path: root/doc/ObjectType.3

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.TH Tcl_ObjType 3 9.0 Tcl "Tcl Library Procedures"
.so man.macros
.BS
.SH NAME
Tcl_RegisterObjType, Tcl_GetObjType, Tcl_AppendAllObjTypes, Tcl_ConvertToType  \- manipulate Tcl value types
.SH SYNOPSIS
.nf
\fB#include <tcl.h>\fR
.sp
\fBTcl_RegisterObjType\fR(\fItypePtr\fR)
.sp
const Tcl_ObjType *
\fBTcl_GetObjType\fR(\fItypeName\fR)
.sp
int
\fBTcl_AppendAllObjTypes\fR(\fIinterp, objPtr\fR)
.sp
int
\fBTcl_ConvertToType\fR(\fIinterp, objPtr, typePtr\fR)
.SH ARGUMENTS
.AS "const char" *typeName
.AP "const Tcl_ObjType" *typePtr in
Points to the structure containing information about the Tcl value type.
This storage must live forever,
typically by being statically allocated.
.AP "const char" *typeName in
The name of a Tcl value type that \fBTcl_GetObjType\fR should look up.
.AP Tcl_Interp *interp in
Interpreter to use for error reporting.
.AP Tcl_Obj *objPtr in
For \fBTcl_AppendAllObjTypes\fR, this points to the value onto which
it appends the name of each value type as a list element.
For \fBTcl_ConvertToType\fR, this points to a value that
must have been the result of a previous call to \fBTcl_NewObj\fR.
.BE

.SH DESCRIPTION
.PP
The procedures in this man page manage Tcl value types (sometimes
referred to as object types or \fBTcl_ObjType\fRs for historical reasons).
They are used to register new value types, look up types,
and force conversions from one type to another.
.PP
\fBTcl_RegisterObjType\fR registers a new Tcl value type
in the table of all value types that \fBTcl_GetObjType\fR
can look up by name.  There are other value types supported by Tcl
as well, which Tcl chooses not to register.  Extensions can likewise
choose to register the value types they create or not.
The argument \fItypePtr\fR points to a Tcl_ObjType structure that
describes the new type by giving its name
and by supplying pointers to four procedures
that implement the type.
If the type table already contains a type
with the same name as in \fItypePtr\fR,
it is replaced with the new type.
The Tcl_ObjType structure is described
in the section \fBTHE TCL_OBJTYPE STRUCTURE\fR below.
.PP
\fBTcl_GetObjType\fR returns a pointer to the registered Tcl_ObjType
with name \fItypeName\fR.
It returns NULL if no type with that name is registered.
.PP
\fBTcl_AppendAllObjTypes\fR appends the name of each registered value type
as a list element onto the Tcl value referenced by \fIobjPtr\fR.
The return value is \fBTCL_OK\fR unless there was an error
converting \fIobjPtr\fR to a list value;
in that case \fBTCL_ERROR\fR is returned.
.PP
\fBTcl_ConvertToType\fR converts a value from one type to another
if possible.
It creates a new internal representation for \fIobjPtr\fR
appropriate for the target type \fItypePtr\fR
and sets its \fItypePtr\fR member as determined by calling the
\fItypePtr->setFromAnyProc\fR routine.
Any internal representation for \fIobjPtr\fR's old type is freed.
If an error occurs during conversion, it returns \fBTCL_ERROR\fR
and leaves an error message in the result value for \fIinterp\fR
unless \fIinterp\fR is NULL.
Otherwise, it returns \fBTCL_OK\fR.
Passing a NULL \fIinterp\fR allows this procedure to be used
as a test whether the conversion can be done (and in fact was done).
.PP
In many cases, the \fItypePtr->setFromAnyProc\fR routine will
set \fIobjPtr->typePtr\fR to the argument value \fItypePtr\fR,
but that is no longer guaranteed.  The \fIsetFromAnyProc\fR is
free to set the internal representation for \fIobjPtr\fR to make
use of another related Tcl_ObjType, if it sees fit.
.SH "THE TCL_OBJTYPE STRUCTURE"
.PP
Extension writers can define new value types by defining four to eight
procedures and initializing a Tcl_ObjType structure to describe the
type.  Extension writers may also pass a pointer to their Tcl_ObjType
structure to \fBTcl_RegisterObjType\fR if they wish to permit other
extensions to look up their Tcl_ObjType by name with the
\fBTcl_GetObjType\fR routine.  The \fBTcl_ObjType\fR structure is
defined as follows:
.PP
.CS
typedef struct Tcl_ObjType {
    const char *\fIname\fR;
    Tcl_FreeInternalRepProc *\fIfreeIntRepProc\fR;
    Tcl_DupInternalRepProc *\fIdupIntRepProc\fR;
    Tcl_UpdateStringProc *\fIupdateStringProc\fR;
    Tcl_SetFromAnyProc *\fIsetFromAnyProc\fR;
    size_t \fIversion\fR;
    /* List emulation functions - ObjType Version 1 & 2 */
    Tcl_ObjTypeLengthProc *lengthProc;
    /* List emulation functions - ObjType Version 2 */
    Tcl_ObjTypeIndexProc *\fIindexProc\fR;
    Tcl_ObjTypeSliceProc *\fIsliceProc\fR;
    Tcl_ObjTypeReverseProc *\fIreverseProc\fR;
    Tcl_ObjTypeGetElements *\fIgetElementsProc\fR;
    Tcl_ObjTypeSetElement *\fIsetElementProc\fR;
    Tcl_ObjTypeReplaceProc *\fIreplaceProc\fR;
    Tcl_ObjTypeInOperatorProc *\fIinOperProc\fR;
} \fBTcl_ObjType\fR;
.CE
.SS "THE NAME FIELD"
.PP
The \fIname\fR member describes the name of the type, e.g. \fBint\fR.
When a type is registered, this is the name used by callers
of \fBTcl_GetObjType\fR to lookup the type.  For unregistered
types, the \fIname\fR field is primarily of value for debugging.
The remaining four members are pointers to procedures
called by the generic Tcl value code:
.SS "THE SETFROMANYPROC FIELD"
.PP
The \fIsetFromAnyProc\fR member contains the address of a function
called to create a valid internal representation
from a value's string representation.
.PP
.CS
typedef int \fBTcl_SetFromAnyProc\fR(
        Tcl_Interp *\fIinterp\fR,
        Tcl_Obj *\fIobjPtr\fR);
.CE
.PP
If an internal representation cannot be created from the string,
it returns \fBTCL_ERROR\fR and puts a message
describing the error in the result value for \fIinterp\fR
unless \fIinterp\fR is NULL.
If \fIsetFromAnyProc\fR is successful,
it stores the new internal representation,
sets \fIobjPtr\fR's \fItypePtr\fR member to point to
the \fBTcl_ObjType\fR struct corresponding to the new
internal representation, and returns \fBTCL_OK\fR.
Before setting the new internal representation,
the \fIsetFromAnyProc\fR must free any internal representation
of \fIobjPtr\fR's old type;
it does this by calling the old type's \fIfreeIntRepProc\fR
if it is not NULL.
.PP
As an example, the \fIsetFromAnyProc\fR for the built-in Tcl list type
gets an up-to-date string representation for \fIobjPtr\fR
by calling \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR.
It parses the string to verify it is in a valid list format and
to obtain each element value in the list, and, if this succeeds,
stores the list elements in \fIobjPtr\fR's internal representation
and sets \fIobjPtr\fR's \fItypePtr\fR member to point to the list type's
Tcl_ObjType structure.
.PP
Do not release \fIobjPtr\fR's old internal representation unless you
replace it with a new one or reset the \fItypePtr\fR member to NULL.
.PP
The \fIsetFromAnyProc\fR member may be set to NULL, if the routines
making use of the internal representation have no need to derive that
internal representation from an arbitrary string value.  However, in
this case, passing a pointer to the type to \fBTcl_ConvertToType\fR will
lead to a panic, so to avoid this possibility, the type
should \fInot\fR be registered.
.SS "THE UPDATESTRINGPROC FIELD"
.PP
The \fIupdateStringProc\fR member contains the address of a function
called to create a valid string representation
from a value's internal representation.
.PP
.CS
typedef void \fBTcl_UpdateStringProc\fR(
        Tcl_Obj *\fIobjPtr\fR);
.CE
.PP
\fIobjPtr\fR's \fIbytes\fR member is always NULL when it is called.
It must always set \fIbytes\fR non-NULL before returning.
We require the string representation's byte array
to have a null after the last byte, at offset \fIlength\fR,
and to have no null bytes before that; this allows string representations
to be treated as conventional null character-terminated C strings.
These restrictions are easily met by using Tcl's internal UTF encoding
for the string representation, same as one would do for other
Tcl routines accepting string values as arguments.
Storage for the byte array must be allocated in the heap by \fBTcl_Alloc\fR.
Note that \fIupdateStringProc\fRs must allocate
enough storage for the string's bytes and the terminating null byte.
.PP
The \fIupdateStringProc\fR for Tcl's built-in double type, for example,
calls Tcl_PrintDouble to write to a buffer of size TCL_DOUBLE_SPACE,
then allocates and copies the string representation to just enough
space to hold it.  A pointer to the allocated space is stored in
the \fIbytes\fR member.
.PP
The \fIupdateStringProc\fR member may be set to NULL, if the routines
making use of the internal representation are written so that the
string representation is never invalidated.  Failure to meet this
obligation will lead to panics or crashes when \fBTcl_GetStringFromObj\fR
or other similar routines ask for the string representation.
.SS "THE DUPINTREPPROC FIELD"
.PP
The \fIdupIntRepProc\fR member contains the address of a function
called to copy an internal representation from one value to another.
.PP
.CS

typedef void \fBTcl_DupInternalRepProc\fR(
        Tcl_Obj *\fIsrcPtr\fR,
        Tcl_Obj *\fIdupPtr\fR);
.CE
.PP
\fIdupPtr\fR's internal representation is made a copy of \fIsrcPtr\fR's
internal representation.
Before the call,
\fIsrcPtr\fR's internal representation is valid and \fIdupPtr\fR's is not.
\fIsrcPtr\fR's value type determines what
copying its internal representation means.
.PP
For example, the \fIdupIntRepProc\fR for the Tcl integer type
simply copies an integer.
The built-in list type's \fIdupIntRepProc\fR uses a far more
sophisticated scheme to continue sharing storage as much as it
reasonably can.
.SS "THE FREEINTREPPROC FIELD"
.PP
The \fIfreeIntRepProc\fR member contains the address of a function
that is called when a value is freed.
.PP
.CS

typedef void \fBTcl_FreeInternalRepProc\fR(
        Tcl_Obj *\fIobjPtr\fR);
.CE
.PP
The \fIfreeIntRepProc\fR function can deallocate the storage
for the value's internal representation
and do other type-specific processing necessary when a value is freed.
.PP
For example, the list type's \fIfreeIntRepProc\fR respects
the storage sharing scheme established by the \fIdupIntRepProc\fR
so that it only frees storage when the last value sharing it
is being freed.
.PP
The \fIfreeIntRepProc\fR member can be set to NULL
to indicate that the internal representation does not require freeing.
The \fIfreeIntRepProc\fR implementation must not access the
\fIbytes\fR member of the value, since Tcl makes its own internal
uses of that field during value deletion.  The defined tasks for
the \fIfreeIntRepProc\fR have no need to consult the \fIbytes\fR
member.
.PP
Note that if a subsidiary value has its reference count reduced to zero
during the running of a \fIfreeIntRepProc\fR, that value may be not freed
immediately, in order to limit stack usage. However, the value will be freed
before the outermost current \fBTcl_DecrRefCount\fR returns.
.SS "THE VERSION FIELD"
.PP
The \fIversion\fR member provides for future extensibility of the
structure and should be set to \fBTCL_OBJTYPE_V0\fR for compatability
of ObjType definitions prior to version 9.0. Specifics about versions
will be described further in the sections below.
.SH "ABSTRACT LIST TYPES"
.PP
Additional fields in the Tcl_ObjType descriptor allow for control over
how custom data values can be manipulated using Tcl's List commands
without converting the value to a List type. This requires the custom
type to provide functions that will perform the given operation on the
custom data representation.  Not all functions are required. In the
absence of a particular function (set to NULL), the fallback is to
allow the internal List operation to perform the operation, most
likely causing the value type to be converted to a traditional list.
.SS "SCALAR VALUE TYPES"
.PP
For a custom value type that is scalar or atomic in nature, i.e., not
a divisible collection, version \fBTCL_OBJTYPE_V1\fR is
recommended. In this case, List commands will treat the scalar value
as if it where a list of length 1, and not convert the value to a List
type.
.SS "VERSION 2: ABSTRACT LISTS"
.PP
Version 2, \fBTCL_OBJTYPE_V2\fR, allows full List support when the
functions described below are provided.  This allows for script level
use of the List commands without causing the type of the Tcl_Obj value
to be converted to a list.
.SS "THE LENGTHPROC FIELD"
.PP
The \fBLengthProc\fR function correlates with the \fBTcl_ListObjLength\fR
C API. The function returns the number of elements in the list. It
is used in every List operation and is required for all Abstract List
implementations.
.CS

typedef Tcl_Size
(Tcl_ObjTypeLengthProc) (Tcl_Obj *listPtr);
.CE

.PP
.SS "THE INDEXPROC FIELD"
.PP
The \fBIndexProc\fR function correlates with with the
\fBTcl_ListObjIndex\fR C API. The function returns a Tcl_Obj value for
the element at the specified index.
.CS

typedef int
(Tcl_ObjTypeIndexProc) (
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    Tcl_Obj *listPtr,
    Tcl_Size index,
    Tcl_Obj** elemObj);
.CE
.SS "THE SLICEPROC FIELD"
.PP
The \fBSliceProc\fR correlates with the \fBlrange\fR command,
returning a new List or Abstract List for the portion of the original
list specifed.
.CS

typedef int
(Tcl_ObjTypeSliceProc) (
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    Tcl_Obj *listPtr,
    Tcl_Size fromIdx,
    Tcl_Size toIdx,
    Tcl_Obj **newObjPtr);
.CE
.SS "THE REVERSEPROC FIELD"
.PP
The \fBReverseProc\fR correlates with the \fBlreverse\fR command,
returning a List or Abstract List that has the same elements as the
input Abstract List, with the elements in the reverse order.
.CS

typedef int
(Tcl_ObjTypeReverseProc) (
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    Tcl_Obj *listPtr,
    Tcl_Obj **newObjPtr);
.CE
.SS "THE GETELEMENTS FIELD"
.PP
The \fBGetElements\fR function returns a count and a pointer to an
array of Tcl_Obj values for the entire Abstract List. This is a
correlary to the \fBTcl_ListObjGetElements\fR C API call.
.CS

typedef int
(Tcl_ObjTypeGetElements) (
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    Tcl_Obj *listPtr,
    Tcl_Size *objcptr,
    Tcl_Obj ***objvptr);
.CE
.SS "THE SETELEMENT FIELD"
.PP
The \fBSetElement\fR function replaces the element within the
specified list at the give index. This function correlates to the
\fBlset\fR command.
.CS

typedef Tcl_Obj*
Tcl_ObjTypeSetElement) (
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    Tcl_Obj *listPtr,
    Tcl_Size indexCount,
    Tcl_Obj *const indexArray[],
    Tcl_Obj *valueObj);
.CE
.SS "REPLACEPROC FIELD"
.PP
The \fBReplaceProc\fR returns a new list after modfying the list
replacing the elements to be deleted, and adding the elements to be
inserted. This function correlates to the \fBTcl_ListObjReplace\fR C API.
.CS

typedef int
(Tcl_ObjTypeReplaceProc) (
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    Tcl_Obj *listObj,
    Tcl_Size first,
    Tcl_Size numToDelete,
    Tcl_Size numToInsert,
    Tcl_Obj *const insertObjs[]);
.CE
.SS "THE INOPERATORPROC FIELD"
.PP
The \fBInOperProc\fR function determines whether the value is present in the
given list, according to equivalent string comparison of elements. The
\fBboolResult\fR is set to 1 (true) if the value is present, and 0
(false) if it is not present. This function implements the "in" and
"ni" math operators for an abstract list.
.CS

typedef int
(Tcl_ObjTypeInOperatorProc) (
    Tcl_Interp *interp,
    Tcl_Obj *valueObj,
    Tcl_Obj *listObj,
    int *boolResult);
.CE
.SH "REFERENCE COUNT MANAGEMENT"
.PP
The \fIobjPtr\fR argument to \fBTcl_AppendAllObjTypes\fR should be an unshared
value; this function will not modify the reference count of that value, but
will modify its contents. If \fIobjPtr\fR is not (interpretable as) a list,
this function will set the interpreter result and produce an error; using an
unshared empty value is strongly recommended.
.PP
The \fIobjPtr\fR argument to \fBTcl_ConvertToType\fR can have any non-zero
reference count; this function will not modify the reference count, but may
write to the interpreter result on error so values that originate from there
should have an additional reference made before calling this.
.PP
None of the callback functions in the \fBTcl_ObjType\fR structure should
modify the reference count of their arguments, but if the values contain
subsidiary values (e.g., the elements of a list or the keys of a dictionary)
then those subsidiary values may have their reference counts modified.
.SH "SEE ALSO"
Tcl_NewObj(3), Tcl_DecrRefCount(3), Tcl_IncrRefCount(3), Tcl_BounceRefCount(3)
.SH KEYWORDS
internal representation, value, value type, string representation, type conversion