'\"
'\" Copyright (c) 1993 The Regents of the University of California.
'\" Copyright (c) 1994-1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
'\"
'\" See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution
'\" of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
'\"
.TH read n 8.1 Tcl "Tcl Built-In Commands"
.so man.macros
.BS
'\" Note:  do not modify the .SH NAME line immediately below!
.SH NAME
read \- Read from a channel
.SH SYNOPSIS
\fBread \fR?\fB\-nonewline\fR? \fIchannelId\fR
.sp
\fBread \fIchannelId numChars\fR
.BE
.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
In the first form, the \fBread\fR command reads all of the data from
\fIchannelId\fR up to the end of the file.  If the \fB\-nonewline\fR
switch is specified then the last character of the file is discarded
if it is a newline.  In the second form, the extra argument specifies
how many characters to read.  Exactly that many characters will be
read and returned, unless there are fewer than \fInumChars\fR left in
the file; in this case all the remaining characters are returned.  If
the channel is configured to use a multi-byte encoding, then the
number of characters read may not be the same as the number of bytes
read.
.PP
\fIChannelId\fR must be an identifier for an open channel such as the
Tcl standard input channel (\fBstdin\fR), the return value from an
invocation of \fBopen\fR or \fBsocket\fR, or the result of a channel
creation command provided by a Tcl extension. The channel must have
been opened for input.
.PP
If \fIchannelId\fR is in nonblocking mode, the command may not read as
many characters as requested: once all available input has been read,
the command will return the data that is available rather than
blocking for more input.  If the channel is configured to use a
multi-byte encoding, then there may actually be some bytes remaining
in the internal buffers that do not form a complete character.  These
bytes will not be returned until a complete character is available or
end-of-file is reached.  The \fB\-nonewline\fR switch is ignored if
the command returns before reaching the end of the file.
.PP
\fBRead\fR translates end-of-line sequences in the input into
newline characters according to the \fB\-translation\fR option
for the channel.
See the \fBfconfigure\fR manual entry for a discussion on ways in
which \fBfconfigure\fR will alter input.
.SH "ENCODING ERRORS"
.PP
Encoding errors may exist, if the encoding profile \fBstrict\fR is used.
Encoding errors are special, as an eventual introspection or  recovery is
possible by changing to an encoding (or encoding profile), which accepts
the data.
An encoding error is reported by the POSIX error code \fBEILSEQ\fR.
.PP
In blocking mode, the error is directly thrown, even, if there is a
leading decodable data portion.
The file pointer is advanced just before the encoding error.
An eventual well decoded data chunk before the encoding error is returned
in the error option dictionary key \fB\-data\fR.
The value of the key contains the empty string, if the error arises at the
first data position.
.PP
In non blocking mode, first, any data without encoding error is returned
(without error state).
In the next call, no data is returned and the \fBEILSEQ\fR error state is set.
The key \fB\-data\fR is not present.
.PP
Here is an example with an encoding error in UTF-8 encoding, which is then
introspected by a switch to the binary encoding. The test file contains a not
continued multi-byte sequence at position 1 (\fBA \\xC3 B\fR):
.PP
File creation for examples
.
.CS
% set f [open test_A_195_B.txt wb]; puts -nonewline $f A\\xC3B; close $f
.CE
Blocking example
.
.CS
% set f [open test_A_195_B.txt r]
file35a65a0
% fconfigure $f -encoding utf-8 -profile strict -blocking 1
% catch {read $f} e d
1
% set d
-data A -code 1 -level 0
-errorstack {INNER {invokeStk1 read file35a65a0}}
-errorcode {POSIX EILSEQ {invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character}}
-errorinfo {...} -errorline 1
% tell $f
1
% fconfigure $f -encoding binary -profile strict
% read $f
ÃB
% close $f
.CE
The already decoded data "A" is returned in the error options dictionary key
\fB\-data\fR.
The file position is advanced on the encoding error position 1.
The data at the error position is thus recovered by the next \fBread\fR command.
.PP
Non blocking example
.
.CS
% set f [open test_A_195_B.txt r]
file35a65a0
% fconfigure $f -encoding utf-8 -profile strict -blocking 0
% read $f
A
% tell $f
1
% catch {read $f} e d
1
% set d
-code 1 -level 0
-errorstack {INNER {invokeStk1 read file384b228}}
-errorcode {POSIX EILSEQ {invalid or incomplete multibyte or wide character}}
-errorinfo {...} -errorline 1
.CE
.SH "USE WITH SERIAL PORTS"
'\" Note:  this advice actually applies to many versions of Tcl
.PP
For most applications a channel connected to a serial port should be
configured to be nonblocking: \fBfconfigure\fI channelId \fB\-blocking
\fI0\fR.  Then \fBread\fR behaves much like described above.  Care
must be taken when using \fBread\fR on blocking serial ports:
.TP
\fBread \fIchannelId numChars\fR
.
In this form \fBread\fR blocks until \fInumChars\fR have been received
from the serial port.
.TP
\fBread \fIchannelId\fR
.
In this form \fBread\fR blocks until the reception of the end-of-file
character, see \fBfconfigure\fR \fB\-eofchar\fR. If there no end-of-file
character has been configured for the channel, then \fBread\fR will
block forever.
.SH "EXAMPLE"
.PP
This example code reads a file all at once, and splits it into a list,
with each line in the file corresponding to an element in the list:
.PP
.CS
set fl [open /proc/meminfo]
set data [\fBread\fR $fl]
close $fl
set lines [split $data \en]
.CE
.SH "SEE ALSO"
file(n), eof(n), fblocked(n), fconfigure(n), Tcl_StandardChannels(3)
.SH KEYWORDS
blocking, channel, end of line, end of file, nonblocking, read, translation,
encoding
'\"Local Variables:
'\"mode: nroff
'\"End: