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<!doctype HTML public "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//EN">
<html><head><title>
tmake User's Guide
</title></head><body bgcolor="#ffffff">
<p><h1 align=center>tmake User's Guide</h1>
<hr>
<h2>License Statement</h2>
Copyright (C) 1996-1998 by Troll Tech AS. All rights reserved.<p>
Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided
that this copyright notice appears in all copies.
No representations are made about the suitability of this software for any
purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
<hr>
<h2>Introduction</h2>
tmake is an easy-to-use tool for creating and maintaining makefiles across
many platforms and compilers. The idea is that you should spend your time
writing code, not makefiles.
<p>
We wrote tmake because we spent too much time maintaining makefiles for
Windows and Unix compilers. Being the developer of the multi-platform GUI
toolkit <a href="http://www.troll.no/qt">Qt</a>, Troll Tech must provide
Qt makefiles for more than 30 different OS/compiler combinations.
<p>
We looked at GNU autoconf, but it was Unix-specific and not flexible
enough in our opinion. Our makefile system also had to deal with Qt
<a href="http://www.troll.no/qt/metaobjects.html">meta object
compiler</a> (moc) issues. The moc program extracts meta information from
C++ files and generates a C++ file with data tables etc. It takes work to
add makefile rules for the moc and wanted to automate this task.
<p>
The tmake project was started around mid 1996 and version 1.0 was released
in September 1997. It soon became a success and is now widely used among
Qt programmers.
<p>
tmake is written in Perl and requires perl version 5 or newer. You do not
need to be familiar with Perl programming to use tmake, but you should
learn Perl if you want to write your own makefile templates.
<p>
<b>Windows users:</b> The tmake distribution for Win32 includes tmake.exe
(built by the perl2exe utility) and you do not need to download and
install perl unless you want to modify the tmake source code or run other
perl scripts. You can download perl for Win32 (Windows NT and 95) from <a
href="http://www.activestate.com">www.activestate.com</a>
<p>
Feedback is highly appreciated. Contact the author hanord@troll.no if you
have ideas, patches etc. for tmake.
<hr>
<h2>Installation</h2>
<ol>
<li>Make sure you have perl version 5 or later installed (optional
for Windows users).
<li>Unpack the tmake tar.gz or zip archive.
<li>Set the TMAKEPATH environment variable to the directories
containing the template files (see below).
<li>Add the tmake/bin directory to your PATH.
</ol>
Here are some examples:<p>
<strong>Unix Bourne shell:</strong><pre>
TMAKEPATH=/local/tmake/lib/linux-g++
PATH=$PATH:/local/tmake/bin
export TMAKEPATH PATH
</pre>
<strong>Unix C shell:</strong><pre>
setenv TMAKEPATH /local/tmake/lib/linux-g++
setenv PATH $PATH:/local/tmake/bin
</pre>
<strong>Windows NT and Windows 95:</strong><pre>
set TMAKEPATH=c:\tmake\lib\win32-msvc
set PATH=%PATH%;c:\tmake\bin
</pre>
<p>
The template directory name has the form <em>platform</em>-<em>compiler</em>.
Each template directory contains template files and a configuration file.
<p>
Supported platforms: AIX, Data General, FreeBSD, HPUX, SGI Irix, Linux,
NetBSD, OpenBSD, OSF1/DEC, SCO, Solaris, SunOS, Ultrix, Unixware and
Win32.
<p>
Have a look at the tmake/lib directory to see if your platform-compiler
combination is supported. If it's not there, please tell us.
<p>
<b>Unix users:</b> tmake requires that perl is in /usr/bin. If your
version of perl is elsewehere, either change the first line of tmake or
make a small shell script which invokes tmake with the correct perl.
<hr>
<h2>Getting Started</h2>
Let's assume you have a small Qt application consisting of one C++ header
file and two source files.
First you need to create a project file, e.g. hello.pro:<pre>
HEADERS = hello.h
SOURCES = hello.cpp main.cpp
TARGET = hello
</pre>
Then run tmake to create a Makefile:<pre>
tmake hello.pro -o Makefile
</pre>
And finally:<pre>
make
</pre>
This builds the hello program. Remember to set the <code>TMAKEPATH</code>
environment variable before you run tmake.
<p>
See <a href="m-linux-gcc.html">Makefile for Linux/g++</a>.<br>
See <a href="m-win32-msvc.html">Makefile for Win32/msvc</a>
(Microsoft Visual C++).<br>
<hr>
<h2>Makefile Templates</h2>
The tmake distribution includes three makefile templates and one
configuration file for each platform/compiler combination. The
<code>TMAKEPATH</code> environment variable tells tmake where to find
these files:
<p>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>app.t</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Creates a makefile for building applications.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>lib.t</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Creates a makefile for building libraries.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>subdirs.t</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Creates a makefile for building targets in subdirectories.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>tmake.conf</td>
<td> </td>
<td>This configuration file contains compiler options and lists
tools and libraries.
</tr>
</table>
<p>
The hello.pro project file above does not have a <code>TEMPLATE</code> or
a <code>CONFIG</code> tag. The default template is <tt>app</tt> (the .t
extension is optional) and the default configuration is <tt>qt warn_on
release</tt>.
This project file produces exactly the same result as the hello.pro
above:<pre>
TEMPLATE = app
CONFIG = qt warn_on release
HEADERS = hello.h
SOURCES = hello.cpp main.cpp
TARGET = hello
</pre>
<h4>Makefile Configuration</h4>
<p>
The <code>CONFIG</code> tag is recognized by both the app.t and lib.t
templates and specifies what compiler options to use and which extra
libraries to link in.
These options control the compilation flags:
<p>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>release</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Compile with optimization enabled, ignored if
"debug" is specified.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>debug</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Compile with debug options enabled.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>warn_on</td>
<td> </td>
<td>The compiler should emit more warnings than normally, ignored if
"warn_off" is specified.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>warn_off</td>
<td> </td>
<td>The compiler should emit no warnings or as few as possible.</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
These options defines the application/library type:
<p>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>qt</td>
<td> </td>
<td>The target is a Qt application/library and requires Qt header
files/library.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>opengl</td>
<td> </td>
<td>The target requires the OpenGL (or Mesa) headers/libraries.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>x11</td>
<td> </td>
<td>The target is a X11 application (app.t only).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>windows</td>
<td> </td>
<td>The target is a Win32 window application (app.t only).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>console</td>
<td> </td>
<td>The target is a Win32 console application (app.t only).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>dll</td>
<td> </td>
<td>The target is a shared object/DLL (app.t only).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>staticlib</td>
<td> </td>
<td>The target is a static library (lib.t only).</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
As an example, if the hello application uses both Qt and OpenGL and you
want to compile it for debugging, your <code>CONFIG</code> line should
read:<pre>
CONFIG = qt opengl debug
</pre>
<p>
The most common tmake options and project tags are described here.
See the tmake <a href="tmake_ref.html">reference manual</a> for
details.<p>
<h4>The Application Template</h4>
The application template, app.t, lets you compile and link executable
programs or shared objects (DLLs).
This template recognizes several tags.
<p>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>HEADERS</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Header files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>SOURCES</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Source files.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>TARGET</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Name of executable (adds .exe if on Windows).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>DESTDIR</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Where to put the target.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>DEFINES</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Tell compiler to define C preprocessor macros (-D option).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>INCLUDEPATH</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Sets the include file search path for the compiler (-I
option).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>DEPENDPATH</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Sets the dependency search path for tmake.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>DEF_FILE</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Win32 only: Link with a .def file.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>RC_FILE</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Win32 only: Use a .rc file (compile to temporary .res).
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>RES_FILE</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Win32 only: Link with a .res file.
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
<h4>The Library Template</h4>
The library template, lib.t, lets you compile and create static or shared
libraries.
<p>
The lib.t template supports the same project tags as app.t, but also
<code>VERSION</code>. <code>VERSION</code> is the version number of the
target library, e.g. 1.40. The version is important for Unix shared
libraries, but ignored on Windows.
<h4>The Subdirs Template</h4>
The subdirs template, subdirs.t, lets you invoke make in subdirectories.
<p>The <code>SUBDIRS</code> tag contains the name of all subdirectories to
be processed.
<h4>Special Templates for Microsoft Visual C++</h4>
If you have Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0, you can use two special templates to
generate a MSVC++ IDE project (.dsp file). After you have generated
e.g. hello.dsp, choose "File"->"Open Workspace" and select the hello.dsp
file. Visual C++ will then create a workspace (.dsw file) for you.<p>
<table border="0">
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>vcapp.t</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Creates an application project file (Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0
only).</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td>vclib.t</td>
<td> </td>
<td>Creates a library project file (Microsoft Visual C++ 5.0
only).</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
Run tmake to create a hello.dsp file (use -t to override the default
template):<pre>
tmake -t vcapp -o hello.dsp hello.pro
</pre>
<hr>
<h2><a name="usage"></a>Program Usage: tmake</h2>
Usage:<pre>
tmake [options] <em>project-file</em>
</pre>
Options:<pre>
-e expr Evaluate the Perl expression. Ignores the template file.
-nodepend Don't generate dependency information.
-o <em>file</em> Write output to <em>file</em> instead of stdout.
-p <em>file</em> Load an additional project file.
-t <em>file</em> Specify a template <em>file</em>.
-unix Force tmake into Unix mode.
-v Verbose/debugging on.
-win32 Force tmake into Win32 mode.
</pre>
The -t option overrides any <code>TEMPLATE</code> tag in the project file.
<p>
The default project file extension is ".pro". The default template file
extension is ".t". If you do not specify these extension tmake will
automatically add them for you.
<p>
<hr>
<h2><a name="progen"></a>The progen Utility</h2>
The progen utility creates project files for you. It can be used like
this:<pre>
progen -n hello -o hello.pro
</pre>
If no .cpp or .h files are specified on the command line, progen
searches for .cpp and .h (except moc_*.cpp) in the current directory
and below.
<p>
Usage:<pre>
progen [options] [<em>C/C++ header files and source files</em>]
</pre>
Options:<pre>
-lower Lower-case letters in filenames (useful on Windows).
-n <em>name</em> Specify a project name (<code>TARGET</code>).
-o <em>file</em> Write output to <em>file</em> instead of stdout.
-t <em>file</em> Specify a template <em>file</em>.
</pre>
<hr>
<h2>Advanced Topics</h2>
In most cases you will be happy with using tmake as described above, but
sometimes you need to add special compiler options or even add new
makefile rules. This chapter describes how to customize your makefiles.
<h4>Conditional Project Settings</h4>
If you need a special compiler option etc., you can add platform-dependent
settings in your project file:<pre>
solaris-cc:TMAKE_CC = /opt/bin/CC_5.0
solaris-cc:TMAKE_CFLAGS = -pts
unix:TMAKE_LIBS = -lXext
win32:INCLUDE_PATH = c:\myinclude
win32-borland:DEFINES = NO_BOOL
</pre>
You can prefix a project tag with unix: or win32: to make it specific for
either Unix or Windows. You can also prefix tags with
<em>platform-compiler</em>
<h4>Your Own Templates</h4>
If you know Perl programming, there is virtually no limitation to what you
can do with tmake. First you need to know how tmake works.
<h4>Template Processing</h4>
When you run tmake, it first reads the <tt>tmake.conf</tt> file.
This configuration file has the same syntax as the project file.
tmake then reads the project file and sets the project tags it
finds, e.g. <code>HEADERS</code>, <code>SOURCES</code> etc.
All tags and values are stored in a global associative Perl hash
array called <code>project</code>. For example,
<code>$project{"SOURCES"}</code> contains "hello.cpp main.cpp"
after processing hello.pro.
When both the <tt>tmake.conf</tt> and the project files have been
read, tmake starts reading the template file line by line and
executes any Perl code it finds in the template.
<ul>
<li>Anything after <code>#$</code> until newline is
evaluated as perl code. The perl code is substituted
with the contents of the <code>$text</code>
variable.
<li>Block of perl code: <code>#${</code> until
<code>#$}</code>.
<li>Comments; <code>#!</code> until newline is stripped.
<li>Anything else is copied directly from the template to
the output.
</ul>
<p>
Example:<pre>
#! This is a comment which will be removed.
This text will appear in the output.
#$ $text = "The header file(s) are: " . $project{"HEADERS"};
# This text also appears in the output.
#${
$a = 12;
$b = 13;
$text = $a * $b;
#$}
That's all.
</pre>
Output:<pre>
This text will appear in the output.
The header file(s) are: hello.h
# This text also appears in the output.
156
That's all.
</pre>
<h3>Using tmake With Lex and Yacc</h3>
The standard tmake templates knows how to process C and C++ files, but
sometimes you need to process additional files and link them into your
project. A typical example is to process lex and yacc files when you're
building a parser.
<p>
Parser template:<pre>
#!
#! parser.t: This is a custom template for building a parser
#!
#$ IncludeTemplate("app.t");
####### Lex/yacc programs and options
LEX = flex
YACC = #$ $text = ($is_unix ? "yacc -d" : "byacc -d");
####### Lex/yacc files
LEXIN = #$ Expand("LEXINPUT");
LEXOUT = lex.yy.c
YACCIN = #$ Expand("YACCINPUT");
YACCOUT = y.tab.c
YACCHDR = y.tab.h
PARSER = #$ Expand("PARSER");
####### Process lex/yacc files
$(LEXOUT): $(LEXIN)
$(LEX) $(LEXIN)
$(PARSER): $(YACCIN) $(LEXOUT)
$(YACC) $(YACCIN)
#$ $text = ($is_unix ? "-rm -f " : "-del ") . '$(PARSER)';
#$ $text = ($is_unix ? "-mv " : "-ren ") . '$(YACCOUT) $(PARSER)';
</pre>
The parser template adds some extra rules to the application template
in order to build the lex and yacc portions of the project. This
template is portable across Unix and Windows since it generates different
commands depending on the <code>$is_unix</code> variable.
<p>
To learn more about the Expand() function and other Perl functions which
tmake provides, consult the <a href="tmake_ref.html">reference manual</a>.
<p>
Example project file:<pre>
TEMPLATE = parser.t
CONFIG = console release
LEXINPUT = lexer.l
YACCINPUT = grammar.y
PARSER = parser.cpp
SOURCES = $$PARSER \
node.cpp \
asmgen.cpp
TARGET = parser
</pre>
Here we use macro expansion <code>$$PARSER</code> to avoid writing parser.cpp
two places.
<h3>Counting the Number of Code Lines</h3>
tmake is generic since it is based on Perl. You can create your own
templates for other purposes than producing makefiles. Here is an example
template that counts the number of code lines in our project.
<p>
Template wc.t:<pre>
#! Template that count number of C++ lines.
The number of C++ code lines for #$ $text=$project_name;
#${
$files = $project{"HEADERS"} . " " . $project{"SOURCES"};
$text = `wc -l $files`;
#$}
</pre>
Run it:<pre>
tmake -t wc hello
</pre>
Output:<pre>
The number of C++ code lines for hello.pro
25 hello.h
98 hello.cpp
38 main.cpp
161 total
</pre>
This will only work if the wc program is installed on your system.
</body></html>
|
