The \fB-profile\fR option determines the command behavior in the presence +of conversion errors. See the \fBPROFILES\fR section below for details. Any premature +termination of processing due to errors is reported through an exception if +the \fB-failindex\fR option is not specified. + +If the \fB-failindex\fR is specified, instead of an exception being raised +on premature termination, the result of the conversion up to the point of the +error is returned as the result of the command. In addition, the index +of the source byte triggering the error is stored in \fBvar\fR. If no +errors are encountered, the entire result of the conversion is returned and +the value \fB-1\fR is stored in \fBvar\fR. +.VE "TCL8.7 TIP607, TIP656" +.TP +\fBencoding convertto\fR ?\fIencoding\fR? \fIdata\fR .TP -\fBencoding convertto\fR ?\fB-strict\fR? ?\fB-failindex var\fR? ?\fIencoding\fR? \fIdata\fR -\fBencoding convertto\fR \fB-nocomplain\fR ?\fIencoding\fR? \fIdata\fR +\fBencoding convertto\fR ?\fB-profile \fIprofile\fR? ?\fB-failindex var\fR? \fIencoding\fR \fIdata\fR . -Convert \fIstring\fR from Unicode to the specified \fIencoding\fR. -The result is a sequence of bytes that represents the converted -string. Each byte is stored in the lower 8-bits of a Unicode -character (indeed, the resulting string is a binary string as far as -Tcl is concerned, at least initially). If \fIencoding\fR is not -specified, the current system encoding is used. -.VS "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601" -.PP -.RS -The command does not fail on encoding errors (unless \fB-strict\fR is specified). -Instead, the replacement character \fB?\fR is output for any not representable -character (like the dot \fB\\U2022\fR in \fBiso-8859-1\fR encoding, see example below). -.PP -If the option \fB-failindex\fR with a variable name is given, the error reporting -is changed in the following manner: -in case of a conversion error, the position of the input character causing the error -is returned in the given variable. The return value of the command are the -converted bytes until the first error position. No error condition is raised. -In case of no error, the value \fI-1\fR is written to the variable. This option -may not be used together with \fB-nocomplain\fR. -.PP -The option \fB-nocomplain\fR has no effect, but assures to get the same result -in Tcl 9. -.PP -The \fB-strict\fR option follows more strict rules in conversion. For the \fButf-8\fR -encoder, it disallows surrogates (which - otherwise - are just passed through). This -option may not be used together with \fB-nocomplain\fR. -.VE "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601" -.RE +Convert \fIstring\fR to the specified \fIencoding\fR. The result is a Tcl binary +string that contains the sequence of bytes representing the converted string in +the specified encoding. If \fIencoding\fR is not specified, the current system +encoding is used. + +.VS "TCL8.7 TIP607, TIP656" +The \fB-profile\fR and \fB-failindex\fR options have the same effect as +described for the \fBencoding convertfrom\fR command. +.VE "TCL8.7 TIP607, TIP656" .TP \fBencoding dirs\fR ?\fIdirectoryList\fR? . @@ -116,60 +86,145 @@ and .QW iso8859-1 are guaranteed to be present in the list. .TP +.VS "TCL8.7 TIP656" +\fBencoding profiles\fR +Returns a list of the names of encoding profiles. See \fBPROFILES\fR below. +.VE "TCL8.7 TIP656" +.TP \fBencoding system\fR ?\fIencoding\fR? . Set the system encoding to \fIencoding\fR. If \fIencoding\fR is omitted then the command returns the current system encoding. The system encoding is used whenever Tcl passes strings to system calls. -.SH EXAMPLE +\" Do not put .VS on whole section as that messes up the bullet list alignment +.SH PROFILES +.PP +.VS "TCL8.7 TIP656" +Operations involving encoding transforms may encounter several types of +errors such as invalid sequences in the source data, characters that +cannot be encoded in the target encoding and so on. +A \fIprofile\fR prescribes the strategy for dealing with such errors +in one of two ways: +.VE "TCL8.7 TIP656" +. +.IP \(bu +.VS "TCL8.7 TIP656" +Terminating further processing of the source data. The profile does not +determine how this premature termination is conveyed to the caller. By default, +this is signalled by raising an exception. If the \fB-failindex\fR option +is specified, errors are reported through that mechanism. +.VE "TCL8.7 TIP656" +.IP \(bu +.VS "TCL8.7 TIP656" +Continue further processing of the source data using a fallback strategy such +as replacing or discarding the offending bytes in a profile-defined manner. +.VE "TCL8.7 TIP656" +.PP +The following profiles are currently implemented with \fBtcl8\fR being +the default if the \fB-profile\fR is not specified. +.VS "TCL8.7 TIP656" +.TP +\fBtcl8\fR +. +The \fBtcl8\fR profile always follows the first strategy above and corresponds +to the behavior of encoding transforms in Tcl 8.6. When converting from an +external encoding \fBother than utf-8\fR to Tcl strings with the \fBencoding +convertfrom\fR command, invalid bytes are mapped to their numerically equivalent +code points. For example, the byte 0x80 which is invalid in ASCII would be +mapped to code point U+0080. When converting from \fButf-8\fR, invalid bytes +that are defined in CP1252 are mapped to their Unicode equivalents while those +that are not fall back to the numerical equivalents. For example, byte 0x80 is +defined by CP1252 and is therefore mapped to its Unicode equivalent U+20AC while +byte 0x81 which is not defined by CP1252 is mapped to U+0081. As an additional +special case, the sequence 0xC0 0x80 is mapped to U+0000. + +When converting from Tcl strings to an external encoding format using +\fBencoding convertto\fR, characters that cannot be represented in the +target encoding are replaced by an encoding-dependent character, usually +the question mark \fB?\fR. +.TP +\fBstrict\fR +. +The \fBstrict\fR profile always stops processing when an conversion error is +encountered. The error is signalled via an exception or the \fB-failindex\fR +option mechanism. The \fBstrict\fR profile implements a Unicode standard +conformant behavior. +.TP +\fBreplace\fR +. +Like the \fBtcl8\fR profile, the \fBreplace\fR profile always continues +processing on conversion errors but follows a Unicode standard conformant +method for substitution of invalid source data. + +When converting an encoded byte sequence to a Tcl string using +\fBencoding convertfrom\fR, invalid bytes +are replaced by the U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER code point. + +When encoding a Tcl string with \fBencoding convertto\fR, +code points that cannot be represented in the +target encoding are transformed to an encoding-specific fallback character, +U+FFFD REPLACEMENT CHARACTER for UTF targets and generally `?` for other +encodings. +.VE "TCL8.7 TIP656" +.SH EXAMPLES +.PP +These examples use the utility proc below that prints the Unicode code points +comprising a Tcl string. +.PP +.CS +proc codepoints {s} {join [lmap c [split $s ""] { + string cat U+ [format %.6X [scan $c %c]]}] +} +.CE .PP Example 1: convert a byte sequence in Japanese euc-jp encoding to a TCL string: .PP .CS -set s [\fBencoding convertfrom\fR euc-jp "\exA4\exCF"] +% codepoints [\fBencoding convertfrom\fR euc-jp "\exA4\exCF"] +U+00306F .CE .PP -The result is the unicode codepoint: +The result is the unicode codepoint .QW "\eu306F" , which is the Hiragana letter HA. -.VS "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601" +.VS "TCL8.7 TIP607, TIP656" .PP -Example 2: detect the error location in an incomplete UTF-8 sequence: +Example 2: Error handling based on profiles: .PP +The letter \fBA\fR is Unicode character U+0041 and the byte "\ex80" is invalid +in ASCII encoding. .CS -% set s [\fBencoding convertfrom\fR -failindex i utf-8 "A\exC3"] -A -% set i -1 -.CE -.PP -Example 3: return the incomplete UTF-8 sequence by raw bytes: .PP -.CS -% set s [\fBencoding convertfrom\fR -nocomplain utf-8 "A\exC3"] +% codepoints [encoding convertfrom -profile tcl8 ascii A\ex80] +U+000041 U+000080 +% codepoints [encoding convertfrom -profile replace ascii A\ex80] +U+000041 U+00FFFD +% codepoints [encoding convertfrom -profile strict ascii A\ex80] +unexpected byte sequence starting at index 1: '\ex80' .CE -The result is "A" followed by the byte \exC3. The option \fB-nocomplain\fR -has no effect, but assures to get the same result with TCL9. .PP -Example 4: detect the error location while transforming to ISO8859-1 -(ISO-Latin 1): +Example 3: Get partial data and the error location: .PP .CS -% set s [\fBencoding convertto\fR -failindex i iso8859-1 "A\eu0141"] -A -% set i -1 +% codepoints [encoding convertfrom -profile strict -failindex idx ascii AB\ex80] +U+000041 U+000042 +% set idx +2 .CE .PP -Example 5: replace a not representable character by the replacement character: +Example 4: Encode a character that is not representable in ISO8859-1: .PP .CS -% set s [\fBencoding convertto\fR -nocomplain iso8859-1 "A\eu0141"] +% encoding convertto iso8859-1 A\eu0141 A? +% encoding convertto -profile strict iso8859-1 A\eu0141 +unexpected character at index 1: 'U+000141' +% encoding convertto -profile strict -failindex idx iso8859-1 A\eu0141 +A +% set idx +1 .CE -The option \fB-nocomplain\fR has no effect, but assures to get the same result -in Tcl 9. -.VE "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601" +.VE "TCL8.7 TIP607, TIP656" .PP .SH "SEE ALSO" Tcl_GetEncoding(3), fconfigure(n) |