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-<!doctype HTML public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
-<html><head><title>
-User's Guide - tmake
-</title></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff">
-<p><h1 align=center>User's Guide - tmake</h1>
-
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Introduction</h2>
-
-tmake is an easy-to-use tool from Troll Tech to create and maintain
-makefiles for software projects. It can be a painful task to manage
-makefiles manually, especially if you develop for more than one platform
-or use more than one compiler. tmake automates and streamlines this
-process and lets you spend your valuable time on writing code, not
-makefiles.
-
-<p>
-Our main motivation for developing tmake was that we spent far too much
-time maintaining makefiles for <a href="http://www.troll.no/qt">Qt</a>,
-our cross-platform GUI toolkit. Qt supports around 15 flavors of Unix,
-Microsoft Windows, and around 15 different C++ compilers. We looked at
-GNU autoconf, but it was Unix-specific and not flexible enough in our
-opinion. Our makefile system also had to deal with Qt <a
-href="http://www.troll.no/qt/metaobjects.html">meta object compiler</a>
-(moc) issues. The moc program extracts meta information from C++ files and
-generates a C++ file with data tables etc. It takes extra work to add
-makefile rules for the moc and wanted to automate this task.
-
-<p>
-tmake is written in Perl and requires that you have installed perl version
-5 or newer. Basic use of tmake requires no perl knowledge, but if you know
-perl you can extend tmake and write your own makefile templates.
-
-<p>
-<b>Windows users:</b> The tmake distribution for Win32 includes tmake.exe
-(built by the perl2exe utility) and you do not need to download and
-install perl unless you want to modify the tmake source code or run other
-perl scripts. You can download perl for Win32 (Windows NT and 95) from <a
-href="http://www.activestate.com">www.activestate.com</a>
-
-<p>
-tmake is free software and you may use, copy, modify and distribute tmake
-and its documentation for any purpose and without any fee. See the
-LICENSE file for details.
-
-<p>
-Feedback is highly appreciated. Contact the author, Haavard Nord <a
-href="mailto:hanord@troll.no">(hanord@troll.no)</a>, if you have ideas,
-patches etc. for tmake.
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Installation</h2>
-
-<ol>
-<li>Make sure you have perl version 5 or later installed (optional
-for Windows users).
-<li>Unpack the tmake tar.gz archive for Unix or the tmake .zip file for Windows.
-<li>Set the TMAKEPATH environment variable to the directories
-containing the template files (see below).
-<li>Add the tmake/bin directory to your PATH.
-</ol>
-
-Here are some examples:<p>
-<strong>Unix Bourne shell:</strong><pre>
- TMAKEPATH=/local/tmake/lib/linux-g++
- PATH=$PATH:/local/tmake/bin
- export TMAKEPATH PATH
-</pre>
-
-<strong>Unix C shell:</strong><pre>
- setenv TMAKEPATH /local/tmake/lib/linux-g++
- setenv PATH $PATH:/local/tmake/bin
-</pre>
-
-<strong>Microsoft Windows:</strong><pre>
- set TMAKEPATH=c:\tmake\lib\win32-msvc
- set PATH=%PATH%;c:\tmake\bin
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The template directory name has the form <em>platform</em>-<em>compiler</em>
-and contains a platform configuration file (tmake.conf) and tmake template
-files.
-
-<p>
-Supported platforms: AIX, Data General, FreeBSD, HPUX, SGI Irix, Linux,
-NetBSD, OpenBSD, OSF1/DEC, SCO, Solaris, SunOS, Ultrix, Unixware and
-Win32.
-
-<p>
-You can find your platform-compiler combination in the <tt>tmake/lib</tt>.
-
-<p>
-<b>Unix users:</b> tmake requires that perl is in /usr/bin. If your
-version of perl is elsewehere, either change the first line of tmake or
-make a small shell script which invokes tmake with the correct perl.
-
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Getting Started</h2>
-
-Let's assume you have a small Qt application consisting of one C++ header
-file and two source files.
-
-First you need to create a tmake project file, e.g. hello.pro:<pre>
- HEADERS = hello.h
- SOURCES = hello.cpp main.cpp
- TARGET = hello
-</pre>
-
-Then run tmake to create a Makefile:<pre>
- tmake hello.pro -o Makefile
-</pre>
-And finally:<pre>
- make
-</pre>
-This builds the hello program. Remember to set the <code>TMAKEPATH</code>
-environment variable before you run tmake.
-<p>
-See <a href="m-linux-gcc.html">Makefile for Linux/g++</a>.<br>
-See <a href="m-win32-msvc.html">Makefile for Win32/msvc</a>
-(Microsoft Visual C++).<br>
-
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Makefile Templates</h2>
-
-The tmake distribution includes three makefile templates and one
-configuration file for each platform/compiler combination. The
-<code>TMAKEPATH</code> environment variable tells tmake where to find
-these files:
-<p>
-<table border="0">
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>app.t</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Creates a makefile for building applications.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>lib.t</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Creates a makefile for building libraries.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>subdirs.t</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Creates a makefile for building targets in subdirectories.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>tmake.conf</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>This configuration file contains compiler options and lists
- tools and libraries.
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-
-<p>
-The hello.pro project file above does not have a <code>TEMPLATE</code> or
-a <code>CONFIG</code> variable. The default template is <tt>app</tt> (the .t
-extension is optional) and the default configuration is <tt>qt warn_on
-release</tt>.
-
-This project file produces exactly the same result as the hello.pro
-above:<pre>
- TEMPLATE = app
- CONFIG = qt warn_on release
- HEADERS = hello.h
- SOURCES = hello.cpp main.cpp
- TARGET = hello
-</pre>
-
-
-
-<h4>Makefile Configuration</h4>
-
-<p>
-The <code>CONFIG</code> variable is recognized by both the app.t and lib.t
-templates and specifies what compiler options to use and which extra
-libraries to link in.
-
-These options control the compilation flags:
-<p>
-<table border="0">
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>release</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Compile with optimization enabled, ignored if
- "debug" is specified.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>debug</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Compile with debug options enabled.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>warn_on</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>The compiler should emit more warnings than normally, ignored if
- "warn_off" is specified.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>warn_off</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>The compiler should emit no warnings or as few as possible.</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-These options defines the application/library type:
-<p>
-<table border="0">
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>qt</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>The target is a Qt application/library and requires Qt header
- files/library.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>opengl</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>The target requires the OpenGL (or Mesa) headers/libraries.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>x11</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>The target is a X11 application or library.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>windows</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>The target is a Win32 window application (app.t only).</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>console</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>The target is a Win32 console application (app.t only).</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>dll</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>The target is a shared object/DLL.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>staticlib</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>The target is a static library (lib.t only).</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-As an example, if the hello application uses both Qt and OpenGL and you
-want to compile it for debugging, your <code>CONFIG</code> line should
-read:<pre>
- CONFIG = qt opengl debug
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-The most common tmake options and project variables are described here.
-See the tmake <a href="tmake_ref.html">reference manual</a> for
-details.<p>
-
-
-
-<h4>The Application Template</h4>
-
-The application template, app.t, lets you compile and link executable
-programs or shared objects (DLLs).
-
-This template recognizes several variabless.
-<p>
-<table border="0">
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>HEADERS</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Header files.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>SOURCES</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Source files.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>TARGET</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Name of executable (adds .exe if on Windows).</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>DESTDIR</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Where to put the target.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>DEFINES</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Tell compiler to define C preprocessor macros (-D option).</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>INCLUDEPATH</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Sets the include file search path for the compiler (-I
- option).
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>DEPENDPATH</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Sets the dependency search path for tmake.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>DEF_FILE</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Win32 only: Link with a .def file.</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>RC_FILE</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Win32 only: Use a .rc file (compile to temporary .res).
- </td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>RES_FILE</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Win32 only: Link with a .res file.
- </td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-
-
-<h4>The Library Template</h4>
-
-The library template, lib.t, lets you compile and create static or shared
-libraries.
-
-<p>
-The lib.t template supports the same project variables as app.t, but also
-<code>VERSION</code>. <code>VERSION</code> is the version number of the
-target library, e.g. 1.40. The version is important for shared libraries.
-
-
-
-<h4>The Subdirs Template</h4>
-
-The subdirs template, subdirs.t, lets you invoke make in subdirectories.
-
-<p>The <code>SUBDIRS</code> variable contains the name of all subdirectories to
-be processed.
-
-
-<h4>Special Templates for Microsoft Visual C++</h4>
-
-If you have Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0, you can use two special templates to
-generate a MSVC++ IDE project (.dsp file). After you have generated
-e.g. hello.dsp, choose "File"->"Open Workspace" and select the hello.dsp
-file. Visual C++ will then create a workspace (.dsw file) for you.<p>
-<table border="0">
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>vcapp.t</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Creates an application project file (Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0
- only).</td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>vclib.t</td>
- <td>&nbsp;</td>
- <td>Creates a library project file (Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0
- only).</td>
- </tr>
-</table>
-
-<p>
-Run tmake to create a hello.dsp file (use -t to override the default
-template):<pre>
- tmake -t vcapp -o hello.dsp hello.pro
-</pre>
-
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Project File Syntax</h2>
-
-The tmake project file has a very simple syntax. You may set
-project variables, append to project variables, remove from
-project variable and substitute project variables.
-
-To set a project variable:<pre>
- HEADERS = gui.h xml.h url.h
-</pre>
-
-If you cannot fit everything on one line, use '\' to split it up:<pre>
- HEADERS = gui.h \
- xml.h \
- url.h
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Project variables contains lists of items (such as header files,
-compiler options etc.) and use whitespace to separate the items.
-This means that tmake cannot deal with items containing whitespace.
-The INCLUDEPATH variable is an exception. If INCLUDEPATH contains
-one or more semicolons (;), tmake uses the semicolon to separate
-the include directories, hence you can have include directories
-containing whitespace (this is quite common on Windows).
-
-<p>
-Here is an example:<pre>
- INCLUDEPATH = C:\Program Files\DBLib\Include;C:\qt\include
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-tmake supports <em>project variable expension</em>. Use $$ to expand
-any project variable:<pre>
- ALLFILES = $$HEADERS $$SOURCES
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Most often you assign some value to a project variable, but you can
-also add to, remove from or replace parts of a project variable.<pre>
- A = abc
- X = xyz
- A += def # A = abc def
- X *= xyz # X = xyz
- B = $$A # B = abc def
- B -= abc # B = def
- X /= s/y/Y/ # X = xYz
-</pre>
-The *= operation adds the value if the variable does not already contain it.
-The /= operation performs regular expression substitution.
-
-<p>
-You can also set variables from the command line when running the tmake
-program. For instance, if you want to generate a makefile with debug
-information:<pre>
- tmake "CONFIG+=debug" hello.pro
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Use the <tt>unix:</tt> or <tt>win32:</tt> (conditional) qualifier if you want a
-platform-specific variable:<pre>
- SOURCES = common.cpp # common for all platforms
- unix:SOURCES += unix.cpp # additional sources for Unix
- win32:SOURCES += win32.cpp # additional sources for Windows
- unix:LIBS += -lm # on Unix we need the math lib
-</pre>
-If none of the platforms match, tmake looks for the variable in CONFIG
-variable:<pre>
- debug:SOURCES += dbgstuff.cpp # additional source for debugging
-</pre>
-
-Finally, you can set platform and compiler-dependent variables:<pre>
- linux-g++:TMAKE_CFLAGS = -fno-rtti
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-You may define your own project variables to be used by custom templates. A
-project variable is stored in <code>%project</code>, which is an associative
-Perl array. Access it like this: <code>$project{"var"}</code> or via the
-function <code>Project("var")</code>. For example, after reading
-"hello.pro", <code>$project{"SOURCES"}</code> contains "hello.cpp
-main.cpp".<p>
-
-
-<hr>
-<h2><a name="usage"></a>Running tmake</h2>
-
-Usage:<pre>
- tmake [options] <em>project files or project settings</em>
-</pre>
-Options:<pre>
- -e expr Evaluate the Perl expression. Ignores the template file.
- -nodepend Don't generate dependency information.
- -o <em>file</em> Write output to <em>file</em> instead of stdout.
- -t <em>file</em> Specify a template <em>file</em>.
- -unix Force tmake into Unix mode.
- -v Verbose/debugging on.
- -win32 Force tmake into Win32 mode.
-</pre>
-
-The -t option overrides any <code>TEMPLATE</code> variable in the project file.
-<p>
-The default project file extension is ".pro". The default template file
-extension is ".t". If you do not specify these extension tmake will
-automatically add them for you.
-
-<p>
-Example of basic use:<pre>
- tmake hello -o Makefile
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Example of how to create a makefile with debugging information:<pre>
- tmake "CONFIG+=debug" hello -o Makefile
-</pre>
-
-<p>
-Exmaple of how to specify a TMAKEPATH:<pre>
- tmake "TMAKEPATH=/local/tmake/lib/hpux-g++" hello.pro -o Makefile
-</pre>
-
-Example of how to evaluate a perl expression (print names of headers
-and source files):<pre>
- tmake hello -e 'Expand("HEADERS","SOURCES")'
-</pre>
-
-<hr>
-<h2><a name="progen"></a>The progen Utility</h2>
-
-The progen utility creates project files for you. It can be used like
-this:<pre>
- progen -n hello -o hello.pro
-</pre>
-If no .cpp or .h files are specified on the command line, progen
-searches for .cpp and .h (except moc_*.cpp) in the current directory
-and below.
-<p>
-Usage:<pre>
- progen [options] [<em>C/C++ header files and source files</em>]
-</pre>
-Options:<pre>
- -lower Lower-case letters in filenames (useful on Windows).
- -n <em>name</em> Specify a project name (<code>TARGET</code>).
- -o <em>file</em> Write output to <em>file</em> instead of stdout.
- -t <em>file</em> Specify a template <em>file</em>.
-</pre>
-
-
-<hr>
-<h2>Advanced Topics</h2>
-
-In most cases you will be happy with using tmake as described above, but
-sometimes you need to add special compiler options or even add new
-makefile rules. This chapter describes how to customize your makefiles.
-
-<h4>Conditional Project Settings</h4>
-
-If you need a special compiler option etc., you can add platform-dependent
-settings in your project file:<pre>
- solaris-cc:TMAKE_CC = /opt/bin/CC_5.0
- solaris-cc:TMAKE_CFLAGS = -pts
- unix:TMAKE_LIBS = -lXext
- win32:INCLUDEPATH = c:\myinclude
- win32-borland:DEFINES = NO_BOOL
-</pre>
-
-You can prefix a project variable with unix: or win32: to make it specific for
-either Unix or Windows. You can also prefix a variable with
-<em>platform-compiler</em>
-
-<h4>Your Own Templates</h4>
-
-If you know Perl programming, there is virtually no limitation to what you
-can do with tmake. First you need to know how tmake works.
-
-<h4>Template Processing</h4>
-
-When you run tmake, it first reads the <tt>tmake.conf</tt> file.
-This configuration file has the same syntax as the project file.
-
-tmake then reads the project file and sets the project variables it
-finds, e.g. <code>HEADERS</code>, <code>SOURCES</code> etc.
-
-All variables and values are stored in a global associative Perl hash
-array called <code>project</code>. For example,
-<code>$project{"SOURCES"}</code> contains "hello.cpp main.cpp"
-after processing hello.pro.
-
-When both the <tt>tmake.conf</tt> and the project files have been
-read, tmake starts reading the template file line by line and
-executes any Perl code it finds in the template.
-
-<ul>
-<li>Anything after <code>#$</code> until newline is
- evaluated as perl code. The perl code is substituted
- with the contents of the <code>$text</code>
- variable.
-<li>Block of perl code: <code>#${</code> until
- <code>#$}</code>.
-<li>Comments; <code>#!</code> until newline is stripped.
-<li>Anything else is copied directly from the template to
- the output.
-</ul>
-
-<p>
-Example:<pre>
- #! This is a comment which will be removed.
- This text will appear in the output.
- #$ $text = "The header file(s) are: " . $project{"HEADERS"};
- # This text also appears in the output.
- #${
- $a = 12;
- $b = 13;
- $text = $a * $b;
- #$}
- That's all.
-</pre>
-Output:<pre>
- This text will appear in the output.
- The header file(s) are: hello.h
- # This text also appears in the output.
- 156
- That's all.
-</pre>
-
-
-<h3>Using tmake With Lex and Yacc</h3>
-
-The standard tmake templates knows how to process C and C++ files, but
-sometimes you need to process additional files and link them into your
-project. A typical example is to process lex and yacc files when you're
-building a parser.
-
-<p>
-Parser template:<pre>
- #!
- #! parser.t: This is a custom template for building a parser
- #!
- #$ IncludeTemplate("app.t");
-
- ####### Lex/yacc programs and options
-
- LEX = flex
- YACC = #$ $text = ($is_unix ? "yacc -d" : "byacc -d");
-
- ####### Lex/yacc files
-
- LEXIN = #$ Expand("LEXINPUT");
- LEXOUT = lex.yy.c
- YACCIN = #$ Expand("YACCINPUT");
- YACCOUT = y.tab.c
- YACCHDR = y.tab.h
- PARSER = #$ Expand("PARSER");
-
- ####### Process lex/yacc files
-
- $(LEXOUT): $(LEXIN)
- $(LEX) $(LEXIN)
-
- $(PARSER): $(YACCIN) $(LEXOUT)
- $(YACC) $(YACCIN)
- #$ $text = ($is_unix ? "-rm -f " : "-del ") . '$(PARSER)';
- #$ $text = ($is_unix ? "-mv " : "-ren ") . '$(YACCOUT) $(PARSER)';
-</pre>
-
-The parser template adds some extra rules to the application template
-in order to build the lex and yacc portions of the project. This
-template is portable across Unix and Windows since it generates different
-commands depending on the <code>$is_unix</code> variable.
-
-<p>
-To learn more about the Expand() function and other Perl functions which
-tmake provides, consult the <a href="tmake_ref.html">reference manual</a>.
-
-<p>
-Example project file:<pre>
- TEMPLATE = parser.t
- CONFIG = console release
- LEXINPUT = lexer.l
- YACCINPUT = grammar.y
- PARSER = parser.cpp
- SOURCES = $$PARSER \
- node.cpp \
- asmgen.cpp
- TARGET = parser
-</pre>
-
-Here we use macro expansion <code>$$PARSER</code> to avoid writing parser.cpp
-two places.
-
-
-<h3>Counting the Number of Code Lines</h3>
-
-tmake is generic since it is based on Perl. You can create your own
-templates for other purposes than producing makefiles. Here is an example
-template that counts the number of code lines in our project.
-
-<p>
-Template wc.t:<pre>
- #! Template that count number of C++ lines.
- The number of C++ code lines for #$ $text=$project_name;
- #${
- $files = $project{"HEADERS"} . " " . $project{"SOURCES"};
- $text = `wc -l $files`;
- #$}
-</pre>
-Run it:<pre>
- tmake -t wc hello
-</pre>
-Output:<pre>
- The number of C++ code lines for hello.pro
- 25 hello.h
- 98 hello.cpp
- 38 main.cpp
- 161 total
-</pre>
-This will only work if the wc program is installed on your system.
-
-
-</body></html>