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.TH encoding n "8.1" Tcl "Tcl Built-In Commands"
.so man.macros
.BS
.SH NAME
encoding \- Manipulate encodings
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBencoding \fIoption\fR ?\fIarg arg ...\fR?
.BE
.SH INTRODUCTION
.PP
Strings in Tcl are logically a sequence of Unicode characters.
These strings are represented in memory as a sequence of bytes that
may be in one of several encodings: modified UTF\-8 (which uses 1 to 4
bytes per character), or a custom encoding start as 8 bit binary data.
.PP
Different operating system interfaces or applications may generate
strings in other encodings such as Shift\-JIS.  The \fBencoding\fR
command helps to bridge the gap between Unicode and these other
formats.
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
Performs one of several encoding related operations, depending on
\fIoption\fR.  The legal \fIoption\fRs are:
.TP
\fBencoding convertfrom\fR ?\fB-strict\fR? ?\fB-failindex var\fR? ?\fIencoding\fR? \fIdata\fR
\fBencoding convertfrom\fR \fB-nocomplain\fR ?\fIencoding\fR? \fIdata\fR
.
Convert \fIdata\fR to a Unicode string from the specified \fIencoding\fR.  The
characters in \fIdata\fR are 8 bit binary data.  The resulting
sequence of bytes is a string created by applying the given \fIencoding\fR
to the data. If \fIencoding\fR is not specified, the current
system encoding is used.
.VS "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601"
.PP
.RS
The command does not fail on encoding errors.  Instead, any not convertable bytes
(like incomplete UTF-8  sequences, see example below) are put as byte values into
the output stream.
.PP
If the option \fB-failindex\fR with a variable name is given, the error reporting
is changed in the following manner:
in case of a conversion error, the position of the input byte causing the error
is returned in the given variable.  The return value of the command are the
converted characters until the first error position.
In case of no error, the value \fI-1\fR is written to the variable.  This option
may not be used together with \fB-nocomplain\fR.
.PP
The option \fB-nocomplain\fR has no effect and is available for compatibility with
TCL 9. In TCL 9, the encoding command fails with an error on any encoding issue.
This switch restores the TCL8.7 behaviour.
.PP
The \fB-strict\fR option follows more strict rules in conversion.  For the \fButf-8\fR
encoder, it disallows invalid byte sequences and surrogates (which -
otherwise - are just passed through).  This option may not be used together
with \fB-nocomplain\fR.
.VE "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601"
.RE
.TP
\fBencoding convertto\fR ?\fB-strict\fR? ?\fB-failindex var\fR? ?\fIencoding\fR? \fIdata\fR
\fBencoding convertto\fR \fB-nocomplain\fR ?\fIencoding\fR? \fIdata\fR
.
Convert \fIstring\fR from Unicode to the specified \fIencoding\fR.
The result is a sequence of bytes that represents the converted
string.  Each byte is stored in the lower 8-bits of a Unicode
character (indeed, the resulting string is a binary string as far as
Tcl is concerned, at least initially).  If \fIencoding\fR is not
specified, the current system encoding is used.
.VS "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601"
.PP
.RS
The command does not fail on encoding errors.  Instead, the replacement character
\fB?\fR is output for any not representable character (like the dot \fB\\U2022\fR
in \fBiso-8859-1\fR encoding, see example below).
.PP
If the option \fB-failindex\fR with a variable name is given, the error reporting
is changed in the following manner:
in case of a conversion error, the position of the input character causing the error
is returned in the given variable.  The return value of the command are the
converted bytes until the first error position. No error condition is raised.
In case of no error, the value \fI-1\fR is written to the variable.  This option
may not be used together with \fB-nocomplain\fR.
.PP
The option \fB-nocomplain\fR has no effect and is available for compatibility with
TCL 9. In TCL 9, the encoding command fails with an error on any encoding issue.
This switch restores the TCL8.7 behaviour.
.PP
The \fB-strict\fR option follows more strict rules in conversion.  For the \fButf-8\fR
encoder, it disallows surrogates (which - otherwise - are just passed through).  This
option may not be used together with \fB-nocomplain\fR.
.VE "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601"
.RE
.TP
\fBencoding dirs\fR ?\fIdirectoryList\fR?
.
Tcl can load encoding data files from the file system that describe
additional encodings for it to work with. This command sets the search
path for \fB*.enc\fR encoding data files to the list of directories
\fIdirectoryList\fR. If \fIdirectoryList\fR is omitted then the
command returns the current list of directories that make up the
search path. It is an error for \fIdirectoryList\fR to not be a valid
list. If, when a search for an encoding data file is happening, an
element in \fIdirectoryList\fR does not refer to a readable,
searchable directory, that element is ignored.
.TP
\fBencoding names\fR
.
Returns a list containing the names of all of the encodings that are
currently available.
The encodings
.QW utf-8
and
.QW iso8859-1
are guaranteed to be present in the list.
.TP
\fBencoding system\fR ?\fIencoding\fR?
.
Set the system encoding to \fIencoding\fR. If \fIencoding\fR is
omitted then the command returns the current system encoding.  The
system encoding is used whenever Tcl passes strings to system calls.
.SH EXAMPLE
.PP
Example 1: convert a byte sequence in Japanese euc-jp encoding to a TCL string:
.PP
.CS
set s [\fBencoding convertfrom\fR euc-jp "\exA4\exCF"]
.CE
.PP
The result is the unicode codepoint:
.QW "\eu306F" ,
which is the Hiragana letter HA.
.VS "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601"
.PP
Example 2: detect the error location in an incomplete UTF-8 sequence:
.PP
.CS
% set s [\fBencoding convertfrom\fR -failindex i utf-8 "A\exC3"]
A
% set i
1
.CE
.PP
Example 3: return the incomplete UTF-8 sequence by raw bytes:
.PP
.CS
% set s [\fBencoding convertfrom\fR -nocomplain utf-8 "A\exC3"]
.CE
The result is "A" followed by the byte \exC3.  The option \fB-nocomplain\fR
has no effect, but assures to get the same result with TCL9.
.PP
Example 4: detect the error location while transforming to ISO8859-1
(ISO-Latin 1):
.PP
.CS
% set s [\fBencoding convertto\fR -failindex i utf-8 "A\eu0141"]
A
% set i
1
.CE
.PP
Example 5: replace a not representable character by the replacement character:
.PP
.CS
% set s [\fBencoding convertto\fR -nocomplain utf-8 "A\eu0141"]
A?
.CE
The option \fB-nocomplain\fR has no effect, but assures to get the same result
with TCL9.
.VE "TCL8.7 TIP346, TIP607, TIP601"
.PP
.SH "SEE ALSO"
Tcl_GetEncoding(3), fconfigure(n)
.SH KEYWORDS
encoding, unicode
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