summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/tests/parseExpr.test
Commit message (Expand)AuthorAgeFilesLines
* For Parse/eval & msgcat, select modernizations from Patrick Fradin + -debug fixdgp2013-01-301-5/+3
|\
| * For Parse/eval, select modernizations from Patrick Fradin.dgp2013-01-301-5/+3
* | No longer build tcltest.exe to run the tests,but use tclsh86.exe in combinati...jan.nijtmans2012-07-291-0/+3
| |
| \
*-. \ 3401704 Allow function names like influence(), nanobot(), and 99bottles()dgp2011-09-071-0/+66
|\ \ \ | | |/
| | * remove stray copy/pastedgp2011-09-071-4/+0
| |/
| * Tidiness, comments, and tests.dgp_3401704dgp2011-09-071-0/+61
|/
* Now that we're no longer using SCM based on RCS, the RCS Keyword lines causedgp2011-03-021-2/+0
|\
| * Now that we're no longer using SCM based on RCS, the RCS Keyword lines causedgp2011-03-011-2/+0
| * * tests/cmdMZ.test: Updated [package require tcltest] lines todgp2003-10-061-2/+2
* | merge stable branch onto HEADdgp2007-12-131-1/+1
* | * generic/tclIOCmd.c: Revise [open] so that it interprets leadingdgp2007-10-151-10/+6
* | * tests/parseExpr.test: Update source file name of expr parser code.dgp2007-08-061-3/+3
* | * generic/tclCompExpr.c: More commentary.dgp2007-07-161-1/+92
* | * generic/tclParseExpr.c: Minimal collection of new testsdgp2006-08-231-1/+178
* | * tests/compExpr-old.test: Update existing tests to not faildgp2006-08-221-246/+211
* | * tests/compExpr-old.test: add 'oldExprParser' constraint to all testsdas2006-08-021-49/+53
* | * generic/tclParseExpr.c: Completely new expression parserdgp2006-07-051-2/+2
* | typodgp2006-03-211-2/+2
* | Committed test cases for Bug 1451233dgp2006-03-211-1/+11
* | Added knownBug constraints.dgp2006-03-211-2/+2
* | Use test constraints properly instead of looking in tcl_platformdkf2006-03-211-2/+2
* | * tests/compile.test: Updated tests with changed behaviordgp2005-11-091-2/+2
* | Marked several failing tests as "knownBug" until they can be updated.dgp2005-10-211-2/+2
* | * tests/compExpr-old.test: Still more conversion of "nonPortable"dgp2005-07-281-26/+26
* | Merged kennykb-numerics-branch back to the head; TIPs 132 and 232Kevin B Kenny2005-05-101-80/+193
* | Standardize some use of test constraints onto names that are documenteddkf2004-06-231-3/+3
* | Massive test cleanup; all tests are run, and constraints are used where neces...dkf2004-05-191-206/+201
* | * tests/reg.test: Corrected duplicate test names.dgp2003-10-061-2/+2
|/
* Don Porter's fix for bad parsing of nested scripts [Bug 681841].Miguel Sofer2003-02-161-1/+5
* * generic/tclParseExpr.c (TclParseInteger): Return 1 for thedgp2002-12-111-1/+8
* * doc/CmdCmplt.3: Applied Patch 585105 to fully CONST-ifydgp2002-08-051-4/+6
* More expr syntax error improvementsdkf2001-12-061-31/+31
* Improved messages produced on getting a syntax error in an expressiondkf2001-12-041-201/+203
* * tests/*.test: Changed all occurances of "namespace importericm2000-04-101-2/+2
* * tests/env.test: removed knownBug limitation from working testhobbs1999-12-041-2/+2
* Modified the tests to use the package tcltestjenn1999-06-261-2/+3
* merged tcl 8.1 branch back into the main trunkstanton1999-04-161-0/+637
8'>1578 1579 1580 1581 1582 1583 1584 1585 1586 1587 1588 1589 1590 1591 1592 1593 1594 1595 1596 1597 1598 1599 1600 1601 1602 1603 1604 1605 1606 1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613 1614 1615 1616 1617 1618 1619 1620 1621 1622 1623 1624 1625 1626 1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635 1636 1637 1638 1639 1640 1641 1642 1643 1644 1645 1646 1647 1648 1649 1650 1651 1652 1653 1654 1655 1656 1657 1658 1659 1660 1661 1662 1663 1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671 1672 1673 1674 1675 1676 1677 1678 1679 1680 1681 1682 1683 1684 1685 1686 1687 1688 1689 1690 1691 1692 1693 1694 1695 1696 1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 1707 1708 1709 1710 1711 1712 1713 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 1735 1736 1737 1738 1739 1740 1741 1742 1743 1744 1745 1746 1747 1748 1749 1750 1751 1752 1753 1754 1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760 1761 1762 1763 1764 1765 1766 1767 1768 1769 1770 1771 1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777 1778 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 1784 1785 1786 1787 1788 1789 1790 1791 1792 1793 1794 1795 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 2031 2032 2033 2034 2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041 2042 2043 2044 2045 2046 2047 2048 2049 2050 2051 2052 2053 2054 2055 2056 2057 2058 2059 2060 2061 2062 2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068 2069 2070 2071 2072 2073 2074 2075 2076 2077 2078 2079 2080 2081 2082 2083 2084 2085 2086 2087 2088 2089 2090 2091 2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098 2099 2100 2101 2102 2103 2104 2105 2106 2107 2108 2109 2110 2111 2112 2113 2114 2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121 2122 2123 2124 2125 2126 2127 2128 2129 2130 2131 2132 2133 2134 2135 2136 2137 2138 2139 2140 2141 2142 2143 2144 2145 2146 2147 2148 2149 2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159 2160 2161 2162 2163 2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169 2170 2171 2172 2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179 2180 2181 2182 2183 2184 2185 2186 2187 2188 2189 2190 2191 2192 2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199 2200 2201 2202 2203 2204 2205 2206 2207 2208 2209 2210 2211 2212 2213 2214 2215 2216 2217 2218 2219 2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227 2228 2229 2230 2231 2232 2233 2234 2235 2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263 2264 2265 2266 2267 2268 2269 2270 2271 2272 2273 2274 2275 2276 2277 2278 2279 2280 2281 2282 2283 2284 2285 2286 2287 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292 2293 2294 2295 2296 2297 2298 2299 2300 2301 2302 2303 2304 2305 2306 2307 2308 2309 2310 2311 2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322 2323 2324 2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330 2331 2332 2333 2334 2335 2336 2337 2338 2339 2340 2341 2342 2343 2344 2345 2346 2347 2348 2349 2350 2351 2352 2353 2354 2355 2356 2357 2358 2359 2360 2361 2362 2363 2364 2365 2366 2367 2368 2369 2370 2371 2372 2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382 2383 2384 2385 2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392 2393 2394 2395 2396 2397 2398 2399 2400 2401 2402 2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409 2410 2411 2412 2413 2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419 2420 2421 2422 2423 2424 2425 2426 2427 2428 2429 2430 2431 2432 2433 2434 2435 2436 2437 2438 2439 2440 2441 2442 2443 2444 2445 2446 2447 2448 2449 2450 2451 2452 2453 2454 2455 2456 2457 2458 2459 2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465 2466 2467 2468 2469 2470 2471 2472 2473 2474 2475 2476 2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482 2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493 2494 2495 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511 2512 2513 2514 2515 2516 2517 2518 2519 2520 2521 2522 2523 2524 2525 2526 2527 2528 2529 2530 2531 2532 2533 2534 2535 2536 2537 2538 2539 2540 2541 2542 2543 2544 2545 2546 2547 2548 2549 2550 2551 2552 2553 2554 2555 2556 2557 2558 2559 2560 2561 2562 2563 2564 2565 2566 2567 2568 2569 2570 2571 2572 2573 2574 2575 2576 2577 2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583 2584 2585 2586 2587 2588 2589 2590 2591 2592 2593 2594 2595 2596 2597 2598 2599 2600 2601 2602 2603 2604 2605 2606 2607 2608 2609 2610 2611 2612 2613 2614 2615 2616 2617 2618 2619 2620 2621 2622 2623 2624 2625 2626 2627 2628 2629 2630 2631 2632 2633 2634 2635 2636 2637 2638 2639 2640 2641 2642 2643 2644 2645 2646 2647 2648 2649 2650 2651 2652 2653 2654 2655 2656 2657 2658 2659 2660 2661 2662 2663 2664 2665 2666 2667 2668 2669 2670 2671 2672 2673 2674 2675 2676 2677 2678 2679 2680 2681 2682 2683 2684 2685 2686 2687 2688 2689 2690 2691 2692 2693 2694 2695 2696 2697 2698 2699 2700 2701 2702 2703 2704 2705 2706 2707 2708 2709 2710 2711 2712 2713 2714 2715 2716 2717 2718 2719 2720 2721 2722 2723 2724 2725 2726 2727 2728 2729 2730 2731 2732 2733 2734 2735 2736 2737 2738 2739 2740 2741 2742 2743 2744 2745 2746 2747 2748 2749 2750 2751 2752 2753 2754 2755 2756 2757 2758 2759 2760 2761 2762 2763 2764 2765 2766 2767 2768 2769 2770 2771 2772 2773 2774 2775 2776 2777 2778 2779 2780 2781 2782 2783 2784 2785 2786 2787 2788 2789 2790 2791 2792 2793 2794 2795 2796 2797 2798 2799 2800 2801 2802 2803 2804 2805 2806 2807 2808 2809 2810 2811 2812 2813 2814 2815 2816 2817 2818 2819 2820 2821 2822 2823 2824 2825 2826 2827 2828 2829 2830 2831 2832 2833 2834 2835 2836 2837 2838 2839 2840 2841 2842 2843 2844 2845 2846 2847 2848 2849 2850 2851 2852 2853 2854 2855 2856 2857 2858 2859 2860 2861 2862 2863 2864 2865 2866 2867 2868 2869 2870 2871 2872 2873 2874 2875 2876 2877 2878 2879 2880 2881 2882 2883 2884 2885 2886 2887 2888 2889 2890 2891 2892 2893 2894 2895 2896 2897 2898 2899 2900 2901 2902 2903 2904 2905 2906 2907 2908 2909 2910 2911 2912 2913 2914 2915 2916 2917 2918 2919 2920 2921 2922 2923 2924 2925 2926 2927 2928 2929 2930 2931 2932 2933 2934 2935 2936 2937 2938 2939 2940 2941 2942 2943 2944 2945 2946 2947 2948 2949 2950 2951 2952 2953 2954 2955 2956 2957 2958 2959 2960 2961 2962 2963 2964 2965 2966 2967 2968 2969 2970 2971 2972 2973 2974 2975 2976 2977 2978 2979 2980 2981 2982 2983 2984 2985 2986 2987 2988 2989 2990 2991 2992 2993 2994 2995 2996 2997 2998 2999 3000 3001 3002 3003 3004 3005 3006 3007 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015 3016 3017 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023 3024 3025 3026 3027 3028 3029 3030 3031 3032 3033 3034 3035 3036 3037 3038 3039 3040 3041 3042 3043 3044 3045 3046 3047 3048 3049 3050 3051 3052 3053 3054 3055 3056 3057 3058 3059 3060 3061 3062 3063 3064 3065 3066 3067 3068 3069 3070 3071 3072 3073 3074 3075 3076 3077 3078 3079 3080 3081 3082 3083 3084 3085 3086 3087 3088 3089 3090 3091 3092 3093 3094 3095 3096 3097 3098 3099 3100 3101 3102 3103 3104 3105 3106 3107 3108 3109 3110 3111 3112 3113 3114 3115 3116 3117 3118 3119 3120 3121 3122 3123 3124 3125 3126 3127 3128 3129 3130 3131 3132 3133 3134 3135 3136 3137 3138 3139 3140 3141 3142 3143 3144 3145 3146 3147 3148 3149 3150 3151 3152 3153 3154 3155 3156 3157 3158 3159 3160 3161 3162 3163 3164 3165 3166 3167 3168 3169 3170 3171 3172 3173 3174 3175 3176 3177 3178 3179 3180 3181 3182 3183 3184 3185 3186 3187 3188 3189 3190 3191 3192 3193 3194 3195 3196 3197 3198 3199 3200 3201 3202 3203 3204 3205 3206 3207 3208 3209 3210 3211 3212 3213 3214 3215 3216 3217 3218 3219 3220 3221 3222 3223 3224 3225 3226 3227 3228 3229 3230 3231 3232 3233 3234 3235 3236 3237 3238 3239 3240 3241 3242 3243 3244 3245 3246 3247 3248 3249 3250 3251 3252 3253 3254 3255 3256 3257 3258 3259 3260 3261 3262 3263 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271 3272 3273 3274 3275 3276 3277 3278 3279 3280 3281 3282 3283 3284 3285 3286 3287 3288 3289 3290 3291 3292 3293 3294 3295 3296 3297 3298 3299 3300 3301 3302 3303 3304 3305 3306 3307 3308 3309 3310 3311 3312 3313 3314 3315 3316 3317 3318 3319 3320 3321 3322 3323 3324 3325 3326 3327 3328 3329 3330 3331 3332 3333 3334 3335 3336 3337 3338 3339 3340 3341 3342 3343 3344 3345 3346 3347 3348 3349 3350 3351 3352 3353 3354 3355 3356 3357 3358 3359 3360 3361 3362 3363 3364 3365 3366 3367 3368 3369 3370 3371 3372 3373 3374 3375 3376 3377 3378 3379 3380 3381 3382 3383 3384 3385 3386 3387 3388 3389 3390 3391 3392 3393 3394 3395 3396 3397 3398 3399 3400 3401 3402 3403 3404 3405 3406 3407 3408 3409 3410 3411 3412 3413 3414 3415 3416 3417 3418 3419 3420 3421 3422 3423 3424 3425 3426 3427 3428 3429 3430 3431 3432 3433 3434 3435 3436 3437 3438 3439 3440 3441 3442 3443 3444 3445 3446 3447 3448 3449 3450 3451 3452 3453 3454 3455 3456 3457 3458 3459 3460 3461 3462 3463 3464 3465 3466 3467 3468 3469 3470 3471 3472 3473 3474 3475 3476 3477 3478 3479 3480 3481 3482 3483 3484 3485 3486 3487 3488 3489 3490 3491 3492 3493 3494 3495 3496 3497 3498 3499 3500 3501 3502 3503 3504 3505 3506 3507 3508 3509 3510 3511 3512 3513 3514 3515 3516 3517 3518 3519 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526 3527 3528 3529 3530 3531 3532 3533 3534 3535 3536 3537 3538 3539 3540 3541 3542 3543 3544 3545 3546 3547 3548 3549 3550 3551 3552 3553 3554 3555 3556 3557 3558 3559 3560 3561 3562 3563 3564 3565 3566 3567 3568 3569 3570 3571 3572 3573 3574 3575 3576 3577 3578 3579 3580 3581 3582 3583 3584 3585 3586 3587 3588 3589 3590 3591 3592 3593 3594 3595 3596 3597 3598 3599 3600 3601 3602 3603 3604 3605 3606 3607 3608 3609 3610 3611 3612 3613 3614 3615 3616 3617 3618 3619 3620 3621 3622 3623 3624 3625 3626 3627 3628 3629 3630 3631 3632 3633 3634 3635 3636 3637 3638 3639 3640 3641 3642 3643 3644 3645 3646 3647 3648 3649 3650 3651 3652 3653 3654 3655 3656 3657 3658 3659 3660 3661 3662 3663 3664 3665 3666 3667 3668 3669 3670 3671 3672 3673 3674 3675 3676 3677 3678 3679 3680 3681 3682 3683 3684 3685 3686 3687 3688 3689 3690 3691 3692 3693 3694 3695 3696 3697 3698 3699 3700 3701 3702 3703 3704 3705 3706 3707 3708 3709 3710 3711 3712 3713 3714 3715 3716 3717 3718 3719 3720 3721 3722 3723 3724 3725 3726 3727 3728 3729 3730 3731 3732 3733 3734 3735 3736 3737 3738 3739 3740 3741 3742 3743 3744 3745 3746 3747 3748 3749 3750 3751 3752 3753 3754 3755 3756 3757 3758 3759 3760 3761 3762 3763 3764 3765 3766 3767 3768 3769 3770 3771 3772 3773 3774 3775 3776 3777 3778 3779 3780 3781 3782 3783 3784 3785 3786 3787 3788 3789 3790 3791 3792 3793 3794 3795 3796 3797 3798 3799 3800 3801 3802 3803 3804 3805 3806 3807 3808 3809 3810 3811 3812 3813 3814 3815 3816 3817 3818 3819 3820 3821 3822 3823 3824 3825 3826 3827 3828 3829 3830 3831 3832 3833 3834 3835 3836 3837 3838 3839 3840 3841 3842 3843 3844 3845 3846 3847 3848 3849 3850 3851 3852 3853 3854 3855 3856 3857 3858 3859 3860 3861 3862 3863 3864 3865 3866 3867 3868 3869 3870 3871 3872 3873 3874 3875 3876 3877 3878 3879 3880 3881 3882 3883 3884 3885 3886 3887 3888 3889 3890 3891 3892 3893 3894 3895 3896 3897 3898 3899 3900 3901 3902 3903 3904 3905 3906 3907 3908 3909 3910 3911 3912 3913 3914 3915 3916 3917 3918 3919 3920 3921 3922 3923 3924 3925 3926 3927 3928 3929 3930 3931 3932 3933 3934 3935 3936 3937 3938 3939 3940 3941 3942 3943 3944 3945 3946 3947 3948 3949 3950 3951 3952 3953 3954 3955 3956 3957 3958 3959 3960 3961 3962 3963 3964 3965 3966 3967 3968 3969 3970 3971 3972 3973 3974 3975 3976 3977 3978 3979 3980 3981 3982 3983 3984 3985 3986 3987 3988 3989 3990 3991 3992 3993 3994 3995 3996 3997 3998 3999 4000 4001 4002 4003 4004 4005 4006 4007 4008 4009 4010 4011 4012 4013 4014 4015 4016 4017 4018 4019 4020 4021 4022 4023 4024 4025 4026 4027 4028 4029 4030 4031 4032 4033 4034 4035 4036 4037 4038 4039 4040 4041 4042 4043 4044 4045 4046 4047 4048 4049 4050 4051 4052 4053 4054 4055 4056 4057 4058 4059 4060 4061 4062 4063 4064 4065 4066 4067 4068 4069 4070 4071 4072 4073 4074 4075 4076 4077 4078 4079 4080 4081 4082 4083 4084 4085 4086 4087 4088 4089 4090 4091 4092 4093 4094 4095 4096 4097 4098 4099 4100 4101 4102 4103 4104 4105 4106 4107 4108 4109 4110 4111 4112 4113 4114 4115 4116 4117 4118 4119 4120 4121 4122 4123 4124 4125 4126 4127 4128 4129 4130 4131 4132 4133 4134 4135 4136 4137 4138 4139 4140 4141 4142 4143 4144 4145 4146 4147 4148 4149 4150 4151 4152 4153 4154 4155 4156 4157 4158 4159 4160 4161 4162 4163 4164 4165 4166 4167 4168 4169 4170 4171 4172 4173 4174 4175 4176 4177 4178 4179 4180 4181 4182 4183 4184 4185 4186 4187 4188 4189 4190 4191 4192 4193 4194 4195 4196 4197 4198 4199 4200 4201 4202 4203 4204 4205 4206 4207 4208 4209 4210 4211 4212 4213 4214 4215 4216 4217 4218 4219 4220 4221 4222 4223 4224 4225 4226 4227 4228 4229 4230 4231 4232 4233 4234 4235 4236 4237 4238 4239 4240 4241 4242 4243 4244 4245 4246 4247 4248 4249 4250 4251 4252 4253 4254 4255 4256 4257 4258 4259 4260 4261 4262 4263 4264 4265 4266 4267 4268 4269 4270 4271 4272 4273 4274 4275 4276 4277 4278 4279 4280 4281 4282 4283 4284 4285 4286 4287 4288 4289 4290 4291 4292 4293 4294 4295 4296 4297 4298 4299 4300 4301 4302 4303 4304 4305 4306 4307 4308 4309 4310 4311 4312 4313 4314 4315 4316 4317 4318 4319 4320 4321 4322 4323 4324 4325 4326 4327 4328 4329 4330 4331 4332 4333 4334 4335 4336 4337 4338 4339 4340 4341 4342 4343 4344 4345 4346 4347 4348 4349 4350 4351 4352 4353 4354 4355 4356 4357 4358 4359 4360 4361 4362 4363 4364 4365 4366 4367 4368 4369 4370 4371 4372 4373 4374 4375 4376 4377 4378 4379 4380 4381 4382 4383 4384 4385 4386 4387 4388 4389 4390 4391 4392 4393 4394 4395 4396 4397 4398 4399 4400 4401 4402 4403 4404 4405 4406 4407 4408 4409 4410 4411 4412 4413 4414 4415 4416 4417 4418 4419 4420 4421 4422 4423 4424 4425 4426 4427 4428 4429 4430 4431 4432 4433 4434 4435 4436 4437 4438 4439 4440 4441 4442 4443 4444 4445 4446 4447 4448 4449 4450 4451 4452 4453 4454 4455 4456 4457 4458 4459 4460 4461 4462 4463 4464 4465 4466 4467 4468 4469 4470 4471 4472 4473 4474 4475 4476 4477 4478 4479 4480 4481 4482 4483 4484 4485 4486 4487 4488 4489 4490 4491 4492 4493 4494 4495 4496 4497 4498 4499 4500 4501 4502 4503 4504 4505 4506 4507 4508 4509 4510 4511 4512 4513 4514 4515 4516 4517 4518 4519 4520 4521 4522 4523 4524 4525 4526 4527 4528 4529 4530 4531 4532 4533 4534 4535 4536 4537 4538 4539 4540 4541 4542 4543 4544 4545 4546 4547 4548 4549 4550 4551 4552 4553 4554 4555 4556 4557 4558 4559 4560 4561 4562 4563 4564 4565 4566 4567 4568 4569 4570 4571 4572 4573 4574 4575 4576 4577 4578 4579 4580 4581 4582 4583 4584 4585 4586 4587 4588 4589 4590 4591 4592 4593 4594 4595 4596 4597 4598 4599 4600 4601 4602 4603 4604 4605 4606 4607 4608 4609 4610 4611 4612 4613 4614 4615 4616 4617 4618 4619 4620 4621 4622 4623 4624 4625 4626 4627 4628 4629 4630 4631 4632 4633 4634 4635 4636 4637 4638 4639 4640 4641 4642 4643 4644 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 4650 4651 4652 4653 4654 4655 4656 4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 4662 4663 4664 4665 4666 4667 4668 4669 4670 4671 4672 4673 4674 4675 4676 4677 4678 4679 4680 4681 4682 4683 4684 4685 4686 4687 4688 4689 4690 4691 4692 4693 4694 4695 4696 4697 4698 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703 4704 4705 4706 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 4714 4715 4716 4717 4718 4719 4720 4721 4722 4723 4724 4725 4726 4727 4728 4729 4730 4731 4732 4733 4734 4735 4736 4737 4738 4739 4740 4741 4742 4743 4744 4745 4746 4747 4748 4749 4750 4751 4752 4753 4754 4755 4756 4757 4758 4759 4760 4761 4762 4763 4764 4765 4766 4767 4768 4769 4770 4771 4772 4773 4774 4775 4776 4777 4778 4779 4780 4781 4782 4783 4784 4785 4786 4787 4788 4789 4790 4791 4792 4793 4794 4795 4796 4797 4798 4799 4800 4801 4802 4803 4804 4805 4806 4807 4808 4809 4810 4811 4812 4813 4814 4815 4816 4817 4818 4819 4820 4821 4822 4823 4824 4825 4826 4827 4828 4829 4830 4831 4832 4833 4834 4835 4836 4837 4838 4839 4840 4841 4842 4843 4844 4845 4846 4847 4848 4849 4850 4851 4852 4853 4854 4855 4856 4857 4858 4859 4860 4861 4862 4863 4864 4865 4866 4867 4868 4869 4870 4871 4872 4873 4874 4875 4876 4877 4878 4879 4880 4881 4882 4883 4884 4885 4886 4887 4888 4889 4890 4891 4892 4893 4894 4895 4896 4897 4898 4899 4900 4901 4902 4903 4904 4905 4906 4907 4908 4909 4910 4911 4912 4913 4914 4915 4916 4917 4918 4919 4920 4921 4922 4923 4924 4925 4926 4927 4928 4929 4930 4931 4932 4933 4934 4935 4936 4937 4938 4939 4940 4941 4942 4943 4944 4945 4946 4947 4948 4949 4950 4951 4952 4953 4954 4955 4956 4957 4958 4959 4960 4961 4962 4963 4964 4965 4966 4967 4968 4969 4970 4971 4972 4973 4974 4975 4976 4977 4978 4979 4980 4981 4982 4983 4984 4985 4986 4987 4988 4989 4990 4991 4992 4993 4994 4995 4996 4997 4998 4999 5000 5001 5002 5003 5004 5005 5006 5007 5008 5009 5010 5011 5012 5013 5014 5015 5016 5017 5018 5019 5020 5021 5022 5023 5024 5025 5026 5027 5028 5029 5030 5031 5032 5033 5034 5035 5036 5037 5038 5039 5040 5041 5042 5043 5044 5045 5046 5047 5048 5049 5050 5051 5052 5053 5054 5055 5056 5057 5058 5059 5060 5061 5062 5063 5064 5065 5066 5067 5068 5069 5070 5071 5072 5073 5074 5075 5076 5077 5078 5079 5080 5081 5082 5083 5084 5085 5086 5087 5088 5089 5090 5091 5092 5093 5094 5095 5096 5097 5098 5099 5100 5101 5102 5103 5104 5105 5106 5107 5108 5109 5110 5111 5112 5113 5114 5115 5116 5117 5118 5119 5120 5121 5122 5123 5124 5125 5126 5127 5128 5129 5130 5131 5132 5133 5134 5135 5136 5137 5138 5139 5140 5141 5142 5143 5144 5145 5146 5147 5148 5149 5150 5151 5152 5153 5154 5155 5156 5157 5158 5159 5160 5161 5162 5163 5164 5165 5166 5167 5168 5169 5170 5171 5172 5173 5174 5175 5176 5177 5178 5179 5180 5181 5182 5183 5184 5185 5186 5187 5188 5189 5190 5191 5192 5193 5194 5195 5196 5197 5198 5199 5200 5201 5202 5203 5204 5205 5206 5207 5208 5209 5210 5211 5212 5213 5214 5215 5216 5217 5218 5219 5220 5221 5222 5223 5224 5225 5226 5227 5228 5229 5230 5231 5232 5233 5234 5235 5236 5237 5238 5239 5240 5241 5242 5243 5244 5245 5246 5247 5248 5249 5250 5251 5252 5253 5254 5255 5256 5257 5258 5259 5260 5261 5262 5263 5264 5265 5266 5267 5268 5269 5270 5271 5272 5273 5274 5275 5276 5277 5278 5279 5280 5281 5282 5283 5284 5285 5286 5287 5288 5289 5290 5291 5292 5293 5294 5295 5296 5297 5298 5299 5300 5301 5302 5303 5304 5305 5306 5307 5308 5309 5310 5311 5312 5313 5314 5315 5316 5317 5318 5319 5320 5321 5322 5323 5324 5325 5326 5327 5328 5329 5330 5331 5332 5333 5334 5335 5336 5337 5338 5339 5340 5341 5342 5343 5344 5345 5346 5347 5348 5349 5350 5351 5352 5353 5354 5355 5356 5357 5358 5359 5360 5361 5362 5363 5364 5365 5366 5367 5368 5369 5370 5371 5372 5373 5374 5375 5376 5377 5378 5379 5380 5381 5382 5383 5384 5385 5386 5387 5388 5389 5390 5391 5392 5393 5394 5395 5396 5397 5398 5399 5400 5401 5402 5403 5404 5405 5406 5407 5408 5409 5410 5411 5412 5413 5414 5415 5416 5417 5418 5419 5420 5421 5422 5423 5424 5425 5426 5427 5428 5429 5430 5431 5432 5433 5434 5435 5436 5437 5438 5439 5440 5441 5442 5443 5444 5445 5446 5447 5448 5449 5450 5451 5452 5453 5454 5455 5456 5457 5458 5459 5460 5461 5462 5463 5464 5465 5466 5467 5468 5469 5470 5471 5472 5473 5474 5475 5476 5477 5478 5479 5480 5481 5482 5483 5484 5485 5486 5487 5488 5489 5490 5491 5492 5493 5494 5495 5496 5497 5498 5499 5500 5501 5502 5503 5504 5505 5506 5507 5508 5509 5510 5511 5512 5513 5514 5515 5516 5517 5518 5519 5520 5521 5522 5523 5524 5525 5526 5527 5528 5529 5530 5531 5532 5533 5534 5535 5536 5537 5538 5539 5540 5541 5542 5543 5544 5545 5546 5547 5548 5549 5550 5551 5552 5553 5554 5555 5556 5557 5558 5559 5560 5561 5562 5563 5564 5565 5566 5567 5568 5569 5570 5571 5572 5573 5574 5575 5576 5577 5578 5579 5580 5581 5582 5583 5584 5585 5586 5587 5588 5589 5590 5591 5592 5593 5594 5595 5596 5597 5598 5599 5600 5601 5602 5603 5604 5605 5606 5607 5608 5609 5610 5611 5612 5613 5614 5615 5616 5617 5618 5619 5620 5621 5622 5623 5624 5625 5626 5627 5628 5629 5630 5631 5632 5633 5634 5635 5636 5637 5638 5639 5640 5641 5642 5643 5644 5645 5646 5647 5648 5649 5650 5651 5652 5653 5654 5655 5656 5657 5658 5659 5660 5661 5662 5663 5664 5665 5666 5667 5668 5669 5670 5671 5672 5673 5674 5675 5676 5677 5678 5679 5680 5681 5682 5683 5684 5685 5686 5687 5688 5689 5690 5691 5692 5693 5694 5695 5696 5697 5698 5699 5700 5701 5702 5703 5704 5705 5706 5707 5708 5709 5710 5711 5712 5713 5714 5715 5716 5717 5718 5719 5720 5721 5722 5723 5724 5725 5726 5727 5728 5729 5730 5731 5732 5733 5734 5735 5736 5737 5738 5739 5740 5741 5742 5743 5744 5745 5746 5747 5748 5749 5750 5751 5752 5753 5754 5755 5756 5757 5758 5759 5760 5761 5762 5763 5764 5765 5766 5767 5768 5769 5770 5771 5772 5773 5774 5775 5776 5777 5778 5779 5780 5781 5782 5783 5784 5785 5786 5787 5788 5789 5790 5791 5792 5793 5794 5795 5796 5797 5798 5799 5800 5801 5802 5803 5804 5805 5806 5807 5808 5809 5810 5811 5812 5813 5814 5815 5816 5817 5818 5819 5820 5821 5822 5823 5824 5825 5826 5827 5828 5829 5830 5831 5832 5833 5834 5835 5836 5837 5838 5839 5840 5841 5842 5843 5844 5845 5846 5847 5848 5849 5850 5851 5852 5853 5854 5855 5856 5857 5858 5859 5860 5861 5862 5863 5864 5865 5866 5867 5868 5869 5870 5871 5872 5873 5874 5875 5876 5877 5878 5879 5880 5881 5882 5883 5884 5885 5886 5887 5888 5889 5890 5891 5892 5893 5894 5895 5896 5897 5898 5899 5900 5901 5902 5903 5904 5905 5906 5907 5908 5909 5910 5911 5912 5913 5914 5915 5916 5917 5918 5919 5920 5921 5922 5923 5924 5925 5926 5927 5928 5929 5930 5931 5932 5933 5934 5935 5936 5937 5938 5939 5940 5941 5942 5943 5944 5945 5946 5947 5948 5949 5950 5951 5952 5953 5954 5955 5956 5957 5958 5959 5960 5961 5962 5963 5964 5965 5966 5967 5968 5969 5970 5971 5972 5973 5974 5975 5976 5977 5978 5979 5980 5981 5982 5983 5984 5985 5986 5987 5988 5989 5990 5991 5992 5993 5994 5995 5996 5997 5998 5999 6000 6001 6002 6003 6004 6005 6006 6007 6008 6009 6010 6011 6012 6013 6014 6015 6016 6017 6018 6019 6020 6021 6022 6023 6024 6025 6026 6027 6028 6029 6030 6031 6032 6033 6034 6035 6036 6037 6038 6039 6040 6041 6042 6043 6044 6045 6046 6047 6048 6049 6050 6051 6052 6053 6054 6055 6056 6057 6058 6059 6060 6061 6062 6063 6064 6065 6066 6067 6068 6069 6070 6071 6072 6073 6074 6075 6076 6077 6078 6079 6080 6081 6082 6083 6084 6085 6086 6087 6088 6089 6090 6091 6092 6093 6094 6095 6096 6097 6098 6099 6100 6101 6102 6103 6104 6105 6106 6107 6108 6109 6110 6111 6112 6113 6114 6115 6116 6117 6118 6119 6120 6121 6122 6123 6124 6125 6126 6127 6128 6129 6130 6131 6132 6133 6134 6135 6136 6137 6138 6139 6140 6141 6142 6143 6144 6145 6146 6147 6148 6149 6150 6151 6152 6153 6154 6155 6156 6157 6158 6159 6160 6161 6162 6163 6164 6165 6166 6167 6168 6169 6170 6171 6172 6173 6174 6175 6176 6177 6178 6179 6180 6181 6182 6183 6184 6185 6186 6187 6188 6189 6190 6191 6192 6193 6194 6195 6196 6197 6198 6199 6200 6201 6202 6203 6204 6205 6206 6207 6208 6209 6210 6211 6212 6213 6214 6215 6216 6217 6218 6219 6220 6221 6222 6223 6224 6225 6226 6227 6228 6229 6230 6231 6232 6233 6234 6235 6236 6237 6238 6239 6240 6241 6242 6243 6244 6245 6246 6247 6248 6249 6250 6251 6252 6253 6254 6255 6256 6257 6258 6259 6260 6261 6262 6263 6264 6265 6266 6267 6268 6269 6270 6271 6272 6273 6274 6275 6276 6277 6278 6279 6280 6281 6282 6283 6284 6285 6286 6287 6288 6289 6290 6291 6292 6293 6294 6295 6296 6297 6298 6299 6300 6301 6302 6303 6304 6305 6306 6307 6308 6309 6310 6311 6312 6313 6314 6315 6316 6317 6318 6319 6320 6321 6322 6323 6324 6325 6326 6327 6328 6329 6330 6331 6332 6333 6334 6335 6336 6337 6338 6339 6340 6341 6342 6343 6344 6345 6346 6347 6348 6349 6350 6351 6352 6353 6354 6355 6356 6357 6358 6359 6360 6361 6362 6363 6364 6365 6366 6367 6368 6369 6370 6371 6372 6373 6374 6375 6376 6377 6378 6379 6380 6381 6382 6383 6384 6385 6386 6387 6388 6389 6390 6391 6392 6393 6394 6395 6396 6397 6398 6399 6400 6401 6402 6403 6404 6405 6406 6407 6408 6409 6410 6411 6412 6413 6414 6415 6416 6417 6418 6419 6420 6421 6422 6423 6424 6425 6426 6427 6428 6429 6430 6431 6432 6433 6434 6435 6436 6437 6438 6439 6440 6441 6442 6443 6444 6445 6446 6447 6448 6449 6450 6451 6452 6453 6454 6455 6456 6457 6458 6459 6460 6461 6462 6463 6464 6465 6466 6467 6468 6469 6470 6471 6472 6473 6474 6475 6476 6477 6478 6479 6480 6481 6482 6483 6484 6485 6486 6487 6488 6489 6490 6491 6492 6493 6494 6495 6496 6497 6498 6499 6500 6501 6502 6503 6504 6505 6506 6507 6508 6509 6510 6511 6512 6513 6514 6515 6516 6517 6518 6519 6520 6521 6522 6523 6524 6525 6526 6527 6528 6529 6530 6531 6532 6533 6534 6535 6536 6537 6538 6539 6540 6541 6542 6543 6544 6545 6546 6547 6548 6549 6550 6551 6552 6553 6554 6555 6556 6557 6558 6559 6560 6561 6562 6563 6564 6565 6566 6567 6568 6569 6570 6571 6572 6573 6574 6575 6576 6577 6578 6579 6580 6581 6582 6583 6584 6585 6586 6587 6588 6589 6590 6591 6592 6593 6594 6595 6596 6597 6598 6599 6600 6601 6602 6603 6604 6605 6606 6607 6608 6609 6610 6611 6612 6613 6614 6615 6616 6617 6618 6619 6620 6621 6622 6623 6624 6625 6626 6627 6628 6629 6630 6631 6632 6633 6634 6635 6636 6637 6638 6639 6640 6641 6642 6643 6644 6645 6646 6647 6648 6649 6650 6651 6652 6653 6654 6655 6656 6657 6658 6659 6660 6661 6662 6663 6664 6665 6666 6667 6668 6669 6670 6671 6672 6673 6674 6675 6676 6677 6678 6679 6680 6681 6682 6683 6684 6685 6686 6687 6688 6689 6690 6691 6692 6693 6694 6695 6696 6697 6698 6699 6700 6701 6702 6703 6704 6705 6706 6707 6708 6709 6710 6711 6712 6713 6714 6715 6716 6717 6718 6719 6720 6721 6722 6723 6724 6725 6726 6727 6728 6729 6730 6731 6732 6733 6734 6735 6736 6737 6738 6739 6740 6741 6742 6743 6744 6745 6746 6747 6748 6749 6750 6751 6752 6753 6754 6755 6756 6757 6758 6759 6760 6761 6762 6763 6764 6765 6766 6767 6768 6769 6770 6771 6772 6773 6774 6775 6776 6777 6778 6779 6780 6781 6782 6783 6784 6785 6786 6787 6788 6789 6790 6791 6792 6793 6794 6795 6796 6797 6798 6799 6800 6801 6802 6803 6804 6805 6806 6807 6808 6809 6810 6811 6812 6813 6814 6815 6816 6817 6818 6819 6820 6821 6822 6823 6824 6825 6826 6827 6828 6829 6830 6831 6832 6833 6834 6835 6836 6837 6838 6839 6840 6841 6842 6843 6844 6845 6846 6847 6848 6849 6850 6851 6852 6853 6854 6855 6856 6857 6858 6859 6860 6861 6862 6863 6864 6865 6866 6867 6868 6869 6870 6871 6872 6873 6874 6875 6876 6877 6878 6879 6880 6881 6882 6883 6884 6885 6886 6887 6888 6889 6890 6891 6892 6893 6894 6895 6896 6897 6898 6899 6900 6901 6902 6903 6904 6905 6906 6907 6908 6909 6910 6911 6912 6913 6914 6915 6916 6917 6918 6919 6920 6921 6922 6923 6924 6925 6926 6927 6928 6929 6930 6931 6932 6933 6934 6935 6936 6937 6938 6939 6940 6941 6942 6943 6944 6945 6946 6947 6948 6949 6950 6951 6952 6953 6954 6955 6956 6957 6958 6959 6960 6961 6962 6963 6964 6965 6966 6967 6968 6969 6970 6971 6972 6973 6974 6975 6976 6977 6978 6979 6980 6981 6982 6983 6984 6985 6986 6987 6988 6989 6990 6991 6992 6993 6994 6995 6996 6997 6998 6999 7000 7001 7002 7003 7004 7005 7006 7007 7008 7009 7010 7011 7012 7013 7014 7015 7016 7017 7018 7019 7020 7021 7022 7023 7024 7025 7026 7027 7028 7029 7030 7031 7032 7033 7034 7035 7036 7037 7038 7039 7040 7041 7042 7043 7044 7045 7046 7047 7048 7049 7050 7051 7052 7053 7054 7055 7056 7057 7058 7059 7060 7061 7062 7063 7064 7065 7066 7067 7068 7069 7070 7071 7072 7073 7074 7075 7076 7077 7078 7079 7080 7081 7082 7083 7084 7085 7086 7087 7088 7089 7090 7091 7092 7093 7094 7095 7096 7097 7098 7099 7100 7101 7102 7103 7104 7105 7106 7107 7108 7109 7110 7111 7112 7113 7114 7115 7116 7117 7118 7119 7120 7121 7122 7123 7124 7125 7126 7127 7128 7129 7130 7131 7132 7133 7134 7135 7136 7137 7138 7139 7140 7141 7142 7143 7144 7145 7146 7147 7148 7149 7150 7151 7152 7153 7154 7155 7156 7157 7158 7159 7160 7161 7162 7163 7164 7165 7166 7167 7168 7169 7170 7171 7172 7173 7174 7175 7176 7177 7178 7179 7180 7181 7182 7183 7184 7185 7186 7187 7188 7189 7190 7191 7192 7193 7194 7195 7196 7197 7198 7199 7200 7201 7202 7203 7204 7205 7206 7207 7208 7209 7210 7211 7212 7213 7214 7215 7216 7217 7218 7219 7220 7221 7222 7223 7224 7225 7226 7227 7228 7229 7230 7231 7232 7233 7234 7235 7236 7237 7238 7239 7240 7241 7242 7243 7244 7245 7246 7247 7248 7249 7250 7251 7252 7253 7254 7255 7256 7257 7258 7259 7260 7261 7262 7263 7264 7265 7266 7267 7268 7269 7270 7271 7272 7273 7274 7275 7276 7277 7278 7279 7280 7281 7282 7283 7284 7285 7286 7287 7288 7289 7290 7291 7292 7293 7294 7295 7296 7297 7298 7299 7300 7301 7302 7303 7304 7305 7306 7307 7308 7309 7310 7311 7312 7313 7314 7315 7316 7317 7318 7319 7320 7321 7322 7323 7324 7325 7326 7327 7328 7329 7330 7331 7332 7333 7334 7335 7336 7337 7338 7339 7340 7341 7342 7343 7344 7345 7346 7347 7348 7349 7350 7351 7352 7353 7354 7355 7356 7357 7358 7359 7360 7361 7362 7363 7364 7365 7366 7367 7368 7369 7370 7371 7372 7373 7374 7375 7376 7377 7378 7379 7380 7381 7382 7383 7384 7385 7386 7387 7388 7389 7390 7391 7392 7393 7394 7395 7396 7397 7398 7399 7400 7401 7402 7403 7404 7405 7406 7407 7408 7409 7410 7411 7412 7413 7414 7415 7416 7417 7418 7419 7420 7421 7422 7423 7424 7425 7426 7427 7428 7429 7430 7431 7432 7433 7434 7435 7436 7437 7438 7439 7440 7441 7442 7443 7444 7445 7446 7447 7448 7449 7450 7451 7452 7453 7454 7455 7456 7457 7458 7459 7460 7461 7462 7463 7464 7465 7466 7467 7468 7469 7470 7471 7472 7473 7474 7475 7476 7477 7478 7479 7480 7481 7482 7483 7484 7485 7486 7487 7488 7489 7490 7491 7492 7493 7494 7495 7496 7497 7498 7499 7500 7501 7502 7503 7504 7505 7506 7507 7508 7509 7510 7511 7512 7513 7514 7515 7516 7517 7518 7519 7520 7521 7522 7523 7524 7525 7526 7527 7528 7529 7530 7531 7532 7533 7534 7535 7536 7537 7538 7539 7540 7541 7542 7543 7544 7545 7546 7547 7548 7549 7550 7551 7552 7553 7554 7555 7556 7557 7558 7559 7560 7561 7562 7563 7564 7565 7566 7567 7568 7569 7570 7571 7572 7573 7574 7575 7576 7577 7578 7579 7580 7581 7582 7583 7584 7585 7586 7587 7588 7589 7590 7591 7592 7593 7594 7595 7596 7597 7598 7599 7600 7601 7602 7603 7604 7605 7606 7607 7608 7609 7610 7611 7612 7613 7614 7615 7616 7617 7618 7619 7620 7621 7622 7623 7624 7625 7626 7627 7628 7629 7630 7631 7632 7633 7634 7635 7636 7637 7638 7639 7640 7641 7642 7643 7644 7645 7646 7647 7648 7649 7650 7651 7652 7653 7654 7655 7656 7657 7658 7659 7660 7661 7662 7663 7664 7665 7666 7667 7668 7669 7670 7671 7672 7673 7674 7675 7676 7677 7678 7679 7680 7681 7682 7683 7684 7685 7686 7687 7688 7689 7690 7691 7692 7693 7694 7695 7696 7697 7698 7699 7700 7701 7702 7703 7704 7705 7706 7707 7708 7709 7710 7711 7712 7713 7714 7715 7716 7717 7718 7719 7720 7721 7722 7723 7724 7725 7726 7727 7728 7729 7730 7731 7732 7733 7734 7735 7736 7737 7738 7739 7740 7741 7742 7743 7744 7745 7746 7747 7748 7749 7750 7751 7752 7753 7754 7755 7756 7757 7758 7759 7760 7761 7762 7763 7764 7765 7766 7767 7768 7769 7770 7771 7772 7773 7774 7775 7776 7777 7778 7779 7780 7781 7782 7783 7784 7785 7786 7787 7788 7789 7790 7791 7792 7793 7794 7795 7796 7797 7798 7799 7800 7801 7802 7803 7804 7805 7806 7807 7808 7809 7810 7811 7812 7813 7814 7815 7816 7817 7818 7819 7820 7821 7822 7823 7824 7825 7826 7827 7828 7829 7830 7831 7832 7833 7834 7835 7836 7837 7838 7839 7840 7841 7842 7843 7844 7845 7846 7847 7848 7849 7850 7851 7852 7853 7854 7855 7856 7857 7858 7859 7860 7861 7862 7863 7864 7865 7866 7867 7868 7869 7870 7871 7872 7873 7874 7875 7876 7877 7878 7879 7880 7881 7882 7883 7884 7885 7886 7887 7888 7889 7890 7891 7892 7893 7894 7895 7896 7897 7898 7899 7900 7901 7902 7903 7904 7905 7906 7907 7908 7909 7910 7911 7912 7913 7914 7915 7916 7917 7918 7919 7920 7921 7922 7923 7924 7925 7926 7927 7928 7929 7930 7931 7932 7933 7934 7935 7936 7937 7938 7939 7940 7941 7942 7943 7944 7945 7946 7947 7948 7949 7950 7951 7952 7953 7954 7955 7956 7957 7958 7959 7960 7961 7962 7963 7964 7965 7966 7967 7968 7969 7970 7971 7972 7973 7974 7975 7976 7977 7978 7979 7980 7981 7982 7983 7984 7985 7986 7987 7988 7989 7990 7991 7992 7993 7994 7995 7996 7997 7998 7999 8000 8001 8002 8003 8004 8005 8006 8007 8008 8009 8010 8011 8012 8013 8014 8015 8016 8017 8018 8019 8020 8021 8022 8023 8024 8025 8026 8027 8028 8029 8030 8031 8032 8033 8034 8035 8036 8037 8038 8039 8040 8041 8042 8043 8044 8045 8046 8047 8048 8049 8050 8051 8052 8053 8054 8055 8056 8057 8058 8059 8060 8061 8062 8063 8064 8065 8066 8067 8068 8069 8070 8071 8072 8073 8074 8075 8076 8077 8078 8079 8080 8081 8082 8083 8084 8085 8086 8087 8088 8089 8090 8091 8092 8093 8094 8095 8096 8097 8098 8099 8100 8101 8102 8103 8104 8105 8106 8107 8108 8109 8110 8111 8112 8113 8114 8115 8116 8117 8118 8119 8120 8121 8122 8123 8124 8125 8126 8127 8128 8129 8130 8131 8132 8133 8134 8135 8136 8137 8138 8139 8140 8141 8142 8143 8144 8145 8146 8147 8148 8149 8150 8151 8152 8153 8154 8155 8156 8157 8158 8159 8160 8161 8162 8163 8164 8165 8166 8167 8168 8169 8170 8171 8172 8173 8174 8175 8176 8177 8178 8179 8180 8181 8182 8183 8184 8185 8186 8187 8188 8189 8190 8191 8192 8193 8194 8195 8196 8197 8198 8199 8200 8201 8202 8203 8204 8205 8206 8207 8208 8209 8210 8211 8212 8213 8214 8215 8216 8217 8218 8219 8220 8221 8222 8223 8224 8225 8226 8227 8228 8229 8230 8231 8232 8233 8234 8235 8236 8237 8238 8239 8240 8241 8242 8243 8244 8245 8246 8247 8248 8249 8250 8251 8252 8253 8254 8255 8256 8257 8258 8259 8260 8261 8262 8263 8264 8265 8266 8267 8268 8269 8270 8271 8272 8273 8274 8275 8276 8277 8278 8279 8280 8281 8282 8283 8284 8285 8286 8287 8288 8289 8290 8291 8292 8293 8294 8295 8296 8297 8298 8299 8300 8301 8302 8303 8304 8305 8306 8307 8308 8309 8310 8311 8312 8313 8314 8315 8316 8317 8318 8319 8320 8321 8322 8323 8324 8325 8326 8327 8328 8329 8330 8331 8332 8333 8334 8335 8336 8337 8338 8339 8340 8341 8342 8343 8344 8345 8346 8347 8348 8349 8350 8351 8352 8353 8354 8355 8356 8357 8358 8359 8360 8361 8362 8363 8364 8365 8366 8367 8368 8369 8370 8371 8372 8373 8374 8375 8376 8377 8378 8379 8380 8381 8382 8383 8384 8385 8386 8387 8388 8389 8390 8391 8392 8393 8394 8395 8396 8397 8398 8399 8400 8401 8402 8403 8404 8405 8406 8407 8408 8409 8410 8411 8412 8413 8414 8415 8416 8417 8418 8419 8420 8421 8422 8423 8424 8425 8426 8427 8428 8429 8430 8431 8432 8433 8434 8435 8436 8437 8438 8439 8440 8441 8442 8443 8444 8445 8446 8447 8448 8449 8450 8451 8452 8453 8454 8455 8456 8457 8458 8459 8460 8461 8462 8463 8464 8465 8466 8467 8468 8469 8470 8471 8472 8473 8474 8475 8476 8477 8478 8479 8480 8481 8482 8483 8484 8485 8486 8487 8488 8489 8490 8491 8492 8493 8494 8495 8496 8497 8498 8499 8500 8501 8502 8503 8504 8505 8506 8507 8508 8509 8510 8511 8512 8513 8514 8515 8516 8517 8518 8519 8520 8521 8522 8523 8524 8525 8526 8527 8528 8529 8530 8531 8532 8533 8534 8535 8536 8537 8538 8539 8540 8541 8542 8543 8544 8545 8546 8547 8548 8549 8550 8551 8552 8553 8554 8555 8556 8557 8558 8559 8560 8561 8562 8563 8564 8565 8566 8567 8568 8569 8570 8571 8572 8573 8574 8575 8576 8577 8578 8579 8580 8581 8582 8583 8584 8585 8586 8587 8588 8589 8590 8591 8592 8593 8594 8595 8596 8597 8598 8599 8600 8601 8602 8603 8604 8605 8606 8607 8608 8609 8610 8611 8612 8613 8614 8615 8616 8617 8618 8619 8620 8621 8622 8623 8624 8625 8626 8627 8628 8629 8630 8631 8632 8633 8634 8635 8636 8637 8638 8639 8640 8641 8642 8643 8644 8645 8646 8647 8648 8649 8650 8651 8652 8653 8654 8655 8656 8657 8658 8659 8660 8661 8662 8663 8664 8665 8666 8667 8668 8669 8670 8671 8672 8673 8674 8675 8676 8677 8678 8679 8680 8681 8682 8683 8684 8685 8686 8687 8688 8689 8690 8691 8692 8693 8694 8695 8696 8697 8698 8699 8700 8701 8702 8703 8704 8705 8706 8707 8708 8709 8710 8711 8712 8713 8714 8715 8716 8717 8718 8719 8720 8721 8722 8723 8724 8725 8726 8727 8728 8729 8730 8731 8732 8733 8734 8735 8736 8737 8738 8739 8740 8741 8742 8743 8744 8745 8746 8747 8748 8749 8750 8751 8752 8753 8754 8755 8756 8757 8758 8759 8760 8761 8762 8763 8764 8765 8766 8767 8768 8769 8770 8771 8772 8773 8774 8775 8776 8777 8778 8779 8780 8781 8782 8783 8784 8785 8786 8787 8788 8789 8790 8791 8792 8793 8794 8795 8796 8797 8798 8799 8800 8801 8802 8803 8804 8805 8806 8807 8808 8809 8810 8811 8812 8813 8814 8815 8816 8817 8818 8819 8820 8821 8822 8823 8824 8825 8826 8827 8828 8829 8830 8831 8832 8833 8834 8835 8836 8837 8838 8839 8840 8841 8842 8843 8844 8845 8846 8847 8848 8849 8850 8851 8852 8853 8854 8855 8856 8857 8858 8859 8860 8861 8862 8863 8864 8865 8866 8867 8868 8869 8870 8871 8872 8873 8874 8875 8876 8877 8878 8879 8880 8881 8882 8883 8884 8885 8886 8887 8888 8889 8890 8891 8892 8893 8894 8895 8896 8897 8898 8899 8900 8901 8902 8903 8904 8905 8906 8907 8908 8909 8910 8911 8912 8913 8914 8915 8916 8917 8918 8919 8920 8921 8922 8923 8924 8925 8926 8927 8928 8929 8930 8931 8932 8933 8934 8935 8936 8937 8938 8939 8940 8941 8942 8943 8944 8945 8946 8947 8948 8949 8950 8951 8952 8953 8954 8955 8956 8957 8958 8959 8960 8961 8962 8963 8964 8965 8966 8967 8968 8969 8970 8971 8972 8973 8974 8975 8976 8977 8978 8979 8980 8981 8982 8983 8984 8985 8986 8987 8988 8989 8990 8991 8992 8993 8994 8995 8996 8997 8998 8999 9000 9001 9002 9003 9004 9005 9006 9007 9008 9009 9010 9011 9012 9013 9014 9015 9016 9017 9018 9019 9020 9021 9022 9023 9024 9025 9026 9027 9028 9029 9030 9031 9032 9033 9034 9035 9036 9037 9038 9039 9040 9041 9042 9043 9044 9045 9046 9047 9048 9049 9050 9051 9052 9053 9054 9055 9056 9057 9058 9059 9060 9061 9062 9063 9064 9065 9066 9067 9068 9069 9070 9071 9072 9073 9074 9075 9076 9077 9078 9079 9080 9081 9082 9083 9084 9085 9086 9087 9088 9089 9090 9091 9092 9093 9094 9095 9096 9097 9098 9099 9100 9101 9102 9103 9104 9105 9106 9107 9108 9109 9110 9111 9112 9113 9114 9115 9116 9117 9118 9119 9120 9121 9122 9123 9124 9125 9126 9127 9128 9129 9130 9131 9132 9133 9134 9135 9136 9137 9138 9139 9140 9141 9142 9143 9144 9145 9146 9147 9148 9149 9150 9151 9152 9153 9154 9155 9156 9157 9158 9159 9160 9161 9162 9163 9164 9165 9166 9167 9168 9169 9170 9171 9172 9173 9174 9175 9176 9177 9178 9179 9180 9181 9182 9183 9184 9185 9186 9187 9188 9189 9190 9191 9192 9193 9194 9195 9196 9197 9198 9199 9200 9201 9202 9203 9204 9205 9206 9207 9208 9209 9210 9211 9212 9213 9214 9215 9216 9217 9218 9219 9220 9221 9222 9223 9224 9225 9226 9227 9228 9229 9230 9231 9232 9233 9234 9235 9236 9237 9238 9239 9240 9241 9242 9243 9244 9245 9246 9247 9248 9249 9250 9251 9252 9253 9254 9255 9256 9257 9258 9259 9260 9261 9262 9263 9264 9265 9266 9267 9268 9269 9270 9271 9272 9273 9274 9275 9276 9277 9278 9279 9280 9281 9282 9283 9284 9285 9286 9287 9288 9289 9290 9291 9292 9293 9294 9295 9296 9297 9298 9299 9300 9301 9302 9303 9304 9305 9306 9307 9308 9309 9310 9311 9312 9313 9314 9315 9316 9317 9318 9319 9320 9321 9322 9323 9324 9325 9326 9327 9328 9329 9330 9331 9332 9333 9334 9335 9336 9337 9338 9339 9340 9341 9342 9343 9344 9345 9346 9347 9348 9349 9350 9351 9352 9353 9354 9355 9356 9357 9358 9359 9360 9361 9362 9363 9364 9365 9366 9367 9368 9369 9370 9371 9372 9373 9374 9375 9376 9377 9378 9379 9380 9381 9382 9383 9384 9385 9386 9387 9388 9389 9390 9391 9392 9393 9394 9395 9396 9397 9398 9399 9400 9401 9402 9403 9404 9405 9406 9407 9408 9409 9410 9411 9412 9413 9414 9415 9416 9417 9418 9419 9420 9421 9422 9423 9424 9425 9426 9427 9428 9429 9430 9431 9432 9433 9434 9435 9436 9437 9438 9439 9440 9441 9442 9443 9444 9445 9446 9447 9448 9449 9450 9451 9452 9453 9454 9455 9456 9457 9458 9459 9460 9461 9462 9463 9464 9465 9466 9467 9468 9469 9470 9471 9472 9473 9474 9475 9476 9477 9478 9479 9480 9481 9482 9483 9484 9485 9486 9487 9488 9489 9490 9491 9492 9493 9494 9495 9496 9497 9498 9499 9500 9501 9502 9503 9504 9505 9506 9507 9508 9509 9510 9511 9512 9513 9514 9515 9516 9517 9518 9519 9520 9521 9522 9523 9524 9525 9526 9527 9528 9529 9530 9531 9532 9533 9534 9535 9536 9537 9538 9539 9540 9541 9542 9543 9544 9545 9546 9547 9548 9549 9550 9551 9552 9553 9554 9555 9556 9557 9558 9559 9560 9561 9562 9563 9564 9565 9566 9567 9568 9569 9570 9571 9572 9573 9574 9575 9576 9577 9578 9579 9580 9581 9582 9583 9584 9585 9586 9587 9588 9589 9590 9591 9592 9593 9594 9595 9596 9597 9598 9599 9600 9601 9602 9603 9604 9605 9606 9607 9608 9609 9610 9611 9612 9613 9614 9615 9616 9617 9618 9619 9620 9621 9622 9623 9624 9625 9626 9627 9628 9629 9630 9631 9632 9633 9634 9635 9636 9637 9638 9639 9640 9641 9642 9643 9644 9645 9646 9647 9648 9649 9650 9651 9652 9653 9654 9655 9656 9657 9658 9659 9660 9661 9662 9663 9664 9665 9666 9667 9668 9669 9670 9671 9672 9673 9674 9675 9676 9677 9678 9679 9680 9681 9682 9683 9684 9685 9686 9687 9688 9689 9690 9691 9692 9693 9694 9695 9696 9697 9698 9699 9700 9701 9702 9703 9704 9705 9706 9707 9708 9709 9710 9711 9712 9713 9714 9715 9716 9717 9718 9719 9720 9721 9722 9723 9724 9725 9726 9727 9728 9729 9730 9731 9732 9733 9734 9735 9736 9737 9738 9739 9740 9741 9742 9743 9744 9745 9746 9747 9748 9749 9750 9751 9752 9753 9754 9755 9756 9757 9758 9759 9760 9761 9762 9763 9764 9765 9766 9767 9768 9769 9770 9771 9772 9773 9774 9775 9776 9777 9778 9779 9780 9781 9782 9783 9784 9785 9786 9787 9788 9789 9790 9791 9792 9793 9794 9795 9796 9797 9798 9799 9800 9801 9802 9803 9804 9805 9806 9807 9808 9809 9810 9811 9812 9813 9814 9815 9816 9817 9818 9819 9820 9821 9822 9823 9824 9825 9826 9827 9828 9829 9830 9831 9832 9833 9834 9835 9836 9837 9838 9839 9840 9841 9842 9843 9844 9845 9846 9847 9848 9849 9850 9851 9852 9853 9854 9855 9856 9857 9858 9859 9860 9861 9862 9863 9864 9865 9866 9867 9868 9869 9870 9871 9872 9873 9874 9875 9876 9877 9878 9879 9880 9881 9882 9883 9884 9885 9886 9887 9888 9889 9890 9891 9892 9893 9894 9895 9896 9897 9898 9899 9900 9901 9902 9903 9904 9905 9906 9907 9908 9909 9910 9911 9912 9913 9914 9915 9916 9917 9918 9919 9920 9921 9922 9923 9924 9925 9926 9927 9928 9929 9930 9931 9932 9933 9934 9935 9936 9937 9938 9939 9940 9941 9942 9943 9944 9945 9946 9947 9948 9949 9950 9951 9952 9953 9954 9955 9956 9957 9958 9959 9960 9961 9962 9963 9964 9965 9966 9967 9968 9969 9970 9971 9972 9973 9974 9975 9976 9977 9978 9979 9980 9981 9982 9983 9984 9985 9986 9987 9988 9989 9990 9991 9992 9993 9994 9995 9996 9997 9998 9999 10000 10001 10002 10003 10004 10005 10006 10007 10008 10009 10010 10011 10012 10013 10014 10015 10016 10017 10018 10019 10020 10021 10022 10023 10024 10025 10026 10027 10028 10029 10030 10031 10032 10033 10034 10035 10036 10037 10038 10039 10040 10041 10042 10043 10044 10045 10046 10047 10048 10049 10050 10051 10052 10053 10054 10055 10056 10057 10058 10059 10060 10061 10062 10063 10064 10065 10066 10067 10068 10069 10070 10071 10072 10073 10074 10075 10076 10077 10078 10079 10080 10081 10082 10083 10084 10085 10086 10087 10088 10089 10090 10091 10092 10093 10094 10095 10096 10097 10098 10099 10100 10101 10102 10103 10104 10105 10106 10107 10108 10109 10110 10111 10112 10113 10114 10115 10116 10117 10118 10119 10120 10121 10122 10123 10124 10125 10126 10127 10128 10129 10130 10131 10132 10133 10134 10135 10136 10137 10138 10139 10140 10141 10142 10143 10144 10145 10146 10147 10148 10149 10150 10151 10152 10153 10154 10155 10156 10157 10158 10159 10160 10161 10162 10163 10164 10165 10166 10167 10168 10169 10170 10171 10172 10173 10174 10175 10176 10177 10178 10179 10180 10181 10182 10183 10184 10185 10186 10187 10188 10189 10190 10191 10192 10193 10194 10195 10196 10197 10198 10199 10200 10201 10202 10203 10204 10205 10206 10207 10208 10209 10210 10211 10212 10213 10214 10215 10216 10217 10218 10219 10220 10221 10222 10223 10224 10225 10226 10227 10228 10229 10230 10231 10232 10233 10234 10235 10236 10237 10238 10239 10240 10241 10242 10243 10244 10245 10246 10247 10248 10249 10250 10251 10252 10253 10254 10255 10256 10257 10258 10259 10260 10261 10262 10263 10264 10265 10266 10267 10268 10269 10270 10271 10272 10273 10274 10275 10276 10277 10278 10279 10280 10281 10282 10283 10284 10285 10286 10287 10288 10289 10290 10291 10292 10293 10294 10295 10296 10297 10298 10299 10300 10301 10302 10303 10304 10305 10306 10307 10308 10309 10310 10311 10312 10313 10314 10315 10316 10317 10318 10319 10320 10321 10322 10323 10324 10325 10326 10327 10328 10329 10330 10331 10332 10333 10334 10335 10336 10337 10338 10339 10340 10341 10342 10343 10344 10345 10346 10347 10348 10349 10350 10351 10352 10353 10354 10355 10356 10357 10358 10359 10360 10361 10362 10363 10364 10365 10366 10367 10368 10369 10370 10371 10372 10373 10374 10375 10376 10377 10378 10379 10380 10381 10382 10383 10384 10385 10386 10387 10388 10389 10390 10391 10392 10393 10394 10395 10396 10397 10398 10399 10400 10401 10402 10403 10404 10405 10406 10407 10408 10409 10410 10411 10412 10413 10414 10415 10416 10417 10418 10419 10420 10421 10422 10423 10424 10425 10426 10427 10428 10429 10430 10431 10432 10433 10434 10435 10436 10437 10438 10439 10440 10441 10442 10443 10444 10445 10446 10447 10448 10449 10450 10451 10452 10453 10454 10455 10456 10457 10458 10459 10460 10461 10462 10463 10464 10465 10466 10467 10468 10469 10470 10471 10472 10473 10474 10475 10476 10477 10478 10479 10480 10481 10482 10483 10484 10485 10486 10487 10488 10489 10490 10491 10492 10493 10494 10495 10496 10497 10498 10499 10500 10501 10502 10503 10504 10505 10506 10507 10508 10509 10510 10511 10512 10513 10514 10515 10516 10517 10518 10519 10520 10521 10522 10523 10524 10525 10526 10527 10528 10529 10530 10531 10532 10533 10534 10535 10536 10537 10538 10539 10540 10541 10542 10543 10544 10545 10546 10547 10548 10549 10550 10551 10552 10553 10554 10555 10556 10557 10558 10559 10560 10561 10562 10563 10564 10565 10566 10567 10568 10569 10570 10571 10572 10573 10574 10575 10576 10577 10578 10579 10580 10581 10582 10583 10584 10585 10586 10587 10588 10589 10590 10591 10592 10593 10594 10595 10596 10597 10598 10599 10600 10601 10602 10603 10604 10605 10606 10607 10608 10609 10610 10611 10612 10613 10614 10615 10616 10617 10618 10619 10620 10621 10622 10623 10624 10625 10626 10627 10628 10629 10630 10631 10632 10633 10634 10635 10636 10637 10638 10639 10640 10641 10642 10643 10644 10645 10646 10647 10648 10649 10650 10651 10652 10653 10654 10655 10656 10657 10658 10659 10660 10661 10662 10663 10664 10665 10666 10667 10668 10669 10670 10671 10672 10673 10674 10675 10676 10677 10678 10679 10680 10681 10682 10683 10684 10685 10686 10687 10688 10689 10690 10691 10692 10693 10694 10695 10696 10697 10698 10699 10700 10701 10702 10703 10704 10705 10706 10707 10708 10709 10710 10711 10712 10713 10714 10715 10716 10717 10718 10719 10720 10721 10722 10723 10724 10725 10726 10727 10728 10729 10730 10731 10732 10733 10734 10735 10736 10737 10738 10739 10740 10741 10742 10743 10744 10745 10746 10747 10748 10749 10750 10751 10752 10753 10754 10755 10756 10757 10758 10759 10760 10761 10762 10763 10764 10765 10766 10767 10768 10769 10770 10771 10772 10773 10774 10775 10776 10777 10778 10779 10780 10781 10782 10783 10784 10785 10786 10787 10788 10789 10790 10791 10792 10793 10794 10795 10796 10797 10798 10799 10800 10801 10802 10803 10804 10805 10806 10807 10808 10809 10810 10811 10812 10813 10814 10815 10816 10817 10818 10819 10820 10821 10822 10823 10824 10825 10826 10827 10828 10829 10830 10831 10832 10833 10834 10835 10836 10837 10838 10839 10840 10841 10842 10843 10844 10845 10846 10847 10848 10849 10850 10851 10852 10853 10854 10855 10856 10857 10858 10859 10860 10861 10862 10863 10864 10865 10866 10867 10868 10869 10870 10871 10872 10873 10874 10875 10876 10877 10878 10879 10880 10881 10882 10883 10884 10885 10886 10887 10888 10889 10890 10891 10892 10893 10894 10895 10896 10897 10898 10899 10900 10901 10902 10903 10904 10905 10906 10907 10908 10909 10910 10911 10912 10913 10914 10915 10916 10917 10918 10919 10920 10921 10922 10923 10924 10925 10926 10927 10928 10929 10930 10931 10932 10933 10934 10935 10936 10937 10938 10939 10940 10941 10942 10943 10944 10945 10946 10947 10948 10949 10950 10951 10952 10953 10954 10955 10956 10957 10958 10959 10960 10961 10962 10963 10964 10965 10966 10967 10968 10969 10970 10971 10972 10973 10974 10975 10976 10977 10978 10979 10980 10981 10982 10983 10984 10985 10986 10987 10988 10989 10990 10991 10992 10993 10994 10995 10996 10997 10998 10999 11000 11001 11002 11003 11004 11005 11006 11007 11008 11009 11010 11011 11012 11013 11014 11015 11016 11017 11018 11019 11020 11021 11022 11023 11024 11025 11026 11027 11028 11029 11030 11031 11032 11033 11034 11035 11036 11037 11038 11039 11040 11041 11042 11043 11044 11045 11046 11047 11048 11049 11050 11051 11052 11053 11054 11055 11056 11057 11058 11059 11060 11061 11062 11063 11064 11065 11066 11067 11068 11069 11070 11071 11072 11073 11074 11075 11076 11077 11078 11079 11080 11081 11082 11083 11084 11085 11086 11087 11088 11089 11090 11091 11092 11093 11094 11095 11096 11097 11098 11099 11100 11101 11102 11103 11104 11105 11106 11107 11108 11109 11110 11111 11112 11113 11114 11115 11116 11117 11118 11119 11120 11121 11122 11123 11124 11125 11126 11127 11128 11129 11130 11131 11132 11133 11134 11135 11136 11137 11138 11139 11140 11141 11142 11143 11144 11145 11146 11147 11148 11149 11150 11151 11152 11153 11154 11155 11156 11157 11158 11159 11160 11161 11162 11163 11164 11165 11166 11167 11168 11169 11170 11171 11172 11173 11174 11175 11176 11177 11178 11179 11180 11181 11182 11183 11184 11185 11186 11187 11188 11189 11190 11191 11192 11193 11194 11195 11196 11197 11198 11199 11200 11201 11202 11203 11204 11205 11206 11207 11208 11209 11210 11211 11212 11213 11214 11215 11216 11217 11218 11219 11220 11221 11222 11223 11224 11225 11226 11227 11228 11229 11230 11231 11232 11233 11234 11235 11236 11237 11238 11239 11240 11241 11242 11243 11244 11245 11246 11247 11248 11249 11250 11251 11252 11253 11254 11255 11256 11257 11258 11259 11260 11261 11262 11263 11264 11265 11266 11267 11268 11269 11270 11271 11272 11273 11274 11275 11276 11277 11278 11279 11280 11281 11282 11283 11284 11285 11286 11287 11288 11289 11290 11291 11292 11293 11294 11295 11296 11297 11298 11299 11300 11301 11302 11303 11304 11305 11306 11307 11308 11309 11310 11311 11312 11313 11314 11315 11316 11317 11318 11319 11320 11321 11322 11323 11324 11325 11326 11327 11328 11329 11330 11331 11332 11333 11334 11335 11336 11337 11338 11339 11340 11341 11342 11343 11344 11345 11346 11347 11348 11349 11350 11351 11352 11353 11354 11355 11356 11357 11358 11359 11360 11361 11362 11363 11364 11365 11366 11367 11368 11369 11370 11371 11372 11373 11374 11375 11376 11377 11378 11379 11380 11381 11382 11383 11384 11385 11386 11387 11388 11389 11390 11391 11392 11393 11394 11395 11396 11397 11398 11399 11400 11401 11402 11403 11404 11405 11406 11407 11408 11409 11410 11411 11412 11413 11414 11415 11416 11417 11418 11419 11420 11421 11422 11423 11424 11425 11426 11427 11428 11429 11430 11431 11432 11433 11434 11435 11436 11437 11438 11439 11440 11441 11442 11443 11444 11445 11446 11447 11448 11449 11450 11451 11452 11453 11454 11455 11456 11457 11458 11459 11460 11461 11462 11463 11464 11465 11466 11467 11468 11469 11470 11471 11472 11473 11474 11475 11476 11477 11478 11479 11480 11481 11482 11483 11484 11485 11486 11487 11488 11489 11490 11491 11492 11493 11494 11495 11496 11497 11498 11499 11500 11501 11502 11503 11504 11505 11506 11507 11508 11509 11510 11511 11512 11513 11514 11515 11516 11517 11518 11519 11520 11521 11522 11523 11524 11525 11526 11527 11528 11529 11530 11531 11532 11533 11534 11535 11536 11537 11538 11539 11540 11541 11542 11543 11544 11545 11546 11547 11548 11549 11550 11551 11552 11553 11554 11555 11556 11557 11558 11559 11560 11561 11562 11563 11564 11565 11566 11567 11568 11569 11570 11571 11572 11573 11574 11575 11576 11577 11578 11579 11580 11581 11582 11583 11584 11585 11586 11587 11588 11589 11590 11591 11592 11593 11594 11595 11596 11597 11598 11599 11600 11601 11602 11603 11604 11605 11606 11607 11608 11609 11610 11611 11612 11613 11614 11615 11616 11617 11618 11619 11620 11621 11622 11623 11624 11625 11626 11627 11628 11629 11630 11631 11632 11633 11634 11635 11636 11637 11638 11639 11640 11641 11642 11643 11644 11645 11646 11647 11648 11649 11650 11651 11652 11653 11654 11655 11656 11657 11658

/* POSIX module implementation */

/* This file is also used for Windows NT/MS-Win and OS/2.  In that case the
   module actually calls itself 'nt' or 'os2', not 'posix', and a few
   functions are either unimplemented or implemented differently.  The source
   assumes that for Windows NT, the macro 'MS_WINDOWS' is defined independent
   of the compiler used.  Different compilers define their own feature
   test macro, e.g. '__BORLANDC__' or '_MSC_VER'.  For OS/2, the compiler
   independent macro PYOS_OS2 should be defined.  On OS/2 the default
   compiler is assumed to be IBM's VisualAge C++ (VACPP).  PYCC_GCC is used
   as the compiler specific macro for the EMX port of gcc to OS/2. */

#ifdef __APPLE__
   /*
    * Step 1 of support for weak-linking a number of symbols existing on
    * OSX 10.4 and later, see the comment in the #ifdef __APPLE__ block
    * at the end of this file for more information.
    */
#  pragma weak lchown
#  pragma weak statvfs
#  pragma weak fstatvfs

#endif /* __APPLE__ */

#define PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN

#include "Python.h"

#if defined(__VMS)
#    error "PEP 11: VMS is now unsupported, code will be removed in Python 3.4"
#    include <unixio.h>
#endif /* defined(__VMS) */

#ifdef __cplusplus
extern "C" {
#endif

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix__doc__,
"This module provides access to operating system functionality that is\n\
standardized by the C Standard and the POSIX standard (a thinly\n\
disguised Unix interface).  Refer to the library manual and\n\
corresponding Unix manual entries for more information on calls.");


#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
#error "PEP 11: OS/2 is now unsupported, code will be removed in Python 3.4"
#define  INCL_DOS
#define  INCL_DOSERRORS
#define  INCL_DOSPROCESS
#define  INCL_NOPMAPI
#include <os2.h>
#if defined(PYCC_GCC)
#include <ctype.h>
#include <io.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <process.h>
#endif
#include "osdefs.h"
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UIO_H
#include <sys/uio.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H
#include <sys/types.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_TYPES_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_STAT_H
#include <sys/stat.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_STAT_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
#include <sys/wait.h>           /* For WNOHANG */
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SIGNAL_H
#include <signal.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
#include <fcntl.h>
#endif /* HAVE_FCNTL_H */

#ifdef HAVE_GRP_H
#include <grp.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYSEXITS_H
#include <sysexits.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYSEXITS_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_LOADAVG_H
#include <sys/loadavg.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LANGINFO_H
#include <langinfo.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SENDFILE_H
#include <sys/sendfile.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_H
#include <sched.h>
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_SYS_XATTR_H) && defined(__GLIBC__)
#define USE_XATTRS
#endif

#ifdef USE_XATTRS
#include <sys/xattr.h>
#endif

#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__APPLE__)
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SOCKET_H
#include <sys/socket.h>
#endif
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_DLFCN_H
#include <dlfcn.h>
#endif

/* Various compilers have only certain posix functions */
/* XXX Gosh I wish these were all moved into pyconfig.h */
#if defined(PYCC_VACPP) && defined(PYOS_OS2)
#include <process.h>
#else
#if defined(__WATCOMC__) && !defined(__QNX__)           /* Watcom compiler */
#define HAVE_GETCWD     1
#define HAVE_OPENDIR    1
#define HAVE_SYSTEM     1
#if defined(__OS2__)
#define HAVE_EXECV      1
#define HAVE_WAIT       1
#endif
#include <process.h>
#else
#ifdef __BORLANDC__             /* Borland compiler */
#define HAVE_EXECV      1
#define HAVE_GETCWD     1
#define HAVE_OPENDIR    1
#define HAVE_PIPE       1
#define HAVE_SYSTEM     1
#define HAVE_WAIT       1
#else
#ifdef _MSC_VER         /* Microsoft compiler */
#define HAVE_GETCWD     1
#define HAVE_GETPPID    1
#define HAVE_GETLOGIN   1
#define HAVE_SPAWNV     1
#define HAVE_EXECV      1
#define HAVE_PIPE       1
#define HAVE_SYSTEM     1
#define HAVE_CWAIT      1
#define HAVE_FSYNC      1
#define fsync _commit
#else
#if defined(PYOS_OS2) && defined(PYCC_GCC) || defined(__VMS)
/* Everything needed is defined in PC/os2emx/pyconfig.h or vms/pyconfig.h */
#else                   /* all other compilers */
/* Unix functions that the configure script doesn't check for */
#define HAVE_EXECV      1
#define HAVE_FORK       1
#if defined(__USLC__) && defined(__SCO_VERSION__)       /* SCO UDK Compiler */
#define HAVE_FORK1      1
#endif
#define HAVE_GETCWD     1
#define HAVE_GETEGID    1
#define HAVE_GETEUID    1
#define HAVE_GETGID     1
#define HAVE_GETPPID    1
#define HAVE_GETUID     1
#define HAVE_KILL       1
#define HAVE_OPENDIR    1
#define HAVE_PIPE       1
#define HAVE_SYSTEM     1
#define HAVE_WAIT       1
#define HAVE_TTYNAME    1
#endif  /* PYOS_OS2 && PYCC_GCC && __VMS */
#endif  /* _MSC_VER */
#endif  /* __BORLANDC__ */
#endif  /* ! __WATCOMC__ || __QNX__ */
#endif /* ! __IBMC__ */

#ifndef _MSC_VER

#if defined(__sgi)&&_COMPILER_VERSION>=700
/* declare ctermid_r if compiling with MIPSPro 7.x in ANSI C mode
   (default) */
extern char        *ctermid_r(char *);
#endif

#ifndef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#if defined(PYCC_VACPP)
extern int mkdir(char *);
#else
#if ( defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(_MSC_VER) ) && !defined(__QNX__)
extern int mkdir(const char *);
#else
extern int mkdir(const char *, mode_t);
#endif
#endif
#if defined(__IBMC__) || defined(__IBMCPP__)
extern int chdir(char *);
extern int rmdir(char *);
#else
extern int chdir(const char *);
extern int rmdir(const char *);
#endif
#ifdef __BORLANDC__
extern int chmod(const char *, int);
#else
extern int chmod(const char *, mode_t);
#endif
/*#ifdef HAVE_FCHMOD
extern int fchmod(int, mode_t);
#endif*/
/*#ifdef HAVE_LCHMOD
extern int lchmod(const char *, mode_t);
#endif*/
extern int chown(const char *, uid_t, gid_t);
extern char *getcwd(char *, int);
extern char *strerror(int);
extern int link(const char *, const char *);
extern int rename(const char *, const char *);
extern int stat(const char *, struct stat *);
extern int unlink(const char *);
#ifdef HAVE_SYMLINK
extern int symlink(const char *, const char *);
#endif /* HAVE_SYMLINK */
#ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
extern int lstat(const char *, struct stat *);
#endif /* HAVE_LSTAT */
#endif /* !HAVE_UNISTD_H */

#endif /* !_MSC_VER */

#ifdef HAVE_UTIME_H
#include <utime.h>
#endif /* HAVE_UTIME_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UTIME_H
#include <sys/utime.h>
#define HAVE_UTIME_H /* pretend we do for the rest of this file */
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_UTIME_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIMES_H
#include <sys/times.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_TIMES_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H
#include <sys/param.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_PARAM_H */

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_UTSNAME_H
#include <sys/utsname.h>
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_UTSNAME_H */

#ifdef HAVE_DIRENT_H
#include <dirent.h>
#define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
#else
#if defined(__WATCOMC__) && !defined(__QNX__)
#include <direct.h>
#define NAMLEN(dirent) strlen((dirent)->d_name)
#else
#define dirent direct
#define NAMLEN(dirent) (dirent)->d_namlen
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_NDIR_H
#include <sys/ndir.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_DIR_H
#include <sys/dir.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_NDIR_H
#include <ndir.h>
#endif
#endif

#ifdef _MSC_VER
#ifdef HAVE_DIRECT_H
#include <direct.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_IO_H
#include <io.h>
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PROCESS_H
#include <process.h>
#endif
#ifndef VOLUME_NAME_DOS
#define VOLUME_NAME_DOS 0x0
#endif
#ifndef VOLUME_NAME_NT
#define VOLUME_NAME_NT  0x2
#endif
#ifndef IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK
#define IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK (0xA000000CL)
#endif
#include "osdefs.h"
#include <malloc.h>
#include <windows.h>
#include <shellapi.h>   /* for ShellExecute() */
#include <lmcons.h>     /* for UNLEN */
#ifdef SE_CREATE_SYMBOLIC_LINK_NAME /* Available starting with Vista */
#define HAVE_SYMLINK
static int win32_can_symlink = 0;
#endif
#endif /* _MSC_VER */

#if defined(PYCC_VACPP) && defined(PYOS_OS2)
#include <io.h>
#endif /* OS2 */

#ifndef MAXPATHLEN
#if defined(PATH_MAX) && PATH_MAX > 1024
#define MAXPATHLEN PATH_MAX
#else
#define MAXPATHLEN 1024
#endif
#endif /* MAXPATHLEN */

#ifdef UNION_WAIT
/* Emulate some macros on systems that have a union instead of macros */

#ifndef WIFEXITED
#define WIFEXITED(u_wait) (!(u_wait).w_termsig && !(u_wait).w_coredump)
#endif

#ifndef WEXITSTATUS
#define WEXITSTATUS(u_wait) (WIFEXITED(u_wait)?((u_wait).w_retcode):-1)
#endif

#ifndef WTERMSIG
#define WTERMSIG(u_wait) ((u_wait).w_termsig)
#endif

#define WAIT_TYPE union wait
#define WAIT_STATUS_INT(s) (s.w_status)

#else /* !UNION_WAIT */
#define WAIT_TYPE int
#define WAIT_STATUS_INT(s) (s)
#endif /* UNION_WAIT */

/* Don't use the "_r" form if we don't need it (also, won't have a
   prototype for it, at least on Solaris -- maybe others as well?). */
#if defined(HAVE_CTERMID_R) && defined(WITH_THREAD)
#define USE_CTERMID_R
#endif

/* choose the appropriate stat and fstat functions and return structs */
#undef STAT
#undef FSTAT
#undef STRUCT_STAT
#if defined(MS_WIN64) || defined(MS_WINDOWS)
#       define STAT win32_stat
#       define FSTAT win32_fstat
#       define STRUCT_STAT struct win32_stat
#else
#       define STAT stat
#       define FSTAT fstat
#       define STRUCT_STAT struct stat
#endif

#if defined(MAJOR_IN_MKDEV)
#include <sys/mkdev.h>
#else
#if defined(MAJOR_IN_SYSMACROS)
#include <sys/sysmacros.h>
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_MKNOD) && defined(HAVE_SYS_MKDEV_H)
#include <sys/mkdev.h>
#endif
#endif

/* A helper used by a number of POSIX-only functions */
#ifndef MS_WINDOWS
static int
_parse_off_t(PyObject* arg, void* addr)
{
#if !defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
    *((off_t*)addr) = PyLong_AsLong(arg);
#else
    *((off_t*)addr) = PyLong_AsLongLong(arg);
#endif
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return 0;
    return 1;
}
#endif

#if defined _MSC_VER && _MSC_VER >= 1400
/* Microsoft CRT in VS2005 and higher will verify that a filehandle is
 * valid and throw an assertion if it isn't.
 * Normally, an invalid fd is likely to be a C program error and therefore
 * an assertion can be useful, but it does contradict the POSIX standard
 * which for write(2) states:
 *    "Otherwise, -1 shall be returned and errno set to indicate the error."
 *    "[EBADF] The fildes argument is not a valid file descriptor open for
 *     writing."
 * Furthermore, python allows the user to enter any old integer
 * as a fd and should merely raise a python exception on error.
 * The Microsoft CRT doesn't provide an official way to check for the
 * validity of a file descriptor, but we can emulate its internal behaviour
 * by using the exported __pinfo data member and knowledge of the
 * internal structures involved.
 * The structures below must be updated for each version of visual studio
 * according to the file internal.h in the CRT source, until MS comes
 * up with a less hacky way to do this.
 * (all of this is to avoid globally modifying the CRT behaviour using
 * _set_invalid_parameter_handler() and _CrtSetReportMode())
 */
/* The actual size of the structure is determined at runtime.
 * Only the first items must be present.
 */
typedef struct {
    intptr_t osfhnd;
    char osfile;
} my_ioinfo;

extern __declspec(dllimport) char * __pioinfo[];
#define IOINFO_L2E 5
#define IOINFO_ARRAY_ELTS   (1 << IOINFO_L2E)
#define IOINFO_ARRAYS 64
#define _NHANDLE_           (IOINFO_ARRAYS * IOINFO_ARRAY_ELTS)
#define FOPEN 0x01
#define _NO_CONSOLE_FILENO (intptr_t)-2

/* This function emulates what the windows CRT does to validate file handles */
int
_PyVerify_fd(int fd)
{
    const int i1 = fd >> IOINFO_L2E;
    const int i2 = fd & ((1 << IOINFO_L2E) - 1);

    static size_t sizeof_ioinfo = 0;

    /* Determine the actual size of the ioinfo structure,
     * as used by the CRT loaded in memory
     */
    if (sizeof_ioinfo == 0 && __pioinfo[0] != NULL) {
        sizeof_ioinfo = _msize(__pioinfo[0]) / IOINFO_ARRAY_ELTS;
    }
    if (sizeof_ioinfo == 0) {
        /* This should not happen... */
        goto fail;
    }

    /* See that it isn't a special CLEAR fileno */
    if (fd != _NO_CONSOLE_FILENO) {
        /* Microsoft CRT would check that 0<=fd<_nhandle but we can't do that.  Instead
         * we check pointer validity and other info
         */
        if (0 <= i1 && i1 < IOINFO_ARRAYS && __pioinfo[i1] != NULL) {
            /* finally, check that the file is open */
            my_ioinfo* info = (my_ioinfo*)(__pioinfo[i1] + i2 * sizeof_ioinfo);
            if (info->osfile & FOPEN) {
                return 1;
            }
        }
    }
  fail:
    errno = EBADF;
    return 0;
}

/* the special case of checking dup2.  The target fd must be in a sensible range */
static int
_PyVerify_fd_dup2(int fd1, int fd2)
{
    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd1))
        return 0;
    if (fd2 == _NO_CONSOLE_FILENO)
        return 0;
    if ((unsigned)fd2 < _NHANDLE_)
        return 1;
    else
        return 0;
}
#else
/* dummy version. _PyVerify_fd() is already defined in fileobject.h */
#define _PyVerify_fd_dup2(A, B) (1)
#endif

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
/* The following structure was copied from
   http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms791514.aspx as the required
   include doesn't seem to be present in the Windows SDK (at least as included
   with Visual Studio Express). */
typedef struct _REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER {
    ULONG ReparseTag;
    USHORT ReparseDataLength;
    USHORT Reserved;
    union {
        struct {
            USHORT SubstituteNameOffset;
            USHORT SubstituteNameLength;
            USHORT PrintNameOffset;
            USHORT PrintNameLength;
            ULONG Flags;
            WCHAR PathBuffer[1];
        } SymbolicLinkReparseBuffer;

        struct {
            USHORT SubstituteNameOffset;
            USHORT  SubstituteNameLength;
            USHORT  PrintNameOffset;
            USHORT  PrintNameLength;
            WCHAR  PathBuffer[1];
        } MountPointReparseBuffer;

        struct {
            UCHAR  DataBuffer[1];
        } GenericReparseBuffer;
    };
} REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER, *PREPARSE_DATA_BUFFER;

#define REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_HEADER_SIZE  FIELD_OFFSET(REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER,\
                                                      GenericReparseBuffer)
#define MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE  ( 16 * 1024 )

static int
win32_get_reparse_tag(HANDLE reparse_point_handle, ULONG *reparse_tag)
{
    char target_buffer[MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE];
    REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER *rdb = (REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER *)target_buffer;
    DWORD n_bytes_returned;

    if (0 == DeviceIoControl(
        reparse_point_handle,
        FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT,
        NULL, 0, /* in buffer */
        target_buffer, sizeof(target_buffer),
        &n_bytes_returned,
        NULL)) /* we're not using OVERLAPPED_IO */
        return FALSE;

    if (reparse_tag)
        *reparse_tag = rdb->ReparseTag;

    return TRUE;
}

static int
win32_warn_bytes_api()
{
    return PyErr_WarnEx(PyExc_DeprecationWarning,
        "The Windows bytes API has been deprecated, "
        "use Unicode filenames instead",
        1);
}

static PyObject*
win32_decode_filename(PyObject *obj)
{
    PyObject *unicode;
    if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
        if (PyUnicode_READY(obj))
            return NULL;
        Py_INCREF(obj);
        return obj;
    }
    if (!PyUnicode_FSDecoder(obj, &unicode))
        return NULL;
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api()) {
        Py_DECREF(unicode);
        return NULL;
    }
    return unicode;
}
#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */

/* Return a dictionary corresponding to the POSIX environment table */
#ifdef WITH_NEXT_FRAMEWORK
/* On Darwin/MacOSX a shared library or framework has no access to
** environ directly, we must obtain it with _NSGetEnviron().
*/
#include <crt_externs.h>
static char **environ;
#elif !defined(_MSC_VER) && ( !defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(__QNX__) )
extern char **environ;
#endif /* !_MSC_VER */

static PyObject *
convertenviron(void)
{
    PyObject *d;
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    wchar_t **e;
#else
    char **e;
#endif
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    APIRET rc;
    char   buffer[1024]; /* OS/2 Provides a Documented Max of 1024 Chars */
#endif

    d = PyDict_New();
    if (d == NULL)
        return NULL;
#ifdef WITH_NEXT_FRAMEWORK
    if (environ == NULL)
        environ = *_NSGetEnviron();
#endif
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    /* _wenviron must be initialized in this way if the program is started
       through main() instead of wmain(). */
    _wgetenv(L"");
    if (_wenviron == NULL)
        return d;
    /* This part ignores errors */
    for (e = _wenviron; *e != NULL; e++) {
        PyObject *k;
        PyObject *v;
        wchar_t *p = wcschr(*e, L'=');
        if (p == NULL)
            continue;
        k = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(*e, (Py_ssize_t)(p-*e));
        if (k == NULL) {
            PyErr_Clear();
            continue;
        }
        v = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(p+1, wcslen(p+1));
        if (v == NULL) {
            PyErr_Clear();
            Py_DECREF(k);
            continue;
        }
        if (PyDict_GetItem(d, k) == NULL) {
            if (PyDict_SetItem(d, k, v) != 0)
                PyErr_Clear();
        }
        Py_DECREF(k);
        Py_DECREF(v);
    }
#else
    if (environ == NULL)
        return d;
    /* This part ignores errors */
    for (e = environ; *e != NULL; e++) {
        PyObject *k;
        PyObject *v;
        char *p = strchr(*e, '=');
        if (p == NULL)
            continue;
        k = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(*e, (int)(p-*e));
        if (k == NULL) {
            PyErr_Clear();
            continue;
        }
        v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(p+1, strlen(p+1));
        if (v == NULL) {
            PyErr_Clear();
            Py_DECREF(k);
            continue;
        }
        if (PyDict_GetItem(d, k) == NULL) {
            if (PyDict_SetItem(d, k, v) != 0)
                PyErr_Clear();
        }
        Py_DECREF(k);
        Py_DECREF(v);
    }
#endif
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    rc = DosQueryExtLIBPATH(buffer, BEGIN_LIBPATH);
    if (rc == NO_ERROR) { /* (not a type, envname is NOT 'BEGIN_LIBPATH') */
        PyObject *v = PyBytes_FromString(buffer);
        PyDict_SetItemString(d, "BEGINLIBPATH", v);
        Py_DECREF(v);
    }
    rc = DosQueryExtLIBPATH(buffer, END_LIBPATH);
    if (rc == NO_ERROR) { /* (not a typo, envname is NOT 'END_LIBPATH') */
        PyObject *v = PyBytes_FromString(buffer);
        PyDict_SetItemString(d, "ENDLIBPATH", v);
        Py_DECREF(v);
    }
#endif
    return d;
}

/* Set a POSIX-specific error from errno, and return NULL */

static PyObject *
posix_error(void)
{
    return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
}
static PyObject *
posix_error_with_filename(char* name)
{
    return PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, name);
}


static PyObject *
posix_error_with_allocated_filename(PyObject* name)
{
    PyObject *name_str, *rc;
    name_str = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(PyBytes_AsString(name),
                                                PyBytes_GET_SIZE(name));
    Py_DECREF(name);
    rc = PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject(PyExc_OSError,
                                              name_str);
    Py_XDECREF(name_str);
    return rc;
}

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
static PyObject *
win32_error(char* function, const char* filename)
{
    /* XXX We should pass the function name along in the future.
       (winreg.c also wants to pass the function name.)
       This would however require an additional param to the
       Windows error object, which is non-trivial.
    */
    errno = GetLastError();
    if (filename)
        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithFilename(errno, filename);
    else
        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(errno);
}

static PyObject *
win32_error_unicode(char* function, wchar_t* filename)
{
    /* XXX - see win32_error for comments on 'function' */
    errno = GetLastError();
    if (filename)
        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErrWithUnicodeFilename(errno, filename);
    else
        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(errno);
}

static PyObject *
win32_error_object(char* function, PyObject* filename)
{
    /* XXX - see win32_error for comments on 'function' */
    errno = GetLastError();
    if (filename)
        return PyErr_SetExcFromWindowsErrWithFilenameObject(
                    PyExc_WindowsError,
                    errno,
                    filename);
    else
        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(errno);
}

#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
/**********************************************************************
 *         Helper Function to Trim and Format OS/2 Messages
 **********************************************************************/
static void
os2_formatmsg(char *msgbuf, int msglen, char *reason)
{
    msgbuf[msglen] = '\0'; /* OS/2 Doesn't Guarantee a Terminator */

    if (strlen(msgbuf) > 0) { /* If Non-Empty Msg, Trim CRLF */
        char *lastc = &msgbuf[ strlen(msgbuf)-1 ];

        while (lastc > msgbuf && isspace(Py_CHARMASK(*lastc)))
            *lastc-- = '\0'; /* Trim Trailing Whitespace (CRLF) */
    }

    /* Add Optional Reason Text */
    if (reason) {
        strcat(msgbuf, " : ");
        strcat(msgbuf, reason);
    }
}

/**********************************************************************
 *             Decode an OS/2 Operating System Error Code
 *
 * A convenience function to lookup an OS/2 error code and return a
 * text message we can use to raise a Python exception.
 *
 * Notes:
 *   The messages for errors returned from the OS/2 kernel reside in
 *   the file OSO001.MSG in the \OS2 directory hierarchy.
 *
 **********************************************************************/
static char *
os2_strerror(char *msgbuf, int msgbuflen, int errorcode, char *reason)
{
    APIRET rc;
    ULONG  msglen;

    /* Retrieve Kernel-Related Error Message from OSO001.MSG File */
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    rc = DosGetMessage(NULL, 0, msgbuf, msgbuflen,
                       errorcode, "oso001.msg", &msglen);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (rc == NO_ERROR)
        os2_formatmsg(msgbuf, msglen, reason);
    else
        PyOS_snprintf(msgbuf, msgbuflen,
                      "unknown OS error #%d", errorcode);

    return msgbuf;
}

/* Set an OS/2-specific error and return NULL.  OS/2 kernel
   errors are not in a global variable e.g. 'errno' nor are
   they congruent with posix error numbers. */

static PyObject *
os2_error(int code)
{
    char text[1024];
    PyObject *v;

    os2_strerror(text, sizeof(text), code, "");

    v = Py_BuildValue("(is)", code, text);
    if (v != NULL) {
        PyErr_SetObject(PyExc_OSError, v);
        Py_DECREF(v);
    }
    return NULL; /* Signal to Python that an Exception is Pending */
}

#endif /* OS2 */

/* POSIX generic methods */

static PyObject *
posix_fildes(PyObject *fdobj, int (*func)(int))
{
    int fd;
    int res;
    fd = PyObject_AsFileDescriptor(fdobj);
    if (fd < 0)
        return NULL;
    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd))
        return posix_error();
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = (*func)(fd);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

static PyObject *
posix_1str(PyObject *args, char *format, int (*func)(const char*))
{
    PyObject *opath1 = NULL;
    char *path1;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, format,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath1))
        return NULL;
    path1 = PyBytes_AsString(opath1);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = (*func)(path1);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(opath1);
    Py_DECREF(opath1);
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

static PyObject *
posix_2str(PyObject *args,
           char *format,
           int (*func)(const char *, const char *))
{
    PyObject *opath1 = NULL, *opath2 = NULL;
    char *path1, *path2;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, format,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath1,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath2)) {
        return NULL;
    }
    path1 = PyBytes_AsString(opath1);
    path2 = PyBytes_AsString(opath2);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = (*func)(path1, path2);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath1);
    Py_DECREF(opath2);
    if (res != 0)
        /* XXX how to report both path1 and path2??? */
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
static PyObject*
win32_1str(PyObject* args, char* func,
           char* format, BOOL (__stdcall *funcA)(LPCSTR),
           char* wformat, BOOL (__stdcall *funcW)(LPWSTR))
{
    PyObject *uni;
    const char *ansi;
    BOOL result;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, wformat, &uni))
    {
        wchar_t *wstr = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(uni);
        if (wstr == NULL)
            return NULL;
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        result = funcW(wstr);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (!result)
            return win32_error_object(func, uni);
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    }
    PyErr_Clear();

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, format, &ansi))
        return NULL;
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    result = funcA(ansi);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (!result)
        return win32_error(func, ansi);
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;

}

/* This is a reimplementation of the C library's chdir function,
   but one that produces Win32 errors instead of DOS error codes.
   chdir is essentially a wrapper around SetCurrentDirectory; however,
   it also needs to set "magic" environment variables indicating
   the per-drive current directory, which are of the form =<drive>: */
static BOOL __stdcall
win32_chdir(LPCSTR path)
{
    char new_path[MAX_PATH+1];
    int result;
    char env[4] = "=x:";

    if(!SetCurrentDirectoryA(path))
        return FALSE;
    result = GetCurrentDirectoryA(MAX_PATH+1, new_path);
    if (!result)
        return FALSE;
    /* In the ANSI API, there should not be any paths longer
       than MAX_PATH. */
    assert(result <= MAX_PATH+1);
    if (strncmp(new_path, "\\\\", 2) == 0 ||
        strncmp(new_path, "//", 2) == 0)
        /* UNC path, nothing to do. */
        return TRUE;
    env[1] = new_path[0];
    return SetEnvironmentVariableA(env, new_path);
}

/* The Unicode version differs from the ANSI version
   since the current directory might exceed MAX_PATH characters */
static BOOL __stdcall
win32_wchdir(LPCWSTR path)
{
    wchar_t _new_path[MAX_PATH+1], *new_path = _new_path;
    int result;
    wchar_t env[4] = L"=x:";

    if(!SetCurrentDirectoryW(path))
        return FALSE;
    result = GetCurrentDirectoryW(MAX_PATH+1, new_path);
    if (!result)
        return FALSE;
    if (result > MAX_PATH+1) {
        new_path = malloc(result * sizeof(wchar_t));
        if (!new_path) {
            SetLastError(ERROR_OUTOFMEMORY);
            return FALSE;
        }
        result = GetCurrentDirectoryW(result, new_path);
        if (!result) {
            free(new_path);
            return FALSE;
        }
    }
    if (wcsncmp(new_path, L"\\\\", 2) == 0 ||
        wcsncmp(new_path, L"//", 2) == 0)
        /* UNC path, nothing to do. */
        return TRUE;
    env[1] = new_path[0];
    result = SetEnvironmentVariableW(env, new_path);
    if (new_path != _new_path)
        free(new_path);
    return result;
}
#endif

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
/* The CRT of Windows has a number of flaws wrt. its stat() implementation:
   - time stamps are restricted to second resolution
   - file modification times suffer from forth-and-back conversions between
     UTC and local time
   Therefore, we implement our own stat, based on the Win32 API directly.
*/
#define HAVE_STAT_NSEC 1

struct win32_stat{
    int st_dev;
    __int64 st_ino;
    unsigned short st_mode;
    int st_nlink;
    int st_uid;
    int st_gid;
    int st_rdev;
    __int64 st_size;
    time_t st_atime;
    int st_atime_nsec;
    time_t st_mtime;
    int st_mtime_nsec;
    time_t st_ctime;
    int st_ctime_nsec;
};

static __int64 secs_between_epochs = 11644473600; /* Seconds between 1.1.1601 and 1.1.1970 */

static void
FILE_TIME_to_time_t_nsec(FILETIME *in_ptr, time_t *time_out, int* nsec_out)
{
    /* XXX endianness. Shouldn't matter, as all Windows implementations are little-endian */
    /* Cannot simply cast and dereference in_ptr,
       since it might not be aligned properly */
    __int64 in;
    memcpy(&in, in_ptr, sizeof(in));
    *nsec_out = (int)(in % 10000000) * 100; /* FILETIME is in units of 100 nsec. */
    *time_out = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST((in / 10000000) - secs_between_epochs, __int64, time_t);
}

static void
time_t_to_FILE_TIME(time_t time_in, int nsec_in, FILETIME *out_ptr)
{
    /* XXX endianness */
    __int64 out;
    out = time_in + secs_between_epochs;
    out = out * 10000000 + nsec_in / 100;
    memcpy(out_ptr, &out, sizeof(out));
}

/* Below, we *know* that ugo+r is 0444 */
#if _S_IREAD != 0400
#error Unsupported C library
#endif
static int
attributes_to_mode(DWORD attr)
{
    int m = 0;
    if (attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)
        m |= _S_IFDIR | 0111; /* IFEXEC for user,group,other */
    else
        m |= _S_IFREG;
    if (attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY)
        m |= 0444;
    else
        m |= 0666;
    return m;
}

static int
attribute_data_to_stat(BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION *info, ULONG reparse_tag, struct win32_stat *result)
{
    memset(result, 0, sizeof(*result));
    result->st_mode = attributes_to_mode(info->dwFileAttributes);
    result->st_size = (((__int64)info->nFileSizeHigh)<<32) + info->nFileSizeLow;
    FILE_TIME_to_time_t_nsec(&info->ftCreationTime, &result->st_ctime, &result->st_ctime_nsec);
    FILE_TIME_to_time_t_nsec(&info->ftLastWriteTime, &result->st_mtime, &result->st_mtime_nsec);
    FILE_TIME_to_time_t_nsec(&info->ftLastAccessTime, &result->st_atime, &result->st_atime_nsec);
    result->st_nlink = info->nNumberOfLinks;
    result->st_ino = (((__int64)info->nFileIndexHigh)<<32) + info->nFileIndexLow;
    if (reparse_tag == IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK) {
        /* first clear the S_IFMT bits */
        result->st_mode ^= (result->st_mode & 0170000);
        /* now set the bits that make this a symlink */
        result->st_mode |= 0120000;
    }

    return 0;
}

static BOOL
attributes_from_dir(LPCSTR pszFile, BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION *info, ULONG *reparse_tag)
{
    HANDLE hFindFile;
    WIN32_FIND_DATAA FileData;
    hFindFile = FindFirstFileA(pszFile, &FileData);
    if (hFindFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        return FALSE;
    FindClose(hFindFile);
    memset(info, 0, sizeof(*info));
    *reparse_tag = 0;
    info->dwFileAttributes = FileData.dwFileAttributes;
    info->ftCreationTime   = FileData.ftCreationTime;
    info->ftLastAccessTime = FileData.ftLastAccessTime;
    info->ftLastWriteTime  = FileData.ftLastWriteTime;
    info->nFileSizeHigh    = FileData.nFileSizeHigh;
    info->nFileSizeLow     = FileData.nFileSizeLow;
/*  info->nNumberOfLinks   = 1; */
    if (FileData.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT)
        *reparse_tag = FileData.dwReserved0;
    return TRUE;
}

static BOOL
attributes_from_dir_w(LPCWSTR pszFile, BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION *info, ULONG *reparse_tag)
{
    HANDLE hFindFile;
    WIN32_FIND_DATAW FileData;
    hFindFile = FindFirstFileW(pszFile, &FileData);
    if (hFindFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        return FALSE;
    FindClose(hFindFile);
    memset(info, 0, sizeof(*info));
    *reparse_tag = 0;
    info->dwFileAttributes = FileData.dwFileAttributes;
    info->ftCreationTime   = FileData.ftCreationTime;
    info->ftLastAccessTime = FileData.ftLastAccessTime;
    info->ftLastWriteTime  = FileData.ftLastWriteTime;
    info->nFileSizeHigh    = FileData.nFileSizeHigh;
    info->nFileSizeLow     = FileData.nFileSizeLow;
/*  info->nNumberOfLinks   = 1; */
    if (FileData.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT)
        *reparse_tag = FileData.dwReserved0;
    return TRUE;
}

/* Grab GetFinalPathNameByHandle dynamically from kernel32 */
static int has_GetFinalPathNameByHandle = 0;
static DWORD (CALLBACK *Py_GetFinalPathNameByHandleW)(HANDLE, LPWSTR, DWORD,
                                                      DWORD);
static int
check_GetFinalPathNameByHandle()
{
    HINSTANCE hKernel32;
    DWORD (CALLBACK *Py_GetFinalPathNameByHandleA)(HANDLE, LPSTR, DWORD,
                                                   DWORD);

    /* only recheck */
    if (!has_GetFinalPathNameByHandle)
    {
        hKernel32 = GetModuleHandle("KERNEL32");
        *(FARPROC*)&Py_GetFinalPathNameByHandleA = GetProcAddress(hKernel32,
                                                "GetFinalPathNameByHandleA");
        *(FARPROC*)&Py_GetFinalPathNameByHandleW = GetProcAddress(hKernel32,
                                                "GetFinalPathNameByHandleW");
        has_GetFinalPathNameByHandle = Py_GetFinalPathNameByHandleA &&
                                       Py_GetFinalPathNameByHandleW;
    }
    return has_GetFinalPathNameByHandle;
}

static BOOL
get_target_path(HANDLE hdl, wchar_t **target_path)
{
    int buf_size, result_length;
    wchar_t *buf;

    /* We have a good handle to the target, use it to determine
       the target path name (then we'll call lstat on it). */
    buf_size = Py_GetFinalPathNameByHandleW(hdl, 0, 0,
                                            VOLUME_NAME_DOS);
    if(!buf_size)
        return FALSE;

    buf = (wchar_t *)malloc((buf_size+1)*sizeof(wchar_t));
    if (!buf) {
        SetLastError(ERROR_OUTOFMEMORY);
        return FALSE;
    }

    result_length = Py_GetFinalPathNameByHandleW(hdl,
                       buf, buf_size, VOLUME_NAME_DOS);

    if(!result_length) {
        free(buf);
        return FALSE;
    }

    if(!CloseHandle(hdl)) {
        free(buf);
        return FALSE;
    }

    buf[result_length] = 0;

    *target_path = buf;
    return TRUE;
}

static int
win32_xstat_impl_w(const wchar_t *path, struct win32_stat *result,
                   BOOL traverse);
static int
win32_xstat_impl(const char *path, struct win32_stat *result,
                 BOOL traverse)
{
    int code;
    HANDLE hFile, hFile2;
    BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION info;
    ULONG reparse_tag = 0;
    wchar_t *target_path;
    const char *dot;

    if(!check_GetFinalPathNameByHandle()) {
        /* If the OS doesn't have GetFinalPathNameByHandle, don't
           traverse reparse point. */
        traverse = FALSE;
    }

    hFile = CreateFileA(
        path,
        FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES, /* desired access */
        0, /* share mode */
        NULL, /* security attributes */
        OPEN_EXISTING,
        /* FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS is required to open a directory */
        /* FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT does not follow the symlink.
           Because of this, calls like GetFinalPathNameByHandle will return
           the symlink path agin and not the actual final path. */
        FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL|FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS|
            FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT,
        NULL);

    if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        /* Either the target doesn't exist, or we don't have access to
           get a handle to it. If the former, we need to return an error.
           If the latter, we can use attributes_from_dir. */
        if (GetLastError() != ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION)
            return -1;
        /* Could not get attributes on open file. Fall back to
           reading the directory. */
        if (!attributes_from_dir(path, &info, &reparse_tag))
            /* Very strange. This should not fail now */
            return -1;
        if (info.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) {
            if (traverse) {
                /* Should traverse, but could not open reparse point handle */
                SetLastError(ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION);
                return -1;
            }
        }
    } else {
        if (!GetFileInformationByHandle(hFile, &info)) {
            CloseHandle(hFile);
            return -1;
        }
        if (info.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) {
            if (!win32_get_reparse_tag(hFile, &reparse_tag))
                return -1;

            /* Close the outer open file handle now that we're about to
               reopen it with different flags. */
            if (!CloseHandle(hFile))
                return -1;

            if (traverse) {
                /* In order to call GetFinalPathNameByHandle we need to open
                   the file without the reparse handling flag set. */
                hFile2 = CreateFileA(
                           path, FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES, FILE_SHARE_READ,
                           NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
                           FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL|FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,
                           NULL);
                if (hFile2 == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
                    return -1;

                if (!get_target_path(hFile2, &target_path))
                    return -1;

                code = win32_xstat_impl_w(target_path, result, FALSE);
                free(target_path);
                return code;
            }
        } else
            CloseHandle(hFile);
    }
    attribute_data_to_stat(&info, reparse_tag, result);

    /* Set S_IEXEC if it is an .exe, .bat, ... */
    dot = strrchr(path, '.');
    if (dot) {
        if (stricmp(dot, ".bat") == 0 || stricmp(dot, ".cmd") == 0 ||
            stricmp(dot, ".exe") == 0 || stricmp(dot, ".com") == 0)
            result->st_mode |= 0111;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
win32_xstat_impl_w(const wchar_t *path, struct win32_stat *result,
                   BOOL traverse)
{
    int code;
    HANDLE hFile, hFile2;
    BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION info;
    ULONG reparse_tag = 0;
    wchar_t *target_path;
    const wchar_t *dot;

    if(!check_GetFinalPathNameByHandle()) {
        /* If the OS doesn't have GetFinalPathNameByHandle, don't
           traverse reparse point. */
        traverse = FALSE;
    }

    hFile = CreateFileW(
        path,
        FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES, /* desired access */
        0, /* share mode */
        NULL, /* security attributes */
        OPEN_EXISTING,
        /* FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS is required to open a directory */
        /* FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT does not follow the symlink.
           Because of this, calls like GetFinalPathNameByHandle will return
           the symlink path agin and not the actual final path. */
        FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL|FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS|
            FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT,
        NULL);

    if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        /* Either the target doesn't exist, or we don't have access to
           get a handle to it. If the former, we need to return an error.
           If the latter, we can use attributes_from_dir. */
        if (GetLastError() != ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION)
            return -1;
        /* Could not get attributes on open file. Fall back to
           reading the directory. */
        if (!attributes_from_dir_w(path, &info, &reparse_tag))
            /* Very strange. This should not fail now */
            return -1;
        if (info.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) {
            if (traverse) {
                /* Should traverse, but could not open reparse point handle */
                SetLastError(ERROR_SHARING_VIOLATION);
                return -1;
            }
        }
    } else {
        if (!GetFileInformationByHandle(hFile, &info)) {
            CloseHandle(hFile);
            return -1;
        }
        if (info.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) {
            if (!win32_get_reparse_tag(hFile, &reparse_tag))
                return -1;

            /* Close the outer open file handle now that we're about to
               reopen it with different flags. */
            if (!CloseHandle(hFile))
                return -1;

            if (traverse) {
                /* In order to call GetFinalPathNameByHandle we need to open
                   the file without the reparse handling flag set. */
                hFile2 = CreateFileW(
                           path, FILE_READ_ATTRIBUTES, FILE_SHARE_READ,
                           NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
                           FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL|FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,
                           NULL);
                if (hFile2 == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
                    return -1;

                if (!get_target_path(hFile2, &target_path))
                    return -1;

                code = win32_xstat_impl_w(target_path, result, FALSE);
                free(target_path);
                return code;
            }
        } else
            CloseHandle(hFile);
    }
    attribute_data_to_stat(&info, reparse_tag, result);

    /* Set S_IEXEC if it is an .exe, .bat, ... */
    dot = wcsrchr(path, '.');
    if (dot) {
        if (_wcsicmp(dot, L".bat") == 0 || _wcsicmp(dot, L".cmd") == 0 ||
            _wcsicmp(dot, L".exe") == 0 || _wcsicmp(dot, L".com") == 0)
            result->st_mode |= 0111;
    }
    return 0;
}

static int
win32_xstat(const char *path, struct win32_stat *result, BOOL traverse)
{
    /* Protocol violation: we explicitly clear errno, instead of
       setting it to a POSIX error. Callers should use GetLastError. */
    int code = win32_xstat_impl(path, result, traverse);
    errno = 0;
    return code;
}

static int
win32_xstat_w(const wchar_t *path, struct win32_stat *result, BOOL traverse)
{
    /* Protocol violation: we explicitly clear errno, instead of
       setting it to a POSIX error. Callers should use GetLastError. */
    int code = win32_xstat_impl_w(path, result, traverse);
    errno = 0;
    return code;
}
/* About the following functions: win32_lstat_w, win32_stat, win32_stat_w

   In Posix, stat automatically traverses symlinks and returns the stat
   structure for the target.  In Windows, the equivalent GetFileAttributes by
   default does not traverse symlinks and instead returns attributes for
   the symlink.

   Therefore, win32_lstat will get the attributes traditionally, and
   win32_stat will first explicitly resolve the symlink target and then will
   call win32_lstat on that result.

   The _w represent Unicode equivalents of the aforementioned ANSI functions. */

static int
win32_lstat(const char* path, struct win32_stat *result)
{
    return win32_xstat(path, result, FALSE);
}

static int
win32_lstat_w(const wchar_t* path, struct win32_stat *result)
{
    return win32_xstat_w(path, result, FALSE);
}

static int
win32_stat(const char* path, struct win32_stat *result)
{
    return win32_xstat(path, result, TRUE);
}

static int
win32_stat_w(const wchar_t* path, struct win32_stat *result)
{
    return win32_xstat_w(path, result, TRUE);
}

static int
win32_fstat(int file_number, struct win32_stat *result)
{
    BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION info;
    HANDLE h;
    int type;

    h = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(file_number);

    /* Protocol violation: we explicitly clear errno, instead of
       setting it to a POSIX error. Callers should use GetLastError. */
    errno = 0;

    if (h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        /* This is really a C library error (invalid file handle).
           We set the Win32 error to the closes one matching. */
        SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE);
        return -1;
    }
    memset(result, 0, sizeof(*result));

    type = GetFileType(h);
    if (type == FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN) {
        DWORD error = GetLastError();
        if (error != 0) {
            return -1;
        }
        /* else: valid but unknown file */
    }

    if (type != FILE_TYPE_DISK) {
        if (type == FILE_TYPE_CHAR)
            result->st_mode = _S_IFCHR;
        else if (type == FILE_TYPE_PIPE)
            result->st_mode = _S_IFIFO;
        return 0;
    }

    if (!GetFileInformationByHandle(h, &info)) {
        return -1;
    }

    attribute_data_to_stat(&info, 0, result);
    /* specific to fstat() */
    result->st_ino = (((__int64)info.nFileIndexHigh)<<32) + info.nFileIndexLow;
    return 0;
}

#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */

PyDoc_STRVAR(stat_result__doc__,
"stat_result: Result from stat or lstat.\n\n\
This object may be accessed either as a tuple of\n\
  (mode, ino, dev, nlink, uid, gid, size, atime, mtime, ctime)\n\
or via the attributes st_mode, st_ino, st_dev, st_nlink, st_uid, and so on.\n\
\n\
Posix/windows: If your platform supports st_blksize, st_blocks, st_rdev,\n\
or st_flags, they are available as attributes only.\n\
\n\
See os.stat for more information.");

static PyStructSequence_Field stat_result_fields[] = {
    {"st_mode",    "protection bits"},
    {"st_ino",     "inode"},
    {"st_dev",     "device"},
    {"st_nlink",   "number of hard links"},
    {"st_uid",     "user ID of owner"},
    {"st_gid",     "group ID of owner"},
    {"st_size",    "total size, in bytes"},
    /* The NULL is replaced with PyStructSequence_UnnamedField later. */
    {NULL,   "integer time of last access"},
    {NULL,   "integer time of last modification"},
    {NULL,   "integer time of last change"},
    {"st_atime",   "time of last access"},
    {"st_mtime",   "time of last modification"},
    {"st_ctime",   "time of last change"},
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLKSIZE
    {"st_blksize", "blocksize for filesystem I/O"},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLOCKS
    {"st_blocks",  "number of blocks allocated"},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV
    {"st_rdev",    "device type (if inode device)"},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
    {"st_flags",   "user defined flags for file"},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN
    {"st_gen",    "generation number"},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME
    {"st_birthtime",   "time of creation"},
#endif
    {0}
};

#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLKSIZE
#define ST_BLKSIZE_IDX 13
#else
#define ST_BLKSIZE_IDX 12
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLOCKS
#define ST_BLOCKS_IDX (ST_BLKSIZE_IDX+1)
#else
#define ST_BLOCKS_IDX ST_BLKSIZE_IDX
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV
#define ST_RDEV_IDX (ST_BLOCKS_IDX+1)
#else
#define ST_RDEV_IDX ST_BLOCKS_IDX
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
#define ST_FLAGS_IDX (ST_RDEV_IDX+1)
#else
#define ST_FLAGS_IDX ST_RDEV_IDX
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN
#define ST_GEN_IDX (ST_FLAGS_IDX+1)
#else
#define ST_GEN_IDX ST_FLAGS_IDX
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME
#define ST_BIRTHTIME_IDX (ST_GEN_IDX+1)
#else
#define ST_BIRTHTIME_IDX ST_GEN_IDX
#endif

static PyStructSequence_Desc stat_result_desc = {
    "stat_result", /* name */
    stat_result__doc__, /* doc */
    stat_result_fields,
    10
};

PyDoc_STRVAR(statvfs_result__doc__,
"statvfs_result: Result from statvfs or fstatvfs.\n\n\
This object may be accessed either as a tuple of\n\
  (bsize, frsize, blocks, bfree, bavail, files, ffree, favail, flag, namemax),\n\
or via the attributes f_bsize, f_frsize, f_blocks, f_bfree, and so on.\n\
\n\
See os.statvfs for more information.");

static PyStructSequence_Field statvfs_result_fields[] = {
    {"f_bsize",  },
    {"f_frsize", },
    {"f_blocks", },
    {"f_bfree",  },
    {"f_bavail", },
    {"f_files",  },
    {"f_ffree",  },
    {"f_favail", },
    {"f_flag",   },
    {"f_namemax",},
    {0}
};

static PyStructSequence_Desc statvfs_result_desc = {
    "statvfs_result", /* name */
    statvfs_result__doc__, /* doc */
    statvfs_result_fields,
    10
};

#if defined(HAVE_WAITID) && !defined(__APPLE__)
PyDoc_STRVAR(waitid_result__doc__,
"waitid_result: Result from waitid.\n\n\
This object may be accessed either as a tuple of\n\
  (si_pid, si_uid, si_signo, si_status, si_code),\n\
or via the attributes si_pid, si_uid, and so on.\n\
\n\
See os.waitid for more information.");

static PyStructSequence_Field waitid_result_fields[] = {
    {"si_pid",  },
    {"si_uid", },
    {"si_signo", },
    {"si_status",  },
    {"si_code", },
    {0}
};

static PyStructSequence_Desc waitid_result_desc = {
    "waitid_result", /* name */
    waitid_result__doc__, /* doc */
    waitid_result_fields,
    5
};
static PyTypeObject WaitidResultType;
#endif

static int initialized;
static PyTypeObject StatResultType;
static PyTypeObject StatVFSResultType;
#if defined(HAVE_SCHED_SETPARAM) || defined(HAVE_SCHED_SETSCHEDULER)
static PyTypeObject SchedParamType;
#endif
static newfunc structseq_new;

static PyObject *
statresult_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwds)
{
    PyStructSequence *result;
    int i;

    result = (PyStructSequence*)structseq_new(type, args, kwds);
    if (!result)
        return NULL;
    /* If we have been initialized from a tuple,
       st_?time might be set to None. Initialize it
       from the int slots.  */
    for (i = 7; i <= 9; i++) {
        if (result->ob_item[i+3] == Py_None) {
            Py_DECREF(Py_None);
            Py_INCREF(result->ob_item[i]);
            result->ob_item[i+3] = result->ob_item[i];
        }
    }
    return (PyObject*)result;
}



/* If true, st_?time is float. */
static int _stat_float_times = 1;

PyDoc_STRVAR(stat_float_times__doc__,
"stat_float_times([newval]) -> oldval\n\n\
Determine whether os.[lf]stat represents time stamps as float objects.\n\
If newval is True, future calls to stat() return floats, if it is False,\n\
future calls return ints. \n\
If newval is omitted, return the current setting.\n");

static PyObject*
stat_float_times(PyObject* self, PyObject *args)
{
    int newval = -1;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|i:stat_float_times", &newval))
        return NULL;
    if (newval == -1)
        /* Return old value */
        return PyBool_FromLong(_stat_float_times);
    _stat_float_times = newval;
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

static void
fill_time(PyObject *v, int index, time_t sec, unsigned long nsec)
{
    PyObject *fval,*ival;
#if SIZEOF_TIME_T > SIZEOF_LONG
    ival = PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG)sec);
#else
    ival = PyLong_FromLong((long)sec);
#endif
    if (!ival)
        return;
    if (_stat_float_times) {
        fval = PyFloat_FromDouble(sec + 1e-9*nsec);
    } else {
        fval = ival;
        Py_INCREF(fval);
    }
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, index, ival);
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, index+3, fval);
}

/* pack a system stat C structure into the Python stat tuple
   (used by posix_stat() and posix_fstat()) */
static PyObject*
_pystat_fromstructstat(STRUCT_STAT *st)
{
    unsigned long ansec, mnsec, cnsec;
    PyObject *v = PyStructSequence_New(&StatResultType);
    if (v == NULL)
        return NULL;

    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 0, PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_mode));
#ifdef HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 1,
                              PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG)st->st_ino));
#else
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 1, PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_ino));
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS)
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 2,
                              PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG)st->st_dev));
#else
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 2, PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_dev));
#endif
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 3, PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_nlink));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 4, PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_uid));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 5, PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_gid));
#ifdef HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 6,
                              PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG)st->st_size));
#else
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 6, PyLong_FromLong(st->st_size));
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_STAT_TV_NSEC)
    ansec = st->st_atim.tv_nsec;
    mnsec = st->st_mtim.tv_nsec;
    cnsec = st->st_ctim.tv_nsec;
#elif defined(HAVE_STAT_TV_NSEC2)
    ansec = st->st_atimespec.tv_nsec;
    mnsec = st->st_mtimespec.tv_nsec;
    cnsec = st->st_ctimespec.tv_nsec;
#elif defined(HAVE_STAT_NSEC)
    ansec = st->st_atime_nsec;
    mnsec = st->st_mtime_nsec;
    cnsec = st->st_ctime_nsec;
#else
    ansec = mnsec = cnsec = 0;
#endif
    fill_time(v, 7, st->st_atime, ansec);
    fill_time(v, 8, st->st_mtime, mnsec);
    fill_time(v, 9, st->st_ctime, cnsec);

#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLKSIZE
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, ST_BLKSIZE_IDX,
                              PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_blksize));
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BLOCKS
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, ST_BLOCKS_IDX,
                              PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_blocks));
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_RDEV
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, ST_RDEV_IDX,
                              PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_rdev));
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_GEN
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, ST_GEN_IDX,
                              PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_gen));
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_BIRTHTIME
    {
      PyObject *val;
      unsigned long bsec,bnsec;
      bsec = (long)st->st_birthtime;
#ifdef HAVE_STAT_TV_NSEC2
      bnsec = st->st_birthtimespec.tv_nsec;
#else
      bnsec = 0;
#endif
      if (_stat_float_times) {
        val = PyFloat_FromDouble(bsec + 1e-9*bnsec);
      } else {
        val = PyLong_FromLong((long)bsec);
      }
      PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, ST_BIRTHTIME_IDX,
                                val);
    }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_STRUCT_STAT_ST_FLAGS
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, ST_FLAGS_IDX,
                              PyLong_FromLong((long)st->st_flags));
#endif

    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        Py_DECREF(v);
        return NULL;
    }

    return v;
}

static PyObject *
posix_do_stat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args,
              char *format,
#ifdef __VMS
              int (*statfunc)(const char *, STRUCT_STAT *, ...),
#else
              int (*statfunc)(const char *, STRUCT_STAT *),
#endif
              char *wformat,
              int (*wstatfunc)(const wchar_t *, STRUCT_STAT *))
{
    STRUCT_STAT st;
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    int res;
    PyObject *result;

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    PyObject *po;
    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, wformat, &po)) {
        wchar_t *wpath = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(po);
        if (wpath == NULL)
            return NULL;

        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = wstatfunc(wpath, &st);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

        if (res != 0)
            return win32_error_object("stat", po);
        return _pystat_fromstructstat(&st);
    }
    /* Drop the argument parsing error as narrow strings
       are also valid. */
    PyErr_Clear();
#endif

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, format,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath))
        return NULL;
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api()) {
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }
#endif
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = (*statfunc)(path, &st);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (res != 0) {
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
        result = win32_error("stat", path);
#else
        result = posix_error_with_filename(path);
#endif
    }
    else
        result = _pystat_fromstructstat(&st);

    Py_DECREF(opath);
    return result;
}

/* POSIX methods */

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_access__doc__,
"access(path, mode) -> True if granted, False otherwise\n\n\
Use the real uid/gid to test for access to a path.  Note that most\n\
operations will use the effective uid/gid, therefore this routine can\n\
be used in a suid/sgid environment to test if the invoking user has the\n\
specified access to the path.  The mode argument can be F_OK to test\n\
existence, or the inclusive-OR of R_OK, W_OK, and X_OK.");

static PyObject *
posix_access(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    const char *path;
    int mode;

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    DWORD attr;
    PyObject *po;
    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "Ui:access", &po, &mode)) {
        wchar_t* wpath = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(po);
        if (wpath == NULL)
            return NULL;
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        attr = GetFileAttributesW(wpath);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        goto finish;
    }
    /* Drop the argument parsing error as narrow strings
       are also valid. */
    PyErr_Clear();
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "yi:access", &path, &mode))
        return NULL;
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    attr = GetFileAttributesA(path);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
finish:
    if (attr == 0xFFFFFFFF)
        /* File does not exist, or cannot read attributes */
        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
    /* Access is possible if either write access wasn't requested, or
       the file isn't read-only, or if it's a directory, as there are
       no read-only directories on Windows. */
    return PyBool_FromLong(!(mode & 2)
                           || !(attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY)
                           || (attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY));
#else
    PyObject *opath;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&i:access",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &mode))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = access(path, mode);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    return PyBool_FromLong(res == 0);
#endif
}

#ifndef F_OK
#define F_OK 0
#endif
#ifndef R_OK
#define R_OK 4
#endif
#ifndef W_OK
#define W_OK 2
#endif
#ifndef X_OK
#define X_OK 1
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_TTYNAME
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_ttyname__doc__,
"ttyname(fd) -> string\n\n\
Return the name of the terminal device connected to 'fd'.");

static PyObject *
posix_ttyname(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int id;
    char *ret;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:ttyname", &id))
        return NULL;

#if defined(__VMS)
    /* file descriptor 0 only, the default input device (stdin) */
    if (id == 0) {
        ret = ttyname();
    }
    else {
        ret = NULL;
    }
#else
    ret = ttyname(id);
#endif
    if (ret == NULL)
        return posix_error();
    return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(ret);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_CTERMID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_ctermid__doc__,
"ctermid() -> string\n\n\
Return the name of the controlling terminal for this process.");

static PyObject *
posix_ctermid(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    char *ret;
    char buffer[L_ctermid];

#ifdef USE_CTERMID_R
    ret = ctermid_r(buffer);
#else
    ret = ctermid(buffer);
#endif
    if (ret == NULL)
        return posix_error();
    return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(buffer);
}
#endif

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_chdir__doc__,
"chdir(path)\n\n\
Change the current working directory to the specified path.");

static PyObject *
posix_chdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    return win32_1str(args, "chdir", "y:chdir", win32_chdir, "U:chdir", win32_wchdir);
#elif defined(PYOS_OS2) && defined(PYCC_GCC)
    return posix_1str(args, "O&:chdir", _chdir2);
#elif defined(__VMS)
    return posix_1str(args, "O&:chdir", (int (*)(const char *))chdir);
#else
    return posix_1str(args, "O&:chdir", chdir);
#endif
}

#ifdef HAVE_FCHDIR
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fchdir__doc__,
"fchdir(fildes)\n\n\
Change to the directory of the given file descriptor.  fildes must be\n\
opened on a directory, not a file.");

static PyObject *
posix_fchdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *fdobj)
{
    return posix_fildes(fdobj, fchdir);
}
#endif /* HAVE_FCHDIR */


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_chmod__doc__,
"chmod(path, mode)\n\n\
Change the access permissions of a file.");

static PyObject *
posix_chmod(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath = NULL;
    const char *path = NULL;
    int i;
    int res;
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    DWORD attr;
    PyObject *po;
    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "Ui|:chmod", &po, &i)) {
        wchar_t *wpath = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(po);
        if (wpath == NULL)
            return NULL;
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        attr = GetFileAttributesW(wpath);
        if (attr != 0xFFFFFFFF) {
            if (i & _S_IWRITE)
                attr &= ~FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY;
            else
                attr |= FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY;
            res = SetFileAttributesW(wpath, attr);
        }
        else
            res = 0;
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (!res)
            return win32_error_object("chmod", po);
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    }
    /* Drop the argument parsing error as narrow strings
       are also valid. */
    PyErr_Clear();

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "yi:chmod", &path, &i))
        return NULL;
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    attr = GetFileAttributesA(path);
    if (attr != 0xFFFFFFFF) {
        if (i & _S_IWRITE)
            attr &= ~FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY;
        else
            attr |= FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY;
        res = SetFileAttributesA(path, attr);
    }
    else
        res = 0;
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (!res) {
        win32_error("chmod", path);
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
#else /* MS_WINDOWS */
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&i:chmod", PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &opath, &i))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = chmod(path, i);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(opath);
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
#endif
}

#ifdef HAVE_FCHMOD
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fchmod__doc__,
"fchmod(fd, mode)\n\n\
Change the access permissions of the file given by file\n\
descriptor fd.");

static PyObject *
posix_fchmod(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd, mode, res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:fchmod", &fd, &mode))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = fchmod(fd, mode);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif /* HAVE_FCHMOD */

#ifdef HAVE_LCHMOD
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_lchmod__doc__,
"lchmod(path, mode)\n\n\
Change the access permissions of a file. If path is a symlink, this\n\
affects the link itself rather than the target.");

static PyObject *
posix_lchmod(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    int i;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&i:lchmod", PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &opath, &i))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = lchmod(path, i);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(opath);
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif /* HAVE_LCHMOD */


#ifdef HAVE_CHFLAGS
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_chflags__doc__,
"chflags(path, flags)\n\n\
Set file flags.");

static PyObject *
posix_chflags(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    unsigned long flags;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&k:chflags",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &flags))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = chflags(path, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(opath);
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_CHFLAGS */

#ifdef HAVE_LCHFLAGS
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_lchflags__doc__,
"lchflags(path, flags)\n\n\
Set file flags.\n\
This function will not follow symbolic links.");

static PyObject *
posix_lchflags(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    unsigned long flags;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&k:lchflags",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &flags))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = lchflags(path, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(opath);
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_LCHFLAGS */

#ifdef HAVE_CHROOT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_chroot__doc__,
"chroot(path)\n\n\
Change root directory to path.");

static PyObject *
posix_chroot(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    return posix_1str(args, "O&:chroot", chroot);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fsync__doc__,
"fsync(fildes)\n\n\
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.");

static PyObject *
posix_fsync(PyObject *self, PyObject *fdobj)
{
    return posix_fildes(fdobj, fsync);
}
#endif /* HAVE_FSYNC */

#ifdef HAVE_SYNC
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sync__doc__,
"sync()\n\n\
Force write of everything to disk.");

static PyObject *
posix_sync(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    sync();
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FDATASYNC

#ifdef __hpux
extern int fdatasync(int); /* On HP-UX, in libc but not in unistd.h */
#endif

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fdatasync__doc__,
"fdatasync(fildes)\n\n\
force write of file with filedescriptor to disk.\n\
 does not force update of metadata.");

static PyObject *
posix_fdatasync(PyObject *self, PyObject *fdobj)
{
    return posix_fildes(fdobj, fdatasync);
}
#endif /* HAVE_FDATASYNC */


#ifdef HAVE_CHOWN
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_chown__doc__,
"chown(path, uid, gid)\n\n\
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.");

static PyObject *
posix_chown(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    long uid, gid;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&ll:chown",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath,
                          &uid, &gid))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = chown(path, (uid_t) uid, (gid_t) gid);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(opath);
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_CHOWN */

#ifdef HAVE_FCHOWN
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fchown__doc__,
"fchown(fd, uid, gid)\n\n\
Change the owner and group id of the file given by file descriptor\n\
fd to the numeric uid and gid.");

static PyObject *
posix_fchown(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd;
    long uid, gid;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ill:fchown", &fd, &uid, &gid))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = fchown(fd, (uid_t) uid, (gid_t) gid);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif /* HAVE_FCHOWN */

#ifdef HAVE_LCHOWN
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_lchown__doc__,
"lchown(path, uid, gid)\n\n\
Change the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid.\n\
This function will not follow symbolic links.");

static PyObject *
posix_lchown(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    long uid, gid;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&ll:lchown",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath,
                          &uid, &gid))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = lchown(path, (uid_t) uid, (gid_t) gid);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(opath);
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_LCHOWN */


#ifdef HAVE_GETCWD
static PyObject *
posix_getcwd(int use_bytes)
{
    char buf[1026];
    char *res;

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    if (!use_bytes) {
        wchar_t wbuf[1026];
        wchar_t *wbuf2 = wbuf;
        PyObject *resobj;
        DWORD len;
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        len = GetCurrentDirectoryW(sizeof wbuf/ sizeof wbuf[0], wbuf);
        /* If the buffer is large enough, len does not include the
           terminating \0. If the buffer is too small, len includes
           the space needed for the terminator. */
        if (len >= sizeof wbuf/ sizeof wbuf[0]) {
            wbuf2 = malloc(len * sizeof(wchar_t));
            if (wbuf2)
                len = GetCurrentDirectoryW(len, wbuf2);
        }
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (!wbuf2) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return NULL;
        }
        if (!len) {
            if (wbuf2 != wbuf) free(wbuf2);
            return win32_error("getcwdu", NULL);
        }
        resobj = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wbuf2, len);
        if (wbuf2 != wbuf) free(wbuf2);
        return resobj;
    }

    if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
        return NULL;
#endif

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
#if defined(PYOS_OS2) && defined(PYCC_GCC)
    res = _getcwd2(buf, sizeof buf);
#else
    res = getcwd(buf, sizeof buf);
#endif
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res == NULL)
        return posix_error();
    if (use_bytes)
        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buf, strlen(buf));
    return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(buf);
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getcwd__doc__,
"getcwd() -> path\n\n\
Return a unicode string representing the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_getcwd_unicode(PyObject *self)
{
    return posix_getcwd(0);
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getcwdb__doc__,
"getcwdb() -> path\n\n\
Return a bytes string representing the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_getcwd_bytes(PyObject *self)
{
    return posix_getcwd(1);
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_LINK
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_link__doc__,
"link(src, dst)\n\n\
Create a hard link to a file.");

static PyObject *
posix_link(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    return posix_2str(args, "O&O&:link", link);
}
#endif /* HAVE_LINK */

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
PyDoc_STRVAR(win32_link__doc__,
"link(src, dst)\n\n\
Create a hard link to a file.");

static PyObject *
win32_link(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *src, *dst;
    BOOL ok;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "UU:link", &src, &dst))
    {
        wchar_t *wsrc, *wdst;

        wsrc = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(src);
        if (wsrc == NULL)
            goto error;
        wdst = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(dst);
        if (wdst == NULL)
            goto error;

        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        ok = CreateHardLinkW(wdst, wsrc, NULL);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

        if (!ok)
            return win32_error("link", NULL);
        Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }
    else {
        PyErr_Clear();
        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O&:link",
                              PyUnicode_FSConverter, &src,
                              PyUnicode_FSConverter, &dst))
            return NULL;

        if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
            goto error;

        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        ok = CreateHardLinkA(PyBytes_AS_STRING(dst),
                             PyBytes_AS_STRING(src),
                             NULL);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

        Py_XDECREF(src);
        Py_XDECREF(dst);

        if (!ok)
            return win32_error("link", NULL);
        Py_RETURN_NONE;

    error:
        Py_XDECREF(src);
        Py_XDECREF(dst);
        return NULL;
    }
}
#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_listdir__doc__,
"listdir([path]) -> list_of_strings\n\n\
Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.\n\
\n\
    path: path of directory to list (default: '.')\n\
\n\
The list is in arbitrary order.  It does not include the special\n\
entries '.' and '..' even if they are present in the directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_listdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    /* XXX Should redo this putting the (now four) versions of opendir
       in separate files instead of having them all here... */
#if defined(MS_WINDOWS) && !defined(HAVE_OPENDIR)

    PyObject *d, *v;
    HANDLE hFindFile;
    BOOL result;
    WIN32_FIND_DATA FileData;
    const char *path;
    Py_ssize_t pathlen;
    char namebuf[MAX_PATH+5]; /* Overallocate for \\*.*\0 */
    char *bufptr = namebuf;
    Py_ssize_t len = sizeof(namebuf)-5; /* only claim to have space for MAX_PATH */

    PyObject *po = NULL;
    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|U:listdir", &po)) {
        WIN32_FIND_DATAW wFileData;
        wchar_t *wnamebuf, *po_wchars;

        if (po == NULL) { /* Default arg: "." */
            po_wchars = L".";
            len = 1;
        } else {
            po_wchars = PyUnicode_AsUnicodeAndSize(po, &len);
            if (po_wchars == NULL)
                return NULL;
        }
        /* Overallocate for \\*.*\0 */
        wnamebuf = malloc((len + 5) * sizeof(wchar_t));
        if (!wnamebuf) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            return NULL;
        }
        wcscpy(wnamebuf, po_wchars);
        if (len > 0) {
            wchar_t wch = wnamebuf[len-1];
            if (wch != L'/' && wch != L'\\' && wch != L':')
                wnamebuf[len++] = L'\\';
            wcscpy(wnamebuf + len, L"*.*");
        }
        if ((d = PyList_New(0)) == NULL) {
            free(wnamebuf);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        hFindFile = FindFirstFileW(wnamebuf, &wFileData);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (hFindFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
            int error = GetLastError();
            if (error == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND) {
                free(wnamebuf);
                return d;
            }
            Py_DECREF(d);
            win32_error_unicode("FindFirstFileW", wnamebuf);
            free(wnamebuf);
            return NULL;
        }
        do {
            /* Skip over . and .. */
            if (wcscmp(wFileData.cFileName, L".") != 0 &&
                wcscmp(wFileData.cFileName, L"..") != 0) {
                v = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(wFileData.cFileName, wcslen(wFileData.cFileName));
                if (v == NULL) {
                    Py_DECREF(d);
                    d = NULL;
                    break;
                }
                if (PyList_Append(d, v) != 0) {
                    Py_DECREF(v);
                    Py_DECREF(d);
                    d = NULL;
                    break;
                }
                Py_DECREF(v);
            }
            Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
            result = FindNextFileW(hFindFile, &wFileData);
            Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
            /* FindNextFile sets error to ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES if
               it got to the end of the directory. */
            if (!result && GetLastError() != ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES) {
                Py_DECREF(d);
                win32_error_unicode("FindNextFileW", wnamebuf);
                FindClose(hFindFile);
                free(wnamebuf);
                return NULL;
            }
        } while (result == TRUE);

        if (FindClose(hFindFile) == FALSE) {
            Py_DECREF(d);
            win32_error_unicode("FindClose", wnamebuf);
            free(wnamebuf);
            return NULL;
        }
        free(wnamebuf);
        return d;
    }
    /* Drop the argument parsing error as narrow strings
       are also valid. */
    PyErr_Clear();

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "y#:listdir", &path, &pathlen))
        return NULL;
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
        return NULL;
    if (pathlen+1 > MAX_PATH) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "path too long");
        return NULL;
    }
    strcpy(namebuf, path);
    len = pathlen;
    if (len > 0) {
        char ch = namebuf[len-1];
        if (ch != SEP && ch != ALTSEP && ch != ':')
            namebuf[len++] = '/';
        strcpy(namebuf + len, "*.*");
    }

    if ((d = PyList_New(0)) == NULL)
        return NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    hFindFile = FindFirstFile(namebuf, &FileData);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (hFindFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        int error = GetLastError();
        if (error == ERROR_FILE_NOT_FOUND)
            return d;
        Py_DECREF(d);
        return win32_error("FindFirstFile", namebuf);
    }
    do {
        /* Skip over . and .. */
        if (strcmp(FileData.cFileName, ".") != 0 &&
            strcmp(FileData.cFileName, "..") != 0) {
            v = PyBytes_FromString(FileData.cFileName);
            if (v == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(d);
                d = NULL;
                break;
            }
            if (PyList_Append(d, v) != 0) {
                Py_DECREF(v);
                Py_DECREF(d);
                d = NULL;
                break;
            }
            Py_DECREF(v);
        }
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        result = FindNextFile(hFindFile, &FileData);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        /* FindNextFile sets error to ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES if
           it got to the end of the directory. */
        if (!result && GetLastError() != ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES) {
            Py_DECREF(d);
            win32_error("FindNextFile", namebuf);
            FindClose(hFindFile);
            return NULL;
        }
    } while (result == TRUE);

    if (FindClose(hFindFile) == FALSE) {
        Py_DECREF(d);
        return win32_error("FindClose", namebuf);
    }

    return d;

#elif defined(PYOS_OS2)

#ifndef MAX_PATH
#define MAX_PATH    CCHMAXPATH
#endif
    PyObject *oname;
    char *name, *pt;
    Py_ssize_t len;
    PyObject *d, *v;
    char namebuf[MAX_PATH+5];
    HDIR  hdir = 1;
    ULONG srchcnt = 1;
    FILEFINDBUF3   ep;
    APIRET rc;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:listdir",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &oname))
        return NULL;
    name = PyBytes_AsString(oname);
    len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(oname);
    if (len >= MAX_PATH) {
        Py_DECREF(oname);
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "path too long");
        return NULL;
    }
    strcpy(namebuf, name);
    for (pt = namebuf; *pt; pt++)
        if (*pt == ALTSEP)
            *pt = SEP;
    if (namebuf[len-1] != SEP)
        namebuf[len++] = SEP;
    strcpy(namebuf + len, "*.*");

    if ((d = PyList_New(0)) == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(oname);
        return NULL;
    }

    rc = DosFindFirst(namebuf,         /* Wildcard Pattern to Match */
                      &hdir,           /* Handle to Use While Search Directory */
                      FILE_READONLY | FILE_HIDDEN | FILE_SYSTEM | FILE_DIRECTORY,
                      &ep, sizeof(ep), /* Structure to Receive Directory Entry */
                      &srchcnt,        /* Max and Actual Count of Entries Per Iteration */
                      FIL_STANDARD);   /* Format of Entry (EAs or Not) */

    if (rc != NO_ERROR) {
        errno = ENOENT;
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(oname);
    }

    if (srchcnt > 0) { /* If Directory is NOT Totally Empty, */
        do {
            if (ep.achName[0] == '.'
            && (ep.achName[1] == '\0' || (ep.achName[1] == '.' && ep.achName[2] == '\0')))
                continue; /* Skip Over "." and ".." Names */

            strcpy(namebuf, ep.achName);

            /* Leave Case of Name Alone -- In Native Form */
            /* (Removed Forced Lowercasing Code) */

            v = PyBytes_FromString(namebuf);
            if (v == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(d);
                d = NULL;
                break;
            }
            if (PyList_Append(d, v) != 0) {
                Py_DECREF(v);
                Py_DECREF(d);
                d = NULL;
                break;
            }
            Py_DECREF(v);
        } while (DosFindNext(hdir, &ep, sizeof(ep), &srchcnt) == NO_ERROR && srchcnt > 0);
    }

    Py_DECREF(oname);
    return d;
#else
    PyObject *oname;
    char *name;
    PyObject *d, *v;
    DIR *dirp;
    struct dirent *ep;
    int arg_is_unicode = 1;

    errno = 0;
    /* v is never read, so it does not need to be initialized yet. */
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|U:listdir", &v)) {
        arg_is_unicode = 0;
        PyErr_Clear();
    }
    oname = NULL;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "|O&:listdir", PyUnicode_FSConverter, &oname))
        return NULL;
    if (oname == NULL) { /* Default arg: "." */
        oname = PyBytes_FromString(".");
    }
    name = PyBytes_AsString(oname);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    dirp = opendir(name);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (dirp == NULL) {
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(oname);
    }
    if ((d = PyList_New(0)) == NULL) {
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        closedir(dirp);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        Py_DECREF(oname);
        return NULL;
    }
    for (;;) {
        errno = 0;
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        ep = readdir(dirp);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (ep == NULL) {
            if (errno == 0) {
                break;
            } else {
                Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
                closedir(dirp);
                Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
                Py_DECREF(d);
                return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(oname);
            }
        }
        if (ep->d_name[0] == '.' &&
            (NAMLEN(ep) == 1 ||
             (ep->d_name[1] == '.' && NAMLEN(ep) == 2)))
            continue;
        if (arg_is_unicode)
            v = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(ep->d_name, NAMLEN(ep));
        else
            v = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(ep->d_name, NAMLEN(ep));
        if (v == NULL) {
            Py_CLEAR(d);
            break;
        }
        if (PyList_Append(d, v) != 0) {
            Py_DECREF(v);
            Py_CLEAR(d);
            break;
        }
        Py_DECREF(v);
    }
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    closedir(dirp);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(oname);

    return d;

#endif /* which OS */
}  /* end of posix_listdir */

#ifdef HAVE_FDOPENDIR
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fdlistdir__doc__,
"fdlistdir(fd) -> list_of_strings\n\n\
Like listdir(), but uses a file descriptor instead.\n\
After succesful execution of this function, fd will be closed.");

static PyObject *
posix_fdlistdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *d, *v;
    DIR *dirp;
    struct dirent *ep;
    int fd;

    errno = 0;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:fdlistdir", &fd))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    dirp = fdopendir(fd);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (dirp == NULL) {
        close(fd);
        return posix_error();
    }
    if ((d = PyList_New(0)) == NULL) {
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        closedir(dirp);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        return NULL;
    }
    for (;;) {
        errno = 0;
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        ep = readdir(dirp);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (ep == NULL) {
            if (errno == 0) {
                break;
            } else {
                Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
                closedir(dirp);
                Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
                Py_DECREF(d);
                return posix_error();
            }
        }
        if (ep->d_name[0] == '.' &&
            (NAMLEN(ep) == 1 ||
             (ep->d_name[1] == '.' && NAMLEN(ep) == 2)))
            continue;
        v = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(ep->d_name, NAMLEN(ep));
        if (v == NULL) {
            Py_CLEAR(d);
            break;
        }
        if (PyList_Append(d, v) != 0) {
            Py_DECREF(v);
            Py_CLEAR(d);
            break;
        }
        Py_DECREF(v);
    }
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    closedir(dirp);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    return d;
}
#endif

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
/* A helper function for abspath on win32 */
static PyObject *
posix__getfullpathname(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    const char *path;
    char outbuf[MAX_PATH*2];
    char *temp;
    PyObject *po;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U|:_getfullpathname", &po))
    {
        wchar_t *wpath;
        wchar_t woutbuf[MAX_PATH*2], *woutbufp = woutbuf;
        wchar_t *wtemp;
        DWORD result;
        PyObject *v;

        wpath = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(po);
        if (wpath == NULL)
            return NULL;
        result = GetFullPathNameW(wpath,
                                  Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(woutbuf),
                                  woutbuf, &wtemp);
        if (result > Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(woutbuf)) {
            woutbufp = malloc(result * sizeof(wchar_t));
            if (!woutbufp)
                return PyErr_NoMemory();
            result = GetFullPathNameW(wpath, result, woutbufp, &wtemp);
        }
        if (result)
            v = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(woutbufp, wcslen(woutbufp));
        else
            v = win32_error_object("GetFullPathNameW", po);
        if (woutbufp != woutbuf)
            free(woutbufp);
        return v;
    }
    /* Drop the argument parsing error as narrow strings
       are also valid. */
    PyErr_Clear();

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple (args, "y:_getfullpathname",
                           &path))
        return NULL;
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
        return NULL;
    if (!GetFullPathName(path, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(outbuf),
                         outbuf, &temp)) {
        win32_error("GetFullPathName", path);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (PyUnicode_Check(PyTuple_GetItem(args, 0))) {
        return PyUnicode_Decode(outbuf, strlen(outbuf),
                                Py_FileSystemDefaultEncoding, NULL);
    }
    return PyBytes_FromString(outbuf);
} /* end of posix__getfullpathname */



/* A helper function for samepath on windows */
static PyObject *
posix__getfinalpathname(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    HANDLE hFile;
    int buf_size;
    wchar_t *target_path;
    int result_length;
    PyObject *po, *result;
    wchar_t *path;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U|:_getfinalpathname", &po))
        return NULL;
    path = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(po);
    if (path == NULL)
        return NULL;

    if(!check_GetFinalPathNameByHandle()) {
        /* If the OS doesn't have GetFinalPathNameByHandle, return a
           NotImplementedError. */
        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
            "GetFinalPathNameByHandle not available on this platform");
    }

    hFile = CreateFileW(
        path,
        0, /* desired access */
        0, /* share mode */
        NULL, /* security attributes */
        OPEN_EXISTING,
        /* FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS is required to open a directory */
        FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,
        NULL);

    if(hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        return win32_error_object("CreateFileW", po);

    /* We have a good handle to the target, use it to determine the
       target path name. */
    buf_size = Py_GetFinalPathNameByHandleW(hFile, 0, 0, VOLUME_NAME_NT);

    if(!buf_size)
        return win32_error_object("GetFinalPathNameByHandle", po);

    target_path = (wchar_t *)malloc((buf_size+1)*sizeof(wchar_t));
    if(!target_path)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();

    result_length = Py_GetFinalPathNameByHandleW(hFile, target_path,
                                                 buf_size, VOLUME_NAME_DOS);
    if(!result_length)
        return win32_error_object("GetFinalPathNamyByHandle", po);

    if(!CloseHandle(hFile))
        return win32_error_object("CloseHandle", po);

    target_path[result_length] = 0;
    result = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(target_path, result_length);
    free(target_path);
    return result;

} /* end of posix__getfinalpathname */

static PyObject *
posix__getfileinformation(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    HANDLE hFile;
    BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION info;
    int fd;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:_getfileinformation", &fd))
        return NULL;

    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd))
        return posix_error();

    hFile = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(fd);
    if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        return posix_error();

    if (!GetFileInformationByHandle(hFile, &info))
        return win32_error("_getfileinformation", NULL);

    return Py_BuildValue("iii", info.dwVolumeSerialNumber,
                                info.nFileIndexHigh,
                                info.nFileIndexLow);
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix__isdir__doc__,
"Return true if the pathname refers to an existing directory.");

static PyObject *
posix__isdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    const char *path;
    PyObject *po;
    DWORD attributes;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U|:_isdir", &po)) {
        wchar_t *wpath = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(po);
        if (wpath == NULL)
            return NULL;

        attributes = GetFileAttributesW(wpath);
        if (attributes == INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES)
            Py_RETURN_FALSE;
        goto check;
    }
    /* Drop the argument parsing error as narrow strings
       are also valid. */
    PyErr_Clear();

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "y:_isdir", &path))
        return NULL;
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
        return NULL;
    attributes = GetFileAttributesA(path);
    if (attributes == INVALID_FILE_ATTRIBUTES)
        Py_RETURN_FALSE;

check:
    if (attributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)
        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
    else
        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
}
#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_mkdir__doc__,
"mkdir(path [, mode=0777])\n\n\
Create a directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_mkdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int res;
    const char *path;
    int mode = 0777;

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    PyObject *po;
    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U|i:mkdir", &po, &mode))
    {
        wchar_t *wpath = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(po);
        if (wpath == NULL)
            return NULL;

        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = CreateDirectoryW(wpath, NULL);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (!res)
            return win32_error_object("mkdir", po);
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    }
    /* Drop the argument parsing error as narrow strings
       are also valid. */
    PyErr_Clear();
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "y|i:mkdir", &path, &mode))
        return NULL;
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = CreateDirectoryA(path, NULL);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (!res) {
        win32_error("mkdir", path);
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
#else
    PyObject *opath;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&|i:mkdir",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &mode))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
#if ( defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(PYCC_VACPP) ) && !defined(__QNX__)
    res = mkdir(path);
#else
    res = mkdir(path, mode);
#endif
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(opath);
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
#endif
}


/* sys/resource.h is needed for at least: wait3(), wait4(), broken nice. */
#if defined(HAVE_SYS_RESOURCE_H)
#include <sys/resource.h>
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_NICE
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_nice__doc__,
"nice(inc) -> new_priority\n\n\
Decrease the priority of process by inc and return the new priority.");

static PyObject *
posix_nice(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int increment, value;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:nice", &increment))
        return NULL;

    /* There are two flavours of 'nice': one that returns the new
       priority (as required by almost all standards out there) and the
       Linux/FreeBSD/BSDI one, which returns '0' on success and advices
       the use of getpriority() to get the new priority.

       If we are of the nice family that returns the new priority, we
       need to clear errno before the call, and check if errno is filled
       before calling posix_error() on a returnvalue of -1, because the
       -1 may be the actual new priority! */

    errno = 0;
    value = nice(increment);
#if defined(HAVE_BROKEN_NICE) && defined(HAVE_GETPRIORITY)
    if (value == 0)
        value = getpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0);
#endif
    if (value == -1 && errno != 0)
        /* either nice() or getpriority() returned an error */
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromLong((long) value);
}
#endif /* HAVE_NICE */


#ifdef HAVE_GETPRIORITY
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getpriority__doc__,
"getpriority(which, who) -> current_priority\n\n\
Get program scheduling priority.");

static PyObject *
posix_getpriority(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int which, who, retval;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii", &which, &who))
        return NULL;
    errno = 0;
    retval = getpriority(which, who);
    if (errno != 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)retval);
}
#endif /* HAVE_GETPRIORITY */


#ifdef HAVE_SETPRIORITY
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setpriority__doc__,
"setpriority(which, who, prio) -> None\n\n\
Set program scheduling priority.");

static PyObject *
posix_setpriority(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int which, who, prio, retval;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iii", &which, &who, &prio))
        return NULL;
    retval = setpriority(which, who, prio);
    if (retval == -1)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETPRIORITY */


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_rename__doc__,
"rename(old, new)\n\n\
Rename a file or directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_rename(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    PyObject *src, *dst;
    BOOL result;
    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "UU:rename", &src, &dst))
    {
        wchar_t *wsrc, *wdst;

        wsrc = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(src);
        if (wsrc == NULL)
            return NULL;
        wdst = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(dst);
        if (wdst == NULL)
            return NULL;
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        result = MoveFileW(wsrc, wdst);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (!result)
            return win32_error("rename", NULL);
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    }
    else {
        PyErr_Clear();
        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O&:rename",
                              PyUnicode_FSConverter, &src,
                              PyUnicode_FSConverter, &dst))
            return NULL;

        if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
            goto error;

        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        result = MoveFileA(PyBytes_AS_STRING(src),
                           PyBytes_AS_STRING(dst));
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

        Py_XDECREF(src);
        Py_XDECREF(dst);

        if (!result)
            return win32_error("rename", NULL);
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;

error:
        Py_XDECREF(src);
        Py_XDECREF(dst);
        return NULL;
    }
#else
    return posix_2str(args, "O&O&:rename", rename);
#endif
}


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_rmdir__doc__,
"rmdir(path)\n\n\
Remove a directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_rmdir(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    return win32_1str(args, "rmdir", "y:rmdir", RemoveDirectoryA, "U:rmdir", RemoveDirectoryW);
#else
    return posix_1str(args, "O&:rmdir", rmdir);
#endif
}


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_stat__doc__,
"stat(path) -> stat result\n\n\
Perform a stat system call on the given path.");

static PyObject *
posix_stat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    return posix_do_stat(self, args, "O&:stat", STAT, "U:stat", win32_stat_w);
#else
    return posix_do_stat(self, args, "O&:stat", STAT, NULL, NULL);
#endif
}


#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEM
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_system__doc__,
"system(command) -> exit_status\n\n\
Execute the command (a string) in a subshell.");

static PyObject *
posix_system(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    long sts;
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    wchar_t *command;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "u:system", &command))
        return NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    sts = _wsystem(command);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
#else
    PyObject *command_obj;
    char *command;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:system",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &command_obj))
        return NULL;

    command = PyBytes_AsString(command_obj);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    sts = system(command);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(command_obj);
#endif
    return PyLong_FromLong(sts);
}
#endif


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_umask__doc__,
"umask(new_mask) -> old_mask\n\n\
Set the current numeric umask and return the previous umask.");

static PyObject *
posix_umask(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int i;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:umask", &i))
        return NULL;
    i = (int)umask(i);
    if (i < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)i);
}

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS

/* override the default DeleteFileW behavior so that directory
symlinks can be removed with this function, the same as with
Unix symlinks */
BOOL WINAPI Py_DeleteFileW(LPCWSTR lpFileName)
{
    WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA info;
    WIN32_FIND_DATAW find_data;
    HANDLE find_data_handle;
    int is_directory = 0;
    int is_link = 0;

    if (GetFileAttributesExW(lpFileName, GetFileExInfoStandard, &info)) {
        is_directory = info.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY;

        /* Get WIN32_FIND_DATA structure for the path to determine if
           it is a symlink */
        if(is_directory &&
           info.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_REPARSE_POINT) {
            find_data_handle = FindFirstFileW(lpFileName, &find_data);

            if(find_data_handle != INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
                is_link = find_data.dwReserved0 == IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK;
                FindClose(find_data_handle);
            }
        }
    }

    if (is_directory && is_link)
        return RemoveDirectoryW(lpFileName);

    return DeleteFileW(lpFileName);
}
#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_unlink__doc__,
"unlink(path)\n\n\
Remove a file (same as remove(path)).");

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_remove__doc__,
"remove(path)\n\n\
Remove a file (same as unlink(path)).");

static PyObject *
posix_unlink(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    return win32_1str(args, "remove", "y:remove", DeleteFileA,
                      "U:remove", Py_DeleteFileW);
#else
    return posix_1str(args, "O&:remove", unlink);
#endif
}


#ifdef HAVE_UNAME
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_uname__doc__,
"uname() -> (sysname, nodename, release, version, machine)\n\n\
Return a tuple identifying the current operating system.");

static PyObject *
posix_uname(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    struct utsname u;
    int res;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = uname(&u);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return Py_BuildValue("(sssss)",
                         u.sysname,
                         u.nodename,
                         u.release,
                         u.version,
                         u.machine);
}
#endif /* HAVE_UNAME */


/*
 * Classic POSIX utime functions supported microseconds (1m/sec).
 * Newer POSIX functions support nanoseconds (1 billion per sec).
 * posixmodule now uses the new functions where possible.
 * This improves accuracy in many situations, for example shutil.copy2().
 *
 * The implementation isn't currently sophisticated enough to handle
 * a platform where HAVE_UTIMENSAT is true but HAVE_FUTIMENS is false.
 * Specifically, posix_futimes() would break.
 *
 * Supporting such a platform wouldn't be impossible; you'd need two
 * extract_time() functions, or make its precision a parameter.
 * Since such a platform seems unlikely we haven't bothered.
 */
#if defined(HAVE_UTIMENSAT)
#define EXTRACT_TIME_PRECISION (1e9)
#if !defined(HAVE_FUTIMENS)
#error You HAVE_UTIMENSAT but not HAVE_FUTIMENS... please see accompanying comment.
#endif
#else
#define EXTRACT_TIME_PRECISION (1e6)
#endif

static int
extract_time(PyObject *t, time_t* sec, long* usec)
{
    time_t intval;
    if (PyFloat_Check(t)) {
        double tval = PyFloat_AsDouble(t);
        PyObject *intobj = PyNumber_Long(t);
        if (!intobj)
            return -1;
#if SIZEOF_TIME_T > SIZEOF_LONG
        intval = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(intobj);
#else
        intval = PyLong_AsLong(intobj);
#endif
        Py_DECREF(intobj);
        if (intval == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
            return -1;
        *sec = intval;

        *usec = (long)((tval - intval) * EXTRACT_TIME_PRECISION);
        if (*usec < 0)
            /* If rounding gave us a negative number,
               truncate.  */
            *usec = 0;
        return 0;
    }
#if SIZEOF_TIME_T > SIZEOF_LONG
    intval = PyLong_AsUnsignedLongLongMask(t);
#else
    intval = PyLong_AsLong(t);
#endif
    if (intval == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return -1;
    *sec = intval;
    *usec = 0;
    return 0;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_utime__doc__,
"utime(path[, (atime, mtime)])\n\
Set the access and modified time of the file to the given values.\n\
If no second argument is used, set the access and modified times to\n\
the current time.");

static PyObject *
posix_utime(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    PyObject *arg = Py_None;
    PyObject *obwpath;
    wchar_t *wpath = NULL;
    const char *apath;
    HANDLE hFile;
    time_t atimesec, mtimesec;
    long ausec, musec;
    FILETIME atime, mtime;
    PyObject *result = NULL;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U|O:utime", &obwpath, &arg)) {
        wpath = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(obwpath);
        if (wpath == NULL)
            return NULL;
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        hFile = CreateFileW(wpath, FILE_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES, 0,
                            NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
                            FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, NULL);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
            return win32_error_object("utime", obwpath);
    }
    else {
        /* Drop the argument parsing error as narrow strings
           are also valid. */
        PyErr_Clear();

        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "y|O:utime", &apath, &arg))
            return NULL;
        if (win32_warn_bytes_api())
            return NULL;

        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        hFile = CreateFileA(apath, FILE_WRITE_ATTRIBUTES, 0,
                            NULL, OPEN_EXISTING,
                            FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS, NULL);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
            win32_error("utime", apath);
            return NULL;
        }
    }

    if (arg == Py_None) {
        SYSTEMTIME now;
        GetSystemTime(&now);
        if (!SystemTimeToFileTime(&now, &mtime) ||
            !SystemTimeToFileTime(&now, &atime)) {
            win32_error("utime", NULL);
            goto done;
        }
    }
    else if (!PyTuple_Check(arg) || PyTuple_Size(arg) != 2) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "utime() arg 2 must be a tuple (atime, mtime)");
        goto done;
    }
    else {
        if (extract_time(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 0),
                         &atimesec, &ausec) == -1)
            goto done;
        time_t_to_FILE_TIME(atimesec, 1000*ausec, &atime);
        if (extract_time(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 1),
                         &mtimesec, &musec) == -1)
            goto done;
        time_t_to_FILE_TIME(mtimesec, 1000*musec, &mtime);
    }
    if (!SetFileTime(hFile, NULL, &atime, &mtime)) {
        /* Avoid putting the file name into the error here,
           as that may confuse the user into believing that
           something is wrong with the file, when it also
           could be the time stamp that gives a problem. */
        win32_error("utime", NULL);
        goto done;
    }
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    result = Py_None;
done:
    CloseHandle(hFile);
    return result;
#else /* MS_WINDOWS */

    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    time_t atime, mtime;
    long ausec, musec;
    int res;
    PyObject* arg = Py_None;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&|O:utime",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &arg))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    if (arg == Py_None) {
        /* optional time values not given */
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = utime(path, NULL);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    else if (!PyTuple_Check(arg) || PyTuple_Size(arg) != 2) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "utime() arg 2 must be a tuple (atime, mtime)");
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }
    else {
        if (extract_time(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 0),
                         &atime, &ausec) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(opath);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (extract_time(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 1),
                         &mtime, &musec) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(opath);
            return NULL;
        }

        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        {
#ifdef HAVE_UTIMENSAT
        struct timespec buf[2];
        buf[0].tv_sec = atime;
        buf[0].tv_nsec = ausec;
        buf[1].tv_sec = mtime;
        buf[1].tv_nsec = musec;
        res = utimensat(AT_FDCWD, path, buf, 0);
#elif defined(HAVE_UTIMES)
        struct timeval buf[2];
        buf[0].tv_sec = atime;
        buf[0].tv_usec = ausec;
        buf[1].tv_sec = mtime;
        buf[1].tv_usec = musec;
        res = utimes(path, buf);
#elif defined(HAVE_UTIME_H)
        /* XXX should define struct utimbuf instead, above */
        struct utimbuf buf;
        buf.actime = atime;
        buf.modtime = mtime;
        res = utime(path, &buf);
#else
        time_t buf[2];
        buf[0] = atime;
        buf[1] = mtime;
        res = utime(path, buf);
#endif
        }
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    if (res < 0) {
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(opath);
    }
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
#undef UTIME_EXTRACT
#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */
}

#ifdef HAVE_FUTIMES
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_futimes__doc__,
"futimes(fd[, (atime, mtime)])\n\
Set the access and modified time of the file specified by the file\n\
descriptor fd to the given values. If no second argument is used, set the\n\
access and modified times to the current time.");

static PyObject *
posix_futimes(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int res, fd;
    PyObject* arg = Py_None;
    time_t atime, mtime;
    long ausec, musec;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i|O:futimes", &fd, &arg))
        return NULL;

    if (arg == Py_None) {
        /* optional time values not given */
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = futimes(fd, NULL);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    else if (!PyTuple_Check(arg) || PyTuple_Size(arg) != 2) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                "futimes() arg 2 must be a tuple (atime, mtime)");
        return NULL;
    }
    else {
        if (extract_time(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 0),
                &atime, &ausec) == -1) {
            return NULL;
        }
        if (extract_time(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 1),
                &mtime, &musec) == -1) {
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        {
#ifdef HAVE_FUTIMENS
        struct timespec buf[2];
        buf[0].tv_sec = atime;
        buf[0].tv_nsec = ausec;
        buf[1].tv_sec = mtime;
        buf[1].tv_nsec = musec;
        res = futimens(fd, buf);
#else
        struct timeval buf[2];
        buf[0].tv_sec = atime;
        buf[0].tv_usec = ausec;
        buf[1].tv_sec = mtime;
        buf[1].tv_usec = musec;
        res = futimes(fd, buf);
#endif
        }
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LUTIMES
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_lutimes__doc__,
"lutimes(path[, (atime, mtime)])\n\
Like utime(), but if path is a symbolic link, it is not dereferenced.");

static PyObject *
posix_lutimes(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    PyObject *arg = Py_None;
    const char *path;
    int res;
    time_t atime, mtime;
    long ausec, musec;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&|O:lutimes",
            PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &arg))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    if (arg == Py_None) {
        /* optional time values not given */
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = lutimes(path, NULL);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    else if (!PyTuple_Check(arg) || PyTuple_Size(arg) != 2) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "lutimes() arg 2 must be a tuple (atime, mtime)");
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }
    else {
        if (extract_time(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 0),
                &atime, &ausec) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(opath);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (extract_time(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 1),
                &mtime, &musec) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(opath);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        {
#ifdef HAVE_UTIMENSAT
        struct timespec buf[2];
        buf[0].tv_sec = atime;
        buf[0].tv_nsec = ausec;
        buf[1].tv_sec = mtime;
        buf[1].tv_nsec = musec;
        res = utimensat(AT_FDCWD, path, buf, AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW);
#else
        struct timeval buf[2];
        buf[0].tv_sec = atime;
        buf[0].tv_usec = ausec;
        buf[1].tv_sec = mtime;
        buf[1].tv_usec = musec;
        res = lutimes(path, buf);
#endif
        }
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FUTIMENS
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_futimens__doc__,
"futimens(fd[, (atime_sec, atime_nsec), (mtime_sec, mtime_nsec)])\n\
Updates the timestamps of a file specified by the file descriptor fd, with\n\
nanosecond precision.\n\
If no second argument is given, set atime and mtime to the current time.\n\
If *_nsec is specified as UTIME_NOW, the timestamp is updated to the\n\
current time.\n\
If *_nsec is specified as UTIME_OMIT, the timestamp is not updated.");

static PyObject *
posix_futimens(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int res, fd;
    PyObject *atime = Py_None;
    PyObject *mtime = Py_None;
    struct timespec buf[2];

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i|OO:futimens",
            &fd, &atime, &mtime))
        return NULL;
    if (atime == Py_None && mtime == Py_None) {
        /* optional time values not given */
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = futimens(fd, NULL);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    else if (!PyTuple_Check(atime) || PyTuple_Size(atime) != 2) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "futimens() arg 2 must be a tuple (atime_sec, atime_nsec)");
        return NULL;
    }
    else if (!PyTuple_Check(mtime) || PyTuple_Size(mtime) != 2) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "futimens() arg 3 must be a tuple (mtime_sec, mtime_nsec)");
        return NULL;
    }
    else {
        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(atime, "ll:futimens",
                &(buf[0].tv_sec), &(buf[0].tv_nsec))) {
            return NULL;
        }
        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(mtime, "ll:futimens",
                &(buf[1].tv_sec), &(buf[1].tv_nsec))) {
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = futimens(fd, buf);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

/* Process operations */

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix__exit__doc__,
"_exit(status)\n\n\
Exit to the system with specified status, without normal exit processing.");

static PyObject *
posix__exit(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int sts;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:_exit", &sts))
        return NULL;
    _exit(sts);
    return NULL; /* Make gcc -Wall happy */
}

#if defined(HAVE_EXECV) || defined(HAVE_SPAWNV)
static void
free_string_array(char **array, Py_ssize_t count)
{
    Py_ssize_t i;
    for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
        PyMem_Free(array[i]);
    PyMem_DEL(array);
}

static
int fsconvert_strdup(PyObject *o, char**out)
{
    PyObject *bytes;
    Py_ssize_t size;
    if (!PyUnicode_FSConverter(o, &bytes))
        return 0;
    size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes);
    *out = PyMem_Malloc(size+1);
    if (!*out)
        return 0;
    memcpy(*out, PyBytes_AsString(bytes), size+1);
    Py_DECREF(bytes);
    return 1;
}
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_EXECV) || defined (HAVE_FEXECVE)
static char**
parse_envlist(PyObject* env, Py_ssize_t *envc_ptr)
{
    char **envlist;
    Py_ssize_t i, pos, envc;
    PyObject *keys=NULL, *vals=NULL;
    PyObject *key, *val, *key2, *val2;
    char *p, *k, *v;
    size_t len;

    i = PyMapping_Size(env);
    if (i < 0)
        return NULL;
    envlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, i + 1);
    if (envlist == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    envc = 0;
    keys = PyMapping_Keys(env);
    vals = PyMapping_Values(env);
    if (!keys || !vals)
        goto error;
    if (!PyList_Check(keys) || !PyList_Check(vals)) {
        PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                     "env.keys() or env.values() is not a list");
        goto error;
    }

    for (pos = 0; pos < i; pos++) {
        key = PyList_GetItem(keys, pos);
        val = PyList_GetItem(vals, pos);
        if (!key || !val)
            goto error;

        if (PyUnicode_FSConverter(key, &key2) == 0)
            goto error;
        if (PyUnicode_FSConverter(val, &val2) == 0) {
            Py_DECREF(key2);
            goto error;
        }

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
        /* Omit Pseudo-Env Vars that Would Confuse Programs if Passed On */
        if (stricmp(k, "BEGINLIBPATH") != 0 && stricmp(k, "ENDLIBPATH") != 0) {
#endif
        k = PyBytes_AsString(key2);
        v = PyBytes_AsString(val2);
        len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(key2) + PyBytes_GET_SIZE(val2) + 2;

        p = PyMem_NEW(char, len);
        if (p == NULL) {
            PyErr_NoMemory();
            Py_DECREF(key2);
            Py_DECREF(val2);
            goto error;
        }
        PyOS_snprintf(p, len, "%s=%s", k, v);
        envlist[envc++] = p;
        Py_DECREF(key2);
        Py_DECREF(val2);
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
        }
#endif
    }
    Py_DECREF(vals);
    Py_DECREF(keys);

    envlist[envc] = 0;
    *envc_ptr = envc;
    return envlist;

error:
    Py_XDECREF(keys);
    Py_XDECREF(vals);
    while (--envc >= 0)
        PyMem_DEL(envlist[envc]);
    PyMem_DEL(envlist);
    return NULL;
}

static char**
parse_arglist(PyObject* argv, Py_ssize_t *argc)
{
    int i;
    char **argvlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, *argc+1);
    if (argvlist == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < *argc; i++) {
        PyObject* item = PySequence_ITEM(argv, i);
        if (item == NULL)
            goto fail;
        if (!fsconvert_strdup(item, &argvlist[i])) {
            Py_DECREF(item);
            goto fail;
        }
        Py_DECREF(item);
    }
    argvlist[*argc] = NULL;
    return argvlist;
fail:
    *argc = i;
    free_string_array(argvlist, *argc);
    return NULL;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_EXECV
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_execv__doc__,
"execv(path, args)\n\n\
Execute an executable path with arguments, replacing current process.\n\
\n\
    path: path of executable file\n\
    args: tuple or list of strings");

static PyObject *
posix_execv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    PyObject *argv;
    char **argvlist;
    Py_ssize_t argc;

    /* execv has two arguments: (path, argv), where
       argv is a list or tuple of strings. */

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O:execv",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &opath, &argv))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    if (!PyList_Check(argv) && !PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "execv() arg 2 must be a tuple or list");
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }
    argc = PySequence_Size(argv);
    if (argc < 1) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "execv() arg 2 must not be empty");
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }

    argvlist = parse_arglist(argv, &argc);
    if (argvlist == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }

    execv(path, argvlist);

    /* If we get here it's definitely an error */

    free_string_array(argvlist, argc);
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    return posix_error();
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_execve__doc__,
"execve(path, args, env)\n\n\
Execute a path with arguments and environment, replacing current process.\n\
\n\
    path: path of executable file\n\
    args: tuple or list of arguments\n\
    env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings");

static PyObject *
posix_execve(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    PyObject *argv, *env;
    char **argvlist;
    char **envlist;
    Py_ssize_t argc, envc;

    /* execve has three arguments: (path, argv, env), where
       argv is a list or tuple of strings and env is a dictionary
       like posix.environ. */

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&OO:execve",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &opath, &argv, &env))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    if (!PyList_Check(argv) && !PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "execve() arg 2 must be a tuple or list");
        goto fail_0;
    }
    argc = PySequence_Size(argv);
    if (!PyMapping_Check(env)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "execve() arg 3 must be a mapping object");
        goto fail_0;
    }

    argvlist = parse_arglist(argv, &argc);
    if (argvlist == NULL) {
        goto fail_0;
    }

    envlist = parse_envlist(env, &envc);
    if (envlist == NULL)
        goto fail_1;

    execve(path, argvlist, envlist);

    /* If we get here it's definitely an error */

    (void) posix_error();

    while (--envc >= 0)
        PyMem_DEL(envlist[envc]);
    PyMem_DEL(envlist);
  fail_1:
    free_string_array(argvlist, argc);
  fail_0:
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    return NULL;
}
#endif /* HAVE_EXECV */

#ifdef HAVE_FEXECVE
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fexecve__doc__,
"fexecve(fd, args, env)\n\n\
Execute the program specified by a file descriptor with arguments and\n\
environment, replacing the current process.\n\
\n\
    fd: file descriptor of executable\n\
    args: tuple or list of arguments\n\
    env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings");

static PyObject *
posix_fexecve(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd;
    PyObject *argv, *env;
    char **argvlist;
    char **envlist;
    Py_ssize_t argc, envc;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iOO:fexecve",
                          &fd, &argv, &env))
        return NULL;
    if (!PyList_Check(argv) && !PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "fexecve() arg 2 must be a tuple or list");
        return NULL;
    }
    argc = PySequence_Size(argv);
    if (!PyMapping_Check(env)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "fexecve() arg 3 must be a mapping object");
        return NULL;
    }

    argvlist = parse_arglist(argv, &argc);
    if (argvlist == NULL)
        return NULL;

    envlist = parse_envlist(env, &envc);
    if (envlist == NULL)
        goto fail;

    fexecve(fd, argvlist, envlist);

    /* If we get here it's definitely an error */

    (void) posix_error();

    while (--envc >= 0)
        PyMem_DEL(envlist[envc]);
    PyMem_DEL(envlist);
  fail:
    free_string_array(argvlist, argc);
    return NULL;
}
#endif /* HAVE_FEXECVE */

#ifdef HAVE_SPAWNV
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_spawnv__doc__,
"spawnv(mode, path, args)\n\n\
Execute the program 'path' in a new process.\n\
\n\
    mode: mode of process creation\n\
    path: path of executable file\n\
    args: tuple or list of strings");

static PyObject *
posix_spawnv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    PyObject *argv;
    char **argvlist;
    int mode, i;
    Py_ssize_t argc;
    Py_intptr_t spawnval;
    PyObject *(*getitem)(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t);

    /* spawnv has three arguments: (mode, path, argv), where
       argv is a list or tuple of strings. */

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&O:spawnv", &mode,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &opath, &argv))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    if (PyList_Check(argv)) {
        argc = PyList_Size(argv);
        getitem = PyList_GetItem;
    }
    else if (PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
        argc = PyTuple_Size(argv);
        getitem = PyTuple_GetItem;
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "spawnv() arg 2 must be a tuple or list");
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }

    argvlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, argc+1);
    if (argvlist == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return PyErr_NoMemory();
    }
    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        if (!fsconvert_strdup((*getitem)(argv, i),
                              &argvlist[i])) {
            free_string_array(argvlist, i);
            PyErr_SetString(
                PyExc_TypeError,
                "spawnv() arg 2 must contain only strings");
            Py_DECREF(opath);
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    argvlist[argc] = NULL;

#if defined(PYOS_OS2) && defined(PYCC_GCC)
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    spawnval = spawnv(mode, path, argvlist);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
#else
    if (mode == _OLD_P_OVERLAY)
        mode = _P_OVERLAY;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    spawnval = _spawnv(mode, path, argvlist);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
#endif

    free_string_array(argvlist, argc);
    Py_DECREF(opath);

    if (spawnval == -1)
        return posix_error();
    else
#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOID_P
        return Py_BuildValue("l", (long) spawnval);
#else
        return Py_BuildValue("L", (PY_LONG_LONG) spawnval);
#endif
}


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_spawnve__doc__,
"spawnve(mode, path, args, env)\n\n\
Execute the program 'path' in a new process.\n\
\n\
    mode: mode of process creation\n\
    path: path of executable file\n\
    args: tuple or list of arguments\n\
    env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings");

static PyObject *
posix_spawnve(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    PyObject *argv, *env;
    char **argvlist;
    char **envlist;
    PyObject *res = NULL;
    int mode;
    Py_ssize_t argc, i, envc;
    Py_intptr_t spawnval;
    PyObject *(*getitem)(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t);
    Py_ssize_t lastarg = 0;

    /* spawnve has four arguments: (mode, path, argv, env), where
       argv is a list or tuple of strings and env is a dictionary
       like posix.environ. */

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&OO:spawnve", &mode,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &opath, &argv, &env))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    if (PyList_Check(argv)) {
        argc = PyList_Size(argv);
        getitem = PyList_GetItem;
    }
    else if (PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
        argc = PyTuple_Size(argv);
        getitem = PyTuple_GetItem;
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "spawnve() arg 2 must be a tuple or list");
        goto fail_0;
    }
    if (!PyMapping_Check(env)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "spawnve() arg 3 must be a mapping object");
        goto fail_0;
    }

    argvlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, argc+1);
    if (argvlist == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        goto fail_0;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        if (!fsconvert_strdup((*getitem)(argv, i),
                              &argvlist[i]))
        {
            lastarg = i;
            goto fail_1;
        }
    }
    lastarg = argc;
    argvlist[argc] = NULL;

    envlist = parse_envlist(env, &envc);
    if (envlist == NULL)
        goto fail_1;

#if defined(PYOS_OS2) && defined(PYCC_GCC)
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    spawnval = spawnve(mode, path, argvlist, envlist);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
#else
    if (mode == _OLD_P_OVERLAY)
        mode = _P_OVERLAY;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    spawnval = _spawnve(mode, path, argvlist, envlist);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
#endif

    if (spawnval == -1)
        (void) posix_error();
    else
#if SIZEOF_LONG == SIZEOF_VOID_P
        res = Py_BuildValue("l", (long) spawnval);
#else
        res = Py_BuildValue("L", (PY_LONG_LONG) spawnval);
#endif

    while (--envc >= 0)
        PyMem_DEL(envlist[envc]);
    PyMem_DEL(envlist);
  fail_1:
    free_string_array(argvlist, lastarg);
  fail_0:
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    return res;
}

/* OS/2 supports spawnvp & spawnvpe natively */
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_spawnvp__doc__,
"spawnvp(mode, file, args)\n\n\
Execute the program 'file' in a new process, using the environment\n\
search path to find the file.\n\
\n\
    mode: mode of process creation\n\
    file: executable file name\n\
    args: tuple or list of strings");

static PyObject *
posix_spawnvp(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    PyObject *argv;
    char **argvlist;
    int mode, i, argc;
    Py_intptr_t spawnval;
    PyObject *(*getitem)(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t);

    /* spawnvp has three arguments: (mode, path, argv), where
       argv is a list or tuple of strings. */

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&O:spawnvp", &mode,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &opath, &argv))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    if (PyList_Check(argv)) {
        argc = PyList_Size(argv);
        getitem = PyList_GetItem;
    }
    else if (PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
        argc = PyTuple_Size(argv);
        getitem = PyTuple_GetItem;
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "spawnvp() arg 2 must be a tuple or list");
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }

    argvlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, argc+1);
    if (argvlist == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return PyErr_NoMemory();
    }
    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        if (!fsconvert_strdup((*getitem)(argv, i),
                              &argvlist[i])) {
            free_string_array(argvlist, i);
            PyErr_SetString(
                PyExc_TypeError,
                "spawnvp() arg 2 must contain only strings");
            Py_DECREF(opath);
            return NULL;
        }
    }
    argvlist[argc] = NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
#if defined(PYCC_GCC)
    spawnval = spawnvp(mode, path, argvlist);
#else
    spawnval = _spawnvp(mode, path, argvlist);
#endif
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    free_string_array(argvlist, argc);
    Py_DECREF(opath);

    if (spawnval == -1)
        return posix_error();
    else
        return Py_BuildValue("l", (long) spawnval);
}


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_spawnvpe__doc__,
"spawnvpe(mode, file, args, env)\n\n\
Execute the program 'file' in a new process, using the environment\n\
search path to find the file.\n\
\n\
    mode: mode of process creation\n\
    file: executable file name\n\
    args: tuple or list of arguments\n\
    env: dictionary of strings mapping to strings");

static PyObject *
posix_spawnvpe(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    PyObject *argv, *env;
    char **argvlist;
    char **envlist;
    PyObject *res=NULL;
    int mode;
    Py_ssize_t argc, i, envc;
    Py_intptr_t spawnval;
    PyObject *(*getitem)(PyObject *, Py_ssize_t);
    int lastarg = 0;

    /* spawnvpe has four arguments: (mode, path, argv, env), where
       argv is a list or tuple of strings and env is a dictionary
       like posix.environ. */

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ietOO:spawnvpe", &mode,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &opath, &argv, &env))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    if (PyList_Check(argv)) {
        argc = PyList_Size(argv);
        getitem = PyList_GetItem;
    }
    else if (PyTuple_Check(argv)) {
        argc = PyTuple_Size(argv);
        getitem = PyTuple_GetItem;
    }
    else {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "spawnvpe() arg 2 must be a tuple or list");
        goto fail_0;
    }
    if (!PyMapping_Check(env)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                        "spawnvpe() arg 3 must be a mapping object");
        goto fail_0;
    }

    argvlist = PyMem_NEW(char *, argc+1);
    if (argvlist == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        goto fail_0;
    }
    for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
        if (!fsconvert_strdup((*getitem)(argv, i),
                              &argvlist[i]))
        {
            lastarg = i;
            goto fail_1;
        }
    }
    lastarg = argc;
    argvlist[argc] = NULL;

    envlist = parse_envlist(env, &envc);
    if (envlist == NULL)
        goto fail_1;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
#if defined(PYCC_GCC)
    spawnval = spawnvpe(mode, path, argvlist, envlist);
#else
    spawnval = _spawnvpe(mode, path, argvlist, envlist);
#endif
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (spawnval == -1)
        (void) posix_error();
    else
        res = Py_BuildValue("l", (long) spawnval);

    while (--envc >= 0)
        PyMem_DEL(envlist[envc]);
    PyMem_DEL(envlist);
  fail_1:
    free_string_array(argvlist, lastarg);
  fail_0:
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    return res;
}
#endif /* PYOS_OS2 */
#endif /* HAVE_SPAWNV */


#ifdef HAVE_FORK1
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fork1__doc__,
"fork1() -> pid\n\n\
Fork a child process with a single multiplexed (i.e., not bound) thread.\n\
\n\
Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process.");

static PyObject *
posix_fork1(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int result = 0;
    _PyImport_AcquireLock();
    pid = fork1();
    if (pid == 0) {
        /* child: this clobbers and resets the import lock. */
        PyOS_AfterFork();
    } else {
        /* parent: release the import lock. */
        result = _PyImport_ReleaseLock();
    }
    if (pid == -1)
        return posix_error();
    if (result < 0) {
        /* Don't clobber the OSError if the fork failed. */
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
                        "not holding the import lock");
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyLong_FromPid(pid);
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_FORK
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fork__doc__,
"fork() -> pid\n\n\
Fork a child process.\n\
Return 0 to child process and PID of child to parent process.");

static PyObject *
posix_fork(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int result = 0;
    _PyImport_AcquireLock();
    pid = fork();
    if (pid == 0) {
        /* child: this clobbers and resets the import lock. */
        PyOS_AfterFork();
    } else {
        /* parent: release the import lock. */
        result = _PyImport_ReleaseLock();
    }
    if (pid == -1)
        return posix_error();
    if (result < 0) {
        /* Don't clobber the OSError if the fork failed. */
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
                        "not holding the import lock");
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyLong_FromPid(pid);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_H

#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_GET_PRIORITY_MAX

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sched_get_priority_max__doc__,
"sched_get_priority_max(policy)\n\n\
Get the maximum scheduling priority for *policy*.");

static PyObject *
posix_sched_get_priority_max(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int policy, max;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:sched_get_priority_max", &policy))
        return NULL;
    max = sched_get_priority_max(policy);
    if (max < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromLong(max);
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sched_get_priority_min__doc__,
"sched_get_priority_min(policy)\n\n\
Get the minimum scheduling priority for *policy*.");

static PyObject *
posix_sched_get_priority_min(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int policy, min;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:sched_get_priority_min", &policy))
        return NULL;
    min = sched_get_priority_min(policy);
    if (min < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromLong(min);
}

#endif /* HAVE_SCHED_GET_PRIORITY_MAX */

#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_SETSCHEDULER

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sched_getscheduler__doc__,
"sched_getscheduler(pid)\n\n\
Get the scheduling policy for the process with a PID of *pid*.\n\
Passing a PID of 0 returns the scheduling policy for the calling process.");

static PyObject *
posix_sched_getscheduler(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int policy;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID ":sched_getscheduler", &pid))
        return NULL;
    policy = sched_getscheduler(pid);
    if (policy < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromLong(policy);
}

#endif

#if defined(HAVE_SCHED_SETSCHEDULER) || defined(HAVE_SCHED_SETPARAM)

static PyObject *
sched_param_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    PyObject *res, *priority;
    static char *kwlist[] = {"sched_priority", NULL};

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "O:sched_param", kwlist, &priority))
        return NULL;
    res = PyStructSequence_New(type);
    if (!res)
        return NULL;
    Py_INCREF(priority);
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(res, 0, priority);
    return res;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(sched_param__doc__,
"sched_param(sched_priority): A scheduling parameter.\n\n\
Current has only one field: sched_priority");

static PyStructSequence_Field sched_param_fields[] = {
    {"sched_priority", "the scheduling priority"},
    {0}
};

static PyStructSequence_Desc sched_param_desc = {
    "sched_param", /* name */
    sched_param__doc__, /* doc */
    sched_param_fields,
    1
};

static int
convert_sched_param(PyObject *param, struct sched_param *res)
{
    long priority;

    if (Py_TYPE(param) != &SchedParamType) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "must have a sched_param object");
        return 0;
    }
    priority = PyLong_AsLong(PyStructSequence_GET_ITEM(param, 0));
    if (priority == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return 0;
    if (priority > INT_MAX || priority < INT_MIN) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "sched_priority out of range");
        return 0;
    }
    res->sched_priority = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(priority, long, int);
    return 1;
}

#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_SETSCHEDULER

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sched_setscheduler__doc__,
"sched_setscheduler(pid, policy, param)\n\n\
Set the scheduling policy, *policy*, for *pid*.\n\
If *pid* is 0, the calling process is changed.\n\
*param* is an instance of sched_param.");

static PyObject *
posix_sched_setscheduler(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int policy;
    struct sched_param param;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID "iO&:sched_setscheduler",
                          &pid, &policy, &convert_sched_param, &param))
        return NULL;

    /*
    ** sched_setscheduler() returns 0 in Linux, but the previous
    ** scheduling policy under Solaris/Illumos, and others.
    ** On error, -1 is returned in all Operating Systems.
    */
    if (sched_setscheduler(pid, policy, &param) == -1)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_SETPARAM

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sched_getparam__doc__,
"sched_getparam(pid) -> sched_param\n\n\
Returns scheduling parameters for the process with *pid* as an instance of the\n\
sched_param class. A PID of 0 means the calling process.");

static PyObject *
posix_sched_getparam(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    struct sched_param param;
    PyObject *res, *priority;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID ":sched_getparam", &pid))
        return NULL;
    if (sched_getparam(pid, &param))
        return posix_error();
    res = PyStructSequence_New(&SchedParamType);
    if (!res)
        return NULL;
    priority = PyLong_FromLong(param.sched_priority);
    if (!priority) {
        Py_DECREF(res);
        return NULL;
    }
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(res, 0, priority);
    return res;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sched_setparam__doc__,
"sched_setparam(pid, param)\n\n\
Set scheduling parameters for a process with PID *pid*.\n\
A PID of 0 means the calling process.");

static PyObject *
posix_sched_setparam(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    struct sched_param param;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID "O&:sched_setparam",
                          &pid, &convert_sched_param, &param))
        return NULL;
    if (sched_setparam(pid, &param))
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_RR_GET_INTERVAL

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sched_rr_get_interval__doc__,
"sched_rr_get_interval(pid) -> float\n\n\
Return the round-robin quantum for the process with PID *pid* in seconds.");

static PyObject *
posix_sched_rr_get_interval(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    struct timespec interval;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID ":sched_rr_get_interval", &pid))
        return NULL;
    if (sched_rr_get_interval(pid, &interval))
        return posix_error();
    return PyFloat_FromDouble((double)interval.tv_sec + 1e-9*interval.tv_nsec);
}

#endif

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sched_yield__doc__,
"sched_yield()\n\n\
Voluntarily relinquish the CPU.");

static PyObject *
posix_sched_yield(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    if (sched_yield())
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_SETAFFINITY

typedef struct {
    PyObject_HEAD;
    Py_ssize_t size;
    int ncpus;
    cpu_set_t *set;
} Py_cpu_set;

static PyTypeObject cpu_set_type;

static void
cpu_set_dealloc(Py_cpu_set *set)
{
    assert(set->set);
    CPU_FREE(set->set);
    Py_TYPE(set)->tp_free(set);
}

static Py_cpu_set *
make_new_cpu_set(PyTypeObject *type, Py_ssize_t size)
{
    Py_cpu_set *set;

    if (size < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "negative size");
        return NULL;
    }
    set = (Py_cpu_set *)type->tp_alloc(type, 0);
    if (!set)
        return NULL;
    set->ncpus = size;
    set->size = CPU_ALLOC_SIZE(size);
    set->set = CPU_ALLOC(size);
    if (!set->set) {
        type->tp_free(set);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return NULL;
    }
    CPU_ZERO_S(set->size, set->set);
    return set;
}

static PyObject *
cpu_set_new(PyTypeObject *type, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    int size;

    if (!_PyArg_NoKeywords("cpu_set()", kwargs) ||
        !PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:cpu_set", &size))
        return NULL;
    return (PyObject *)make_new_cpu_set(type, size);
}

static PyObject *
cpu_set_repr(Py_cpu_set *set)
{
    return PyUnicode_FromFormat("<cpu_set with %li entries>", set->ncpus);
}

static Py_ssize_t
cpu_set_len(Py_cpu_set *set)
{
    return set->ncpus;
}

static int
_get_cpu(Py_cpu_set *set, const char *requester, PyObject *args)
{
    int cpu;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, requester, &cpu))
        return -1;
    if (cpu < 0) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "cpu < 0 not valid");
        return -1;
    }
    if (cpu >= set->ncpus) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "cpu too large for set");
        return -1;
    }
    return cpu;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(cpu_set_set_doc,
"cpu_set.set(i)\n\n\
Add CPU *i* to the set.");

static PyObject *
cpu_set_set(Py_cpu_set *set, PyObject *args)
{
    int cpu = _get_cpu(set, "i|set", args);
    if (cpu == -1)
        return NULL;
    CPU_SET_S(cpu, set->size, set->set);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(cpu_set_count_doc,
"cpu_set.count() -> int\n\n\
Return the number of CPUs active in the set.");

static PyObject *
cpu_set_count(Py_cpu_set *set, PyObject *noargs)
{
    return PyLong_FromLong(CPU_COUNT_S(set->size, set->set));
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(cpu_set_clear_doc,
"cpu_set.clear(i)\n\n\
Remove CPU *i* from the set.");

static PyObject *
cpu_set_clear(Py_cpu_set *set, PyObject *args)
{
    int cpu = _get_cpu(set, "i|clear", args);
    if (cpu == -1)
        return NULL;
    CPU_CLR_S(cpu, set->size, set->set);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(cpu_set_isset_doc,
"cpu_set.isset(i) -> bool\n\n\
Test if CPU *i* is in the set.");

static PyObject *
cpu_set_isset(Py_cpu_set *set, PyObject *args)
{
    int cpu = _get_cpu(set, "i|isset", args);
    if (cpu == -1)
        return NULL;
    if (CPU_ISSET_S(cpu, set->size, set->set))
        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
    Py_RETURN_FALSE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(cpu_set_zero_doc,
"cpu_set.zero()\n\n\
Clear the cpu_set.");

static PyObject *
cpu_set_zero(Py_cpu_set *set, PyObject *noargs)
{
    CPU_ZERO_S(set->size, set->set);
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static PyObject *
cpu_set_richcompare(Py_cpu_set *set, Py_cpu_set *other, int op)
{
    int eq;

    if ((op != Py_EQ && op != Py_NE) || Py_TYPE(other) != &cpu_set_type)
        Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED;

    eq = set->ncpus == other->ncpus && CPU_EQUAL_S(set->size, set->set, other->set);
    if ((op == Py_EQ) ? eq : !eq)
        Py_RETURN_TRUE;
    else
        Py_RETURN_FALSE;
}

#define CPU_SET_BINOP(name, op) \
    static PyObject * \
    do_cpu_set_##name(Py_cpu_set *left, Py_cpu_set *right, Py_cpu_set *res) { \
        if (res) { \
            Py_INCREF(res); \
        } \
        else { \
            res = make_new_cpu_set(&cpu_set_type, left->ncpus); \
            if (!res) \
                return NULL; \
        } \
        if (Py_TYPE(right) != &cpu_set_type || left->ncpus != right->ncpus) { \
            Py_DECREF(res); \
            Py_RETURN_NOTIMPLEMENTED; \
        } \
        assert(left->size == right->size && right->size == res->size); \
        op(res->size, res->set, left->set, right->set); \
        return (PyObject *)res; \
    } \
    static PyObject * \
    cpu_set_##name(Py_cpu_set *left, Py_cpu_set *right) { \
        return do_cpu_set_##name(left, right, NULL); \
    } \
    static PyObject * \
    cpu_set_i##name(Py_cpu_set *left, Py_cpu_set *right) { \
        return do_cpu_set_##name(left, right, left); \
    } \

CPU_SET_BINOP(and, CPU_AND_S)
CPU_SET_BINOP(or, CPU_OR_S)
CPU_SET_BINOP(xor, CPU_XOR_S)
#undef CPU_SET_BINOP

PyDoc_STRVAR(cpu_set_doc,
"cpu_set(size)\n\n\
Create an empty mask of CPUs.");

static PyNumberMethods cpu_set_as_number = {
    0,                                  /*nb_add*/
    0,                                  /*nb_subtract*/
    0,                                  /*nb_multiply*/
    0,                                  /*nb_remainder*/
    0,                                  /*nb_divmod*/
    0,                                  /*nb_power*/
    0,                                  /*nb_negative*/
    0,                                  /*nb_positive*/
    0,                                  /*nb_absolute*/
    0,                                  /*nb_bool*/
    0,                                  /*nb_invert*/
    0,                                  /*nb_lshift*/
    0,                                  /*nb_rshift*/
    (binaryfunc)cpu_set_and,            /*nb_and*/
    (binaryfunc)cpu_set_xor,            /*nb_xor*/
    (binaryfunc)cpu_set_or,             /*nb_or*/
    0,                                  /*nb_int*/
    0,                                  /*nb_reserved*/
    0,                                  /*nb_float*/
    0,                                  /*nb_inplace_add*/
    0,                                  /*nb_inplace_subtract*/
    0,                                  /*nb_inplace_multiply*/
    0,                                  /*nb_inplace_remainder*/
    0,                                  /*nb_inplace_power*/
    0,                                  /*nb_inplace_lshift*/
    0,                                  /*nb_inplace_rshift*/
    (binaryfunc)cpu_set_iand,           /*nb_inplace_and*/
    (binaryfunc)cpu_set_ixor,           /*nb_inplace_xor*/
    (binaryfunc)cpu_set_ior,            /*nb_inplace_or*/
};

static PySequenceMethods cpu_set_as_sequence = {
    (lenfunc)cpu_set_len,                            /* sq_length */
};

static PyMethodDef cpu_set_methods[] = {
    {"clear", (PyCFunction)cpu_set_clear, METH_VARARGS, cpu_set_clear_doc},
    {"count", (PyCFunction)cpu_set_count, METH_NOARGS, cpu_set_count_doc},
    {"isset", (PyCFunction)cpu_set_isset, METH_VARARGS, cpu_set_isset_doc},
    {"set", (PyCFunction)cpu_set_set, METH_VARARGS, cpu_set_set_doc},
    {"zero", (PyCFunction)cpu_set_zero, METH_NOARGS, cpu_set_zero_doc},
    {NULL, NULL}   /* sentinel */
};

static PyTypeObject cpu_set_type = {
    PyVarObject_HEAD_INIT(&PyType_Type, 0)
    "posix.cpu_set",                    /* tp_name */
    sizeof(Py_cpu_set),                 /* tp_basicsize */
    0,                                  /* tp_itemsize */
    /* methods */
    (destructor)cpu_set_dealloc,        /* tp_dealloc */
    0,                                  /* tp_print */
    0,                                  /* tp_getattr */
    0,                                  /* tp_setattr */
    0,                                  /* tp_reserved */
    (reprfunc)cpu_set_repr,             /* tp_repr */
    &cpu_set_as_number,                 /* tp_as_number */
    &cpu_set_as_sequence,               /* tp_as_sequence */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_mapping */
    PyObject_HashNotImplemented,        /* tp_hash */
    0,                                  /* tp_call */
    0,                                  /* tp_str */
    PyObject_GenericGetAttr,            /* tp_getattro */
    0,                                  /* tp_setattro */
    0,                                  /* tp_as_buffer */
    Py_TPFLAGS_DEFAULT,                 /* tp_flags */
    cpu_set_doc,                        /* tp_doc */
    0,                                  /* tp_traverse */
    0,                                  /* tp_clear */
    (richcmpfunc)cpu_set_richcompare,   /* tp_richcompare */
    0,                                  /* tp_weaklistoffset */
    0,                                  /* tp_iter */
    0,                                  /* tp_iternext */
    cpu_set_methods,                    /* tp_methods */
    0,                                  /* tp_members */
    0,                                  /* tp_getset */
    0,                                  /* tp_base */
    0,                                  /* tp_dict */
    0,                                  /* tp_descr_get */
    0,                                  /* tp_descr_set */
    0,                                  /* tp_dictoffset */
    0,                                  /* tp_init */
    PyType_GenericAlloc,                /* tp_alloc */
    cpu_set_new,                        /* tp_new */
    PyObject_Del,                       /* tp_free */
};

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sched_setaffinity__doc__,
"sched_setaffinity(pid, cpu_set)\n\n\
Set the affinity of the process with PID *pid* to *cpu_set*.");

static PyObject *
posix_sched_setaffinity(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    Py_cpu_set *cpu_set;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID "O!:sched_setaffinity",
                          &pid, &cpu_set_type, &cpu_set))
        return NULL;
    if (sched_setaffinity(pid, cpu_set->size, cpu_set->set))
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sched_getaffinity__doc__,
"sched_getaffinity(pid, ncpus) -> cpu_set\n\n\
Return the affinity of the process with PID *pid*.\n\
The returned cpu_set will be of size *ncpus*.");

static PyObject *
posix_sched_getaffinity(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int ncpus;
    Py_cpu_set *res;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID "i:sched_getaffinity",
                          &pid, &ncpus))
        return NULL;
    res = make_new_cpu_set(&cpu_set_type, ncpus);
    if (!res)
        return NULL;
    if (sched_getaffinity(pid, res->size, res->set)) {
        Py_DECREF(res);
        return posix_error();
    }
    return (PyObject *)res;
}

#endif /* HAVE_SCHED_SETAFFINITY */

#endif /* HAVE_SCHED_H */

/* AIX uses /dev/ptc but is otherwise the same as /dev/ptmx */
/* IRIX has both /dev/ptc and /dev/ptmx, use ptmx */
#if defined(HAVE_DEV_PTC) && !defined(HAVE_DEV_PTMX)
#define DEV_PTY_FILE "/dev/ptc"
#define HAVE_DEV_PTMX
#else
#define DEV_PTY_FILE "/dev/ptmx"
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_OPENPTY) || defined(HAVE_FORKPTY) || defined(HAVE_DEV_PTMX)
#ifdef HAVE_PTY_H
#include <pty.h>
#else
#ifdef HAVE_LIBUTIL_H
#include <libutil.h>
#else
#ifdef HAVE_UTIL_H
#include <util.h>
#endif /* HAVE_UTIL_H */
#endif /* HAVE_LIBUTIL_H */
#endif /* HAVE_PTY_H */
#ifdef HAVE_STROPTS_H
#include <stropts.h>
#endif
#endif /* defined(HAVE_OPENPTY) || defined(HAVE_FORKPTY) || defined(HAVE_DEV_PTMX */

#if defined(HAVE_OPENPTY) || defined(HAVE__GETPTY) || defined(HAVE_DEV_PTMX)
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_openpty__doc__,
"openpty() -> (master_fd, slave_fd)\n\n\
Open a pseudo-terminal, returning open fd's for both master and slave end.\n");

static PyObject *
posix_openpty(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    int master_fd, slave_fd;
#ifndef HAVE_OPENPTY
    char * slave_name;
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_DEV_PTMX) && !defined(HAVE_OPENPTY) && !defined(HAVE__GETPTY)
    PyOS_sighandler_t sig_saved;
#ifdef sun
    extern char *ptsname(int fildes);
#endif
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_OPENPTY
    if (openpty(&master_fd, &slave_fd, NULL, NULL, NULL) != 0)
        return posix_error();
#elif defined(HAVE__GETPTY)
    slave_name = _getpty(&master_fd, O_RDWR, 0666, 0);
    if (slave_name == NULL)
        return posix_error();

    slave_fd = open(slave_name, O_RDWR);
    if (slave_fd < 0)
        return posix_error();
#else
    master_fd = open(DEV_PTY_FILE, O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY); /* open master */
    if (master_fd < 0)
        return posix_error();
    sig_saved = PyOS_setsig(SIGCHLD, SIG_DFL);
    /* change permission of slave */
    if (grantpt(master_fd) < 0) {
        PyOS_setsig(SIGCHLD, sig_saved);
        return posix_error();
    }
    /* unlock slave */
    if (unlockpt(master_fd) < 0) {
        PyOS_setsig(SIGCHLD, sig_saved);
        return posix_error();
    }
    PyOS_setsig(SIGCHLD, sig_saved);
    slave_name = ptsname(master_fd); /* get name of slave */
    if (slave_name == NULL)
        return posix_error();
    slave_fd = open(slave_name, O_RDWR | O_NOCTTY); /* open slave */
    if (slave_fd < 0)
        return posix_error();
#if !defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(HAVE_DEV_PTC)
    ioctl(slave_fd, I_PUSH, "ptem"); /* push ptem */
    ioctl(slave_fd, I_PUSH, "ldterm"); /* push ldterm */
#ifndef __hpux
    ioctl(slave_fd, I_PUSH, "ttcompat"); /* push ttcompat */
#endif /* __hpux */
#endif /* HAVE_CYGWIN */
#endif /* HAVE_OPENPTY */

    return Py_BuildValue("(ii)", master_fd, slave_fd);

}
#endif /* defined(HAVE_OPENPTY) || defined(HAVE__GETPTY) || defined(HAVE_DEV_PTMX) */

#ifdef HAVE_FORKPTY
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_forkpty__doc__,
"forkpty() -> (pid, master_fd)\n\n\
Fork a new process with a new pseudo-terminal as controlling tty.\n\n\
Like fork(), return 0 as pid to child process, and PID of child to parent.\n\
To both, return fd of newly opened pseudo-terminal.\n");

static PyObject *
posix_forkpty(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    int master_fd = -1, result = 0;
    pid_t pid;

    _PyImport_AcquireLock();
    pid = forkpty(&master_fd, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    if (pid == 0) {
        /* child: this clobbers and resets the import lock. */
        PyOS_AfterFork();
    } else {
        /* parent: release the import lock. */
        result = _PyImport_ReleaseLock();
    }
    if (pid == -1)
        return posix_error();
    if (result < 0) {
        /* Don't clobber the OSError if the fork failed. */
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError,
                        "not holding the import lock");
        return NULL;
    }
    return Py_BuildValue("(Ni)", PyLong_FromPid(pid), master_fd);
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_GETEGID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getegid__doc__,
"getegid() -> egid\n\n\
Return the current process's effective group id.");

static PyObject *
posix_getegid(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)getegid());
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_GETEUID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_geteuid__doc__,
"geteuid() -> euid\n\n\
Return the current process's effective user id.");

static PyObject *
posix_geteuid(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)geteuid());
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_GETGID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getgid__doc__,
"getgid() -> gid\n\n\
Return the current process's group id.");

static PyObject *
posix_getgid(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)getgid());
}
#endif


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getpid__doc__,
"getpid() -> pid\n\n\
Return the current process id");

static PyObject *
posix_getpid(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    return PyLong_FromPid(getpid());
}

#ifdef HAVE_GETGROUPLIST
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getgrouplist__doc__,
"getgrouplist(user, group) -> list of groups to which a user belongs\n\n\
Returns a list of groups to which a user belongs.\n\n\
    user: username to lookup\n\
    group: base group id of the user");

static PyObject *
posix_getgrouplist(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef NGROUPS_MAX
#define MAX_GROUPS NGROUPS_MAX
#else
    /* defined to be 16 on Solaris7, so this should be a small number */
#define MAX_GROUPS 64
#endif

    const char *user;
    int i, ngroups;
    PyObject *list;
#ifdef __APPLE__
    int *groups, basegid;
#else
    gid_t *groups, basegid;
#endif
    ngroups = MAX_GROUPS;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "si", &user, &basegid))
        return NULL;

#ifdef __APPLE__
    groups = PyMem_Malloc(ngroups * sizeof(int));
#else
    groups = PyMem_Malloc(ngroups * sizeof(gid_t));
#endif
    if (groups == NULL)
        return PyErr_NoMemory();

    if (getgrouplist(user, basegid, groups, &ngroups) == -1) {
        PyMem_Del(groups);
        return posix_error();
    }

    list = PyList_New(ngroups);
    if (list == NULL) {
        PyMem_Del(groups);
        return NULL;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < ngroups; i++) {
        PyObject *o = PyLong_FromUnsignedLong((unsigned long)groups[i]);
        if (o == NULL) {
            Py_DECREF(list);
            PyMem_Del(groups);
            return NULL;
        }
        PyList_SET_ITEM(list, i, o);
    }

    PyMem_Del(groups);

    return list;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_GETGROUPS
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getgroups__doc__,
"getgroups() -> list of group IDs\n\n\
Return list of supplemental group IDs for the process.");

static PyObject *
posix_getgroups(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;

#ifdef NGROUPS_MAX
#define MAX_GROUPS NGROUPS_MAX
#else
    /* defined to be 16 on Solaris7, so this should be a small number */
#define MAX_GROUPS 64
#endif
    gid_t grouplist[MAX_GROUPS];

    /* On MacOSX getgroups(2) can return more than MAX_GROUPS results
     * This is a helper variable to store the intermediate result when
     * that happens.
     *
     * To keep the code readable the OSX behaviour is unconditional,
     * according to the POSIX spec this should be safe on all unix-y
     * systems.
     */
    gid_t* alt_grouplist = grouplist;
    int n;

    n = getgroups(MAX_GROUPS, grouplist);
    if (n < 0) {
        if (errno == EINVAL) {
            n = getgroups(0, NULL);
            if (n == -1) {
                return posix_error();
            }
            if (n == 0) {
                /* Avoid malloc(0) */
                alt_grouplist = grouplist;
            } else {
                alt_grouplist = PyMem_Malloc(n * sizeof(gid_t));
                if (alt_grouplist == NULL) {
                    errno = EINVAL;
                    return posix_error();
                }
                n = getgroups(n, alt_grouplist);
                if (n == -1) {
                    PyMem_Free(alt_grouplist);
                    return posix_error();
                }
            }
        } else {
            return posix_error();
        }
    }
    result = PyList_New(n);
    if (result != NULL) {
        int i;
        for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            PyObject *o = PyLong_FromLong((long)alt_grouplist[i]);
            if (o == NULL) {
                Py_DECREF(result);
                result = NULL;
                break;
            }
            PyList_SET_ITEM(result, i, o);
        }
    }

    if (alt_grouplist != grouplist) {
        PyMem_Free(alt_grouplist);
    }

    return result;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_INITGROUPS
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_initgroups__doc__,
"initgroups(username, gid) -> None\n\n\
Call the system initgroups() to initialize the group access list with all of\n\
the groups of which the specified username is a member, plus the specified\n\
group id.");

static PyObject *
posix_initgroups(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *oname;
    char *username;
    int res;
    long gid;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&l:initgroups",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &oname, &gid))
        return NULL;
    username = PyBytes_AS_STRING(oname);

    res = initgroups(username, (gid_t) gid);
    Py_DECREF(oname);
    if (res == -1)
        return PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_GETPGID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getpgid__doc__,
"getpgid(pid) -> pgid\n\n\
Call the system call getpgid().");

static PyObject *
posix_getpgid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid, pgid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID ":getpgid", &pid))
        return NULL;
    pgid = getpgid(pid);
    if (pgid < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromPid(pgid);
}
#endif /* HAVE_GETPGID */


#ifdef HAVE_GETPGRP
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getpgrp__doc__,
"getpgrp() -> pgrp\n\n\
Return the current process group id.");

static PyObject *
posix_getpgrp(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
#ifdef GETPGRP_HAVE_ARG
    return PyLong_FromPid(getpgrp(0));
#else /* GETPGRP_HAVE_ARG */
    return PyLong_FromPid(getpgrp());
#endif /* GETPGRP_HAVE_ARG */
}
#endif /* HAVE_GETPGRP */


#ifdef HAVE_SETPGRP
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setpgrp__doc__,
"setpgrp()\n\n\
Make this process the process group leader.");

static PyObject *
posix_setpgrp(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
#ifdef SETPGRP_HAVE_ARG
    if (setpgrp(0, 0) < 0)
#else /* SETPGRP_HAVE_ARG */
    if (setpgrp() < 0)
#endif /* SETPGRP_HAVE_ARG */
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

#endif /* HAVE_SETPGRP */

#ifdef HAVE_GETPPID

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
#include <tlhelp32.h>

static PyObject*
win32_getppid()
{
    HANDLE snapshot;
    pid_t mypid;
    PyObject* result = NULL;
    BOOL have_record;
    PROCESSENTRY32 pe;

    mypid = getpid(); /* This function never fails */

    snapshot = CreateToolhelp32Snapshot(TH32CS_SNAPPROCESS, 0);
    if (snapshot == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(GetLastError());

    pe.dwSize = sizeof(pe);
    have_record = Process32First(snapshot, &pe);
    while (have_record) {
        if (mypid == (pid_t)pe.th32ProcessID) {
            /* We could cache the ulong value in a static variable. */
            result = PyLong_FromPid((pid_t)pe.th32ParentProcessID);
            break;
        }

        have_record = Process32Next(snapshot, &pe);
    }

    /* If our loop exits and our pid was not found (result will be NULL)
     * then GetLastError will return ERROR_NO_MORE_FILES. This is an
     * error anyway, so let's raise it. */
    if (!result)
        result = PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(GetLastError());

    CloseHandle(snapshot);

    return result;
}
#endif /*MS_WINDOWS*/

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getppid__doc__,
"getppid() -> ppid\n\n\
Return the parent's process id.  If the parent process has already exited,\n\
Windows machines will still return its id; others systems will return the id\n\
of the 'init' process (1).");

static PyObject *
posix_getppid(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    return win32_getppid();
#else
    return PyLong_FromPid(getppid());
#endif
}
#endif /* HAVE_GETPPID */


#ifdef HAVE_GETLOGIN
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getlogin__doc__,
"getlogin() -> string\n\n\
Return the actual login name.");

static PyObject *
posix_getlogin(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    wchar_t user_name[UNLEN + 1];
    DWORD num_chars = Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(user_name);

    if (GetUserNameW(user_name, &num_chars)) {
        /* num_chars is the number of unicode chars plus null terminator */
        result = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(user_name, num_chars - 1);
    }
    else
        result = PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(GetLastError());
#else
    char *name;
    int old_errno = errno;

    errno = 0;
    name = getlogin();
    if (name == NULL) {
        if (errno)
            posix_error();
        else
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OSError, "unable to determine login name");
    }
    else
        result = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefault(name);
    errno = old_errno;
#endif
    return result;
}
#endif /* HAVE_GETLOGIN */

#ifdef HAVE_GETUID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getuid__doc__,
"getuid() -> uid\n\n\
Return the current process's user id.");

static PyObject *
posix_getuid(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)getuid());
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_KILL
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_kill__doc__,
"kill(pid, sig)\n\n\
Kill a process with a signal.");

static PyObject *
posix_kill(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int sig;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID "i:kill", &pid, &sig))
        return NULL;
#if defined(PYOS_OS2) && !defined(PYCC_GCC)
    if (sig == XCPT_SIGNAL_INTR || sig == XCPT_SIGNAL_BREAK) {
        APIRET rc;
        if ((rc = DosSendSignalException(pid, sig)) != NO_ERROR)
            return os2_error(rc);

    } else if (sig == XCPT_SIGNAL_KILLPROC) {
        APIRET rc;
        if ((rc = DosKillProcess(DKP_PROCESS, pid)) != NO_ERROR)
            return os2_error(rc);

    } else
        return NULL; /* Unrecognized Signal Requested */
#else
    if (kill(pid, sig) == -1)
        return posix_error();
#endif
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_KILLPG
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_killpg__doc__,
"killpg(pgid, sig)\n\n\
Kill a process group with a signal.");

static PyObject *
posix_killpg(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int sig;
    pid_t pgid;
    /* XXX some man pages make the `pgid` parameter an int, others
       a pid_t. Since getpgrp() returns a pid_t, we assume killpg should
       take the same type. Moreover, pid_t is always at least as wide as
       int (else compilation of this module fails), which is safe. */
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID "i:killpg", &pgid, &sig))
        return NULL;
    if (killpg(pgid, sig) == -1)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
PyDoc_STRVAR(win32_kill__doc__,
"kill(pid, sig)\n\n\
Kill a process with a signal.");

static PyObject *
win32_kill(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result;
    DWORD pid, sig, err;
    HANDLE handle;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "kk:kill", &pid, &sig))
        return NULL;

    /* Console processes which share a common console can be sent CTRL+C or
       CTRL+BREAK events, provided they handle said events. */
    if (sig == CTRL_C_EVENT || sig == CTRL_BREAK_EVENT) {
        if (GenerateConsoleCtrlEvent(sig, pid) == 0) {
            err = GetLastError();
            PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(err);
        }
        else
            Py_RETURN_NONE;
    }

    /* If the signal is outside of what GenerateConsoleCtrlEvent can use,
       attempt to open and terminate the process. */
    handle = OpenProcess(PROCESS_ALL_ACCESS, FALSE, pid);
    if (handle == NULL) {
        err = GetLastError();
        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(err);
    }

    if (TerminateProcess(handle, sig) == 0) {
        err = GetLastError();
        result = PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(err);
    } else {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        result = Py_None;
    }

    CloseHandle(handle);
    return result;
}
#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */

#ifdef HAVE_PLOCK

#ifdef HAVE_SYS_LOCK_H
#include <sys/lock.h>
#endif

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_plock__doc__,
"plock(op)\n\n\
Lock program segments into memory.");

static PyObject *
posix_plock(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int op;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:plock", &op))
        return NULL;
    if (plock(op) == -1)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SETUID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setuid__doc__,
"setuid(uid)\n\n\
Set the current process's user id.");

static PyObject *
posix_setuid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    long uid_arg;
    uid_t uid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l:setuid", &uid_arg))
        return NULL;
    uid = uid_arg;
    if (uid != uid_arg) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "user id too big");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (setuid(uid) < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETUID */


#ifdef HAVE_SETEUID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_seteuid__doc__,
"seteuid(uid)\n\n\
Set the current process's effective user id.");

static PyObject *
posix_seteuid (PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    long euid_arg;
    uid_t euid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &euid_arg))
        return NULL;
    euid = euid_arg;
    if (euid != euid_arg) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "user id too big");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (seteuid(euid) < 0) {
        return posix_error();
    } else {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    }
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETEUID */

#ifdef HAVE_SETEGID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setegid__doc__,
"setegid(gid)\n\n\
Set the current process's effective group id.");

static PyObject *
posix_setegid (PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    long egid_arg;
    gid_t egid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l", &egid_arg))
        return NULL;
    egid = egid_arg;
    if (egid != egid_arg) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "group id too big");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (setegid(egid) < 0) {
        return posix_error();
    } else {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    }
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETEGID */

#ifdef HAVE_SETREUID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setreuid__doc__,
"setreuid(ruid, euid)\n\n\
Set the current process's real and effective user ids.");

static PyObject *
posix_setreuid (PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    long ruid_arg, euid_arg;
    uid_t ruid, euid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ll", &ruid_arg, &euid_arg))
        return NULL;
    if (ruid_arg == -1)
        ruid = (uid_t)-1;  /* let the compiler choose how -1 fits */
    else
        ruid = ruid_arg;  /* otherwise, assign from our long */
    if (euid_arg == -1)
        euid = (uid_t)-1;
    else
        euid = euid_arg;
    if ((euid_arg != -1 && euid != euid_arg) ||
        (ruid_arg != -1 && ruid != ruid_arg)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "user id too big");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (setreuid(ruid, euid) < 0) {
        return posix_error();
    } else {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    }
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETREUID */

#ifdef HAVE_SETREGID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setregid__doc__,
"setregid(rgid, egid)\n\n\
Set the current process's real and effective group ids.");

static PyObject *
posix_setregid (PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    long rgid_arg, egid_arg;
    gid_t rgid, egid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ll", &rgid_arg, &egid_arg))
        return NULL;
    if (rgid_arg == -1)
        rgid = (gid_t)-1;  /* let the compiler choose how -1 fits */
    else
        rgid = rgid_arg;  /* otherwise, assign from our long */
    if (egid_arg == -1)
        egid = (gid_t)-1;
    else
        egid = egid_arg;
    if ((egid_arg != -1 && egid != egid_arg) ||
        (rgid_arg != -1 && rgid != rgid_arg)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "group id too big");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (setregid(rgid, egid) < 0) {
        return posix_error();
    } else {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    }
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETREGID */

#ifdef HAVE_SETGID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setgid__doc__,
"setgid(gid)\n\n\
Set the current process's group id.");

static PyObject *
posix_setgid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    long gid_arg;
    gid_t gid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "l:setgid", &gid_arg))
        return NULL;
    gid = gid_arg;
    if (gid != gid_arg) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OverflowError, "group id too big");
        return NULL;
    }
    if (setgid(gid) < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETGID */

#ifdef HAVE_SETGROUPS
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setgroups__doc__,
"setgroups(list)\n\n\
Set the groups of the current process to list.");

static PyObject *
posix_setgroups(PyObject *self, PyObject *groups)
{
    int i, len;
    gid_t grouplist[MAX_GROUPS];

    if (!PySequence_Check(groups)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError, "setgroups argument must be a sequence");
        return NULL;
    }
    len = PySequence_Size(groups);
    if (len > MAX_GROUPS) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "too many groups");
        return NULL;
    }
    for(i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        PyObject *elem;
        elem = PySequence_GetItem(groups, i);
        if (!elem)
            return NULL;
        if (!PyLong_Check(elem)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                            "groups must be integers");
            Py_DECREF(elem);
            return NULL;
        } else {
            unsigned long x = PyLong_AsUnsignedLong(elem);
            if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                "group id too big");
                Py_DECREF(elem);
                return NULL;
            }
            grouplist[i] = x;
            /* read back the value to see if it fitted in gid_t */
            if (grouplist[i] != x) {
                PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                                "group id too big");
                Py_DECREF(elem);
                return NULL;
            }
        }
        Py_DECREF(elem);
    }

    if (setgroups(len, grouplist) < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETGROUPS */

#if defined(HAVE_WAIT3) || defined(HAVE_WAIT4)
static PyObject *
wait_helper(pid_t pid, int status, struct rusage *ru)
{
    PyObject *result;
    static PyObject *struct_rusage;
    _Py_IDENTIFIER(struct_rusage);

    if (pid == -1)
        return posix_error();

    if (struct_rusage == NULL) {
        PyObject *m = PyImport_ImportModuleNoBlock("resource");
        if (m == NULL)
            return NULL;
        struct_rusage = _PyObject_GetAttrId(m, &PyId_struct_rusage);
        Py_DECREF(m);
        if (struct_rusage == NULL)
            return NULL;
    }

    /* XXX(nnorwitz): Copied (w/mods) from resource.c, there should be only one. */
    result = PyStructSequence_New((PyTypeObject*) struct_rusage);
    if (!result)
        return NULL;

#ifndef doubletime
#define doubletime(TV) ((double)(TV).tv_sec + (TV).tv_usec * 0.000001)
#endif

    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(result, 0,
                              PyFloat_FromDouble(doubletime(ru->ru_utime)));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(result, 1,
                              PyFloat_FromDouble(doubletime(ru->ru_stime)));
#define SET_INT(result, index, value)\
        PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(result, index, PyLong_FromLong(value))
    SET_INT(result, 2, ru->ru_maxrss);
    SET_INT(result, 3, ru->ru_ixrss);
    SET_INT(result, 4, ru->ru_idrss);
    SET_INT(result, 5, ru->ru_isrss);
    SET_INT(result, 6, ru->ru_minflt);
    SET_INT(result, 7, ru->ru_majflt);
    SET_INT(result, 8, ru->ru_nswap);
    SET_INT(result, 9, ru->ru_inblock);
    SET_INT(result, 10, ru->ru_oublock);
    SET_INT(result, 11, ru->ru_msgsnd);
    SET_INT(result, 12, ru->ru_msgrcv);
    SET_INT(result, 13, ru->ru_nsignals);
    SET_INT(result, 14, ru->ru_nvcsw);
    SET_INT(result, 15, ru->ru_nivcsw);
#undef SET_INT

    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        Py_DECREF(result);
        return NULL;
    }

    return Py_BuildValue("NiN", PyLong_FromPid(pid), status, result);
}
#endif /* HAVE_WAIT3 || HAVE_WAIT4 */

#ifdef HAVE_WAIT3
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_wait3__doc__,
"wait3(options) -> (pid, status, rusage)\n\n\
Wait for completion of a child process.");

static PyObject *
posix_wait3(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int options;
    struct rusage ru;
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:wait3", &options))
        return NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    pid = wait3(&status, options, &ru);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    return wait_helper(pid, WAIT_STATUS_INT(status), &ru);
}
#endif /* HAVE_WAIT3 */

#ifdef HAVE_WAIT4
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_wait4__doc__,
"wait4(pid, options) -> (pid, status, rusage)\n\n\
Wait for completion of a given child process.");

static PyObject *
posix_wait4(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int options;
    struct rusage ru;
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID "i:wait4", &pid, &options))
        return NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    pid = wait4(pid, &status, options, &ru);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    return wait_helper(pid, WAIT_STATUS_INT(status), &ru);
}
#endif /* HAVE_WAIT4 */

#if defined(HAVE_WAITID) && !defined(__APPLE__)
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_waitid__doc__,
"waitid(idtype, id, options) -> waitid_result\n\n\
Wait for the completion of one or more child processes.\n\n\
idtype can be P_PID, P_PGID or P_ALL.\n\
id specifies the pid to wait on.\n\
options is constructed from the ORing of one or more of WEXITED, WSTOPPED\n\
or WCONTINUED and additionally may be ORed with WNOHANG or WNOWAIT.\n\
Returns either waitid_result or None if WNOHANG is specified and there are\n\
no children in a waitable state.");

static PyObject *
posix_waitid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result;
    idtype_t idtype;
    id_t id;
    int options, res;
    siginfo_t si;
    si.si_pid = 0;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i" _Py_PARSE_PID "i:waitid", &idtype, &id, &options))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = waitid(idtype, id, &si, options);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res == -1)
        return posix_error();

    if (si.si_pid == 0)
        Py_RETURN_NONE;

    result = PyStructSequence_New(&WaitidResultType);
    if (!result)
        return NULL;

    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(result, 0, PyLong_FromPid(si.si_pid));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(result, 1, PyLong_FromPid(si.si_uid));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(result, 2, PyLong_FromLong((long)(si.si_signo)));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(result, 3, PyLong_FromLong((long)(si.si_status)));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(result, 4, PyLong_FromLong((long)(si.si_code)));
    if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
        Py_DECREF(result);
        return NULL;
    }

    return result;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_WAITPID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_waitpid__doc__,
"waitpid(pid, options) -> (pid, status)\n\n\
Wait for completion of a given child process.");

static PyObject *
posix_waitpid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int options;
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID "i:waitpid", &pid, &options))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    pid = waitpid(pid, &status, options);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (pid == -1)
        return posix_error();

    return Py_BuildValue("Ni", PyLong_FromPid(pid), WAIT_STATUS_INT(status));
}

#elif defined(HAVE_CWAIT)

/* MS C has a variant of waitpid() that's usable for most purposes. */
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_waitpid__doc__,
"waitpid(pid, options) -> (pid, status << 8)\n\n"
"Wait for completion of a given process.  options is ignored on Windows.");

static PyObject *
posix_waitpid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    Py_intptr_t pid;
    int status, options;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID "i:waitpid", &pid, &options))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    pid = _cwait(&status, pid, options);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (pid == -1)
        return posix_error();

    /* shift the status left a byte so this is more like the POSIX waitpid */
    return Py_BuildValue("Ni", PyLong_FromPid(pid), status << 8);
}
#endif /* HAVE_WAITPID || HAVE_CWAIT */

#ifdef HAVE_WAIT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_wait__doc__,
"wait() -> (pid, status)\n\n\
Wait for completion of a child process.");

static PyObject *
posix_wait(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    pid_t pid;
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    pid = wait(&status);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (pid == -1)
        return posix_error();

    return Py_BuildValue("Ni", PyLong_FromPid(pid), WAIT_STATUS_INT(status));
}
#endif


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_lstat__doc__,
"lstat(path) -> stat result\n\n\
Like stat(path), but do not follow symbolic links.");

static PyObject *
posix_lstat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef HAVE_LSTAT
    return posix_do_stat(self, args, "O&:lstat", lstat, NULL, NULL);
#else /* !HAVE_LSTAT */
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    return posix_do_stat(self, args, "O&:lstat", win32_lstat, "U:lstat",
                         win32_lstat_w);
#else
    return posix_do_stat(self, args, "O&:lstat", STAT, NULL, NULL);
#endif
#endif /* !HAVE_LSTAT */
}


#ifdef HAVE_READLINK
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_readlink__doc__,
"readlink(path) -> path\n\n\
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.");

static PyObject *
posix_readlink(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject* v;
    char buf[MAXPATHLEN];
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    int n;
    int arg_is_unicode = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:readlink",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    v = PySequence_GetItem(args, 0);
    if (v == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }

    if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
        arg_is_unicode = 1;
    }
    Py_DECREF(v);

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    n = readlink(path, buf, (int) sizeof buf);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (n < 0)
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(opath);

    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (arg_is_unicode)
        return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(buf, n);
    else
        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buf, n);
}
#endif /* HAVE_READLINK */


#if defined(HAVE_SYMLINK) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS)
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_symlink__doc__,
"symlink(src, dst)\n\n\
Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.");

static PyObject *
posix_symlink(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    return posix_2str(args, "O&O&:symlink", symlink);
}
#endif /* HAVE_SYMLINK */

#if !defined(HAVE_READLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS)

PyDoc_STRVAR(win_readlink__doc__,
"readlink(path) -> path\n\n\
Return a string representing the path to which the symbolic link points.");

/* Windows readlink implementation */
static PyObject *
win_readlink(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    wchar_t *path;
    DWORD n_bytes_returned;
    DWORD io_result;
    PyObject *po, *result;
    HANDLE reparse_point_handle;

    char target_buffer[MAXIMUM_REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER_SIZE];
    REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER *rdb = (REPARSE_DATA_BUFFER *)target_buffer;
    wchar_t *print_name;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
                  "U:readlink",
                  &po))
        return NULL;
    path = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(po);
    if (path == NULL)
        return NULL;

    /* First get a handle to the reparse point */
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    reparse_point_handle = CreateFileW(
        path,
        0,
        0,
        0,
        OPEN_EXISTING,
        FILE_FLAG_OPEN_REPARSE_POINT|FILE_FLAG_BACKUP_SEMANTICS,
        0);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (reparse_point_handle==INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
        return win32_error_object("readlink", po);

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    /* New call DeviceIoControl to read the reparse point */
    io_result = DeviceIoControl(
        reparse_point_handle,
        FSCTL_GET_REPARSE_POINT,
        0, 0, /* in buffer */
        target_buffer, sizeof(target_buffer),
        &n_bytes_returned,
        0 /* we're not using OVERLAPPED_IO */
        );
    CloseHandle(reparse_point_handle);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (io_result==0)
        return win32_error_object("readlink", po);

    if (rdb->ReparseTag != IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK)
    {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                "not a symbolic link");
        return NULL;
    }
    print_name = rdb->SymbolicLinkReparseBuffer.PathBuffer +
                 rdb->SymbolicLinkReparseBuffer.PrintNameOffset;

    result = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(print_name,
                    rdb->SymbolicLinkReparseBuffer.PrintNameLength/2);
    return result;
}

#endif /* !defined(HAVE_READLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS) */

#if defined(HAVE_SYMLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS)

/* Grab CreateSymbolicLinkW dynamically from kernel32 */
static int has_CreateSymbolicLinkW = 0;
static DWORD (CALLBACK *Py_CreateSymbolicLinkW)(LPWSTR, LPWSTR, DWORD);
static int
check_CreateSymbolicLinkW()
{
    HINSTANCE hKernel32;
    /* only recheck */
    if (has_CreateSymbolicLinkW)
        return has_CreateSymbolicLinkW;
    hKernel32 = GetModuleHandle("KERNEL32");
    *(FARPROC*)&Py_CreateSymbolicLinkW = GetProcAddress(hKernel32,
                                                        "CreateSymbolicLinkW");
    if (Py_CreateSymbolicLinkW)
        has_CreateSymbolicLinkW = 1;
    return has_CreateSymbolicLinkW;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(win_symlink__doc__,
"symlink(src, dst, target_is_directory=False)\n\n\
Create a symbolic link pointing to src named dst.\n\
target_is_directory is required if the target is to be interpreted as\n\
a directory.\n\
This function requires Windows 6.0 or greater, and raises a\n\
NotImplementedError otherwise.");

static PyObject *
win_symlink(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    static char *kwlist[] = {"src", "dest", "target_is_directory", NULL};
    PyObject *osrc, *odest;
    PyObject *usrc = NULL, *udest = NULL;
    wchar_t *wsrc, *wdest;
    int target_is_directory = 0;
    DWORD res;
    WIN32_FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DATA src_info;

    if (!check_CreateSymbolicLinkW())
    {
        /* raise NotImplementedError */
        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
            "CreateSymbolicLinkW not found");
    }
    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(
            args, kwargs, "OO|i:symlink", kwlist,
            &osrc, &odest, &target_is_directory))
        return NULL;

    usrc = win32_decode_filename(osrc);
    if (!usrc)
        return NULL;
    udest = win32_decode_filename(odest);
    if (!udest)
        goto error;

    if (win32_can_symlink == 0)
        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_OSError, "symbolic link privilege not held");

    wsrc = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(usrc);
    if (wsrc == NULL)
        goto error;
    wdest = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(udest);
    if (wsrc == NULL)
        goto error;

    /* if src is a directory, ensure target_is_directory==1 */
    if(
        GetFileAttributesExW(
            wsrc, GetFileExInfoStandard, &src_info
        ))
    {
        target_is_directory = target_is_directory ||
            (src_info.dwFileAttributes & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY);
    }

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = Py_CreateSymbolicLinkW(wdest, wsrc, target_is_directory);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    Py_DECREF(usrc);
    Py_DECREF(udest);
    if (!res)
        return win32_error_object("symlink", osrc);

    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;

error:
    Py_XDECREF(usrc);
    Py_XDECREF(udest);
    return NULL;
}
#endif /* defined(HAVE_SYMLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS) */

#ifdef HAVE_TIMES
#if defined(PYCC_VACPP) && defined(PYOS_OS2)
static long
system_uptime(void)
{
    ULONG     value = 0;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    DosQuerySysInfo(QSV_MS_COUNT, QSV_MS_COUNT, &value, sizeof(value));
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    return value;
}

static PyObject *
posix_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    /* Currently Only Uptime is Provided -- Others Later */
    return Py_BuildValue("ddddd",
                         (double)0 /* t.tms_utime / HZ */,
                         (double)0 /* t.tms_stime / HZ */,
                         (double)0 /* t.tms_cutime / HZ */,
                         (double)0 /* t.tms_cstime / HZ */,
                         (double)system_uptime() / 1000);
}
#else /* not OS2 */
#define NEED_TICKS_PER_SECOND
static long ticks_per_second = -1;
static PyObject *
posix_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    struct tms t;
    clock_t c;
    errno = 0;
    c = times(&t);
    if (c == (clock_t) -1)
        return posix_error();
    return Py_BuildValue("ddddd",
                         (double)t.tms_utime / ticks_per_second,
                         (double)t.tms_stime / ticks_per_second,
                         (double)t.tms_cutime / ticks_per_second,
                         (double)t.tms_cstime / ticks_per_second,
                         (double)c / ticks_per_second);
}
#endif /* not OS2 */
#endif /* HAVE_TIMES */


#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
#define HAVE_TIMES      /* so the method table will pick it up */
static PyObject *
posix_times(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    FILETIME create, exit, kernel, user;
    HANDLE hProc;
    hProc = GetCurrentProcess();
    GetProcessTimes(hProc, &create, &exit, &kernel, &user);
    /* The fields of a FILETIME structure are the hi and lo part
       of a 64-bit value expressed in 100 nanosecond units.
       1e7 is one second in such units; 1e-7 the inverse.
       429.4967296 is 2**32 / 1e7 or 2**32 * 1e-7.
    */
    return Py_BuildValue(
        "ddddd",
        (double)(user.dwHighDateTime*429.4967296 +
                 user.dwLowDateTime*1e-7),
        (double)(kernel.dwHighDateTime*429.4967296 +
                 kernel.dwLowDateTime*1e-7),
        (double)0,
        (double)0,
        (double)0);
}
#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */

#ifdef HAVE_TIMES
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_times__doc__,
"times() -> (utime, stime, cutime, cstime, elapsed_time)\n\n\
Return a tuple of floating point numbers indicating process times.");
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_GETSID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getsid__doc__,
"getsid(pid) -> sid\n\n\
Call the system call getsid().");

static PyObject *
posix_getsid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int sid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID ":getsid", &pid))
        return NULL;
    sid = getsid(pid);
    if (sid < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)sid);
}
#endif /* HAVE_GETSID */


#ifdef HAVE_SETSID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setsid__doc__,
"setsid()\n\n\
Call the system call setsid().");

static PyObject *
posix_setsid(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    if (setsid() < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETSID */

#ifdef HAVE_SETPGID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setpgid__doc__,
"setpgid(pid, pgrp)\n\n\
Call the system call setpgid().");

static PyObject *
posix_setpgid(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    pid_t pid;
    int pgrp;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, _Py_PARSE_PID "i:setpgid", &pid, &pgrp))
        return NULL;
    if (setpgid(pid, pgrp) < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SETPGID */


#ifdef HAVE_TCGETPGRP
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_tcgetpgrp__doc__,
"tcgetpgrp(fd) -> pgid\n\n\
Return the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.");

static PyObject *
posix_tcgetpgrp(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd;
    pid_t pgid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:tcgetpgrp", &fd))
        return NULL;
    pgid = tcgetpgrp(fd);
    if (pgid < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromPid(pgid);
}
#endif /* HAVE_TCGETPGRP */


#ifdef HAVE_TCSETPGRP
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_tcsetpgrp__doc__,
"tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid)\n\n\
Set the process group associated with the terminal given by a fd.");

static PyObject *
posix_tcsetpgrp(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd;
    pid_t pgid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i" _Py_PARSE_PID ":tcsetpgrp", &fd, &pgid))
        return NULL;
    if (tcsetpgrp(fd, pgid) < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif /* HAVE_TCSETPGRP */

/* Functions acting on file descriptors */

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_open__doc__,
"open(filename, flag [, mode=0777]) -> fd\n\n\
Open a file (for low level IO).");

static PyObject *
posix_open(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *ofile;
    char *file;
    int flag;
    int mode = 0777;
    int fd;

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    PyObject *po;
    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "Ui|i:open", &po, &flag, &mode)) {
        wchar_t *wpath = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(po);
        if (wpath == NULL)
            return NULL;

        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        fd = _wopen(wpath, flag, mode);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (fd < 0)
            return posix_error();
        return PyLong_FromLong((long)fd);
    }
    /* Drop the argument parsing error as narrow strings
       are also valid. */
    PyErr_Clear();
#endif

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&i|i:open",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &ofile,
                          &flag, &mode))
        return NULL;
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api()) {
        Py_DECREF(ofile);
        return NULL;
    }
#endif
    file = PyBytes_AsString(ofile);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    fd = open(file, flag, mode);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (fd < 0)
        return posix_error_with_allocated_filename(ofile);
    Py_DECREF(ofile);
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)fd);
}


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_close__doc__,
"close(fd)\n\n\
Close a file descriptor (for low level IO).");

static PyObject *
posix_close(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd, res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:close", &fd))
        return NULL;
    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd))
        return posix_error();
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = close(fd);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_closerange__doc__,
"closerange(fd_low, fd_high)\n\n\
Closes all file descriptors in [fd_low, fd_high), ignoring errors.");

static PyObject *
posix_closerange(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd_from, fd_to, i;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:closerange", &fd_from, &fd_to))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    for (i = fd_from; i < fd_to; i++)
        if (_PyVerify_fd(i))
            close(i);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_dup__doc__,
"dup(fd) -> fd2\n\n\
Return a duplicate of a file descriptor.");

static PyObject *
posix_dup(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:dup", &fd))
        return NULL;
    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd))
        return posix_error();
    fd = dup(fd);
    if (fd < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)fd);
}


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_dup2__doc__,
"dup2(old_fd, new_fd)\n\n\
Duplicate file descriptor.");

static PyObject *
posix_dup2(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd, fd2, res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:dup2", &fd, &fd2))
        return NULL;
    if (!_PyVerify_fd_dup2(fd, fd2))
        return posix_error();
    res = dup2(fd, fd2);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

#ifdef HAVE_LOCKF
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_lockf__doc__,
"lockf(fd, cmd, len)\n\n\
Apply, test or remove a POSIX lock on an open file descriptor.\n\n\
fd is an open file descriptor.\n\
cmd specifies the command to use - one of F_LOCK, F_TLOCK, F_ULOCK or\n\
F_TEST.\n\
len specifies the section of the file to lock.");

static PyObject *
posix_lockf(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd, cmd, res;
    off_t len;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iiO&:lockf",
            &fd, &cmd, _parse_off_t, &len))
        return NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = lockf(fd, cmd, len);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();

    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_lseek__doc__,
"lseek(fd, pos, how) -> newpos\n\n\
Set the current position of a file descriptor.");

static PyObject *
posix_lseek(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd, how;
#if defined(MS_WIN64) || defined(MS_WINDOWS)
    PY_LONG_LONG pos, res;
#else
    off_t pos, res;
#endif
    PyObject *posobj;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iOi:lseek", &fd, &posobj, &how))
        return NULL;
#ifdef SEEK_SET
    /* Turn 0, 1, 2 into SEEK_{SET,CUR,END} */
    switch (how) {
    case 0: how = SEEK_SET; break;
    case 1: how = SEEK_CUR; break;
    case 2: how = SEEK_END; break;
    }
#endif /* SEEK_END */

#if !defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
    pos = PyLong_AsLong(posobj);
#else
    pos = PyLong_AsLongLong(posobj);
#endif
    if (PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;

    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd))
        return posix_error();
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
#if defined(MS_WIN64) || defined(MS_WINDOWS)
    res = _lseeki64(fd, pos, how);
#else
    res = lseek(fd, pos, how);
#endif
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();

#if !defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
    return PyLong_FromLong(res);
#else
    return PyLong_FromLongLong(res);
#endif
}


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_read__doc__,
"read(fd, buffersize) -> string\n\n\
Read a file descriptor.");

static PyObject *
posix_read(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd, size;
    Py_ssize_t n;
    PyObject *buffer;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:read", &fd, &size))
        return NULL;
    if (size < 0) {
        errno = EINVAL;
        return posix_error();
    }
    buffer = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, size);
    if (buffer == NULL)
        return NULL;
    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd)) {
        Py_DECREF(buffer);
        return posix_error();
    }
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    n = read(fd, PyBytes_AS_STRING(buffer), size);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (n < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(buffer);
        return posix_error();
    }
    if (n != size)
        _PyBytes_Resize(&buffer, n);
    return buffer;
}

#if (defined(HAVE_SENDFILE) && (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) \
    || defined(__APPLE__))) || defined(HAVE_READV) || defined(HAVE_WRITEV)
static Py_ssize_t
iov_setup(struct iovec **iov, Py_buffer **buf, PyObject *seq, int cnt, int type)
{
    int i, j;
    Py_ssize_t blen, total = 0;

    *iov = PyMem_New(struct iovec, cnt);
    if (*iov == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return total;
    }

    *buf = PyMem_New(Py_buffer, cnt);
    if (*buf == NULL) {
        PyMem_Del(*iov);
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return total;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
        PyObject *item = PySequence_GetItem(seq, i);
        if (item == NULL)
            goto fail;
        if (PyObject_GetBuffer(item, &(*buf)[i], type) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(item);
            goto fail;
        }
        Py_DECREF(item);
        (*iov)[i].iov_base = (*buf)[i].buf;
        blen = (*buf)[i].len;
        (*iov)[i].iov_len = blen;
        total += blen;
    }
    return total;

fail:
    PyMem_Del(*iov);
    for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
        PyBuffer_Release(&(*buf)[j]);
    }
    PyMem_Del(*buf);
    return 0;
}

static void
iov_cleanup(struct iovec *iov, Py_buffer *buf, int cnt)
{
    int i;
    PyMem_Del(iov);
    for (i = 0; i < cnt; i++) {
        PyBuffer_Release(&buf[i]);
    }
    PyMem_Del(buf);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_READV
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_readv__doc__,
"readv(fd, buffers) -> bytesread\n\n\
Read from a file descriptor into a number of writable buffers. buffers\n\
is an arbitrary sequence of writable buffers.\n\
Returns the total number of bytes read.");

static PyObject *
posix_readv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd, cnt;
    Py_ssize_t n;
    PyObject *seq;
    struct iovec *iov;
    Py_buffer *buf;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO:readv", &fd, &seq))
        return NULL;
    if (!PySequence_Check(seq)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "readv() arg 2 must be a sequence");
        return NULL;
    }
    cnt = PySequence_Size(seq);

    if (!iov_setup(&iov, &buf, seq, cnt, PyBUF_WRITABLE))
        return NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    n = readv(fd, iov, cnt);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    iov_cleanup(iov, buf, cnt);
    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(n);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PREAD
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_pread__doc__,
"pread(fd, buffersize, offset) -> string\n\n\
Read from a file descriptor, fd, at a position of offset. It will read up\n\
to buffersize number of bytes. The file offset remains unchanged.");

static PyObject *
posix_pread(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd, size;
    off_t offset;
    Py_ssize_t n;
    PyObject *buffer;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iiO&:pread", &fd, &size, _parse_off_t, &offset))
        return NULL;

    if (size < 0) {
        errno = EINVAL;
        return posix_error();
    }
    buffer = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize((char *)NULL, size);
    if (buffer == NULL)
        return NULL;
    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd)) {
        Py_DECREF(buffer);
        return posix_error();
    }
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    n = pread(fd, PyBytes_AS_STRING(buffer), size, offset);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (n < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(buffer);
        return posix_error();
    }
    if (n != size)
        _PyBytes_Resize(&buffer, n);
    return buffer;
}
#endif

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_write__doc__,
"write(fd, string) -> byteswritten\n\n\
Write a string to a file descriptor.");

static PyObject *
posix_write(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    Py_buffer pbuf;
    int fd;
    Py_ssize_t size, len;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iy*:write", &fd, &pbuf))
        return NULL;
    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd)) {
        PyBuffer_Release(&pbuf);
        return posix_error();
    }
    len = pbuf.len;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
#if defined(MS_WIN64) || defined(MS_WINDOWS)
    if (len > INT_MAX)
        len = INT_MAX;
    size = write(fd, pbuf.buf, (int)len);
#else
    size = write(fd, pbuf.buf, len);
#endif
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    PyBuffer_Release(&pbuf);
    if (size < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(size);
}

#ifdef HAVE_SENDFILE
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sendfile__doc__,
"sendfile(out, in, offset, nbytes) -> byteswritten\n\
sendfile(out, in, offset, nbytes, headers=None, trailers=None, flags=0)\n\
            -> byteswritten\n\
Copy nbytes bytes from file descriptor in to file descriptor out.");

static PyObject *
posix_sendfile(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwdict)
{
    int in, out;
    Py_ssize_t ret;
    off_t offset;

#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__) || defined(__APPLE__)
#ifndef __APPLE__
    Py_ssize_t len;
#endif
    PyObject *headers = NULL, *trailers = NULL;
    Py_buffer *hbuf, *tbuf;
    off_t sbytes;
    struct sf_hdtr sf;
    int flags = 0;
    sf.headers = NULL;
    sf.trailers = NULL;
    static char *keywords[] = {"out", "in",
                                "offset", "count",
                                "headers", "trailers", "flags", NULL};

#ifdef __APPLE__
    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwdict, "iiO&O&|OOi:sendfile",
        keywords, &out, &in, _parse_off_t, &offset, _parse_off_t, &sbytes,
#else
    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwdict, "iiO&n|OOi:sendfile",
        keywords, &out, &in, _parse_off_t, &offset, &len,
#endif
                &headers, &trailers, &flags))
            return NULL;
    if (headers != NULL) {
        if (!PySequence_Check(headers)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                "sendfile() headers must be a sequence or None");
            return NULL;
        } else {
            Py_ssize_t i = 0; /* Avoid uninitialized warning */
            sf.hdr_cnt = PySequence_Size(headers);
            if (sf.hdr_cnt > 0 &&
                !(i = iov_setup(&(sf.headers), &hbuf,
                                headers, sf.hdr_cnt, PyBUF_SIMPLE)))
                return NULL;
#ifdef __APPLE__
            sbytes += i;
#endif
        }
    }
    if (trailers != NULL) {
        if (!PySequence_Check(trailers)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                "sendfile() trailers must be a sequence or None");
            return NULL;
        } else {
            Py_ssize_t i = 0; /* Avoid uninitialized warning */
            sf.trl_cnt = PySequence_Size(trailers);
            if (sf.trl_cnt > 0 &&
                !(i = iov_setup(&(sf.trailers), &tbuf,
                                trailers, sf.trl_cnt, PyBUF_SIMPLE)))
                return NULL;
#ifdef __APPLE__
            sbytes += i;
#endif
        }
    }

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
#ifdef __APPLE__
    ret = sendfile(in, out, offset, &sbytes, &sf, flags);
#else
    ret = sendfile(in, out, offset, len, &sf, &sbytes, flags);
#endif
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (sf.headers != NULL)
        iov_cleanup(sf.headers, hbuf, sf.hdr_cnt);
    if (sf.trailers != NULL)
        iov_cleanup(sf.trailers, tbuf, sf.trl_cnt);

    if (ret < 0) {
        if ((errno == EAGAIN) || (errno == EBUSY)) {
            if (sbytes != 0) {
                // some data has been sent
                goto done;
            }
            else {
                // no data has been sent; upper application is supposed
                // to retry on EAGAIN or EBUSY
                return posix_error();
            }
        }
        return posix_error();
    }
    goto done;

done:
    #if !defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
        return Py_BuildValue("l", sbytes);
    #else
        return Py_BuildValue("L", sbytes);
    #endif

#else
    Py_ssize_t count;
    PyObject *offobj;
    static char *keywords[] = {"out", "in",
                                "offset", "count", NULL};
    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwdict, "iiOn:sendfile",
            keywords, &out, &in, &offobj, &count))
        return NULL;
#ifdef linux
    if (offobj == Py_None) {
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        ret = sendfile(out, in, NULL, count);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
        if (ret < 0)
            return posix_error();
        return Py_BuildValue("n", ret);
    }
#endif
    if (!_parse_off_t(offobj, &offset))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    ret = sendfile(out, in, &offset, count);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (ret < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return Py_BuildValue("n", ret);
#endif
}
#endif

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fstat__doc__,
"fstat(fd) -> stat result\n\n\
Like stat(), but for an open file descriptor.");

static PyObject *
posix_fstat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd;
    STRUCT_STAT st;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:fstat", &fd))
        return NULL;
#ifdef __VMS
    /* on OpenVMS we must ensure that all bytes are written to the file */
    fsync(fd);
#endif
    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd))
        return posix_error();
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = FSTAT(fd, &st);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res != 0) {
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
        return win32_error("fstat", NULL);
#else
        return posix_error();
#endif
    }

    return _pystat_fromstructstat(&st);
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_isatty__doc__,
"isatty(fd) -> bool\n\n\
Return True if the file descriptor 'fd' is an open file descriptor\n\
connected to the slave end of a terminal.");

static PyObject *
posix_isatty(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:isatty", &fd))
        return NULL;
    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd))
        return PyBool_FromLong(0);
    return PyBool_FromLong(isatty(fd));
}

#ifdef HAVE_PIPE
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_pipe__doc__,
"pipe() -> (read_end, write_end)\n\n\
Create a pipe.");

static PyObject *
posix_pipe(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    HFILE read, write;
    APIRET rc;

    rc = DosCreatePipe( &read, &write, 4096);
    if (rc != NO_ERROR)
        return os2_error(rc);

    return Py_BuildValue("(ii)", read, write);
#else
#if !defined(MS_WINDOWS)
    int fds[2];
    int res;
    res = pipe(fds);
    if (res != 0)
        return posix_error();
    return Py_BuildValue("(ii)", fds[0], fds[1]);
#else /* MS_WINDOWS */
    HANDLE read, write;
    int read_fd, write_fd;
    BOOL ok;
    ok = CreatePipe(&read, &write, NULL, 0);
    if (!ok)
        return win32_error("CreatePipe", NULL);
    read_fd = _open_osfhandle((Py_intptr_t)read, 0);
    write_fd = _open_osfhandle((Py_intptr_t)write, 1);
    return Py_BuildValue("(ii)", read_fd, write_fd);
#endif /* MS_WINDOWS */
#endif
}
#endif  /* HAVE_PIPE */

#ifdef HAVE_PIPE2
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_pipe2__doc__,
"pipe2(flags) -> (read_end, write_end)\n\n\
Create a pipe with flags set atomically.\n\
flags can be constructed by ORing together one or more of these values:\n\
O_NONBLOCK, O_CLOEXEC.\n\
");

static PyObject *
posix_pipe2(PyObject *self, PyObject *arg)
{
    int flags;
    int fds[2];
    int res;

    flags = PyLong_AsLong(arg);
    if (flags == -1 && PyErr_Occurred())
        return NULL;

    res = pipe2(fds, flags);
    if (res != 0)
        return posix_error();
    return Py_BuildValue("(ii)", fds[0], fds[1]);
}
#endif /* HAVE_PIPE2 */

#ifdef HAVE_WRITEV
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_writev__doc__,
"writev(fd, buffers) -> byteswritten\n\n\
Write the contents of buffers to a file descriptor, where buffers is an\n\
arbitrary sequence of buffers.\n\
Returns the total bytes written.");

static PyObject *
posix_writev(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd, cnt;
    Py_ssize_t res;
    PyObject *seq;
    struct iovec *iov;
    Py_buffer *buf;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO:writev", &fd, &seq))
        return NULL;
    if (!PySequence_Check(seq)) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "writev() arg 2 must be a sequence");
        return NULL;
    }
    cnt = PySequence_Size(seq);

    if (!iov_setup(&iov, &buf, seq, cnt, PyBUF_SIMPLE)) {
        return NULL;
    }

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = writev(fd, iov, cnt);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    iov_cleanup(iov, buf, cnt);
    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(res);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PWRITE
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_pwrite__doc__,
"pwrite(fd, string, offset) -> byteswritten\n\n\
Write string to a file descriptor, fd, from offset, leaving the file\n\
offset unchanged.");

static PyObject *
posix_pwrite(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    Py_buffer pbuf;
    int fd;
    off_t offset;
    Py_ssize_t size;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iy*O&:pwrite", &fd, &pbuf, _parse_off_t, &offset))
        return NULL;

    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd)) {
        PyBuffer_Release(&pbuf);
        return posix_error();
    }
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    size = pwrite(fd, pbuf.buf, (size_t)pbuf.len, offset);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    PyBuffer_Release(&pbuf);
    if (size < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromSsize_t(size);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_MKFIFO
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_mkfifo__doc__,
"mkfifo(filename [, mode=0666])\n\n\
Create a FIFO (a POSIX named pipe).");

static PyObject *
posix_mkfifo(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *filename;
    int mode = 0666;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&|i:mkfifo", PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath,
                          &mode))
        return NULL;
    filename = PyBytes_AS_STRING(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = mkfifo(filename, mode);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif


#if defined(HAVE_MKNOD) && defined(HAVE_MAKEDEV)
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_mknod__doc__,
"mknod(filename [, mode=0600, device])\n\n\
Create a filesystem node (file, device special file or named pipe)\n\
named filename. mode specifies both the permissions to use and the\n\
type of node to be created, being combined (bitwise OR) with one of\n\
S_IFREG, S_IFCHR, S_IFBLK, and S_IFIFO. For S_IFCHR and S_IFBLK,\n\
device defines the newly created device special file (probably using\n\
os.makedev()), otherwise it is ignored.");


static PyObject *
posix_mknod(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *filename;
    int mode = 0600;
    int device = 0;
    int res;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&|ii:mknod", PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath,
                          &mode, &device))
        return NULL;
    filename = PyBytes_AS_STRING(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = mknod(filename, mode, device);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_DEVICE_MACROS
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_major__doc__,
"major(device) -> major number\n\
Extracts a device major number from a raw device number.");

static PyObject *
posix_major(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int device;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:major", &device))
        return NULL;
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)major(device));
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_minor__doc__,
"minor(device) -> minor number\n\
Extracts a device minor number from a raw device number.");

static PyObject *
posix_minor(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int device;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:minor", &device))
        return NULL;
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)minor(device));
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_makedev__doc__,
"makedev(major, minor) -> device number\n\
Composes a raw device number from the major and minor device numbers.");

static PyObject *
posix_makedev(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int major, minor;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "ii:makedev", &major, &minor))
        return NULL;
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)makedev(major, minor));
}
#endif /* device macros */


#ifdef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_ftruncate__doc__,
"ftruncate(fd, length)\n\n\
Truncate a file to a specified length.");

static PyObject *
posix_ftruncate(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd;
    off_t length;
    int res;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&:ftruncate", &fd, _parse_off_t, &length))
        return NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = ftruncate(fd, length);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_TRUNCATE
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_truncate__doc__,
"truncate(path, length)\n\n\
Truncate the file given by path to length bytes.");

static PyObject *
posix_truncate(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    const char *path;
    off_t length;
    int res;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O&:truncate",
            PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, _parse_off_t, &length))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = truncate(path, length);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_posix_fallocate__doc__,
"posix_fallocate(fd, offset, len)\n\n\
Ensures that enough disk space is allocated for the file specified by fd\n\
starting from offset and continuing for len bytes.");

static PyObject *
posix_posix_fallocate(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    off_t len, offset;
    int res, fd;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&O&:posix_fallocate",
            &fd, _parse_off_t, &offset, _parse_off_t, &len))
        return NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = posix_fallocate(fd, offset, len);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res != 0) {
        errno = res;
        return posix_error();
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_POSIX_FADVISE
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_posix_fadvise__doc__,
"posix_fadvise(fd, offset, len, advice)\n\n\
Announces an intention to access data in a specific pattern thus allowing\n\
the kernel to make optimizations.\n\
The advice applies to the region of the file specified by fd starting at\n\
offset and continuing for len bytes.\n\
advice is one of POSIX_FADV_NORMAL, POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL,\n\
POSIX_FADV_RANDOM, POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE, POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED or\n\
POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED.");

static PyObject *
posix_posix_fadvise(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    off_t len, offset;
    int res, fd, advice;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&O&i:posix_fadvise",
            &fd, _parse_off_t, &offset, _parse_off_t, &len, &advice))
        return NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = posix_fadvise(fd, offset, len, advice);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res != 0) {
        errno = res;
        return posix_error();
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PUTENV
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_putenv__doc__,
"putenv(key, value)\n\n\
Change or add an environment variable.");

/* Save putenv() parameters as values here, so we can collect them when they
 * get re-set with another call for the same key. */
static PyObject *posix_putenv_garbage;

static PyObject *
posix_putenv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    PyObject *s1, *s2;
    wchar_t *newenv;
#else
    PyObject *os1, *os2;
    char *s1, *s2;
    char *newenv;
    size_t len;
#endif
    PyObject *newstr = NULL;

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
                          "UU:putenv",
                          &s1, &s2))
        return NULL;
#else
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args,
                          "O&O&:putenv",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &os1,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &os2))
        return NULL;
    s1 = PyBytes_AsString(os1);
    s2 = PyBytes_AsString(os2);
#endif

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    if (stricmp(s1, "BEGINLIBPATH") == 0) {
        APIRET rc;

        rc = DosSetExtLIBPATH(s2, BEGIN_LIBPATH);
        if (rc != NO_ERROR) {
            os2_error(rc);
            goto error;
        }

    } else if (stricmp(s1, "ENDLIBPATH") == 0) {
        APIRET rc;

        rc = DosSetExtLIBPATH(s2, END_LIBPATH);
        if (rc != NO_ERROR) {
            os2_error(rc);
            goto error;
        }
    } else {
#endif
    /* XXX This can leak memory -- not easy to fix :-( */
    /* len includes space for a trailing \0; the size arg to
       PyBytes_FromStringAndSize does not count that */
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    newstr = PyUnicode_FromFormat("%U=%U", s1, s2);
    if (newstr == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        goto error;
    }
    newenv = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(newstr);
    if (newenv == NULL)
        goto error;
    if (_wputenv(newenv)) {
        posix_error();
        goto error;
    }
#else
    len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(os1) + PyBytes_GET_SIZE(os2) + 2;
    newstr = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, (int)len - 1);
    if (newstr == NULL) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        goto error;
    }

    newenv = PyBytes_AS_STRING(newstr);
    PyOS_snprintf(newenv, len, "%s=%s", s1, s2);
    if (putenv(newenv)) {
        posix_error();
        goto error;
    }
#endif

    /* Install the first arg and newstr in posix_putenv_garbage;
     * this will cause previous value to be collected.  This has to
     * happen after the real putenv() call because the old value
     * was still accessible until then. */
    if (PyDict_SetItem(posix_putenv_garbage,
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
                       PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0),
#else
                       os1,
#endif
                       newstr)) {
        /* really not much we can do; just leak */
        PyErr_Clear();
    }
    else {
        Py_DECREF(newstr);
    }

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    }
#endif

#ifndef MS_WINDOWS
    Py_DECREF(os1);
    Py_DECREF(os2);
#endif
    Py_RETURN_NONE;

error:
#ifndef MS_WINDOWS
    Py_DECREF(os1);
    Py_DECREF(os2);
#endif
    Py_XDECREF(newstr);
    return NULL;
}
#endif /* putenv */

#ifdef HAVE_UNSETENV
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_unsetenv__doc__,
"unsetenv(key)\n\n\
Delete an environment variable.");

static PyObject *
posix_unsetenv(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    char *s1;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "s:unsetenv", &s1))
        return NULL;
#else
    PyObject *os1;
    char *s1;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:unsetenv",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &os1))
        return NULL;
    s1 = PyBytes_AsString(os1);
#endif

    unsetenv(s1);

    /* Remove the key from posix_putenv_garbage;
     * this will cause it to be collected.  This has to
     * happen after the real unsetenv() call because the
     * old value was still accessible until then.
     */
    if (PyDict_DelItem(posix_putenv_garbage,
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
                       PyTuple_GET_ITEM(args, 0)
#else
                       os1
#endif
                       )) {
        /* really not much we can do; just leak */
        PyErr_Clear();
    }

#ifndef MS_WINDOWS
    Py_DECREF(os1);
#endif
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif /* unsetenv */

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_strerror__doc__,
"strerror(code) -> string\n\n\
Translate an error code to a message string.");

static PyObject *
posix_strerror(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int code;
    char *message;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:strerror", &code))
        return NULL;
    message = strerror(code);
    if (message == NULL) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError,
                        "strerror() argument out of range");
        return NULL;
    }
    return PyUnicode_FromString(message);
}


#ifdef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H

#ifdef WCOREDUMP
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_WCOREDUMP__doc__,
"WCOREDUMP(status) -> bool\n\n\
Return True if the process returning 'status' was dumped to a core file.");

static PyObject *
posix_WCOREDUMP(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WCOREDUMP", &WAIT_STATUS_INT(status)))
        return NULL;

    return PyBool_FromLong(WCOREDUMP(status));
}
#endif /* WCOREDUMP */

#ifdef WIFCONTINUED
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_WIFCONTINUED__doc__,
"WIFCONTINUED(status) -> bool\n\n\
Return True if the process returning 'status' was continued from a\n\
job control stop.");

static PyObject *
posix_WIFCONTINUED(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WCONTINUED", &WAIT_STATUS_INT(status)))
        return NULL;

    return PyBool_FromLong(WIFCONTINUED(status));
}
#endif /* WIFCONTINUED */

#ifdef WIFSTOPPED
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_WIFSTOPPED__doc__,
"WIFSTOPPED(status) -> bool\n\n\
Return True if the process returning 'status' was stopped.");

static PyObject *
posix_WIFSTOPPED(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WIFSTOPPED", &WAIT_STATUS_INT(status)))
        return NULL;

    return PyBool_FromLong(WIFSTOPPED(status));
}
#endif /* WIFSTOPPED */

#ifdef WIFSIGNALED
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_WIFSIGNALED__doc__,
"WIFSIGNALED(status) -> bool\n\n\
Return True if the process returning 'status' was terminated by a signal.");

static PyObject *
posix_WIFSIGNALED(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WIFSIGNALED", &WAIT_STATUS_INT(status)))
        return NULL;

    return PyBool_FromLong(WIFSIGNALED(status));
}
#endif /* WIFSIGNALED */

#ifdef WIFEXITED
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_WIFEXITED__doc__,
"WIFEXITED(status) -> bool\n\n\
Return true if the process returning 'status' exited using the exit()\n\
system call.");

static PyObject *
posix_WIFEXITED(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WIFEXITED", &WAIT_STATUS_INT(status)))
        return NULL;

    return PyBool_FromLong(WIFEXITED(status));
}
#endif /* WIFEXITED */

#ifdef WEXITSTATUS
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_WEXITSTATUS__doc__,
"WEXITSTATUS(status) -> integer\n\n\
Return the process return code from 'status'.");

static PyObject *
posix_WEXITSTATUS(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WEXITSTATUS", &WAIT_STATUS_INT(status)))
        return NULL;

    return Py_BuildValue("i", WEXITSTATUS(status));
}
#endif /* WEXITSTATUS */

#ifdef WTERMSIG
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_WTERMSIG__doc__,
"WTERMSIG(status) -> integer\n\n\
Return the signal that terminated the process that provided the 'status'\n\
value.");

static PyObject *
posix_WTERMSIG(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WTERMSIG", &WAIT_STATUS_INT(status)))
        return NULL;

    return Py_BuildValue("i", WTERMSIG(status));
}
#endif /* WTERMSIG */

#ifdef WSTOPSIG
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_WSTOPSIG__doc__,
"WSTOPSIG(status) -> integer\n\n\
Return the signal that stopped the process that provided\n\
the 'status' value.");

static PyObject *
posix_WSTOPSIG(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    WAIT_TYPE status;
    WAIT_STATUS_INT(status) = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:WSTOPSIG", &WAIT_STATUS_INT(status)))
        return NULL;

    return Py_BuildValue("i", WSTOPSIG(status));
}
#endif /* WSTOPSIG */

#endif /* HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H */


#if defined(HAVE_FSTATVFS) && defined(HAVE_SYS_STATVFS_H)
#ifdef _SCO_DS
/* SCO OpenServer 5.0 and later requires _SVID3 before it reveals the
   needed definitions in sys/statvfs.h */
#define _SVID3
#endif
#include <sys/statvfs.h>

static PyObject*
_pystatvfs_fromstructstatvfs(struct statvfs st) {
    PyObject *v = PyStructSequence_New(&StatVFSResultType);
    if (v == NULL)
        return NULL;

#if !defined(HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT)
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 0, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_bsize));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 1, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_frsize));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 2, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_blocks));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 3, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_bfree));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 4, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_bavail));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 5, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_files));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 6, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_ffree));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 7, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_favail));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 8, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_flag));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 9, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_namemax));
#else
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 0, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_bsize));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 1, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_frsize));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 2,
                              PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) st.f_blocks));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 3,
                              PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) st.f_bfree));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 4,
                              PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) st.f_bavail));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 5,
                              PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) st.f_files));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 6,
                              PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) st.f_ffree));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 7,
                              PyLong_FromLongLong((PY_LONG_LONG) st.f_favail));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 8, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_flag));
    PyStructSequence_SET_ITEM(v, 9, PyLong_FromLong((long) st.f_namemax));
#endif

    return v;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fstatvfs__doc__,
"fstatvfs(fd) -> statvfs result\n\n\
Perform an fstatvfs system call on the given fd.");

static PyObject *
posix_fstatvfs(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd, res;
    struct statvfs st;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:fstatvfs", &fd))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = fstatvfs(fd, &st);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res != 0)
        return posix_error();

    return _pystatvfs_fromstructstatvfs(st);
}
#endif /* HAVE_FSTATVFS && HAVE_SYS_STATVFS_H */


#if defined(HAVE_STATVFS) && defined(HAVE_SYS_STATVFS_H)
#include <sys/statvfs.h>

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_statvfs__doc__,
"statvfs(path) -> statvfs result\n\n\
Perform a statvfs system call on the given path.");

static PyObject *
posix_statvfs(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *path;
    int res;
    struct statvfs st;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:statvfs", PyUnicode_FSConverter, &path))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = statvfs(PyBytes_AS_STRING(path), &st);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (res != 0) {
        posix_error_with_filename(PyBytes_AS_STRING(path));
        Py_DECREF(path);
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_DECREF(path);

    return _pystatvfs_fromstructstatvfs(st);
}
#endif /* HAVE_STATVFS */

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
PyDoc_STRVAR(win32__getdiskusage__doc__,
"_getdiskusage(path) -> (total, free)\n\n\
Return disk usage statistics about the given path as (total, free) tuple.");

static PyObject *
win32__getdiskusage(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    BOOL retval;
    ULARGE_INTEGER _, total, free;
    const wchar_t *path;

    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "u", &path))
        return NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    retval = GetDiskFreeSpaceExW(path, &_, &total, &free);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (retval == 0)
        return PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);

    return Py_BuildValue("(LL)", total.QuadPart, free.QuadPart);
}
#endif


/* This is used for fpathconf(), pathconf(), confstr() and sysconf().
 * It maps strings representing configuration variable names to
 * integer values, allowing those functions to be called with the
 * magic names instead of polluting the module's namespace with tons of
 * rarely-used constants.  There are three separate tables that use
 * these definitions.
 *
 * This code is always included, even if none of the interfaces that
 * need it are included.  The #if hackery needed to avoid it would be
 * sufficiently pervasive that it's not worth the loss of readability.
 */
struct constdef {
    char *name;
    long value;
};

static int
conv_confname(PyObject *arg, int *valuep, struct constdef *table,
              size_t tablesize)
{
    if (PyLong_Check(arg)) {
        *valuep = PyLong_AS_LONG(arg);
        return 1;
    }
    else {
        /* look up the value in the table using a binary search */
        size_t lo = 0;
        size_t mid;
        size_t hi = tablesize;
        int cmp;
        const char *confname;
        if (!PyUnicode_Check(arg)) {
            PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                "configuration names must be strings or integers");
            return 0;
        }
        confname = _PyUnicode_AsString(arg);
        if (confname == NULL)
            return 0;
        while (lo < hi) {
            mid = (lo + hi) / 2;
            cmp = strcmp(confname, table[mid].name);
            if (cmp < 0)
                hi = mid;
            else if (cmp > 0)
                lo = mid + 1;
            else {
                *valuep = table[mid].value;
                return 1;
            }
        }
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_ValueError, "unrecognized configuration name");
        return 0;
    }
}


#if defined(HAVE_FPATHCONF) || defined(HAVE_PATHCONF)
static struct constdef  posix_constants_pathconf[] = {
#ifdef _PC_ABI_AIO_XFER_MAX
    {"PC_ABI_AIO_XFER_MAX",     _PC_ABI_AIO_XFER_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_ABI_ASYNC_IO
    {"PC_ABI_ASYNC_IO", _PC_ABI_ASYNC_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_ASYNC_IO
    {"PC_ASYNC_IO",     _PC_ASYNC_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED
    {"PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED",     _PC_CHOWN_RESTRICTED},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_FILESIZEBITS
    {"PC_FILESIZEBITS", _PC_FILESIZEBITS},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_LAST
    {"PC_LAST", _PC_LAST},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_LINK_MAX
    {"PC_LINK_MAX",     _PC_LINK_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_MAX_CANON
    {"PC_MAX_CANON",    _PC_MAX_CANON},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_MAX_INPUT
    {"PC_MAX_INPUT",    _PC_MAX_INPUT},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_NAME_MAX
    {"PC_NAME_MAX",     _PC_NAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_NO_TRUNC
    {"PC_NO_TRUNC",     _PC_NO_TRUNC},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_PATH_MAX
    {"PC_PATH_MAX",     _PC_PATH_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_PIPE_BUF
    {"PC_PIPE_BUF",     _PC_PIPE_BUF},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_PRIO_IO
    {"PC_PRIO_IO",      _PC_PRIO_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_SOCK_MAXBUF
    {"PC_SOCK_MAXBUF",  _PC_SOCK_MAXBUF},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_SYNC_IO
    {"PC_SYNC_IO",      _PC_SYNC_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_VDISABLE
    {"PC_VDISABLE",     _PC_VDISABLE},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_ACL_ENABLED
    {"PC_ACL_ENABLED",  _PC_ACL_ENABLED},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_MIN_HOLE_SIZE
    {"PC_MIN_HOLE_SIZE",    _PC_MIN_HOLE_SIZE},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN
    {"PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN",   _PC_ALLOC_SIZE_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE
    {"PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE",   _PC_REC_INCR_XFER_SIZE},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE
    {"PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE",    _PC_REC_MAX_XFER_SIZE},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE
    {"PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE",    _PC_REC_MIN_XFER_SIZE},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN
    {"PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN",   _PC_REC_XFER_ALIGN},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_SYMLINK_MAX
    {"PC_SYMLINK_MAX",  _PC_SYMLINK_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_XATTR_ENABLED
    {"PC_XATTR_ENABLED",    _PC_XATTR_ENABLED},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_XATTR_EXISTS
    {"PC_XATTR_EXISTS", _PC_XATTR_EXISTS},
#endif
#ifdef _PC_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION
    {"PC_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION", _PC_TIMESTAMP_RESOLUTION},
#endif
};

static int
conv_path_confname(PyObject *arg, int *valuep)
{
    return conv_confname(arg, valuep, posix_constants_pathconf,
                         sizeof(posix_constants_pathconf)
                           / sizeof(struct constdef));
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FPATHCONF
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fpathconf__doc__,
"fpathconf(fd, name) -> integer\n\n\
Return the configuration limit name for the file descriptor fd.\n\
If there is no limit, return -1.");

static PyObject *
posix_fpathconf(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    int name, fd;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&:fpathconf", &fd,
                         conv_path_confname, &name)) {
        long limit;

        errno = 0;
        limit = fpathconf(fd, name);
        if (limit == -1 && errno != 0)
            posix_error();
        else
            result = PyLong_FromLong(limit);
    }
    return result;
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_PATHCONF
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_pathconf__doc__,
"pathconf(path, name) -> integer\n\n\
Return the configuration limit name for the file or directory path.\n\
If there is no limit, return -1.");

static PyObject *
posix_pathconf(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    int name;
    char *path;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "sO&:pathconf", &path,
                         conv_path_confname, &name)) {
    long limit;

    errno = 0;
    limit = pathconf(path, name);
    if (limit == -1 && errno != 0) {
        if (errno == EINVAL)
            /* could be a path or name problem */
            posix_error();
        else
            posix_error_with_filename(path);
    }
    else
        result = PyLong_FromLong(limit);
    }
    return result;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_CONFSTR
static struct constdef posix_constants_confstr[] = {
#ifdef _CS_ARCHITECTURE
    {"CS_ARCHITECTURE", _CS_ARCHITECTURE},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION
    {"CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION",     _CS_GNU_LIBC_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION
    {"CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION",       _CS_GNU_LIBPTHREAD_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_HOSTNAME
    {"CS_HOSTNAME",     _CS_HOSTNAME},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_HW_PROVIDER
    {"CS_HW_PROVIDER",  _CS_HW_PROVIDER},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_HW_SERIAL
    {"CS_HW_SERIAL",    _CS_HW_SERIAL},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_INITTAB_NAME
    {"CS_INITTAB_NAME", _CS_INITTAB_NAME},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS64_CFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS64_CFLAGS", _CS_LFS64_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS",        _CS_LFS64_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS64_LIBS
    {"CS_LFS64_LIBS",   _CS_LFS64_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS",      _CS_LFS64_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS_CFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS_CFLAGS",   _CS_LFS_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS_LDFLAGS",  _CS_LFS_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS_LIBS
    {"CS_LFS_LIBS",     _CS_LFS_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS",        _CS_LFS_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_MACHINE
    {"CS_MACHINE",      _CS_MACHINE},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_PATH
    {"CS_PATH", _CS_PATH},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_RELEASE
    {"CS_RELEASE",      _CS_RELEASE},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_SRPC_DOMAIN
    {"CS_SRPC_DOMAIN",  _CS_SRPC_DOMAIN},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_SYSNAME
    {"CS_SYSNAME",      _CS_SYSNAME},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_VERSION
    {"CS_VERSION",      _CS_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS",      _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS",     _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS",        _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS",   _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS",     _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS",    _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS",       _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS",  _CS_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS",       _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS",      _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS
    {"CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS", _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS",    _CS_XBS5_LP64_OFF64_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS",     _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_CFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS",    _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LDFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS
    {"CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS",       _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LIBS},
#endif
#ifdef _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS
    {"CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS",  _CS_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG_LINTFLAGS},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_AVAIL_PROCESSORS
    {"MIPS_CS_AVAIL_PROCESSORS",        _MIPS_CS_AVAIL_PROCESSORS},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_BASE
    {"MIPS_CS_BASE",    _MIPS_CS_BASE},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_HOSTID
    {"MIPS_CS_HOSTID",  _MIPS_CS_HOSTID},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_HW_NAME
    {"MIPS_CS_HW_NAME", _MIPS_CS_HW_NAME},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_NUM_PROCESSORS
    {"MIPS_CS_NUM_PROCESSORS",  _MIPS_CS_NUM_PROCESSORS},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_OSREL_MAJ
    {"MIPS_CS_OSREL_MAJ",       _MIPS_CS_OSREL_MAJ},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_OSREL_MIN
    {"MIPS_CS_OSREL_MIN",       _MIPS_CS_OSREL_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_OSREL_PATCH
    {"MIPS_CS_OSREL_PATCH",     _MIPS_CS_OSREL_PATCH},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_OS_NAME
    {"MIPS_CS_OS_NAME", _MIPS_CS_OS_NAME},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_OS_PROVIDER
    {"MIPS_CS_OS_PROVIDER",     _MIPS_CS_OS_PROVIDER},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_PROCESSORS
    {"MIPS_CS_PROCESSORS",      _MIPS_CS_PROCESSORS},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_SERIAL
    {"MIPS_CS_SERIAL",  _MIPS_CS_SERIAL},
#endif
#ifdef _MIPS_CS_VENDOR
    {"MIPS_CS_VENDOR",  _MIPS_CS_VENDOR},
#endif
};

static int
conv_confstr_confname(PyObject *arg, int *valuep)
{
    return conv_confname(arg, valuep, posix_constants_confstr,
                         sizeof(posix_constants_confstr)
                           / sizeof(struct constdef));
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_confstr__doc__,
"confstr(name) -> string\n\n\
Return a string-valued system configuration variable.");

static PyObject *
posix_confstr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    int name;
    char buffer[255];
    int len;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:confstr", conv_confstr_confname, &name))
        return NULL;

    errno = 0;
    len = confstr(name, buffer, sizeof(buffer));
    if (len == 0) {
        if (errno) {
            posix_error();
            return NULL;
        }
        else {
            Py_RETURN_NONE;
        }
    }

    if ((unsigned int)len >= sizeof(buffer)) {
        char *buf = PyMem_Malloc(len);
        if (buf == NULL)
            return PyErr_NoMemory();
        confstr(name, buf, len);
        result = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(buf, len-1);
        PyMem_Free(buf);
    }
    else
        result = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(buffer, len-1);
    return result;
}
#endif


#ifdef HAVE_SYSCONF
static struct constdef posix_constants_sysconf[] = {
#ifdef _SC_2_CHAR_TERM
    {"SC_2_CHAR_TERM",  _SC_2_CHAR_TERM},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_C_BIND
    {"SC_2_C_BIND",     _SC_2_C_BIND},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_C_DEV
    {"SC_2_C_DEV",      _SC_2_C_DEV},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_C_VERSION
    {"SC_2_C_VERSION",  _SC_2_C_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_FORT_DEV
    {"SC_2_FORT_DEV",   _SC_2_FORT_DEV},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_FORT_RUN
    {"SC_2_FORT_RUN",   _SC_2_FORT_RUN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_LOCALEDEF
    {"SC_2_LOCALEDEF",  _SC_2_LOCALEDEF},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_SW_DEV
    {"SC_2_SW_DEV",     _SC_2_SW_DEV},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_UPE
    {"SC_2_UPE",        _SC_2_UPE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_2_VERSION
    {"SC_2_VERSION",    _SC_2_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ABI_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO
    {"SC_ABI_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO",  _SC_ABI_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ACL
    {"SC_ACL",  _SC_ACL},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX
    {"SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX",       _SC_AIO_LISTIO_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_AIO_MAX
    {"SC_AIO_MAX",      _SC_AIO_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX
    {"SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX",   _SC_AIO_PRIO_DELTA_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ARG_MAX
    {"SC_ARG_MAX",      _SC_ARG_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO
    {"SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO",      _SC_ASYNCHRONOUS_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ATEXIT_MAX
    {"SC_ATEXIT_MAX",   _SC_ATEXIT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_AUDIT
    {"SC_AUDIT",        _SC_AUDIT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_AVPHYS_PAGES
    {"SC_AVPHYS_PAGES", _SC_AVPHYS_PAGES},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_BC_BASE_MAX
    {"SC_BC_BASE_MAX",  _SC_BC_BASE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_BC_DIM_MAX
    {"SC_BC_DIM_MAX",   _SC_BC_DIM_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX
    {"SC_BC_SCALE_MAX", _SC_BC_SCALE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_BC_STRING_MAX
    {"SC_BC_STRING_MAX",        _SC_BC_STRING_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CAP
    {"SC_CAP",  _SC_CAP},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX
    {"SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX",   _SC_CHARCLASS_NAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CHAR_BIT
    {"SC_CHAR_BIT",     _SC_CHAR_BIT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CHAR_MAX
    {"SC_CHAR_MAX",     _SC_CHAR_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CHAR_MIN
    {"SC_CHAR_MIN",     _SC_CHAR_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CHILD_MAX
    {"SC_CHILD_MAX",    _SC_CHILD_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_CLK_TCK
    {"SC_CLK_TCK",      _SC_CLK_TCK},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_COHER_BLKSZ
    {"SC_COHER_BLKSZ",  _SC_COHER_BLKSZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX
    {"SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX",     _SC_COLL_WEIGHTS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DCACHE_ASSOC
    {"SC_DCACHE_ASSOC", _SC_DCACHE_ASSOC},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DCACHE_BLKSZ
    {"SC_DCACHE_BLKSZ", _SC_DCACHE_BLKSZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DCACHE_LINESZ
    {"SC_DCACHE_LINESZ",        _SC_DCACHE_LINESZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DCACHE_SZ
    {"SC_DCACHE_SZ",    _SC_DCACHE_SZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DCACHE_TBLKSZ
    {"SC_DCACHE_TBLKSZ",        _SC_DCACHE_TBLKSZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX
    {"SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX",       _SC_DELAYTIMER_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX
    {"SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX",      _SC_EQUIV_CLASS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX
    {"SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX",        _SC_EXPR_NEST_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_FSYNC
    {"SC_FSYNC",        _SC_FSYNC},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX
    {"SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX",     _SC_GETGR_R_SIZE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX
    {"SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX",     _SC_GETPW_R_SIZE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ICACHE_ASSOC
    {"SC_ICACHE_ASSOC", _SC_ICACHE_ASSOC},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ICACHE_BLKSZ
    {"SC_ICACHE_BLKSZ", _SC_ICACHE_BLKSZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ICACHE_LINESZ
    {"SC_ICACHE_LINESZ",        _SC_ICACHE_LINESZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ICACHE_SZ
    {"SC_ICACHE_SZ",    _SC_ICACHE_SZ},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_INF
    {"SC_INF",  _SC_INF},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_INT_MAX
    {"SC_INT_MAX",      _SC_INT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_INT_MIN
    {"SC_INT_MIN",      _SC_INT_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_IOV_MAX
    {"SC_IOV_MAX",      _SC_IOV_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_IP_SECOPTS
    {"SC_IP_SECOPTS",   _SC_IP_SECOPTS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_JOB_CONTROL
    {"SC_JOB_CONTROL",  _SC_JOB_CONTROL},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_KERN_POINTERS
    {"SC_KERN_POINTERS",        _SC_KERN_POINTERS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_KERN_SIM
    {"SC_KERN_SIM",     _SC_KERN_SIM},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_LINE_MAX
    {"SC_LINE_MAX",     _SC_LINE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX
    {"SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX",       _SC_LOGIN_NAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_LOGNAME_MAX
    {"SC_LOGNAME_MAX",  _SC_LOGNAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_LONG_BIT
    {"SC_LONG_BIT",     _SC_LONG_BIT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MAC
    {"SC_MAC",  _SC_MAC},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MAPPED_FILES
    {"SC_MAPPED_FILES", _SC_MAPPED_FILES},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MAXPID
    {"SC_MAXPID",       _SC_MAXPID},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MB_LEN_MAX
    {"SC_MB_LEN_MAX",   _SC_MB_LEN_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MEMLOCK
    {"SC_MEMLOCK",      _SC_MEMLOCK},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE
    {"SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE",        _SC_MEMLOCK_RANGE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION
    {"SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION",    _SC_MEMORY_PROTECTION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING
    {"SC_MESSAGE_PASSING",      _SC_MESSAGE_PASSING},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MMAP_FIXED_ALIGNMENT
    {"SC_MMAP_FIXED_ALIGNMENT", _SC_MMAP_FIXED_ALIGNMENT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX
    {"SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX",  _SC_MQ_OPEN_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX
    {"SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX",  _SC_MQ_PRIO_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NACLS_MAX
    {"SC_NACLS_MAX",    _SC_NACLS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NGROUPS_MAX
    {"SC_NGROUPS_MAX",  _SC_NGROUPS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_ARGMAX
    {"SC_NL_ARGMAX",    _SC_NL_ARGMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_LANGMAX
    {"SC_NL_LANGMAX",   _SC_NL_LANGMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_MSGMAX
    {"SC_NL_MSGMAX",    _SC_NL_MSGMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_NMAX
    {"SC_NL_NMAX",      _SC_NL_NMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_SETMAX
    {"SC_NL_SETMAX",    _SC_NL_SETMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NL_TEXTMAX
    {"SC_NL_TEXTMAX",   _SC_NL_TEXTMAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF
    {"SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF",     _SC_NPROCESSORS_CONF},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN
    {"SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN",     _SC_NPROCESSORS_ONLN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NPROC_CONF
    {"SC_NPROC_CONF",   _SC_NPROC_CONF},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NPROC_ONLN
    {"SC_NPROC_ONLN",   _SC_NPROC_ONLN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_NZERO
    {"SC_NZERO",        _SC_NZERO},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_OPEN_MAX
    {"SC_OPEN_MAX",     _SC_OPEN_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PAGESIZE
    {"SC_PAGESIZE",     _SC_PAGESIZE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PAGE_SIZE
    {"SC_PAGE_SIZE",    _SC_PAGE_SIZE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PASS_MAX
    {"SC_PASS_MAX",     _SC_PASS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PHYS_PAGES
    {"SC_PHYS_PAGES",   _SC_PHYS_PAGES},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII
    {"SC_PII",  _SC_PII},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_INTERNET
    {"SC_PII_INTERNET", _SC_PII_INTERNET},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM
    {"SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM",   _SC_PII_INTERNET_DGRAM},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM
    {"SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM",  _SC_PII_INTERNET_STREAM},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_OSI
    {"SC_PII_OSI",      _SC_PII_OSI},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_OSI_CLTS
    {"SC_PII_OSI_CLTS", _SC_PII_OSI_CLTS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_OSI_COTS
    {"SC_PII_OSI_COTS", _SC_PII_OSI_COTS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_OSI_M
    {"SC_PII_OSI_M",    _SC_PII_OSI_M},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_SOCKET
    {"SC_PII_SOCKET",   _SC_PII_SOCKET},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PII_XTI
    {"SC_PII_XTI",      _SC_PII_XTI},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_POLL
    {"SC_POLL", _SC_POLL},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO
    {"SC_PRIORITIZED_IO",       _SC_PRIORITIZED_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
    {"SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING",  _SC_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS
    {"SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS",     _SC_REALTIME_SIGNALS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_RE_DUP_MAX
    {"SC_RE_DUP_MAX",   _SC_RE_DUP_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_RTSIG_MAX
    {"SC_RTSIG_MAX",    _SC_RTSIG_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SAVED_IDS
    {"SC_SAVED_IDS",    _SC_SAVED_IDS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SCHAR_MAX
    {"SC_SCHAR_MAX",    _SC_SCHAR_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SCHAR_MIN
    {"SC_SCHAR_MIN",    _SC_SCHAR_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SELECT
    {"SC_SELECT",       _SC_SELECT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SEMAPHORES
    {"SC_SEMAPHORES",   _SC_SEMAPHORES},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX
    {"SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX",        _SC_SEM_NSEMS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX
    {"SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX",        _SC_SEM_VALUE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS
    {"SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS",        _SC_SHARED_MEMORY_OBJECTS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SHRT_MAX
    {"SC_SHRT_MAX",     _SC_SHRT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SHRT_MIN
    {"SC_SHRT_MIN",     _SC_SHRT_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX
    {"SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX", _SC_SIGQUEUE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SIGRT_MAX
    {"SC_SIGRT_MAX",    _SC_SIGRT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SIGRT_MIN
    {"SC_SIGRT_MIN",    _SC_SIGRT_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SOFTPOWER
    {"SC_SOFTPOWER",    _SC_SOFTPOWER},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SPLIT_CACHE
    {"SC_SPLIT_CACHE",  _SC_SPLIT_CACHE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SSIZE_MAX
    {"SC_SSIZE_MAX",    _SC_SSIZE_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_STACK_PROT
    {"SC_STACK_PROT",   _SC_STACK_PROT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_STREAM_MAX
    {"SC_STREAM_MAX",   _SC_STREAM_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO
    {"SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO",      _SC_SYNCHRONIZED_IO},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREADS
    {"SC_THREADS",      _SC_THREADS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR
    {"SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR",        _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKADDR},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE
    {"SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE",        _SC_THREAD_ATTR_STACKSIZE},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS
    {"SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS", _SC_THREAD_DESTRUCTOR_ITERATIONS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX
    {"SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX",      _SC_THREAD_KEYS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING
    {"SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING",   _SC_THREAD_PRIORITY_SCHEDULING},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT
    {"SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT",  _SC_THREAD_PRIO_INHERIT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT
    {"SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT",  _SC_THREAD_PRIO_PROTECT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED
    {"SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED",        _SC_THREAD_PROCESS_SHARED},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS
    {"SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS",        _SC_THREAD_SAFE_FUNCTIONS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN
    {"SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN",     _SC_THREAD_STACK_MIN},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX
    {"SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX",   _SC_THREAD_THREADS_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_TIMERS
    {"SC_TIMERS",       _SC_TIMERS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_TIMER_MAX
    {"SC_TIMER_MAX",    _SC_TIMER_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX
    {"SC_TTY_NAME_MAX", _SC_TTY_NAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_TZNAME_MAX
    {"SC_TZNAME_MAX",   _SC_TZNAME_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_T_IOV_MAX
    {"SC_T_IOV_MAX",    _SC_T_IOV_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_UCHAR_MAX
    {"SC_UCHAR_MAX",    _SC_UCHAR_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_UINT_MAX
    {"SC_UINT_MAX",     _SC_UINT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_UIO_MAXIOV
    {"SC_UIO_MAXIOV",   _SC_UIO_MAXIOV},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_ULONG_MAX
    {"SC_ULONG_MAX",    _SC_ULONG_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_USHRT_MAX
    {"SC_USHRT_MAX",    _SC_USHRT_MAX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_VERSION
    {"SC_VERSION",      _SC_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_WORD_BIT
    {"SC_WORD_BIT",     _SC_WORD_BIT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32
    {"SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32",     _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFF32},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG
    {"SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG",    _SC_XBS5_ILP32_OFFBIG},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64
    {"SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64",      _SC_XBS5_LP64_OFF64},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG
    {"SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG",    _SC_XBS5_LPBIG_OFFBIG},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT
    {"SC_XOPEN_CRYPT",  _SC_XOPEN_CRYPT},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N
    {"SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N",       _SC_XOPEN_ENH_I18N},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_LEGACY
    {"SC_XOPEN_LEGACY", _SC_XOPEN_LEGACY},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME
    {"SC_XOPEN_REALTIME",       _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS
    {"SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS",       _SC_XOPEN_REALTIME_THREADS},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_SHM
    {"SC_XOPEN_SHM",    _SC_XOPEN_SHM},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_UNIX
    {"SC_XOPEN_UNIX",   _SC_XOPEN_UNIX},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_VERSION
    {"SC_XOPEN_VERSION",        _SC_XOPEN_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION
    {"SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION",    _SC_XOPEN_XCU_VERSION},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_XPG2
    {"SC_XOPEN_XPG2",   _SC_XOPEN_XPG2},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_XPG3
    {"SC_XOPEN_XPG3",   _SC_XOPEN_XPG3},
#endif
#ifdef _SC_XOPEN_XPG4
    {"SC_XOPEN_XPG4",   _SC_XOPEN_XPG4},
#endif
};

static int
conv_sysconf_confname(PyObject *arg, int *valuep)
{
    return conv_confname(arg, valuep, posix_constants_sysconf,
                         sizeof(posix_constants_sysconf)
                           / sizeof(struct constdef));
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_sysconf__doc__,
"sysconf(name) -> integer\n\n\
Return an integer-valued system configuration variable.");

static PyObject *
posix_sysconf(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *result = NULL;
    int name;

    if (PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:sysconf", conv_sysconf_confname, &name)) {
        int value;

        errno = 0;
        value = sysconf(name);
        if (value == -1 && errno != 0)
            posix_error();
        else
            result = PyLong_FromLong(value);
    }
    return result;
}
#endif


/* This code is used to ensure that the tables of configuration value names
 * are in sorted order as required by conv_confname(), and also to build the
 * the exported dictionaries that are used to publish information about the
 * names available on the host platform.
 *
 * Sorting the table at runtime ensures that the table is properly ordered
 * when used, even for platforms we're not able to test on.  It also makes
 * it easier to add additional entries to the tables.
 */

static int
cmp_constdefs(const void *v1,  const void *v2)
{
    const struct constdef *c1 =
    (const struct constdef *) v1;
    const struct constdef *c2 =
    (const struct constdef *) v2;

    return strcmp(c1->name, c2->name);
}

static int
setup_confname_table(struct constdef *table, size_t tablesize,
                     char *tablename, PyObject *module)
{
    PyObject *d = NULL;
    size_t i;

    qsort(table, tablesize, sizeof(struct constdef), cmp_constdefs);
    d = PyDict_New();
    if (d == NULL)
        return -1;

    for (i=0; i < tablesize; ++i) {
        PyObject *o = PyLong_FromLong(table[i].value);
        if (o == NULL || PyDict_SetItemString(d, table[i].name, o) == -1) {
            Py_XDECREF(o);
            Py_DECREF(d);
            return -1;
        }
        Py_DECREF(o);
    }
    return PyModule_AddObject(module, tablename, d);
}

/* Return -1 on failure, 0 on success. */
static int
setup_confname_tables(PyObject *module)
{
#if defined(HAVE_FPATHCONF) || defined(HAVE_PATHCONF)
    if (setup_confname_table(posix_constants_pathconf,
                             sizeof(posix_constants_pathconf)
                               / sizeof(struct constdef),
                             "pathconf_names", module))
        return -1;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_CONFSTR
    if (setup_confname_table(posix_constants_confstr,
                             sizeof(posix_constants_confstr)
                               / sizeof(struct constdef),
                             "confstr_names", module))
        return -1;
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYSCONF
    if (setup_confname_table(posix_constants_sysconf,
                             sizeof(posix_constants_sysconf)
                               / sizeof(struct constdef),
                             "sysconf_names", module))
        return -1;
#endif
    return 0;
}


PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_abort__doc__,
"abort() -> does not return!\n\n\
Abort the interpreter immediately.  This 'dumps core' or otherwise fails\n\
in the hardest way possible on the hosting operating system.");

static PyObject *
posix_abort(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    abort();
    /*NOTREACHED*/
    Py_FatalError("abort() called from Python code didn't abort!");
    return NULL;
}

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
PyDoc_STRVAR(win32_startfile__doc__,
"startfile(filepath [, operation]) - Start a file with its associated\n\
application.\n\
\n\
When \"operation\" is not specified or \"open\", this acts like\n\
double-clicking the file in Explorer, or giving the file name as an\n\
argument to the DOS \"start\" command: the file is opened with whatever\n\
application (if any) its extension is associated.\n\
When another \"operation\" is given, it specifies what should be done with\n\
the file.  A typical operation is \"print\".\n\
\n\
startfile returns as soon as the associated application is launched.\n\
There is no option to wait for the application to close, and no way\n\
to retrieve the application's exit status.\n\
\n\
The filepath is relative to the current directory.  If you want to use\n\
an absolute path, make sure the first character is not a slash (\"/\");\n\
the underlying Win32 ShellExecute function doesn't work if it is.");

static PyObject *
win32_startfile(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *ofilepath;
    char *filepath;
    char *operation = NULL;
    wchar_t *wpath, *woperation;
    HINSTANCE rc;

    PyObject *unipath, *uoperation = NULL;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "U|s:startfile",
                          &unipath, &operation)) {
        PyErr_Clear();
        goto normal;
    }

    if (operation) {
        uoperation = PyUnicode_DecodeASCII(operation,
                                           strlen(operation), NULL);
        if (!uoperation) {
            PyErr_Clear();
            operation = NULL;
            goto normal;
        }
    }

    wpath = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(unipath);
    if (wpath == NULL)
        goto normal;
    if (uoperation) {
        woperation = PyUnicode_AsUnicode(uoperation);
        if (woperation == NULL)
            goto normal;
    }
    else
        woperation = NULL;

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    rc = ShellExecuteW((HWND)0, woperation, wpath,
                       NULL, NULL, SW_SHOWNORMAL);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    Py_XDECREF(uoperation);
    if (rc <= (HINSTANCE)32) {
        win32_error_object("startfile", unipath);
        return NULL;
    }
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;

normal:
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&|s:startfile",
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &ofilepath,
                          &operation))
        return NULL;
    if (win32_warn_bytes_api()) {
        Py_DECREF(ofilepath);
        return NULL;
    }
    filepath = PyBytes_AsString(ofilepath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    rc = ShellExecute((HWND)0, operation, filepath,
                      NULL, NULL, SW_SHOWNORMAL);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    if (rc <= (HINSTANCE)32) {
        PyObject *errval = win32_error("startfile", filepath);
        Py_DECREF(ofilepath);
        return errval;
    }
    Py_DECREF(ofilepath);
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_GETLOADAVG
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getloadavg__doc__,
"getloadavg() -> (float, float, float)\n\n\
Return the number of processes in the system run queue averaged over\n\
the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes or raises OSError if the load average\n\
was unobtainable");

static PyObject *
posix_getloadavg(PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    double loadavg[3];
    if (getloadavg(loadavg, 3)!=3) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_OSError, "Load averages are unobtainable");
        return NULL;
    } else
        return Py_BuildValue("ddd", loadavg[0], loadavg[1], loadavg[2]);
}
#endif

#ifdef MS_WINDOWS

PyDoc_STRVAR(win32_urandom__doc__,
"urandom(n) -> str\n\n\
Return n random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.");

typedef BOOL (WINAPI *CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA)(HCRYPTPROV *phProv,\
              LPCSTR pszContainer, LPCSTR pszProvider, DWORD dwProvType,\
              DWORD dwFlags );
typedef BOOL (WINAPI *CRYPTGENRANDOM)(HCRYPTPROV hProv, DWORD dwLen,\
              BYTE *pbBuffer );

static CRYPTGENRANDOM pCryptGenRandom = NULL;
/* This handle is never explicitly released. Instead, the operating
   system will release it when the process terminates. */
static HCRYPTPROV hCryptProv = 0;

static PyObject*
win32_urandom(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int howMany;
    PyObject* result;

    /* Read arguments */
    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:urandom", &howMany))
        return NULL;
    if (howMany < 0)
        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                            "negative argument not allowed");

    if (hCryptProv == 0) {
        HINSTANCE hAdvAPI32 = NULL;
        CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA pCryptAcquireContext = NULL;

        /* Obtain handle to the DLL containing CryptoAPI
           This should not fail         */
        hAdvAPI32 = GetModuleHandle("advapi32.dll");
        if(hAdvAPI32 == NULL)
            return win32_error("GetModuleHandle", NULL);

        /* Obtain pointers to the CryptoAPI functions
           This will fail on some early versions of Win95 */
        pCryptAcquireContext = (CRYPTACQUIRECONTEXTA)GetProcAddress(
                                        hAdvAPI32,
                                        "CryptAcquireContextA");
        if (pCryptAcquireContext == NULL)
            return PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
                                "CryptAcquireContextA not found");

        pCryptGenRandom = (CRYPTGENRANDOM)GetProcAddress(
                                        hAdvAPI32, "CryptGenRandom");
        if (pCryptGenRandom == NULL)
            return PyErr_Format(PyExc_NotImplementedError,
                                "CryptGenRandom not found");

        /* Acquire context */
        if (! pCryptAcquireContext(&hCryptProv, NULL, NULL,
                                   PROV_RSA_FULL, CRYPT_VERIFYCONTEXT))
            return win32_error("CryptAcquireContext", NULL);
    }

    /* Allocate bytes */
    result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, howMany);
    if (result != NULL) {
        /* Get random data */
        memset(PyBytes_AS_STRING(result), 0, howMany); /* zero seed */
        if (! pCryptGenRandom(hCryptProv, howMany, (unsigned char*)
                              PyBytes_AS_STRING(result))) {
            Py_DECREF(result);
            return win32_error("CryptGenRandom", NULL);
        }
    }
    return result;
}
#endif

PyDoc_STRVAR(device_encoding__doc__,
"device_encoding(fd) -> str\n\n\
Return a string describing the encoding of the device\n\
if the output is a terminal; else return None.");

static PyObject *
device_encoding(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int fd;
#if defined(MS_WINDOWS) || defined(MS_WIN64)
    UINT cp;
#endif
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:device_encoding", &fd))
        return NULL;
    if (!_PyVerify_fd(fd) || !isatty(fd)) {
        Py_INCREF(Py_None);
        return Py_None;
    }
#if defined(MS_WINDOWS) || defined(MS_WIN64)
    if (fd == 0)
        cp = GetConsoleCP();
    else if (fd == 1 || fd == 2)
        cp = GetConsoleOutputCP();
    else
        cp = 0;
    /* GetConsoleCP() and GetConsoleOutputCP() return 0 if the application
       has no console */
    if (cp != 0)
        return PyUnicode_FromFormat("cp%u", (unsigned int)cp);
#elif defined(CODESET)
    {
        char *codeset = nl_langinfo(CODESET);
        if (codeset != NULL && codeset[0] != 0)
            return PyUnicode_FromString(codeset);
    }
#endif
    Py_INCREF(Py_None);
    return Py_None;
}

#ifdef __VMS
/* Use openssl random routine */
#include <openssl/rand.h>
PyDoc_STRVAR(vms_urandom__doc__,
"urandom(n) -> str\n\n\
Return n random bytes suitable for cryptographic use.");

static PyObject*
vms_urandom(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int howMany;
    PyObject* result;

    /* Read arguments */
    if (! PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:urandom", &howMany))
        return NULL;
    if (howMany < 0)
        return PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                            "negative argument not allowed");

    /* Allocate bytes */
    result = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, howMany);
    if (result != NULL) {
        /* Get random data */
        if (RAND_pseudo_bytes((unsigned char*)
                              PyBytes_AS_STRING(result),
                              howMany) < 0) {
            Py_DECREF(result);
            return PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError,
                                "RAND_pseudo_bytes");
        }
    }
    return result;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SETRESUID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setresuid__doc__,
"setresuid(ruid, euid, suid)\n\n\
Set the current process's real, effective, and saved user ids.");

static PyObject*
posix_setresuid (PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    /* We assume uid_t is no larger than a long. */
    long ruid, euid, suid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lll", &ruid, &euid, &suid))
        return NULL;
    if (setresuid(ruid, euid, suid) < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SETRESGID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setresgid__doc__,
"setresgid(rgid, egid, sgid)\n\n\
Set the current process's real, effective, and saved group ids.");

static PyObject*
posix_setresgid (PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    /* We assume uid_t is no larger than a long. */
    long rgid, egid, sgid;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "lll", &rgid, &egid, &sgid))
        return NULL;
    if (setresgid(rgid, egid, sgid) < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_GETRESUID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getresuid__doc__,
"getresuid() -> (ruid, euid, suid)\n\n\
Get tuple of the current process's real, effective, and saved user ids.");

static PyObject*
posix_getresuid (PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    uid_t ruid, euid, suid;
    long l_ruid, l_euid, l_suid;
    if (getresuid(&ruid, &euid, &suid) < 0)
        return posix_error();
    /* Force the values into long's as we don't know the size of uid_t. */
    l_ruid = ruid;
    l_euid = euid;
    l_suid = suid;
    return Py_BuildValue("(lll)", l_ruid, l_euid, l_suid);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_GETRESGID
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getresgid__doc__,
"getresgid() -> (rgid, egid, sgid)\n\n\
Get tuple of the current process's real, effective, and saved group ids.");

static PyObject*
posix_getresgid (PyObject *self, PyObject *noargs)
{
    uid_t rgid, egid, sgid;
    long l_rgid, l_egid, l_sgid;
    if (getresgid(&rgid, &egid, &sgid) < 0)
        return posix_error();
    /* Force the values into long's as we don't know the size of uid_t. */
    l_rgid = rgid;
    l_egid = egid;
    l_sgid = sgid;
    return Py_BuildValue("(lll)", l_rgid, l_egid, l_sgid);
}
#endif

/* Posix *at family of functions:
    faccessat, fchmodat, fchownat, fstatat, futimesat,
    linkat, mkdirat, mknodat, openat, readlinkat, renameat, symlinkat,
    unlinkat, utimensat, mkfifoat */

#ifdef HAVE_FACCESSAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_faccessat__doc__,
"faccessat(dirfd, path, mode, flags=0) -> True if granted, False otherwise\n\n\
Like access() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
flags is optional and can be constructed by ORing together zero or more\n\
of these values: AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW, AT_EACCESS.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_faccessat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    int mode;
    int res;
    int dirfd, flags = 0;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&i|i:faccessat",
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &mode, &flags))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = faccessat(dirfd, path, mode, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    return PyBool_FromLong(res == 0);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FCHMODAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fchmodat__doc__,
"fchmodat(dirfd, path, mode, flags=0)\n\n\
Like chmod() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
flags is optional and may be 0 or AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_fchmodat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int dirfd, mode, res;
    int flags = 0;
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&i|i:fchmodat",
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &mode, &flags))
        return NULL;

    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = fchmodat(dirfd, path, mode, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif /* HAVE_FCHMODAT */

#ifdef HAVE_FCHOWNAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fchownat__doc__,
"fchownat(dirfd, path, uid, gid, flags=0)\n\n\
Like chown() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
flags is optional and may be 0 or AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_fchownat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    int dirfd, res;
    long uid, gid;
    int flags = 0;
    char *path;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&ll|i:fchownat",
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &uid, &gid, &flags))
        return NULL;

    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = fchownat(dirfd, path, (uid_t) uid, (gid_t) gid, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif /* HAVE_FCHOWNAT */

#ifdef HAVE_FSTATAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fstatat__doc__,
"fstatat(dirfd, path, flags=0) -> stat result\n\n\
Like stat() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
flags is optional and may be 0 or AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_fstatat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    STRUCT_STAT st;
    int dirfd, res, flags = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&|i:fstatat",
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &flags))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = fstatat(dirfd, path, &st, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res != 0)
        return posix_error();

    return _pystat_fromstructstat(&st);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_FUTIMESAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_futimesat__doc__,
"futimesat(dirfd, path[, (atime, mtime)])\n\
Like utime() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_futimesat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    int res, dirfd;
    PyObject* arg = Py_None;
    time_t atime, mtime;
    long ausec, musec;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&|O:futimesat",
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &arg))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    if (arg == Py_None) {
        /* optional time values not given */
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = futimesat(dirfd, path, NULL);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    else if (!PyTuple_Check(arg) || PyTuple_Size(arg) != 2) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
                "futimesat() arg 3 must be a tuple (atime, mtime)");
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }
    else {
        if (extract_time(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 0),
                         &atime, &ausec) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(opath);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (extract_time(PyTuple_GET_ITEM(arg, 1),
                         &mtime, &musec) == -1) {
            Py_DECREF(opath);
            return NULL;
        }

        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        {
#ifdef HAVE_UTIMENSAT
        struct timespec buf[2];
        buf[0].tv_sec = atime;
        buf[0].tv_nsec = ausec;
        buf[1].tv_sec = mtime;
        buf[1].tv_nsec = musec;
        res = utimensat(dirfd, path, buf, 0);
#else
        struct timeval buf[2];
        buf[0].tv_sec = atime;
        buf[0].tv_usec = ausec;
        buf[1].tv_sec = mtime;
        buf[1].tv_usec = musec;
        res = futimesat(dirfd, path, buf);
#endif
        }
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0) {
        return posix_error();
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_LINKAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_linkat__doc__,
"linkat(srcfd, srcpath, dstfd, dstpath, flags=0)\n\n\
Like link() but if srcpath is relative, it is taken as relative to srcfd\n\
and if dstpath is relative, it is taken as relative to dstfd.\n\
flags is optional and may be 0 or AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW.\n\
If srcpath is relative and srcfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then\n\
srcpath is interpreted relative to the current working directory. This\n\
also applies for dstpath.");

static PyObject *
posix_linkat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *osrc, *odst;
    char *src, *dst;
    int res, srcfd, dstfd;
    int flags = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&iO&|i:linkat",
            &srcfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &osrc, &dstfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &odst, &flags))
        return NULL;
    src = PyBytes_AsString(osrc);
    dst = PyBytes_AsString(odst);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = linkat(srcfd, src, dstfd, dst, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(osrc);
    Py_DECREF(odst);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif /* HAVE_LINKAT */

#ifdef HAVE_MKDIRAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_mkdirat__doc__,
"mkdirat(dirfd, path, mode=0o777)\n\n\
Like mkdir() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_mkdirat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int res, dirfd;
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    int mode = 0777;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&|i:mkdirat",
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &mode))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = mkdirat(dirfd, path, mode);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_MKNODAT) && defined(HAVE_MAKEDEV)
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_mknodat__doc__,
"mknodat(dirfd, path, mode=0o600, device=0)\n\n\
Like mknod() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_mknodat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *filename;
    int mode = 0600;
    int device = 0;
    int res, dirfd;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&|ii:mknodat", &dirfd,
            PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &mode, &device))
        return NULL;
    filename = PyBytes_AS_STRING(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = mknodat(dirfd, filename, mode, device);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_OPENAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_openat__doc__,
"openat(dirfd, path, flag, mode=0o777) -> fd\n\n\
Like open() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_openat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *ofile;
    char *file;
    int flag, dirfd, fd;
    int mode = 0777;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&i|i:openat",
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &ofile,
            &flag, &mode))
        return NULL;
    file = PyBytes_AsString(ofile);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    fd = openat(dirfd, file, flag, mode);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(ofile);
    if (fd < 0)
        return posix_error();
    return PyLong_FromLong((long)fd);
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_READLINKAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_readlinkat__doc__,
"readlinkat(dirfd, path) -> path\n\n\
Like readlink() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_readlinkat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *v, *opath;
    char buf[MAXPATHLEN];
    char *path;
    int n, dirfd;
    int arg_is_unicode = 0;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&:readlinkat",
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    v = PySequence_GetItem(args, 1);
    if (v == NULL) {
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }

    if (PyUnicode_Check(v)) {
        arg_is_unicode = 1;
    }
    Py_DECREF(v);

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    n = readlinkat(dirfd, path, buf, (int) sizeof buf);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (n < 0)
        return posix_error();

    if (arg_is_unicode)
        return PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(buf, n);
    else
        return PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(buf, n);
}
#endif /* HAVE_READLINKAT */

#ifdef HAVE_RENAMEAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_renameat__doc__,
"renameat(olddirfd, oldpath, newdirfd, newpath)\n\n\
Like rename() but if oldpath is relative, it is taken as relative to\n\
olddirfd and if newpath is relative, it is taken as relative to newdirfd.\n\
If oldpath is relative and olddirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then\n\
oldpath is interpreted relative to the current working directory. This\n\
also applies for newpath.");

static PyObject *
posix_renameat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int res;
    PyObject *opathold, *opathnew;
    char *opath, *npath;
    int oldfd, newfd;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&iO&:renameat",
            &oldfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opathold, &newfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opathnew))
        return NULL;
    opath = PyBytes_AsString(opathold);
    npath = PyBytes_AsString(opathnew);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = renameat(oldfd, opath, newfd, npath);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opathold);
    Py_DECREF(opathnew);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#if HAVE_SYMLINKAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_symlinkat__doc__,
"symlinkat(src, dstfd, dst)\n\n\
Like symlink() but if dst is relative, it is taken as relative to dstfd.\n\
If dst is relative and dstfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then dst\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_symlinkat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int res, dstfd;
    PyObject *osrc, *odst;
    char *src, *dst;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&iO&:symlinkat",
            PyUnicode_FSConverter, &osrc, &dstfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &odst))
        return NULL;
    src = PyBytes_AsString(osrc);
    dst = PyBytes_AsString(odst);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = symlinkat(src, dstfd, dst);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(osrc);
    Py_DECREF(odst);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SYMLINKAT */

#ifdef HAVE_UNLINKAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_unlinkat__doc__,
"unlinkat(dirfd, path, flags=0)\n\n\
Like unlink() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
flags is optional and may be 0 or AT_REMOVEDIR. If AT_REMOVEDIR is\n\
specified, unlinkat() behaves like rmdir().\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_unlinkat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    int dirfd, res, flags = 0;
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&|i:unlinkat",
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &flags))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = unlinkat(dirfd, path, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_UTIMENSAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_utimensat__doc__,
"utimensat(dirfd, path[, atime=(atime_sec, atime_nsec),\n\
    mtime=(mtime_sec, mtime_nsec), flags=0])\n\
utimensat(dirfd, path, None, None, flags)\n\n\
Updates the timestamps of a file with nanosecond precision. If path is\n\
relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
If atime and mtime are both None, which is the default, set atime and\n\
mtime to the current time.\n\
flags is optional and may be 0 or AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.\n\
If *_nsec is specified as UTIME_NOW, the timestamp is updated to the\n\
current time.\n\
If *_nsec is specified as UTIME_OMIT, the timestamp is not updated.");

static PyObject *
posix_utimensat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args, PyObject *kwargs)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *path;
    int res, dirfd, flags = 0;
    PyObject *atime = Py_None;
    PyObject *mtime = Py_None;

    static char *kwlist[] = {"dirfd", "path", "atime", "mtime", "flags", NULL};

    struct timespec buf[2];

    if (!PyArg_ParseTupleAndKeywords(args, kwargs, "iO&|OOi:utimensat", kwlist,
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &atime, &mtime, &flags))
        return NULL;
    path = PyBytes_AsString(opath);
    if (atime == Py_None && mtime == Py_None) {
        /* optional time values not given */
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = utimensat(dirfd, path, NULL, flags);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    else if (!PyTuple_Check(atime) || PyTuple_Size(atime) != 2) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "utimensat() arg 3 must be a tuple (atime_sec, atime_nsec)");
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }
    else if (!PyTuple_Check(mtime) || PyTuple_Size(mtime) != 2) {
        PyErr_SetString(PyExc_TypeError,
            "utimensat() arg 4 must be a tuple (mtime_sec, mtime_nsec)");
        Py_DECREF(opath);
        return NULL;
    }
    else {
        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(atime, "ll:utimensat",
                &(buf[0].tv_sec), &(buf[0].tv_nsec))) {
            Py_DECREF(opath);
            return NULL;
        }
        if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(mtime, "ll:utimensat",
                &(buf[1].tv_sec), &(buf[1].tv_nsec))) {
            Py_DECREF(opath);
            return NULL;
        }
        Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
        res = utimensat(dirfd, path, buf, flags);
        Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    }
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0) {
        return posix_error();
    }
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_MKFIFOAT
PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_mkfifoat__doc__,
"mkfifoat(dirfd, path, mode=0o666)\n\n\
Like mkfifo() but if path is relative, it is taken as relative to dirfd.\n\
If path is relative and dirfd is the special value AT_FDCWD, then path\n\
is interpreted relative to the current working directory.");

static PyObject *
posix_mkfifoat(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *opath;
    char *filename;
    int mode = 0666;
    int res, dirfd;
    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&|i:mkfifoat",
            &dirfd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &opath, &mode))
        return NULL;
    filename = PyBytes_AS_STRING(opath);
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    res = mkfifoat(dirfd, filename, mode);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
    Py_DECREF(opath);
    if (res < 0)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}
#endif

#ifdef USE_XATTRS

static int
try_getxattr(const char *path, const char *name,
             ssize_t (*get)(const char *, const char *, void *, size_t),
             Py_ssize_t buf_size, PyObject **res)
{
    PyObject *value;
    Py_ssize_t len;

    assert(buf_size <= XATTR_SIZE_MAX);
    value = PyBytes_FromStringAndSize(NULL, buf_size);
    if (!value)
        return 0;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
    len = get(path, name, PyBytes_AS_STRING(value), buf_size);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
    if (len < 0) {
        Py_DECREF(value);
        if (errno == ERANGE) {
            value = NULL;
        }
        else {
            posix_error();
            return 0;
        }
    }
    else if (len != buf_size) {
        /* Can only shrink. */
        _PyBytes_Resize(&value, len);
    }
    *res = value;
    return 1;
}

static PyObject *
getxattr_common(const char *path, PyObject *name_obj,
                ssize_t (*get)(const char *, const char *, void *, size_t))
{
    PyObject *value;
    const char *name = PyBytes_AS_STRING(name_obj);

    /* Try a small value first. */
    if (!try_getxattr(path, name, get, 128, &value))
        return NULL;
    if (value)
        return value;
    /* Now the maximum possible one. */
    if (!try_getxattr(path, name, get, XATTR_SIZE_MAX, &value))
        return NULL;
    assert(value);
    return value;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_getxattr__doc__,
"getxattr(path, attr) -> value\n\n\
Return the value of extended attribute *name* on *path*.");

static PyObject *
posix_getxattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *path, *res, *name;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O&:getxattr", PyUnicode_FSConverter, &path,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &name))
        return NULL;
    res = getxattr_common(PyBytes_AS_STRING(path), name, getxattr);
    Py_DECREF(path);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    return res;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_lgetxattr__doc__,
"lgetxattr(path, attr) -> value\n\n\
Like getxattr but don't follow symlinks.");

static PyObject *
posix_lgetxattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *path, *res, *name;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O&:lgetxattr", PyUnicode_FSConverter, &path,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &name))
        return NULL;
    res = getxattr_common(PyBytes_AS_STRING(path), name, lgetxattr);
    Py_DECREF(path);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    return res;
}

static ssize_t
wrap_fgetxattr(const char *path, const char *name, void *value, size_t size)
{
    /* Hack to share code. */
    return fgetxattr((int)(Py_uintptr_t)path, name, value, size);
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fgetxattr__doc__,
"fgetxattr(fd, attr) -> value\n\n\
Like getxattr but operate on a fd instead of a path.");

static PyObject *
posix_fgetxattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *res, *name;
    int fd;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&:fgetxattr", &fd, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &name))
        return NULL;
    res = getxattr_common((const char *)(Py_uintptr_t)fd, name, wrap_fgetxattr);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    return res;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_setxattr__doc__,
"setxattr(path, attr, value, flags=0)\n\n\
Set extended attribute *attr* on *path* to *value*.");

static PyObject *
posix_setxattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *path, *name;
    Py_buffer data;
    int flags = 0, err;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O&y*|i:setxattr", PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &path, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &name, &data, &flags))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
    err = setxattr(PyBytes_AS_STRING(path), PyBytes_AS_STRING(name),
                   data.buf, data.len, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
    Py_DECREF(path);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    PyBuffer_Release(&data);
    if (err)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_lsetxattr__doc__,
"lsetxattr(path, attr, value, flags=0)\n\n\
Like setxattr but don't follow symlinks.");

static PyObject *
posix_lsetxattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *path, *name;
    Py_buffer data;
    int flags = 0, err;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O&y*|i:lsetxattr", PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &path, PyUnicode_FSConverter, &name, &data, &flags))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
    err = lsetxattr(PyBytes_AS_STRING(path), PyBytes_AS_STRING(name),
                    data.buf, data.len, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
    Py_DECREF(path);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    PyBuffer_Release(&data);
    if (err)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fsetxattr__doc__,
"fsetxattr(fd, attr, value, flags=0)\n\n\
Like setxattr but operates on *fd* instead of a path.");

static PyObject *
posix_fsetxattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    Py_buffer data;
    const char *name;
    int fd, flags = 0, err;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&y*|i:fsetxattr", &fd, PyUnicode_FSConverter,
                          &name, &data, &flags))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
    err = fsetxattr(fd, PyBytes_AS_STRING(name), data.buf, data.len, flags);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
    Py_DECREF(name);
    PyBuffer_Release(&data);
    if (err)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_removexattr__doc__,
"removexattr(path, attr)\n\n\
Remove extended attribute *attr* on *path*.");

static PyObject *
posix_removexattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *path, *name;
    int err;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O&:removexattr", PyUnicode_FSConverter, &path,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &name))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
    err = removexattr(PyBytes_AS_STRING(path), PyBytes_AS_STRING(name));
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
    Py_DECREF(path);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    if (err)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_lremovexattr__doc__,
"lremovexattr(path, attr)\n\n\
Like removexattr but don't follow symlinks.");

static PyObject *
posix_lremovexattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *path, *name;
    int err;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&O&:lremovexattr", PyUnicode_FSConverter, &path,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &name))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
    err = lremovexattr(PyBytes_AS_STRING(path), PyBytes_AS_STRING(name));
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
    Py_DECREF(path);
    Py_DECREF(name);
    if (err)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_fremovexattr__doc__,
"fremovexattr(fd, attr)\n\n\
Like removexattr but operates on a file descriptor.");

static PyObject *
posix_fremovexattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *name;
    int fd, err;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "iO&:fremovexattr", &fd,
                          PyUnicode_FSConverter, &name))
        return NULL;
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
    err = fremovexattr(fd, PyBytes_AS_STRING(name));
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
    Py_DECREF(name);
    if (err)
        return posix_error();
    Py_RETURN_NONE;
}

static Py_ssize_t
try_listxattr(const char *path, ssize_t (*list)(const char *, char *, size_t),
              Py_ssize_t buf_size, char **buf)
{
    Py_ssize_t len;

    *buf = PyMem_MALLOC(buf_size);
    if (!*buf) {
        PyErr_NoMemory();
        return -1;
    }
    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS;
    len = list(path, *buf, buf_size);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS;
    if (len < 0) {
        PyMem_FREE(*buf);
        if (errno != ERANGE)
            posix_error();
        return -1;
    }
    return len;
}

static PyObject *
listxattr_common(const char *path, ssize_t (*list)(const char *, char *, size_t))
{
    PyObject *res, *attr;
    Py_ssize_t len, err, start, i;
    char *buf;

    len = try_listxattr(path, list, 256, &buf);
    if (len < 0) {
        if (PyErr_Occurred())
            return NULL;
        len = try_listxattr(path, list, XATTR_LIST_MAX, &buf);
        if (len < 0)
            return NULL;
    }
    res = PyList_New(0);
    if (!res) {
        PyMem_FREE(buf);
        return NULL;
    }
    for (start = i = 0; i < len; i++) {
        if (!buf[i]) {
            attr = PyUnicode_DecodeFSDefaultAndSize(&buf[start], i - start);
            if (!attr) {
                Py_DECREF(res);
                PyMem_FREE(buf);
                return NULL;
            }
            err = PyList_Append(res, attr);
            Py_DECREF(attr);
            if (err) {
                Py_DECREF(res);
                PyMem_FREE(buf);
                return NULL;
            }
            start = i + 1;
        }
    }
    PyMem_FREE(buf);
    return res;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_listxattr__doc__,
"listxattr(path)\n\n\
Return a list of extended attributes on *path*.");

static PyObject *
posix_listxattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *path, *res;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:listxattr", PyUnicode_FSConverter, &path))
        return NULL;
    res = listxattr_common(PyBytes_AS_STRING(path), listxattr);
    Py_DECREF(path);
    return res;
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_llistxattr__doc__,
"llistxattr(path)\n\n\
Like listxattr but don't follow symlinks..");

static PyObject *
posix_llistxattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    PyObject *path, *res;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "O&:llistxattr", PyUnicode_FSConverter, &path))
        return NULL;
    res = listxattr_common(PyBytes_AS_STRING(path), llistxattr);
    Py_DECREF(path);
    return res;
}

static ssize_t
wrap_flistxattr(const char *path, char *buf, size_t len)
{
    /* Hack to share code. */
    return flistxattr((int)(Py_uintptr_t)path, buf, len);
}

PyDoc_STRVAR(posix_flistxattr__doc__,
"flistxattr(path)\n\n\
Like flistxattr but operates on a file descriptor.");

static PyObject *
posix_flistxattr(PyObject *self, PyObject *args)
{
    long fd;

    if (!PyArg_ParseTuple(args, "i:flistxattr", &fd))
        return NULL;
    return listxattr_common((const char *)(Py_uintptr_t)fd, wrap_flistxattr);
}

#endif /* USE_XATTRS */

static PyMethodDef posix_methods[] = {
    {"access",          posix_access, METH_VARARGS, posix_access__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_TTYNAME
    {"ttyname",         posix_ttyname, METH_VARARGS, posix_ttyname__doc__},
#endif
    {"chdir",           posix_chdir, METH_VARARGS, posix_chdir__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_CHFLAGS
    {"chflags",         posix_chflags, METH_VARARGS, posix_chflags__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_CHFLAGS */
    {"chmod",           posix_chmod, METH_VARARGS, posix_chmod__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_FCHMOD
    {"fchmod",          posix_fchmod, METH_VARARGS, posix_fchmod__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_FCHMOD */
#ifdef HAVE_CHOWN
    {"chown",           posix_chown, METH_VARARGS, posix_chown__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_CHOWN */
#ifdef HAVE_LCHMOD
    {"lchmod",          posix_lchmod, METH_VARARGS, posix_lchmod__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_LCHMOD */
#ifdef HAVE_FCHOWN
    {"fchown",          posix_fchown, METH_VARARGS, posix_fchown__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_FCHOWN */
#ifdef HAVE_LCHFLAGS
    {"lchflags",        posix_lchflags, METH_VARARGS, posix_lchflags__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_LCHFLAGS */
#ifdef HAVE_LCHOWN
    {"lchown",          posix_lchown, METH_VARARGS, posix_lchown__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_LCHOWN */
#ifdef HAVE_CHROOT
    {"chroot",          posix_chroot, METH_VARARGS, posix_chroot__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_CTERMID
    {"ctermid",         posix_ctermid, METH_NOARGS, posix_ctermid__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_GETCWD
    {"getcwd",          (PyCFunction)posix_getcwd_unicode,
    METH_NOARGS, posix_getcwd__doc__},
    {"getcwdb",         (PyCFunction)posix_getcwd_bytes,
    METH_NOARGS, posix_getcwdb__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LINK
    {"link",            posix_link, METH_VARARGS, posix_link__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_LINK */
    {"listdir",         posix_listdir, METH_VARARGS, posix_listdir__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_FDOPENDIR
    {"fdlistdir",       posix_fdlistdir, METH_VARARGS, posix_fdlistdir__doc__},
#endif
    {"lstat",           posix_lstat, METH_VARARGS, posix_lstat__doc__},
    {"mkdir",           posix_mkdir, METH_VARARGS, posix_mkdir__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_NICE
    {"nice",            posix_nice, METH_VARARGS, posix_nice__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_NICE */
#ifdef HAVE_GETPRIORITY
    {"getpriority",     posix_getpriority, METH_VARARGS, posix_getpriority__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETPRIORITY */
#ifdef HAVE_SETPRIORITY
    {"setpriority",     posix_setpriority, METH_VARARGS, posix_setpriority__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETPRIORITY */
#ifdef HAVE_READLINK
    {"readlink",        posix_readlink, METH_VARARGS, posix_readlink__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_READLINK */
#if !defined(HAVE_READLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS)
    {"readlink",        win_readlink, METH_VARARGS, win_readlink__doc__},
#endif /* !defined(HAVE_READLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS) */
    {"rename",          posix_rename, METH_VARARGS, posix_rename__doc__},
    {"rmdir",           posix_rmdir, METH_VARARGS, posix_rmdir__doc__},
    {"stat",            posix_stat, METH_VARARGS, posix_stat__doc__},
    {"stat_float_times", stat_float_times, METH_VARARGS, stat_float_times__doc__},
#if defined(HAVE_SYMLINK) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS)
    {"symlink",         posix_symlink, METH_VARARGS, posix_symlink__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SYMLINK */
#if defined(HAVE_SYMLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS)
    {"symlink", (PyCFunction)win_symlink, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
                 win_symlink__doc__},
#endif /* defined(HAVE_SYMLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS) */
#ifdef HAVE_SYSTEM
    {"system",          posix_system, METH_VARARGS, posix_system__doc__},
#endif
    {"umask",           posix_umask, METH_VARARGS, posix_umask__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_UNAME
    {"uname",           posix_uname, METH_NOARGS, posix_uname__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_UNAME */
    {"unlink",          posix_unlink, METH_VARARGS, posix_unlink__doc__},
    {"remove",          posix_unlink, METH_VARARGS, posix_remove__doc__},
    {"utime",           posix_utime, METH_VARARGS, posix_utime__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_FUTIMES
    {"futimes",         posix_futimes, METH_VARARGS, posix_futimes__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LUTIMES
    {"lutimes",         posix_lutimes, METH_VARARGS, posix_lutimes__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FUTIMENS
    {"futimens",        posix_futimens, METH_VARARGS, posix_futimens__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_TIMES
    {"times",           posix_times, METH_NOARGS, posix_times__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_TIMES */
    {"_exit",           posix__exit, METH_VARARGS, posix__exit__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_EXECV
    {"execv",           posix_execv, METH_VARARGS, posix_execv__doc__},
    {"execve",          posix_execve, METH_VARARGS, posix_execve__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_EXECV */
#ifdef HAVE_FEXECVE
    {"fexecve",          posix_fexecve, METH_VARARGS, posix_fexecve__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SPAWNV
    {"spawnv",          posix_spawnv, METH_VARARGS, posix_spawnv__doc__},
    {"spawnve",         posix_spawnve, METH_VARARGS, posix_spawnve__doc__},
#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    {"spawnvp",         posix_spawnvp, METH_VARARGS, posix_spawnvp__doc__},
    {"spawnvpe",        posix_spawnvpe, METH_VARARGS, posix_spawnvpe__doc__},
#endif /* PYOS_OS2 */
#endif /* HAVE_SPAWNV */
#ifdef HAVE_FORK1
    {"fork1",       posix_fork1, METH_NOARGS, posix_fork1__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_FORK1 */
#ifdef HAVE_FORK
    {"fork",            posix_fork, METH_NOARGS, posix_fork__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_FORK */
#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_H
#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_GET_PRIORITY_MAX
    {"sched_get_priority_max", posix_sched_get_priority_max, METH_VARARGS, posix_sched_get_priority_max__doc__},
    {"sched_get_priority_min", posix_sched_get_priority_min, METH_VARARGS, posix_sched_get_priority_min__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_SETPARAM
    {"sched_getparam", posix_sched_getparam, METH_VARARGS, posix_sched_getparam__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_SETSCHEDULER
    {"sched_getscheduler", posix_sched_getscheduler, METH_VARARGS, posix_sched_getscheduler__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_RR_GET_INTERVAL
    {"sched_rr_get_interval", posix_sched_rr_get_interval, METH_VARARGS, posix_sched_rr_get_interval__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_SETPARAM
    {"sched_setparam", posix_sched_setparam, METH_VARARGS, posix_sched_setparam__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_SETSCHEDULER
    {"sched_setscheduler", posix_sched_setscheduler, METH_VARARGS, posix_sched_setscheduler__doc__},
#endif
    {"sched_yield",     posix_sched_yield, METH_NOARGS, posix_sched_yield__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_SETAFFINITY
    {"sched_setaffinity", posix_sched_setaffinity, METH_VARARGS, posix_sched_setaffinity__doc__},
    {"sched_getaffinity", posix_sched_getaffinity, METH_VARARGS, posix_sched_getaffinity__doc__},
#endif
#endif /* HAVE_SCHED_H */
#if defined(HAVE_OPENPTY) || defined(HAVE__GETPTY) || defined(HAVE_DEV_PTMX)
    {"openpty",         posix_openpty, METH_NOARGS, posix_openpty__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_OPENPTY || HAVE__GETPTY || HAVE_DEV_PTMX */
#ifdef HAVE_FORKPTY
    {"forkpty",         posix_forkpty, METH_NOARGS, posix_forkpty__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_FORKPTY */
#ifdef HAVE_GETEGID
    {"getegid",         posix_getegid, METH_NOARGS, posix_getegid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETEGID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETEUID
    {"geteuid",         posix_geteuid, METH_NOARGS, posix_geteuid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETEUID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETGID
    {"getgid",          posix_getgid, METH_NOARGS, posix_getgid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETGID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETGROUPLIST
    {"getgrouplist",    posix_getgrouplist, METH_VARARGS, posix_getgrouplist__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_GETGROUPS
    {"getgroups",       posix_getgroups, METH_NOARGS, posix_getgroups__doc__},
#endif
    {"getpid",          posix_getpid, METH_NOARGS, posix_getpid__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_GETPGRP
    {"getpgrp",         posix_getpgrp, METH_NOARGS, posix_getpgrp__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETPGRP */
#ifdef HAVE_GETPPID
    {"getppid",         posix_getppid, METH_NOARGS, posix_getppid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETPPID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETUID
    {"getuid",          posix_getuid, METH_NOARGS, posix_getuid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETUID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETLOGIN
    {"getlogin",        posix_getlogin, METH_NOARGS, posix_getlogin__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_KILL
    {"kill",            posix_kill, METH_VARARGS, posix_kill__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_KILL */
#ifdef HAVE_KILLPG
    {"killpg",          posix_killpg, METH_VARARGS, posix_killpg__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_KILLPG */
#ifdef HAVE_PLOCK
    {"plock",           posix_plock, METH_VARARGS, posix_plock__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_PLOCK */
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    {"startfile",       win32_startfile, METH_VARARGS, win32_startfile__doc__},
    {"kill",    win32_kill, METH_VARARGS, win32_kill__doc__},
    {"link",    win32_link, METH_VARARGS, win32_link__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SETUID
    {"setuid",          posix_setuid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setuid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETUID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETEUID
    {"seteuid",         posix_seteuid, METH_VARARGS, posix_seteuid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETEUID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETEGID
    {"setegid",         posix_setegid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setegid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETEGID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETREUID
    {"setreuid",        posix_setreuid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setreuid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETREUID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETREGID
    {"setregid",        posix_setregid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setregid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETREGID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETGID
    {"setgid",          posix_setgid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setgid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETGID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETGROUPS
    {"setgroups",       posix_setgroups, METH_O, posix_setgroups__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETGROUPS */
#ifdef HAVE_INITGROUPS
    {"initgroups",      posix_initgroups, METH_VARARGS, posix_initgroups__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_INITGROUPS */
#ifdef HAVE_GETPGID
    {"getpgid",         posix_getpgid, METH_VARARGS, posix_getpgid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETPGID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETPGRP
    {"setpgrp",         posix_setpgrp, METH_NOARGS, posix_setpgrp__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETPGRP */
#ifdef HAVE_WAIT
    {"wait",            posix_wait, METH_NOARGS, posix_wait__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_WAIT */
#ifdef HAVE_WAIT3
    {"wait3",           posix_wait3, METH_VARARGS, posix_wait3__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_WAIT3 */
#ifdef HAVE_WAIT4
    {"wait4",           posix_wait4, METH_VARARGS, posix_wait4__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_WAIT4 */
#if defined(HAVE_WAITID) && !defined(__APPLE__)
    {"waitid",          posix_waitid, METH_VARARGS, posix_waitid__doc__},
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_WAITPID) || defined(HAVE_CWAIT)
    {"waitpid",         posix_waitpid, METH_VARARGS, posix_waitpid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_WAITPID */
#ifdef HAVE_GETSID
    {"getsid",          posix_getsid, METH_VARARGS, posix_getsid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_GETSID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETSID
    {"setsid",          posix_setsid, METH_NOARGS, posix_setsid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETSID */
#ifdef HAVE_SETPGID
    {"setpgid",         posix_setpgid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setpgid__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SETPGID */
#ifdef HAVE_TCGETPGRP
    {"tcgetpgrp",       posix_tcgetpgrp, METH_VARARGS, posix_tcgetpgrp__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_TCGETPGRP */
#ifdef HAVE_TCSETPGRP
    {"tcsetpgrp",       posix_tcsetpgrp, METH_VARARGS, posix_tcsetpgrp__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_TCSETPGRP */
    {"open",            posix_open, METH_VARARGS, posix_open__doc__},
    {"close",           posix_close, METH_VARARGS, posix_close__doc__},
    {"closerange",      posix_closerange, METH_VARARGS, posix_closerange__doc__},
    {"device_encoding", device_encoding, METH_VARARGS, device_encoding__doc__},
    {"dup",             posix_dup, METH_VARARGS, posix_dup__doc__},
    {"dup2",            posix_dup2, METH_VARARGS, posix_dup2__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_LOCKF
    {"lockf",           posix_lockf, METH_VARARGS, posix_lockf__doc__},
#endif
    {"lseek",           posix_lseek, METH_VARARGS, posix_lseek__doc__},
    {"read",            posix_read, METH_VARARGS, posix_read__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_READV
    {"readv",           posix_readv, METH_VARARGS, posix_readv__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PREAD
    {"pread",           posix_pread, METH_VARARGS, posix_pread__doc__},
#endif
    {"write",           posix_write, METH_VARARGS, posix_write__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_WRITEV
    {"writev",          posix_writev, METH_VARARGS, posix_writev__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PWRITE
    {"pwrite",          posix_pwrite, METH_VARARGS, posix_pwrite__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SENDFILE
    {"sendfile",        (PyCFunction)posix_sendfile, METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
                            posix_sendfile__doc__},
#endif
    {"fstat",           posix_fstat, METH_VARARGS, posix_fstat__doc__},
    {"isatty",          posix_isatty, METH_VARARGS, posix_isatty__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_PIPE
    {"pipe",            posix_pipe, METH_NOARGS, posix_pipe__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PIPE2
    {"pipe2",           posix_pipe2, METH_O, posix_pipe2__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_MKFIFO
    {"mkfifo",          posix_mkfifo, METH_VARARGS, posix_mkfifo__doc__},
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_MKNOD) && defined(HAVE_MAKEDEV)
    {"mknod",           posix_mknod, METH_VARARGS, posix_mknod__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_DEVICE_MACROS
    {"major",           posix_major, METH_VARARGS, posix_major__doc__},
    {"minor",           posix_minor, METH_VARARGS, posix_minor__doc__},
    {"makedev",         posix_makedev, METH_VARARGS, posix_makedev__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FTRUNCATE
    {"ftruncate",       posix_ftruncate, METH_VARARGS, posix_ftruncate__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_TRUNCATE
    {"truncate",        posix_truncate, METH_VARARGS, posix_truncate__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_POSIX_FALLOCATE
    {"posix_fallocate", posix_posix_fallocate, METH_VARARGS, posix_posix_fallocate__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_POSIX_FADVISE
    {"posix_fadvise",   posix_posix_fadvise, METH_VARARGS, posix_posix_fadvise__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PUTENV
    {"putenv",          posix_putenv, METH_VARARGS, posix_putenv__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_UNSETENV
    {"unsetenv",        posix_unsetenv, METH_VARARGS, posix_unsetenv__doc__},
#endif
    {"strerror",        posix_strerror, METH_VARARGS, posix_strerror__doc__},
#ifdef HAVE_FCHDIR
    {"fchdir",          posix_fchdir, METH_O, posix_fchdir__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FSYNC
    {"fsync",       posix_fsync, METH_O, posix_fsync__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYNC
    {"sync",        posix_sync, METH_NOARGS, posix_sync__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FDATASYNC
    {"fdatasync",   posix_fdatasync,  METH_O, posix_fdatasync__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H
#ifdef WCOREDUMP
    {"WCOREDUMP",       posix_WCOREDUMP, METH_VARARGS, posix_WCOREDUMP__doc__},
#endif /* WCOREDUMP */
#ifdef WIFCONTINUED
    {"WIFCONTINUED",posix_WIFCONTINUED, METH_VARARGS, posix_WIFCONTINUED__doc__},
#endif /* WIFCONTINUED */
#ifdef WIFSTOPPED
    {"WIFSTOPPED",      posix_WIFSTOPPED, METH_VARARGS, posix_WIFSTOPPED__doc__},
#endif /* WIFSTOPPED */
#ifdef WIFSIGNALED
    {"WIFSIGNALED",     posix_WIFSIGNALED, METH_VARARGS, posix_WIFSIGNALED__doc__},
#endif /* WIFSIGNALED */
#ifdef WIFEXITED
    {"WIFEXITED",       posix_WIFEXITED, METH_VARARGS, posix_WIFEXITED__doc__},
#endif /* WIFEXITED */
#ifdef WEXITSTATUS
    {"WEXITSTATUS",     posix_WEXITSTATUS, METH_VARARGS, posix_WEXITSTATUS__doc__},
#endif /* WEXITSTATUS */
#ifdef WTERMSIG
    {"WTERMSIG",        posix_WTERMSIG, METH_VARARGS, posix_WTERMSIG__doc__},
#endif /* WTERMSIG */
#ifdef WSTOPSIG
    {"WSTOPSIG",        posix_WSTOPSIG, METH_VARARGS, posix_WSTOPSIG__doc__},
#endif /* WSTOPSIG */
#endif /* HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H */
#if defined(HAVE_FSTATVFS) && defined(HAVE_SYS_STATVFS_H)
    {"fstatvfs",        posix_fstatvfs, METH_VARARGS, posix_fstatvfs__doc__},
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_STATVFS) && defined(HAVE_SYS_STATVFS_H)
    {"statvfs",         posix_statvfs, METH_VARARGS, posix_statvfs__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_CONFSTR
    {"confstr",         posix_confstr, METH_VARARGS, posix_confstr__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SYSCONF
    {"sysconf",         posix_sysconf, METH_VARARGS, posix_sysconf__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FPATHCONF
    {"fpathconf",       posix_fpathconf, METH_VARARGS, posix_fpathconf__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_PATHCONF
    {"pathconf",        posix_pathconf, METH_VARARGS, posix_pathconf__doc__},
#endif
    {"abort",           posix_abort, METH_NOARGS, posix_abort__doc__},
#ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    {"_getfullpathname",        posix__getfullpathname, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"_getfinalpathname",       posix__getfinalpathname, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"_getfileinformation",     posix__getfileinformation, METH_VARARGS, NULL},
    {"_isdir",                  posix__isdir, METH_VARARGS, posix__isdir__doc__},
    {"_getdiskusage",           win32__getdiskusage, METH_VARARGS, win32__getdiskusage__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_GETLOADAVG
    {"getloadavg",      posix_getloadavg, METH_NOARGS, posix_getloadavg__doc__},
#endif
 #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
    {"urandom", win32_urandom, METH_VARARGS, win32_urandom__doc__},
 #endif
 #ifdef __VMS
    {"urandom", vms_urandom, METH_VARARGS, vms_urandom__doc__},
 #endif
#ifdef HAVE_SETRESUID
    {"setresuid",       posix_setresuid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setresuid__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SETRESGID
    {"setresgid",       posix_setresgid, METH_VARARGS, posix_setresgid__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_GETRESUID
    {"getresuid",       posix_getresuid, METH_NOARGS, posix_getresuid__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_GETRESGID
    {"getresgid",       posix_getresgid, METH_NOARGS, posix_getresgid__doc__},
#endif

/* posix *at family of functions */
#ifdef HAVE_FACCESSAT
    {"faccessat",       posix_faccessat, METH_VARARGS, posix_faccessat__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FCHMODAT
    {"fchmodat",        posix_fchmodat, METH_VARARGS, posix_fchmodat__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_FCHMODAT */
#ifdef HAVE_FCHOWNAT
    {"fchownat",        posix_fchownat, METH_VARARGS, posix_fchownat__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_FCHOWNAT */
#ifdef HAVE_FSTATAT
    {"fstatat",         posix_fstatat, METH_VARARGS, posix_fstatat__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_FUTIMESAT
    {"futimesat",       posix_futimesat, METH_VARARGS, posix_futimesat__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_LINKAT
    {"linkat",          posix_linkat, METH_VARARGS, posix_linkat__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_LINKAT */
#ifdef HAVE_MKDIRAT
    {"mkdirat",         posix_mkdirat, METH_VARARGS, posix_mkdirat__doc__},
#endif
#if defined(HAVE_MKNODAT) && defined(HAVE_MAKEDEV)
    {"mknodat",         posix_mknodat, METH_VARARGS, posix_mknodat__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_OPENAT
    {"openat",      posix_openat, METH_VARARGS, posix_openat__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_READLINKAT
    {"readlinkat",      posix_readlinkat, METH_VARARGS, posix_readlinkat__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_READLINKAT */
#ifdef HAVE_RENAMEAT
    {"renameat",        posix_renameat, METH_VARARGS, posix_renameat__doc__},
#endif
#if HAVE_SYMLINKAT
    {"symlinkat",       posix_symlinkat, METH_VARARGS, posix_symlinkat__doc__},
#endif /* HAVE_SYMLINKAT */
#ifdef HAVE_UNLINKAT
    {"unlinkat",        posix_unlinkat, METH_VARARGS, posix_unlinkat__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_UTIMENSAT
    {"utimensat",       (PyCFunction)posix_utimensat,
                        METH_VARARGS | METH_KEYWORDS,
                        posix_utimensat__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_MKFIFOAT
    {"mkfifoat",        posix_mkfifoat, METH_VARARGS, posix_mkfifoat__doc__},
#endif
#ifdef USE_XATTRS
    {"setxattr", posix_setxattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_setxattr__doc__},
    {"lsetxattr", posix_lsetxattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_lsetxattr__doc__},
    {"fsetxattr", posix_fsetxattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_fsetxattr__doc__},
    {"getxattr", posix_getxattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_getxattr__doc__},
    {"lgetxattr", posix_lgetxattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_lgetxattr__doc__},
    {"fgetxattr", posix_fgetxattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_fgetxattr__doc__},
    {"removexattr", posix_removexattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_removexattr__doc__},
    {"lremovexattr", posix_lremovexattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_lremovexattr__doc__},
    {"fremovexattr", posix_fremovexattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_fremovexattr__doc__},
    {"listxattr", posix_listxattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_listxattr__doc__},
    {"llistxattr", posix_llistxattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_llistxattr__doc__},
    {"flistxattr", posix_flistxattr, METH_VARARGS, posix_flistxattr__doc__},
#endif
    {NULL,              NULL}            /* Sentinel */
};


static int
ins(PyObject *module, char *symbol, long value)
{
    return PyModule_AddIntConstant(module, symbol, value);
}

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
/* Insert Platform-Specific Constant Values (Strings & Numbers) of Common Use */
static int insertvalues(PyObject *module)
{
    APIRET    rc;
    ULONG     values[QSV_MAX+1];
    PyObject *v;
    char     *ver, tmp[50];

    Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
    rc = DosQuerySysInfo(1L, QSV_MAX, &values[1], sizeof(ULONG) * QSV_MAX);
    Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS

    if (rc != NO_ERROR) {
        os2_error(rc);
        return -1;
    }

    if (ins(module, "meminstalled", values[QSV_TOTPHYSMEM])) return -1;
    if (ins(module, "memkernel",    values[QSV_TOTRESMEM])) return -1;
    if (ins(module, "memvirtual",   values[QSV_TOTAVAILMEM])) return -1;
    if (ins(module, "maxpathlen",   values[QSV_MAX_PATH_LENGTH])) return -1;
    if (ins(module, "maxnamelen",   values[QSV_MAX_COMP_LENGTH])) return -1;
    if (ins(module, "revision",     values[QSV_VERSION_REVISION])) return -1;
    if (ins(module, "timeslice",    values[QSV_MIN_SLICE])) return -1;

    switch (values[QSV_VERSION_MINOR]) {
    case 0:  ver = "2.00"; break;
    case 10: ver = "2.10"; break;
    case 11: ver = "2.11"; break;
    case 30: ver = "3.00"; break;
    case 40: ver = "4.00"; break;
    case 50: ver = "5.00"; break;
    default:
        PyOS_snprintf(tmp, sizeof(tmp),
                      "%d-%d", values[QSV_VERSION_MAJOR],
                      values[QSV_VERSION_MINOR]);
        ver = &tmp[0];
    }

    /* Add Indicator of the Version of the Operating System */
    if (PyModule_AddStringConstant(module, "version", tmp) < 0)
        return -1;

    /* Add Indicator of Which Drive was Used to Boot the System */
    tmp[0] = 'A' + values[QSV_BOOT_DRIVE] - 1;
    tmp[1] = ':';
    tmp[2] = '\0';

    return PyModule_AddStringConstant(module, "bootdrive", tmp);
}
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_SYMLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS)
static int
enable_symlink()
{
    HANDLE tok;
    TOKEN_PRIVILEGES tok_priv;
    LUID luid;
    int meth_idx = 0;

    if (!OpenProcessToken(GetCurrentProcess(), TOKEN_ALL_ACCESS, &tok))
        return 0;

    if (!LookupPrivilegeValue(NULL, SE_CREATE_SYMBOLIC_LINK_NAME, &luid))
        return 0;

    tok_priv.PrivilegeCount = 1;
    tok_priv.Privileges[0].Luid = luid;
    tok_priv.Privileges[0].Attributes = SE_PRIVILEGE_ENABLED;

    if (!AdjustTokenPrivileges(tok, FALSE, &tok_priv,
                               sizeof(TOKEN_PRIVILEGES),
                               (PTOKEN_PRIVILEGES) NULL, (PDWORD) NULL))
        return 0;

    /* ERROR_NOT_ALL_ASSIGNED returned when the privilege can't be assigned. */
    return GetLastError() == ERROR_NOT_ALL_ASSIGNED ? 0 : 1;
}
#endif /* defined(HAVE_SYMLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS) */

static int
all_ins(PyObject *d)
{
#ifdef F_OK
    if (ins(d, "F_OK", (long)F_OK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef R_OK
    if (ins(d, "R_OK", (long)R_OK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef W_OK
    if (ins(d, "W_OK", (long)W_OK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef X_OK
    if (ins(d, "X_OK", (long)X_OK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef NGROUPS_MAX
    if (ins(d, "NGROUPS_MAX", (long)NGROUPS_MAX)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef TMP_MAX
    if (ins(d, "TMP_MAX", (long)TMP_MAX)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef WCONTINUED
    if (ins(d, "WCONTINUED", (long)WCONTINUED)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef WNOHANG
    if (ins(d, "WNOHANG", (long)WNOHANG)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef WUNTRACED
    if (ins(d, "WUNTRACED", (long)WUNTRACED)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_RDONLY
    if (ins(d, "O_RDONLY", (long)O_RDONLY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_WRONLY
    if (ins(d, "O_WRONLY", (long)O_WRONLY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_RDWR
    if (ins(d, "O_RDWR", (long)O_RDWR)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_NDELAY
    if (ins(d, "O_NDELAY", (long)O_NDELAY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_NONBLOCK
    if (ins(d, "O_NONBLOCK", (long)O_NONBLOCK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_APPEND
    if (ins(d, "O_APPEND", (long)O_APPEND)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_DSYNC
    if (ins(d, "O_DSYNC", (long)O_DSYNC)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_RSYNC
    if (ins(d, "O_RSYNC", (long)O_RSYNC)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_SYNC
    if (ins(d, "O_SYNC", (long)O_SYNC)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_NOCTTY
    if (ins(d, "O_NOCTTY", (long)O_NOCTTY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_CREAT
    if (ins(d, "O_CREAT", (long)O_CREAT)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_EXCL
    if (ins(d, "O_EXCL", (long)O_EXCL)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_TRUNC
    if (ins(d, "O_TRUNC", (long)O_TRUNC)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_BINARY
    if (ins(d, "O_BINARY", (long)O_BINARY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_TEXT
    if (ins(d, "O_TEXT", (long)O_TEXT)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_LARGEFILE
    if (ins(d, "O_LARGEFILE", (long)O_LARGEFILE)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_SHLOCK
    if (ins(d, "O_SHLOCK", (long)O_SHLOCK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_EXLOCK
    if (ins(d, "O_EXLOCK", (long)O_EXLOCK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef PRIO_PROCESS
    if (ins(d, "PRIO_PROCESS", (long)PRIO_PROCESS)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef PRIO_PGRP
    if (ins(d, "PRIO_PGRP", (long)PRIO_PGRP)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef PRIO_USER
    if (ins(d, "PRIO_USER", (long)PRIO_USER)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_CLOEXEC
    if (ins(d, "O_CLOEXEC", (long)O_CLOEXEC)) return -1;
#endif
/* posix - constants for *at functions */
#ifdef AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW
        if (ins(d, "AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW", (long)AT_SYMLINK_NOFOLLOW)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef AT_EACCESS
        if (ins(d, "AT_EACCESS", (long)AT_EACCESS)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef AT_FDCWD
        if (ins(d, "AT_FDCWD", (long)AT_FDCWD)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef AT_REMOVEDIR
        if (ins(d, "AT_REMOVEDIR", (long)AT_REMOVEDIR)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW
        if (ins(d, "AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW", (long)AT_SYMLINK_FOLLOW)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef UTIME_NOW
        if (ins(d, "UTIME_NOW", (long)UTIME_NOW)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef UTIME_OMIT
        if (ins(d, "UTIME_OMIT", (long)UTIME_OMIT)) return -1;
#endif


/* MS Windows */
#ifdef O_NOINHERIT
    /* Don't inherit in child processes. */
    if (ins(d, "O_NOINHERIT", (long)O_NOINHERIT)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef _O_SHORT_LIVED
    /* Optimize for short life (keep in memory). */
    /* MS forgot to define this one with a non-underscore form too. */
    if (ins(d, "O_SHORT_LIVED", (long)_O_SHORT_LIVED)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_TEMPORARY
    /* Automatically delete when last handle is closed. */
    if (ins(d, "O_TEMPORARY", (long)O_TEMPORARY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_RANDOM
    /* Optimize for random access. */
    if (ins(d, "O_RANDOM", (long)O_RANDOM)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_SEQUENTIAL
    /* Optimize for sequential access. */
    if (ins(d, "O_SEQUENTIAL", (long)O_SEQUENTIAL)) return -1;
#endif

/* GNU extensions. */
#ifdef O_ASYNC
    /* Send a SIGIO signal whenever input or output
       becomes available on file descriptor */
    if (ins(d, "O_ASYNC", (long)O_ASYNC)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_DIRECT
    /* Direct disk access. */
    if (ins(d, "O_DIRECT", (long)O_DIRECT)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_DIRECTORY
    /* Must be a directory.      */
    if (ins(d, "O_DIRECTORY", (long)O_DIRECTORY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_NOFOLLOW
    /* Do not follow links.      */
    if (ins(d, "O_NOFOLLOW", (long)O_NOFOLLOW)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef O_NOATIME
    /* Do not update the access time. */
    if (ins(d, "O_NOATIME", (long)O_NOATIME)) return -1;
#endif

    /* These come from sysexits.h */
#ifdef EX_OK
    if (ins(d, "EX_OK", (long)EX_OK)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_OK */
#ifdef EX_USAGE
    if (ins(d, "EX_USAGE", (long)EX_USAGE)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_USAGE */
#ifdef EX_DATAERR
    if (ins(d, "EX_DATAERR", (long)EX_DATAERR)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_DATAERR */
#ifdef EX_NOINPUT
    if (ins(d, "EX_NOINPUT", (long)EX_NOINPUT)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_NOINPUT */
#ifdef EX_NOUSER
    if (ins(d, "EX_NOUSER", (long)EX_NOUSER)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_NOUSER */
#ifdef EX_NOHOST
    if (ins(d, "EX_NOHOST", (long)EX_NOHOST)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_NOHOST */
#ifdef EX_UNAVAILABLE
    if (ins(d, "EX_UNAVAILABLE", (long)EX_UNAVAILABLE)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_UNAVAILABLE */
#ifdef EX_SOFTWARE
    if (ins(d, "EX_SOFTWARE", (long)EX_SOFTWARE)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_SOFTWARE */
#ifdef EX_OSERR
    if (ins(d, "EX_OSERR", (long)EX_OSERR)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_OSERR */
#ifdef EX_OSFILE
    if (ins(d, "EX_OSFILE", (long)EX_OSFILE)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_OSFILE */
#ifdef EX_CANTCREAT
    if (ins(d, "EX_CANTCREAT", (long)EX_CANTCREAT)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_CANTCREAT */
#ifdef EX_IOERR
    if (ins(d, "EX_IOERR", (long)EX_IOERR)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_IOERR */
#ifdef EX_TEMPFAIL
    if (ins(d, "EX_TEMPFAIL", (long)EX_TEMPFAIL)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_TEMPFAIL */
#ifdef EX_PROTOCOL
    if (ins(d, "EX_PROTOCOL", (long)EX_PROTOCOL)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_PROTOCOL */
#ifdef EX_NOPERM
    if (ins(d, "EX_NOPERM", (long)EX_NOPERM)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_NOPERM */
#ifdef EX_CONFIG
    if (ins(d, "EX_CONFIG", (long)EX_CONFIG)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_CONFIG */
#ifdef EX_NOTFOUND
    if (ins(d, "EX_NOTFOUND", (long)EX_NOTFOUND)) return -1;
#endif /* EX_NOTFOUND */

    /* statvfs */
#ifdef ST_RDONLY
    if (ins(d, "ST_RDONLY", (long)ST_RDONLY)) return -1;
#endif /* ST_RDONLY */
#ifdef ST_NOSUID
    if (ins(d, "ST_NOSUID", (long)ST_NOSUID)) return -1;
#endif /* ST_NOSUID */

    /* FreeBSD sendfile() constants */
#ifdef SF_NODISKIO
    if (ins(d, "SF_NODISKIO", (long)SF_NODISKIO)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef SF_MNOWAIT
    if (ins(d, "SF_MNOWAIT", (long)SF_MNOWAIT)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef SF_SYNC
    if (ins(d, "SF_SYNC", (long)SF_SYNC)) return -1;
#endif

    /* constants for posix_fadvise */
#ifdef POSIX_FADV_NORMAL
    if (ins(d, "POSIX_FADV_NORMAL", (long)POSIX_FADV_NORMAL)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL
    if (ins(d, "POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL", (long)POSIX_FADV_SEQUENTIAL)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef POSIX_FADV_RANDOM
    if (ins(d, "POSIX_FADV_RANDOM", (long)POSIX_FADV_RANDOM)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE
    if (ins(d, "POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE", (long)POSIX_FADV_NOREUSE)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED
    if (ins(d, "POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED", (long)POSIX_FADV_WILLNEED)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED
    if (ins(d, "POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED", (long)POSIX_FADV_DONTNEED)) return -1;
#endif

    /* constants for waitid */
#if defined(HAVE_SYS_WAIT_H) && defined(HAVE_WAITID)
    if (ins(d, "P_PID", (long)P_PID)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_PGID", (long)P_PGID)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_ALL", (long)P_ALL)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef WEXITED
    if (ins(d, "WEXITED", (long)WEXITED)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef WNOWAIT
    if (ins(d, "WNOWAIT", (long)WNOWAIT)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef WSTOPPED
    if (ins(d, "WSTOPPED", (long)WSTOPPED)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef CLD_EXITED
    if (ins(d, "CLD_EXITED", (long)CLD_EXITED)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef CLD_DUMPED
    if (ins(d, "CLD_DUMPED", (long)CLD_DUMPED)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef CLD_TRAPPED
    if (ins(d, "CLD_TRAPPED", (long)CLD_TRAPPED)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef CLD_CONTINUED
    if (ins(d, "CLD_CONTINUED", (long)CLD_CONTINUED)) return -1;
#endif

    /* constants for lockf */
#ifdef F_LOCK
    if (ins(d, "F_LOCK", (long)F_LOCK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef F_TLOCK
    if (ins(d, "F_TLOCK", (long)F_TLOCK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef F_ULOCK
    if (ins(d, "F_ULOCK", (long)F_ULOCK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef F_TEST
    if (ins(d, "F_TEST", (long)F_TEST)) return -1;
#endif

    /* constants for futimens */
#ifdef UTIME_NOW
    if (ins(d, "UTIME_NOW", (long)UTIME_NOW)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef UTIME_OMIT
    if (ins(d, "UTIME_OMIT", (long)UTIME_OMIT)) return -1;
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SPAWNV
#if defined(PYOS_OS2) && defined(PYCC_GCC)
    if (ins(d, "P_WAIT", (long)P_WAIT)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_NOWAIT", (long)P_NOWAIT)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_OVERLAY", (long)P_OVERLAY)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_DEBUG", (long)P_DEBUG)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_SESSION", (long)P_SESSION)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_DETACH", (long)P_DETACH)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_PM", (long)P_PM)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_DEFAULT", (long)P_DEFAULT)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_MINIMIZE", (long)P_MINIMIZE)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_MAXIMIZE", (long)P_MAXIMIZE)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_FULLSCREEN", (long)P_FULLSCREEN)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_WINDOWED", (long)P_WINDOWED)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_FOREGROUND", (long)P_FOREGROUND)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_BACKGROUND", (long)P_BACKGROUND)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_NOCLOSE", (long)P_NOCLOSE)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_NOSESSION", (long)P_NOSESSION)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_QUOTE", (long)P_QUOTE)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_TILDE", (long)P_TILDE)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_UNRELATED", (long)P_UNRELATED)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_DEBUGDESC", (long)P_DEBUGDESC)) return -1;
#else
    if (ins(d, "P_WAIT", (long)_P_WAIT)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_NOWAIT", (long)_P_NOWAIT)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_OVERLAY", (long)_OLD_P_OVERLAY)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_NOWAITO", (long)_P_NOWAITO)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "P_DETACH", (long)_P_DETACH)) return -1;
#endif
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_H
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_OTHER", (long)SCHED_OTHER)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_FIFO", (long)SCHED_FIFO)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_RR", (long)SCHED_RR)) return -1;
#ifdef SCHED_SPORADIC
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_SPORADIC", (long)SCHED_SPORADIC) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef SCHED_BATCH
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_BATCH", (long)SCHED_BATCH)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef SCHED_IDLE
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_IDLE", (long)SCHED_IDLE)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK", (long)SCHED_RESET_ON_FORK)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef SCHED_SYS
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_SYS", (long)SCHED_SYS)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef SCHED_IA
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_IA", (long)SCHED_IA)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef SCHED_FSS
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_FSS", (long)SCHED_FSS)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef SCHED_FX
    if (ins(d, "SCHED_FX", (long)SCHED_FSS)) return -1;
#endif
#endif

#ifdef USE_XATTRS
    if (ins(d, "XATTR_CREATE", (long)XATTR_CREATE)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "XATTR_REPLACE", (long)XATTR_REPLACE)) return -1;
    if (ins(d, "XATTR_SIZE_MAX", (long)XATTR_SIZE_MAX)) return -1;
#endif

#ifdef RTLD_LAZY
    if (PyModule_AddIntMacro(d, RTLD_LAZY)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef RTLD_NOW
    if (PyModule_AddIntMacro(d, RTLD_NOW)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef RTLD_GLOBAL
    if (PyModule_AddIntMacro(d, RTLD_GLOBAL)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef RTLD_LOCAL
    if (PyModule_AddIntMacro(d, RTLD_LOCAL)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef RTLD_NODELETE
    if (PyModule_AddIntMacro(d, RTLD_NODELETE)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef RTLD_NOLOAD
    if (PyModule_AddIntMacro(d, RTLD_NOLOAD)) return -1;
#endif
#ifdef RTLD_DEEPBIND
    if (PyModule_AddIntMacro(d, RTLD_DEEPBIND)) return -1;
#endif

#if defined(PYOS_OS2)
    if (insertvalues(d)) return -1;
#endif
    return 0;
}


#if (defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__WATCOMC__) || defined(__BORLANDC__)) && !defined(__QNX__)
#define INITFUNC PyInit_nt
#define MODNAME "nt"

#elif defined(PYOS_OS2)
#define INITFUNC PyInit_os2
#define MODNAME "os2"

#else
#define INITFUNC PyInit_posix
#define MODNAME "posix"
#endif

static struct PyModuleDef posixmodule = {
    PyModuleDef_HEAD_INIT,
    MODNAME,
    posix__doc__,
    -1,
    posix_methods,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL,
    NULL
};


PyMODINIT_FUNC
INITFUNC(void)
{
    PyObject *m, *v;

#if defined(HAVE_SYMLINK) && defined(MS_WINDOWS)
    win32_can_symlink = enable_symlink();
#endif

    m = PyModule_Create(&posixmodule);
    if (m == NULL)
        return NULL;

    /* Initialize environ dictionary */
    v = convertenviron();
    Py_XINCREF(v);
    if (v == NULL || PyModule_AddObject(m, "environ", v) != 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_DECREF(v);

    if (all_ins(m))
        return NULL;

    if (setup_confname_tables(m))
        return NULL;

    Py_INCREF(PyExc_OSError);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "error", PyExc_OSError);

#ifdef HAVE_SCHED_SETAFFINITY
    if (PyType_Ready(&cpu_set_type) < 0)
        return NULL;
    Py_INCREF(&cpu_set_type);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "cpu_set", (PyObject *)&cpu_set_type);
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_PUTENV
    if (posix_putenv_garbage == NULL)
        posix_putenv_garbage = PyDict_New();
#endif

    if (!initialized) {
#if defined(HAVE_WAITID) && !defined(__APPLE__)
        waitid_result_desc.name = MODNAME ".waitid_result";
        PyStructSequence_InitType(&WaitidResultType, &waitid_result_desc);
#endif

        stat_result_desc.name = MODNAME ".stat_result";
        stat_result_desc.fields[7].name = PyStructSequence_UnnamedField;
        stat_result_desc.fields[8].name = PyStructSequence_UnnamedField;
        stat_result_desc.fields[9].name = PyStructSequence_UnnamedField;
        PyStructSequence_InitType(&StatResultType, &stat_result_desc);
        structseq_new = StatResultType.tp_new;
        StatResultType.tp_new = statresult_new;

        statvfs_result_desc.name = MODNAME ".statvfs_result";
        PyStructSequence_InitType(&StatVFSResultType, &statvfs_result_desc);
#ifdef NEED_TICKS_PER_SECOND
#  if defined(HAVE_SYSCONF) && defined(_SC_CLK_TCK)
        ticks_per_second = sysconf(_SC_CLK_TCK);
#  elif defined(HZ)
        ticks_per_second = HZ;
#  else
        ticks_per_second = 60; /* magic fallback value; may be bogus */
#  endif
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_SCHED_SETPARAM) || defined(HAVE_SCHED_SETSCHEDULER)
        sched_param_desc.name = MODNAME ".sched_param";
        PyStructSequence_InitType(&SchedParamType, &sched_param_desc);
        SchedParamType.tp_new = sched_param_new;
#endif
    }
#if defined(HAVE_WAITID) && !defined(__APPLE__)
    Py_INCREF((PyObject*) &WaitidResultType);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "waitid_result", (PyObject*) &WaitidResultType);
#endif
    Py_INCREF((PyObject*) &StatResultType);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "stat_result", (PyObject*) &StatResultType);
    Py_INCREF((PyObject*) &StatVFSResultType);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "statvfs_result",
                       (PyObject*) &StatVFSResultType);

#if defined(HAVE_SCHED_SETPARAM) || defined(HAVE_SCHED_SETSCHEDULER)
    Py_INCREF(&SchedParamType);
    PyModule_AddObject(m, "sched_param", (PyObject *)&SchedParamType);
#endif
    initialized = 1;

#ifdef __APPLE__
    /*
     * Step 2 of weak-linking support on Mac OS X.
     *
     * The code below removes functions that are not available on the
     * currently active platform.
     *
     * This block allow one to use a python binary that was build on
     * OSX 10.4 on OSX 10.3, without loosing access to new APIs on
     * OSX 10.4.
     */
#ifdef HAVE_FSTATVFS
    if (fstatvfs == NULL) {
        if (PyObject_DelAttrString(m, "fstatvfs") == -1) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
#endif /* HAVE_FSTATVFS */

#ifdef HAVE_STATVFS
    if (statvfs == NULL) {
        if (PyObject_DelAttrString(m, "statvfs") == -1) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
#endif /* HAVE_STATVFS */

# ifdef HAVE_LCHOWN
    if (lchown == NULL) {
        if (PyObject_DelAttrString(m, "lchown") == -1) {
            return NULL;
        }
    }
#endif /* HAVE_LCHOWN */


#endif /* __APPLE__ */
    return m;

}

#ifdef __cplusplus
}
#endif