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| author | Martin Smith <msmith@trolltech.com> | 2010-04-16 13:33:06 (GMT) |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Martin Smith <msmith@trolltech.com> | 2010-04-16 13:33:06 (GMT) |
| commit | 37f802dcca181b4be0fc4b4bb6662c0ba06b912f (patch) | |
| tree | 836584e6a4b99081a3a26a9b4bb9ce660c76c483 | |
| parent | ab5d841e76d52cb06946e7ddab33509e7ba48292 (diff) | |
| parent | b31559b05ad50a228a4a2670034a8a99681722da (diff) | |
| download | Qt-37f802dcca181b4be0fc4b4bb6662c0ba06b912f.zip Qt-37f802dcca181b4be0fc4b4bb6662c0ba06b912f.tar.gz Qt-37f802dcca181b4be0fc4b4bb6662c0ba06b912f.tar.bz2 | |
Merge branch '4.7' of git@scm.dev.nokia.troll.no:qt/oslo-staging-1 into 4.7
18 files changed, 20214 insertions, 429 deletions
diff --git a/src/corelib/global/qnamespace.h b/src/corelib/global/qnamespace.h index 09c000b..08674d2 100644 --- a/src/corelib/global/qnamespace.h +++ b/src/corelib/global/qnamespace.h @@ -1092,6 +1092,8 @@ public: Key_Call = 0x01100004, Key_Hangup = 0x01100005, Key_Flip = 0x01100006, + Key_Camera = 0x01100007, + Key_CameraFocus = 0x01100008, Key_unknown = 0x01ffffff }; diff --git a/src/corelib/global/qnamespace.qdoc b/src/corelib/global/qnamespace.qdoc index 992d2ba..f71ba9d 100644 --- a/src/corelib/global/qnamespace.qdoc +++ b/src/corelib/global/qnamespace.qdoc @@ -1742,6 +1742,8 @@ \value Key_unknown \value Key_Call + \value Key_Camera + \value Key_CameraFocus \value Key_Context1 \value Key_Context2 \value Key_Context3 diff --git a/src/corelib/tools/qdatetime.cpp b/src/corelib/tools/qdatetime.cpp index 459d76a..c12095f 100644 --- a/src/corelib/tools/qdatetime.cpp +++ b/src/corelib/tools/qdatetime.cpp @@ -1611,6 +1611,7 @@ QString QTime::toString(Qt::DateFormat format) const \i use AM/PM display. \e AP will be replaced by either "AM" or "PM". \row \i ap or a \i use am/pm display. \e ap will be replaced by either "am" or "pm". + \row \i t \i the timezone (for example "CEST") \endtable All other input characters will be ignored. Any sequence of characters that diff --git a/src/corelib/tools/qlocale_data_p.h b/src/corelib/tools/qlocale_data_p.h index 06609f2..13e95f7 100644 --- a/src/corelib/tools/qlocale_data_p.h +++ b/src/corelib/tools/qlocale_data_p.h @@ -305,437 +305,439 @@ static const quint16 locale_index[] = { static const QLocalePrivate locale_data[] = { // lang terr dec group list prcnt zero minus plus exp sDtFmt lDtFmt sTmFmt lTmFmt ssMonth slMonth sMonth lMonth sDays lDays am,len pm,len { 1, 0, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 0,10 , 10,17 , 0,8 , 8,10 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,27 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 99,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // C/AnyCountry - { 3, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 158,48 , 206,111 , 134,24 , 161,48 , 209,111 , 320,24 , 113,28 , 141,55 , 85,14 , 113,28 , 141,55 , 85,14 , 2,2 , 2,2 }, // Afan/Ethiopia - { 3, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 158,48 , 206,111 , 134,24 , 161,48 , 209,111 , 320,24 , 113,28 , 141,55 , 85,14 , 113,28 , 141,55 , 85,14 , 2,2 , 2,2 }, // Afan/Kenya - { 4, 59, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 50,16 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 317,48 , 365,129 , 494,24 , 344,48 , 392,129 , 521,24 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Afar/Djibouti - { 4, 67, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 50,16 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 317,48 , 518,118 , 494,24 , 344,48 , 545,118 , 521,24 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Afar/Eritrea - { 4, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 50,16 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 317,48 , 518,118 , 494,24 , 344,48 , 545,118 , 521,24 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Afar/Ethiopia - { 5, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 76,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 636,48 , 684,92 , 134,24 , 663,48 , 711,92 , 320,24 , 290,21 , 311,58 , 369,14 , 290,21 , 311,58 , 369,14 , 4,3 , 4,3 }, // Afrikaans/SouthAfrica - { 5, 148, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 636,48 , 684,92 , 134,24 , 663,48 , 711,92 , 320,24 , 290,21 , 311,58 , 369,14 , 290,21 , 311,58 , 369,14 , 4,3 , 4,3 }, // Afrikaans/Namibia - { 6, 2, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 103,8 , 111,15 , 58,7 , 65,15 , 776,48 , 824,78 , 902,24 , 803,48 , 851,78 , 929,24 , 383,28 , 411,58 , 469,14 , 383,28 , 411,58 , 469,14 , 7,2 , 7,2 }, // Albanian/Albania - { 7, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 926,46 , 972,62 , 1034,24 , 953,46 , 999,62 , 1061,24 , 483,27 , 510,28 , 538,14 , 483,27 , 510,28 , 538,14 , 9,3 , 9,4 }, // Amharic/Ethiopia - { 8, 186, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/SaudiArabia - { 8, 3, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Algeria - { 8, 17, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Bahrain - { 8, 64, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Egypt - { 8, 103, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Iraq - { 8, 109, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1157,92 , 1157,92 , 1133,24 , 1184,92 , 1184,92 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Jordan - { 8, 115, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Kuwait - { 8, 119, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1249,92 , 1249,92 , 1133,24 , 1276,92 , 1276,92 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Lebanon - { 8, 122, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/LibyanArabJamahiriya - { 8, 145, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Morocco - { 8, 162, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Oman - { 8, 175, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Qatar - { 8, 201, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Sudan - { 8, 207, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1249,92 , 1249,92 , 1133,24 , 1276,92 , 1276,92 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/SyrianArabRepublic - { 8, 216, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Tunisia - { 8, 223, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/UnitedArabEmirates - { 8, 237, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 150,10 , 160,15 , 18,7 , 80,15 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Yemen - { 9, 11, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 175,8 , 35,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1341,48 , 1389,94 , 1483,27 , 1368,48 , 1416,94 , 134,27 , 708,28 , 736,62 , 798,14 , 708,28 , 736,62 , 798,14 , 13,3 , 14,3 }, // Armenian/Armenia - { 10, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 183,8 , 191,15 , 95,8 , 103,15 , 1510,62 , 1572,88 , 1483,27 , 1510,62 , 1572,88 , 134,27 , 812,37 , 849,58 , 798,14 , 812,37 , 849,58 , 798,14 , 16,9 , 17,7 }, // Assamese/India - { 12, 15, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 214,16 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1660,48 , 1708,77 , 1483,27 , 1660,48 , 1708,77 , 134,27 , 907,26 , 933,67 , 99,14 , 907,26 , 933,67 , 99,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Azerbaijani/Azerbaijan - { 12, 102, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 214,16 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1660,48 , 1708,77 , 1483,27 , 1660,48 , 1708,77 , 134,27 , 907,26 , 933,67 , 99,14 , 907,26 , 933,67 , 99,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Azerbaijani/Iran - { 14, 197, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 230,28 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1785,48 , 1833,93 , 1926,24 , 1785,48 , 1833,93 , 1926,24 , 1000,21 , 1021,68 , 798,14 , 1000,21 , 1021,68 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Basque/Spain - { 15, 18, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2534, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 191,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 1950,90 , 1950,90 , 2040,33 , 1950,90 , 1950,90 , 2040,33 , 1089,37 , 1126,58 , 1184,18 , 1089,37 , 1126,58 , 1184,18 , 25,9 , 24,7 }, // Bengali/Bangladesh - { 15, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2534, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 191,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 1950,90 , 1950,90 , 2040,33 , 1950,90 , 1950,90 , 2040,33 , 1089,37 , 1126,58 , 1184,18 , 1089,37 , 1126,58 , 1184,18 , 25,9 , 24,7 }, // Bengali/India - { 16, 25, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 264,26 , 118,22 , 140,38 , 2073,75 , 2148,205 , 1483,27 , 2073,75 , 2148,205 , 134,27 , 1202,34 , 1236,79 , 798,14 , 1202,34 , 1236,79 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Bhutani/Bhutan - { 19, 74, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Breton/France - { 20, 33, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 313,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 2353,59 , 2412,82 , 2494,24 , 2353,59 , 2412,82 , 2494,24 , 1315,21 , 1336,55 , 1391,14 , 1315,21 , 1336,55 , 1391,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Bulgarian/Bulgaria - { 21, 147, 46, 44, 4170, 37, 4160, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 2518,43 , 2561,88 , 2649,24 , 2518,43 , 2561,88 , 2649,24 , 1405,25 , 1430,54 , 1484,14 , 1405,25 , 1430,54 , 1484,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Burmese/Myanmar - { 22, 20, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 328,6 , 136,14 , 178,5 , 183,13 , 2673,48 , 2721,99 , 2820,24 , 2673,48 , 2721,95 , 2816,24 , 1498,21 , 1519,56 , 1575,14 , 1498,21 , 1519,56 , 1575,14 , 34,10 , 31,13 }, // Byelorussian/Belarus - { 23, 36, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 342,27 , 196,4 , 200,29 , 2844,27 , 2871,71 , 1483,27 , 2840,27 , 2867,71 , 134,27 , 1589,19 , 1608,76 , 798,14 , 1589,19 , 1608,76 , 798,14 , 44,5 , 44,5 }, // Cambodian/Cambodia - { 24, 197, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 369,18 , 196,4 , 229,12 , 2942,60 , 3002,82 , 3084,24 , 2938,93 , 3031,115 , 3146,24 , 1684,21 , 1705,60 , 1765,14 , 1779,28 , 1807,60 , 1867,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Catalan/Spain - { 25, 44, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 387,6 , 393,10 , 241,6 , 247,14 , 3108,38 , 3108,38 , 3146,39 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 1881,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 1881,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chinese/China - { 25, 97, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 403,7 , 393,10 , 241,6 , 261,14 , 3108,38 , 3108,38 , 1483,27 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 134,27 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chinese/HongKong - { 25, 126, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 403,7 , 410,12 , 241,6 , 261,14 , 3108,38 , 3108,38 , 1483,27 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 134,27 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chinese/Macau - { 25, 190, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 393,10 , 275,7 , 247,14 , 3108,38 , 3108,38 , 3146,39 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 1881,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 1881,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chinese/Singapore - { 25, 208, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 422,6 , 393,10 , 241,6 , 261,14 , 3108,38 , 3108,38 , 1483,27 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 134,27 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chinese/Taiwan - { 27, 54, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 428,13 , 441,16 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 3185,49 , 3234,94 , 3328,39 , 3209,49 , 3258,98 , 3356,39 , 1965,28 , 1993,58 , 2051,14 , 1965,28 , 1993,58 , 2051,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Croatian/Croatia - { 28, 57, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 328,6 , 457,15 , 196,4 , 229,12 , 3328,39 , 3367,82 , 3449,24 , 134,27 , 3395,84 , 3479,24 , 2065,21 , 2086,49 , 2135,14 , 2065,21 , 2086,49 , 2135,14 , 53,4 , 53,4 }, // Czech/CzechRepublic - { 29, 58, 44, 46, 44, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 472,20 , 178,5 , 183,13 , 3473,48 , 3521,84 , 134,24 , 3503,59 , 3562,84 , 320,24 , 2149,28 , 2177,51 , 2228,14 , 2149,28 , 2177,51 , 2228,14 , 57,4 , 57,4 }, // Danish/Denmark - { 30, 151, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 492,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 3605,48 , 3653,88 , 134,24 , 3646,59 , 3705,88 , 320,24 , 2242,21 , 2263,59 , 2322,14 , 2242,21 , 2263,59 , 2322,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Dutch/Netherlands - { 30, 21, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 500,7 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 3605,48 , 3653,88 , 134,24 , 3646,59 , 3705,88 , 320,24 , 2242,21 , 2263,59 , 2322,14 , 2242,21 , 2263,59 , 2322,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Dutch/Belgium - { 31, 225, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/UnitedStates - { 31, 4, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/AmericanSamoa - { 31, 13, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 500,7 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Australia - { 31, 21, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 282,27 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Belgium - { 31, 22, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 513,9 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Belize - { 31, 28, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 76,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Botswana - { 31, 38, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 103,8 , 522,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Canada - { 31, 89, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Guam - { 31, 97, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 191,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/HongKong - { 31, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/India - { 31, 104, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // English/Ireland - { 31, 107, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Jamaica - { 31, 133, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Malta - { 31, 134, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/MarshallIslands - { 31, 137, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Mauritius - { 31, 148, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Namibia - { 31, 154, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 500,7 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/NewZealand - { 31, 160, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/NorthernMarianaIslands - { 31, 163, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Pakistan - { 31, 170, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Philippines - { 31, 190, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Singapore - { 31, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 536,10 , 76,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/SouthAfrica - { 31, 215, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/TrinidadAndTobago - { 31, 224, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/UnitedKingdom - { 31, 226, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/UnitedStatesMinorOutlyingIslands - { 31, 234, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/USVirginIslands - { 31, 240, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 76,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Zimbabwe - { 33, 68, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 457,15 , 196,4 , 309,12 , 3741,59 , 3800,91 , 3891,24 , 3793,59 , 3852,91 , 3943,24 , 2336,14 , 2350,63 , 2336,14 , 2336,14 , 2350,63 , 2336,14 , 61,14 , 61,16 }, // Estonian/Estonia - { 34, 71, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 492,8 , 76,14 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 3915,48 , 3963,83 , 134,24 , 3967,48 , 4015,83 , 320,24 , 2413,28 , 2441,74 , 2515,14 , 2413,28 , 2441,74 , 2515,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Faroese/FaroeIslands - { 36, 73, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 546,8 , 554,14 , 321,4 , 325,12 , 4046,69 , 4115,105 , 4220,24 , 4098,129 , 4098,129 , 4227,24 , 2529,21 , 2550,67 , 2617,14 , 2529,21 , 2631,81 , 2617,14 , 75,3 , 77,3 }, // Finnish/Finland - { 37, 74, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/France - { 37, 21, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 500,7 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 337,26 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Belgium - { 37, 37, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Cameroon - { 37, 38, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 103,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 282,27 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Canada - { 37, 41, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/CentralAfricanRepublic - { 37, 53, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/IvoryCoast - { 37, 88, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Guadeloupe - { 37, 91, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Guinea - { 37, 125, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Luxembourg - { 37, 128, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Madagascar - { 37, 132, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Mali - { 37, 135, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Martinique - { 37, 142, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Monaco - { 37, 156, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Niger - { 37, 176, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Reunion - { 37, 187, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Senegal - { 37, 206, 46, 39, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 136,14 , 40,5 , 363,17 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Switzerland - { 37, 244, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Saint Barthelemy - { 37, 245, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Saint Martin - { 40, 197, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 76,14 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4392,48 , 4440,87 , 4527,24 , 4399,48 , 4447,87 , 4534,24 , 2813,28 , 2841,49 , 2890,14 , 2813,28 , 2841,49 , 2890,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Galician/Spain - { 41, 81, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4551,48 , 4599,99 , 4698,24 , 4558,48 , 4606,99 , 4705,24 , 2904,28 , 2932,62 , 2994,14 , 2904,28 , 2932,62 , 2994,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Georgian/Georgia - { 42, 82, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 457,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4722,52 , 4774,83 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 4777,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3103,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Germany - { 42, 14, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 568,16 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4722,52 , 4857,83 , 134,24 , 4860,48 , 4908,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3103,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Austria - { 42, 21, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 500,7 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 282,27 , 4722,52 , 4774,83 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 4777,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3131,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Belgium - { 42, 123, 46, 39, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 457,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4722,52 , 4774,83 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 4777,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3103,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Liechtenstein - { 42, 125, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 457,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4722,52 , 4774,83 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 4777,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3103,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Luxembourg - { 42, 206, 46, 39, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 457,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 4722,52 , 4774,83 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 4777,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3103,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Switzerland - { 43, 85, 44, 46, 44, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 4940,50 , 4990,115 , 5105,24 , 4991,50 , 5041,115 , 5156,24 , 3159,28 , 3187,55 , 3242,14 , 3159,28 , 3187,55 , 3242,14 , 78,4 , 80,4 }, // Greek/Greece - { 43, 56, 44, 46, 44, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 4940,50 , 4990,115 , 5105,24 , 4991,50 , 5041,115 , 5156,24 , 3159,28 , 3187,55 , 3242,14 , 3159,28 , 3187,55 , 3242,14 , 78,4 , 80,4 }, // Greek/Cyprus - { 44, 86, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 66,10 , 76,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 3473,48 , 5129,96 , 134,24 , 5180,48 , 5228,96 , 320,24 , 3256,28 , 3284,98 , 3382,14 , 3256,28 , 3284,98 , 3382,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Greenlandic/Greenland - { 46, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 584,7 , 191,15 , 380,8 , 388,16 , 5225,67 , 5292,87 , 5379,31 , 5324,67 , 5391,87 , 5478,31 , 3396,32 , 3428,53 , 3481,19 , 3396,32 , 3428,53 , 3481,19 , 82,14 , 84,14 }, // Gujarati/India - { 47, 83, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 191,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 5410,48 , 5458,85 , 5543,24 , 5509,48 , 5557,85 , 5642,24 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Hausa/Ghana - { 47, 156, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 191,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 5410,48 , 5458,85 , 5543,24 , 5509,48 , 5557,85 , 5642,24 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Hausa/Niger - { 47, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 191,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 5410,48 , 5458,85 , 5543,24 , 5509,48 , 5557,85 , 5642,24 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Hausa/Nigeria - { 47, 201, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 191,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 5567,55 , 5622,99 , 5543,24 , 5666,55 , 5721,99 , 5642,24 , 3587,31 , 3618,57 , 3573,14 , 3587,31 , 3618,57 , 3573,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Hausa/Sudan - { 48, 105, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 591,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 5721,58 , 5779,72 , 1483,27 , 5820,48 , 5868,72 , 134,27 , 3675,46 , 3721,65 , 3786,14 , 3675,46 , 3721,65 , 3786,14 , 96,6 , 98,5 }, // Hebrew/Israel - { 49, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2406, 45, 43, 101, 606,6 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 5851,75 , 5851,75 , 5926,30 , 5940,75 , 5940,75 , 6015,30 , 3800,38 , 3838,57 , 3895,19 , 3800,38 , 3838,57 , 3895,19 , 102,9 , 103,7 }, // Hindi/India - { 50, 98, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 612,11 , 623,16 , 196,4 , 229,12 , 5956,64 , 6020,98 , 6118,25 , 6045,64 , 6109,98 , 6207,25 , 3914,19 , 3933,52 , 3985,17 , 3914,19 , 3933,52 , 3985,17 , 111,3 , 110,3 }, // Hungarian/Hungary - { 51, 99, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 546,8 , 457,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 6143,48 , 6191,82 , 6273,24 , 6232,48 , 6280,82 , 6362,24 , 4002,28 , 4030,81 , 4111,14 , 4002,28 , 4030,81 , 4125,14 , 114,4 , 113,4 }, // Icelandic/Iceland - { 52, 101, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 639,18 , 178,5 , 325,12 , 6297,48 , 6345,87 , 134,24 , 6386,48 , 6434,87 , 320,24 , 4139,28 , 4167,43 , 4210,14 , 4139,28 , 4167,43 , 4210,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Indonesian/Indonesia - { 57, 104, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 6432,62 , 6494,107 , 6601,24 , 6521,62 , 6583,107 , 6690,24 , 4224,37 , 4261,75 , 4336,14 , 4224,37 , 4261,75 , 4336,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Irish/Ireland - { 58, 106, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 6625,48 , 6673,94 , 6767,24 , 6714,48 , 6762,94 , 6856,24 , 4350,28 , 4378,57 , 4435,14 , 4350,28 , 4449,57 , 4435,14 , 118,2 , 117,2 }, // Italian/Italy - { 58, 206, 46, 39, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 136,14 , 40,5 , 363,17 , 6625,48 , 6673,94 , 6767,24 , 6714,48 , 6762,94 , 6856,24 , 4350,28 , 4378,57 , 4435,14 , 4350,28 , 4449,57 , 4435,14 , 118,2 , 117,2 }, // Italian/Switzerland - { 59, 108, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 393,10 , 196,4 , 404,13 , 3146,39 , 3146,39 , 1483,27 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 134,27 , 4506,14 , 4520,28 , 4506,14 , 4506,14 , 4520,28 , 4506,14 , 120,2 , 119,2 }, // Japanese/Japan - { 61, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 3302, 45, 43, 101, 606,6 , 90,13 , 380,8 , 388,16 , 6791,86 , 6791,86 , 6877,31 , 6880,86 , 6880,86 , 6966,31 , 4548,28 , 4576,53 , 4629,19 , 4548,28 , 4576,53 , 4629,19 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Kannada/India - { 63, 110, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 657,19 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 6908,61 , 6969,83 , 1483,27 , 6997,61 , 7058,83 , 134,27 , 4648,28 , 4676,54 , 798,14 , 4648,28 , 4676,54 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kazakh/Kazakhstan - { 64, 179, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 7052,60 , 7112,101 , 1483,27 , 7141,60 , 7201,101 , 134,27 , 4730,35 , 4765,84 , 798,14 , 4730,35 , 4765,84 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kinyarwanda/Rwanda - { 65, 116, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kirghiz/Kyrgyzstan - { 66, 114, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 676,9 , 685,13 , 417,7 , 424,16 , 7213,39 , 7213,39 , 7213,39 , 7302,39 , 7302,39 , 7302,39 , 4849,14 , 4863,28 , 4849,14 , 4849,14 , 4863,28 , 4849,14 , 124,2 , 123,2 }, // Korean/RepublicOfKorea - { 67, 102, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 4891,42 , 4891,42 , 4933,14 , 4891,42 , 4891,42 , 4933,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kurdish/Iran - { 67, 103, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 4891,42 , 4891,42 , 4933,14 , 4891,42 , 4891,42 , 4933,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kurdish/Iraq - { 67, 207, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 7252,41 , 7293,51 , 7344,27 , 7341,41 , 7382,51 , 7433,27 , 4947,20 , 4967,39 , 5006,14 , 4947,20 , 4967,39 , 5006,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kurdish/SyrianArabRepublic - { 67, 217, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 7252,41 , 7293,51 , 7344,27 , 7341,41 , 7382,51 , 7433,27 , 4947,20 , 4967,39 , 5006,14 , 4947,20 , 4967,39 , 5006,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kurdish/Turkey - { 69, 117, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 698,17 , 196,4 , 440,24 , 7371,63 , 7434,75 , 1483,27 , 7460,63 , 7523,75 , 134,27 , 5020,24 , 5044,57 , 798,14 , 5020,24 , 5044,57 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Laothian/Lao - { 71, 118, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 305,8 , 715,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 7509,65 , 7574,101 , 134,24 , 7598,65 , 7663,101 , 320,24 , 5101,21 , 5122,72 , 5194,14 , 5101,21 , 5122,72 , 5194,14 , 126,14 , 125,11 }, // Latvian/Latvia - { 72, 49, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 7675,39 , 7714,203 , 1483,27 , 7764,39 , 7803,203 , 134,27 , 5208,23 , 5231,98 , 798,14 , 5208,23 , 5231,98 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Lingala/DemocraticRepublicOfCongo - { 72, 50, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 7675,39 , 7714,203 , 1483,27 , 7764,39 , 7803,203 , 134,27 , 5208,23 , 5231,98 , 798,14 , 5208,23 , 5231,98 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Lingala/PeoplesRepublicOfCongo - { 73, 124, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 66,10 , 738,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 7917,69 , 7986,96 , 8082,24 , 8006,48 , 8054,96 , 8150,24 , 5329,17 , 5346,89 , 5435,14 , 5449,21 , 5346,89 , 5435,14 , 140,9 , 136,6 }, // Lithuanian/Lithuania - { 74, 127, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 761,7 , 111,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 8106,63 , 8169,85 , 8254,24 , 8174,63 , 8237,85 , 8322,24 , 5470,34 , 5504,54 , 1391,14 , 5470,34 , 5504,54 , 1391,14 , 149,10 , 142,8 }, // Macedonian/Macedonia - { 75, 128, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 8278,48 , 8326,92 , 134,24 , 8346,48 , 8394,92 , 320,24 , 5558,34 , 5592,60 , 5652,14 , 5558,34 , 5592,60 , 5652,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Malagasy/Madagascar - { 76, 130, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 768,13 , 464,4 , 25,15 , 8418,49 , 8467,82 , 1483,27 , 8486,49 , 8535,82 , 134,27 , 5666,28 , 5694,43 , 798,14 , 5666,28 , 5694,43 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Malay/Malaysia - { 76, 32, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 513,9 , 196,4 , 468,17 , 8418,49 , 8467,82 , 1483,27 , 8486,49 , 8535,82 , 134,27 , 5666,28 , 5694,43 , 798,14 , 5666,28 , 5694,43 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Malay/BruneiDarussalam - { 77, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 781,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 8549,66 , 8615,101 , 8716,31 , 8617,66 , 8683,101 , 8784,31 , 5737,47 , 5784,70 , 5854,22 , 5737,47 , 5784,70 , 5854,22 , 159,6 , 150,10 }, // Malayalam/India - { 78, 133, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 796,20 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 8747,48 , 8795,86 , 8881,24 , 8815,48 , 8863,86 , 8949,24 , 5876,28 , 5904,63 , 5967,14 , 5876,28 , 5904,63 , 5967,14 , 165,2 , 160,2 }, // Maltese/Malta - { 79, 154, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 8905,83 , 8905,83 , 1483,27 , 8973,83 , 8973,83 , 134,27 , 5981,48 , 5981,48 , 798,14 , 5981,48 , 5981,48 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Maori/NewZealand - { 80, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2406, 45, 43, 101, 606,6 , 90,13 , 485,7 , 492,15 , 8988,86 , 8988,86 , 9074,32 , 9056,86 , 9056,86 , 9142,32 , 6029,32 , 6061,53 , 3895,19 , 6029,32 , 6061,53 , 3895,19 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Marathi/India - { 82, 44, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 9106,48 , 9154,66 , 1483,27 , 9174,48 , 9222,66 , 134,27 , 6114,21 , 6135,43 , 798,14 , 6114,21 , 6135,43 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Mongolian/China - { 82, 143, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 9106,48 , 9154,66 , 1483,27 , 9174,48 , 9222,66 , 134,27 , 6114,21 , 6135,43 , 798,14 , 6114,21 , 6135,43 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Mongolian/Mongolia - { 84, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2406, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 9220,56 , 9276,80 , 9356,27 , 9288,56 , 9344,80 , 9424,27 , 6178,33 , 6211,54 , 6265,14 , 6178,33 , 6211,54 , 6265,14 , 102,9 , 103,7 }, // Nepali/India - { 84, 150, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2406, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 9220,56 , 9383,85 , 9356,27 , 9288,56 , 9451,85 , 9424,27 , 6178,33 , 6279,54 , 6265,14 , 6178,33 , 6279,54 , 6265,14 , 167,14 , 162,14 }, // Nepali/Nepal - { 85, 161, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 554,14 , 40,5 , 507,19 , 9468,59 , 9527,83 , 134,24 , 9536,59 , 9595,83 , 320,24 , 6333,28 , 2177,51 , 2228,14 , 6361,35 , 2177,51 , 2228,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Norwegian/Norway - { 86, 74, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 9610,83 , 9610,83 , 1483,27 , 9678,83 , 9678,83 , 134,27 , 6396,57 , 6396,57 , 798,14 , 6396,57 , 6396,57 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Occitan/France - { 87, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2918, 45, 43, 101, 606,6 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 9693,89 , 9693,89 , 9782,32 , 9761,89 , 9761,89 , 9850,32 , 6453,33 , 6486,54 , 6540,18 , 6453,33 , 6486,54 , 6540,18 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Oriya/India - { 88, 1, 1643, 1644, 59, 1642, 1776, 8722, 43, 101, 816,8 , 824,17 , 196,4 , 526,14 , 9814,68 , 9814,68 , 1483,27 , 9882,68 , 9882,68 , 134,27 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 798,14 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 798,14 , 181,4 , 176,4 }, // Pashto/Afghanistan - { 89, 102, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1776, 8722, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 196,4 , 526,14 , 9882,71 , 9953,70 , 10023,25 , 9950,71 , 10021,73 , 10094,25 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 6607,14 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 6607,14 , 185,10 , 180,10 }, // Persian/Iran - { 89, 1, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1776, 8722, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 196,4 , 526,14 , 10048,63 , 9953,70 , 10111,24 , 10119,63 , 10182,68 , 10250,24 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 6607,14 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 6607,14 , 185,10 , 180,10 }, // Persian/Afghanistan - { 90, 172, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 492,8 , 136,14 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 10135,48 , 10183,97 , 10280,24 , 10274,48 , 10322,99 , 10421,24 , 6621,34 , 6655,59 , 6714,14 , 6621,34 , 6655,59 , 6714,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Polish/Poland - { 91, 173, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 841,24 , 40,5 , 540,22 , 10304,48 , 10352,89 , 134,24 , 10445,48 , 10493,89 , 320,24 , 6728,28 , 6756,79 , 6835,14 , 6728,28 , 6756,79 , 6835,14 , 195,17 , 190,18 }, // Portuguese/Portugal - { 91, 30, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 841,24 , 40,5 , 540,22 , 10441,48 , 10489,89 , 134,24 , 10582,48 , 10630,89 , 320,24 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Portuguese/Brazil - { 91, 92, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 841,24 , 40,5 , 540,22 , 10441,48 , 10489,89 , 134,24 , 10582,48 , 10630,89 , 320,24 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Portuguese/GuineaBissau - { 91, 146, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 841,24 , 40,5 , 540,22 , 10441,48 , 10489,89 , 134,24 , 10582,48 , 10630,89 , 320,24 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Portuguese/Mozambique - { 92, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2662, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 111,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 10578,68 , 10578,68 , 10646,27 , 10719,68 , 10719,68 , 10787,27 , 6928,38 , 6966,55 , 7021,23 , 6928,38 , 6966,55 , 7021,23 , 212,5 , 208,4 }, // Punjabi/India - { 92, 163, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2662, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 111,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 10673,67 , 10673,67 , 10646,27 , 10814,67 , 10814,67 , 10787,27 , 6928,38 , 7044,37 , 7021,23 , 6928,38 , 7044,37 , 7021,23 , 212,5 , 208,4 }, // Punjabi/Pakistan - { 94, 206, 46, 8217, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 305,8 , 457,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 10740,67 , 10807,92 , 10899,24 , 10881,67 , 10948,92 , 11040,24 , 7081,23 , 7104,56 , 7160,14 , 7081,23 , 7104,56 , 7160,14 , 122,2 , 212,2 }, // RhaetoRomance/Switzerland - { 95, 141, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 865,10 , 136,14 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 10923,60 , 10983,98 , 11081,24 , 11064,60 , 11124,98 , 11222,24 , 7174,21 , 7195,48 , 2799,14 , 7174,21 , 7195,48 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Romanian/Moldova - { 95, 177, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 865,10 , 136,14 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 10923,60 , 10983,98 , 11081,24 , 11064,60 , 11124,98 , 11222,24 , 7174,21 , 7195,48 , 2799,14 , 7174,21 , 7195,48 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Romanian/Romania - { 96, 178, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 875,19 , 196,4 , 229,12 , 11105,62 , 11167,80 , 11247,24 , 11246,63 , 11309,82 , 11391,24 , 7243,21 , 7264,62 , 7326,14 , 7243,21 , 7340,62 , 7326,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Russian/RussianFederation - { 96, 141, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 875,19 , 196,4 , 229,12 , 11105,62 , 11167,80 , 11247,24 , 11246,63 , 11309,82 , 11391,24 , 7243,21 , 7264,62 , 7326,14 , 7243,21 , 7340,62 , 7326,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Russian/Moldova - { 96, 222, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 875,19 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 11105,62 , 11167,80 , 11247,24 , 11246,63 , 11309,82 , 11391,24 , 7243,21 , 7264,62 , 7326,14 , 7243,21 , 7340,62 , 7326,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Russian/Ukraine - { 98, 41, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 11271,48 , 11319,91 , 11410,24 , 11415,48 , 11463,91 , 11554,24 , 7402,28 , 7430,66 , 7496,14 , 7402,28 , 7430,66 , 7496,14 , 217,2 , 214,2 }, // Sangho/CentralAfricanRepublic - { 99, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2406, 45, 43, 101, 584,7 , 90,13 , 380,8 , 388,16 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Sanskrit/India - { 100, 241, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 894,7 , 901,17 , 178,5 , 183,13 , 11434,48 , 11482,81 , 8254,24 , 11578,48 , 11626,81 , 8322,24 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 219,9 , 216,7 }, // Serbian/SerbiaAndMontenegro - { 100, 27, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 103,8 , 901,17 , 40,5 , 562,43 , 11434,48 , 11563,83 , 8254,24 , 11578,48 , 11707,83 , 8322,24 , 7604,28 , 7632,54 , 7590,14 , 7604,28 , 7632,54 , 7590,14 , 219,9 , 216,7 }, // Serbian/BosniaAndHerzegowina - { 100, 238, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 894,7 , 901,17 , 178,5 , 183,13 , 11434,48 , 11482,81 , 8254,24 , 11578,48 , 11626,81 , 8322,24 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 219,9 , 216,7 }, // Serbian/Yugoslavia - { 100, 242, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 894,7 , 901,17 , 178,5 , 183,13 , 11646,48 , 11694,81 , 11775,24 , 11790,48 , 11838,81 , 11919,24 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 228,9 , 223,7 }, // Serbian/Montenegro - { 100, 243, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 894,7 , 901,17 , 178,5 , 183,13 , 11434,48 , 11482,81 , 8254,24 , 11578,48 , 11626,81 , 8322,24 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 219,9 , 216,7 }, // Serbian/Serbia - { 101, 241, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 894,7 , 901,17 , 178,5 , 183,13 , 11646,48 , 11694,81 , 11775,24 , 11790,48 , 11838,81 , 11919,24 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 228,9 , 223,7 }, // SerboCroatian/SerbiaAndMontenegro - { 101, 27, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 894,7 , 901,17 , 178,5 , 183,13 , 11646,48 , 11694,81 , 11775,24 , 11790,48 , 11838,81 , 11919,24 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 228,9 , 223,7 }, // SerboCroatian/BosniaAndHerzegowina - { 101, 238, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 894,7 , 901,17 , 178,5 , 183,13 , 11646,48 , 11694,81 , 11775,24 , 11790,48 , 11838,81 , 11919,24 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 228,9 , 223,7 }, // SerboCroatian/Yugoslavia - { 102, 120, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 11799,48 , 11847,105 , 1483,27 , 11943,48 , 11991,105 , 134,27 , 7768,27 , 7795,61 , 798,14 , 7768,27 , 7795,61 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Sesotho/Lesotho - { 102, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 11799,48 , 11847,105 , 1483,27 , 11943,48 , 11991,105 , 134,27 , 7768,27 , 7795,61 , 798,14 , 7768,27 , 7795,61 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Sesotho/SouthAfrica - { 103, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 11952,48 , 12000,117 , 1483,27 , 12096,48 , 12144,117 , 134,27 , 7856,27 , 7883,64 , 798,14 , 7856,27 , 7883,64 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Setswana/SouthAfrica - { 104, 240, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 12117,47 , 12164,100 , 12264,24 , 12261,47 , 12308,100 , 12408,24 , 7947,32 , 7979,55 , 8034,14 , 7947,32 , 7979,55 , 8034,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Shona/Zimbabwe - { 106, 198, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 536,10 , 918,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 12288,54 , 12342,92 , 12434,32 , 12432,54 , 12486,92 , 12578,32 , 8048,30 , 8078,62 , 8140,19 , 8048,30 , 8078,62 , 8140,19 , 237,5 , 230,4 }, // Singhalese/SriLanka - { 107, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 12466,48 , 12514,114 , 1483,27 , 12610,48 , 12658,114 , 134,27 , 8159,27 , 8186,68 , 798,14 , 8159,27 , 8186,68 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Siswati/SouthAfrica - { 107, 204, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 12466,48 , 12514,114 , 1483,27 , 12610,48 , 12658,114 , 134,27 , 8159,27 , 8186,68 , 798,14 , 8159,27 , 8186,68 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Siswati/Swaziland - { 108, 191, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 546,8 , 457,15 , 196,4 , 229,12 , 12628,48 , 12676,82 , 11775,24 , 12772,48 , 12820,89 , 11919,24 , 8254,21 , 8275,52 , 8327,14 , 8254,21 , 8275,52 , 8327,14 , 242,10 , 234,9 }, // Slovak/Slovakia - { 109, 192, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 932,9 , 568,16 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 11646,48 , 12758,86 , 11775,24 , 11790,48 , 12909,86 , 11919,24 , 8341,28 , 8369,52 , 8421,14 , 8341,28 , 8369,52 , 8421,14 , 53,4 , 243,4 }, // Slovenian/Slovenia - { 110, 194, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 50,16 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 12844,48 , 12892,189 , 13081,24 , 12995,48 , 13043,189 , 13232,24 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 252,3 , 247,3 }, // Somali/Somalia - { 110, 59, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 50,16 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 12844,48 , 12892,189 , 13081,24 , 12995,48 , 13043,189 , 13232,24 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 252,3 , 247,3 }, // Somali/Djibouti - { 110, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 50,16 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 12844,48 , 12892,189 , 13081,24 , 12995,48 , 13043,189 , 13232,24 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 252,3 , 247,3 }, // Somali/Ethiopia - { 110, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 50,16 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 12844,48 , 12892,189 , 13081,24 , 12995,48 , 13043,189 , 13232,24 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 252,3 , 247,3 }, // Somali/Kenya - { 111, 197, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Spain - { 111, 10, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 605,17 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Argentina - { 111, 26, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Bolivia - { 111, 43, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 492,8 , 941,23 , 196,4 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Chile - { 111, 47, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 500,7 , 941,23 , 196,4 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Colombia - { 111, 52, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/CostaRica - { 111, 61, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/DominicanRepublic - { 111, 63, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 196,4 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Ecuador - { 111, 65, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/ElSalvador - { 111, 66, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/EquatorialGuinea - { 111, 90, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 500,7 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Guatemala - { 111, 96, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 964,24 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Honduras - { 111, 139, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Mexico - { 111, 155, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Nicaragua - { 111, 166, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 175,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Panama - { 111, 168, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Paraguay - { 111, 169, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 500,7 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 622,18 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Peru - { 111, 174, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 175,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/PuertoRico - { 111, 225, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 941,23 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/UnitedStates - { 111, 227, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Uruguay - { 111, 231, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 941,23 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Venezuela - { 113, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13266,48 , 13314,84 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 13465,84 , 320,24 , 8605,22 , 8627,60 , 8687,14 , 8605,22 , 8627,60 , 8687,14 , 255,7 , 250,7 }, // Swahili/Kenya - { 113, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13266,48 , 13314,84 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 13465,84 , 320,24 , 8605,22 , 8627,60 , 8687,14 , 8605,22 , 8627,60 , 8687,14 , 255,7 , 250,7 }, // Swahili/Tanzania - { 114, 205, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 66,10 , 988,27 , 40,5 , 507,19 , 3473,48 , 13398,86 , 134,24 , 5180,48 , 13549,86 , 320,24 , 8701,29 , 8730,50 , 2228,14 , 8701,29 , 8730,50 , 2228,14 , 262,2 , 257,2 }, // Swedish/Sweden - { 114, 73, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 66,10 , 988,27 , 40,5 , 507,19 , 3473,48 , 13398,86 , 134,24 , 5180,48 , 13549,86 , 320,24 , 8701,29 , 8730,50 , 2228,14 , 8701,29 , 8730,50 , 2228,14 , 262,2 , 257,2 }, // Swedish/Finland - { 116, 209, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13484,48 , 13532,71 , 1483,27 , 13635,48 , 13683,71 , 134,27 , 8780,28 , 8808,55 , 798,14 , 8780,28 , 8808,55 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tajik/Tajikistan - { 117, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 606,6 , 191,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13603,58 , 13661,86 , 13747,31 , 13754,58 , 13812,86 , 13898,31 , 8863,20 , 8883,49 , 8863,20 , 8863,20 , 8883,49 , 8863,20 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Tamil/India - { 117, 198, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 606,6 , 191,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13603,58 , 13661,86 , 13747,31 , 13754,58 , 13812,86 , 13898,31 , 8863,20 , 8883,49 , 8863,20 , 8863,20 , 8883,49 , 8863,20 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Tamil/SriLanka - { 118, 178, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 865,10 , 1015,8 , 196,4 , 25,15 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tatar/RussianFederation - { 119, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 492,8 , 90,13 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13778,86 , 13778,86 , 13864,30 , 13929,86 , 13929,86 , 14015,30 , 8932,32 , 8964,60 , 9024,18 , 8932,32 , 8964,60 , 9024,18 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Telugu/India - { 120, 211, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 1023,18 , 196,4 , 640,30 , 13894,63 , 13957,98 , 13894,63 , 14045,63 , 14108,98 , 14206,24 , 9042,23 , 9065,68 , 9133,14 , 9042,23 , 9065,68 , 9133,14 , 264,10 , 259,10 }, // Thai/Thailand - { 121, 44, 46, 44, 59, 37, 3872, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 14055,63 , 14118,158 , 1483,27 , 14230,63 , 14293,158 , 134,27 , 9147,49 , 9196,77 , 9273,21 , 9147,49 , 9196,77 , 9273,21 , 274,7 , 269,8 }, // Tibetan/China - { 121, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 3872, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 14055,63 , 14118,158 , 1483,27 , 14230,63 , 14293,158 , 134,27 , 9147,49 , 9196,77 , 9273,21 , 9147,49 , 9196,77 , 9273,21 , 274,7 , 269,8 }, // Tibetan/India - { 122, 67, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1041,22 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 14276,46 , 14322,54 , 1034,24 , 14451,46 , 14497,54 , 1061,24 , 9294,29 , 9294,29 , 9323,14 , 9294,29 , 9294,29 , 9323,14 , 281,7 , 277,7 }, // Tigrinya/Eritrea - { 122, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1063,22 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 926,46 , 972,62 , 1034,24 , 953,46 , 999,62 , 1061,24 , 9337,29 , 9337,29 , 9323,14 , 9337,29 , 9337,29 , 9323,14 , 281,7 , 277,7 }, // Tigrinya/Ethiopia - { 123, 214, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 14376,51 , 14427,87 , 14514,24 , 14551,51 , 14602,87 , 14689,24 , 9366,29 , 9395,60 , 9455,14 , 9366,29 , 9395,60 , 9455,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tonga/Tonga - { 124, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 14538,48 , 14586,122 , 1483,27 , 14713,48 , 14761,122 , 134,27 , 9469,27 , 9496,72 , 798,14 , 9469,27 , 9496,72 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tsonga/SouthAfrica - { 125, 217, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 865,10 , 1085,14 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 14708,48 , 14756,75 , 14831,24 , 14883,48 , 14931,75 , 15006,24 , 9568,28 , 9596,54 , 9650,14 , 9568,28 , 9596,54 , 9650,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Turkish/Turkey - { 128, 44, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Uigur/China - { 129, 222, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 305,8 , 1099,19 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 14855,48 , 14903,95 , 14998,24 , 15030,67 , 15097,87 , 15184,24 , 9664,21 , 9685,56 , 9741,14 , 9664,21 , 9685,56 , 9741,14 , 288,2 , 284,2 }, // Ukrainian/Ukraine - { 130, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 1118,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 15022,67 , 15022,67 , 10111,24 , 15208,67 , 15208,67 , 10250,24 , 9755,36 , 9755,36 , 9791,14 , 9755,36 , 9755,36 , 9791,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Urdu/India - { 130, 163, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 1118,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 15022,67 , 15022,67 , 10111,24 , 15208,67 , 15208,67 , 10250,24 , 9755,36 , 9755,36 , 9791,14 , 9755,36 , 9755,36 , 9791,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Urdu/Pakistan - { 131, 228, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 13484,48 , 15089,115 , 11247,24 , 13635,48 , 15275,115 , 11391,24 , 9805,28 , 9833,53 , 9886,14 , 9805,28 , 9833,53 , 9886,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Uzbek/Uzbekistan - { 131, 1, 44, 46, 59, 1642, 1776, 8722, 43, 101, 816,8 , 1133,30 , 196,4 , 526,14 , 15204,48 , 15252,68 , 11247,24 , 15390,48 , 10182,68 , 11391,24 , 9900,21 , 6558,49 , 9886,14 , 9900,21 , 6558,49 , 9886,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Uzbek/Afghanistan - { 132, 232, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 1163,28 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 15320,75 , 15395,130 , 1483,27 , 15438,75 , 15513,130 , 134,27 , 9921,33 , 9954,55 , 10009,21 , 9921,33 , 9954,55 , 10009,21 , 290,2 , 286,2 }, // Vietnamese/VietNam - { 134, 224, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 111,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 15525,53 , 15578,87 , 15665,24 , 15643,62 , 15705,86 , 15791,24 , 10030,29 , 10059,77 , 10136,14 , 10150,30 , 10059,77 , 10136,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Welsh/UnitedKingdom - { 135, 187, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Wolof/Senegal - { 136, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 15689,48 , 15737,91 , 1483,27 , 15815,48 , 15863,91 , 134,27 , 10180,28 , 10208,61 , 798,14 , 10180,28 , 10208,61 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Xhosa/SouthAfrica - { 138, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 15828,73 , 15901,121 , 1483,27 , 15954,73 , 16027,121 , 134,27 , 10269,44 , 10313,69 , 798,14 , 10269,44 , 10313,69 , 798,14 , 292,5 , 288,5 }, // Yoruba/Nigeria - { 140, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 76,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 16022,48 , 16070,104 , 134,24 , 16148,48 , 16196,90 , 320,24 , 10382,28 , 10410,68 , 10478,14 , 10382,28 , 10410,68 , 10478,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Zulu/SouthAfrica - { 141, 161, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 305,8 , 554,14 , 40,5 , 507,19 , 3915,48 , 9527,83 , 134,24 , 3967,48 , 9595,83 , 320,24 , 10492,28 , 10520,51 , 2228,14 , 10492,28 , 10520,51 , 2228,14 , 297,9 , 293,11 }, // Nynorsk/Norway - { 142, 27, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 16174,48 , 16222,83 , 1483,27 , 16286,48 , 16334,83 , 134,27 , 10571,28 , 10599,58 , 798,14 , 10571,28 , 10599,58 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Bosnian/BosniaAndHerzegowina - { 143, 131, 46, 44, 44, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 606,6 , 90,13 , 380,8 , 388,16 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Divehi/Maldives - { 144, 224, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 76,14 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 16305,102 , 16407,140 , 1483,27 , 16417,102 , 16519,140 , 134,27 , 10657,30 , 10687,57 , 798,14 , 10657,30 , 10687,57 , 798,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Manx/UnitedKingdom - { 145, 224, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 16547,46 , 16593,124 , 1483,27 , 16659,46 , 16705,124 , 134,27 , 10744,28 , 10772,60 , 798,14 , 10744,28 , 10772,60 , 798,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Cornish/UnitedKingdom - { 146, 83, 46, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 16717,48 , 16765,192 , 1483,27 , 16829,48 , 16877,192 , 134,27 , 10832,28 , 10860,49 , 10909,14 , 10832,28 , 10860,49 , 10909,14 , 306,2 , 304,2 }, // Akan/Ghana - { 147, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 606,6 , 90,13 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 16957,87 , 16957,87 , 1483,27 , 17069,87 , 17069,87 , 134,27 , 6029,32 , 10923,55 , 798,14 , 6029,32 , 10923,55 , 798,14 , 308,5 , 306,5 }, // Konkani/India - { 148, 83, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 17044,48 , 17092,94 , 1483,27 , 17156,48 , 17204,94 , 134,27 , 10978,26 , 11004,34 , 798,14 , 10978,26 , 11004,34 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Ga/Ghana - { 149, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 17186,48 , 17234,86 , 1483,27 , 17298,48 , 17346,86 , 134,27 , 11038,29 , 11067,57 , 798,14 , 11038,29 , 11067,57 , 798,14 , 313,4 , 311,4 }, // Igbo/Nigeria - { 150, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 17320,48 , 17368,189 , 17557,24 , 17432,48 , 17480,189 , 17669,24 , 11124,28 , 11152,74 , 11226,14 , 11124,28 , 11152,74 , 11226,14 , 317,9 , 315,7 }, // Kamba/Kenya - { 151, 207, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 1191,10 , 464,4 , 25,15 , 17581,65 , 17581,65 , 1483,27 , 17693,65 , 17693,65 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Syriac/SyrianArabRepublic - { 152, 67, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1201,21 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 17646,47 , 17693,77 , 17770,24 , 17758,47 , 17805,77 , 17882,24 , 11240,26 , 11266,43 , 11309,14 , 11240,26 , 11266,43 , 11309,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Blin/Eritrea - { 153, 67, 46, 4808, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1222,22 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 17794,49 , 17794,49 , 17843,24 , 17906,49 , 17906,49 , 17955,24 , 11323,29 , 11323,29 , 11352,14 , 11323,29 , 11323,29 , 11352,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Geez/Eritrea - { 153, 69, 46, 4808, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1222,22 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 17794,49 , 17794,49 , 17843,24 , 17906,49 , 17906,49 , 17955,24 , 11323,29 , 11323,29 , 11352,14 , 11323,29 , 11323,29 , 11352,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Geez/Ethiopia - { 154, 53, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 17867,48 , 17915,124 , 1483,27 , 17979,48 , 18027,124 , 134,27 , 11366,28 , 11394,54 , 798,14 , 11366,28 , 11394,54 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Koro/IvoryCoast - { 155, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 50,16 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 11448,28 , 11476,51 , 11527,14 , 11448,28 , 11476,51 , 11527,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Sidamo/Ethiopia - { 156, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 18039,59 , 18098,129 , 1483,27 , 18151,59 , 18210,129 , 134,27 , 11541,35 , 11576,87 , 798,14 , 11541,35 , 11576,87 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Atsam/Nigeria - { 157, 67, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1244,20 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 926,46 , 972,62 , 1034,24 , 953,46 , 999,62 , 1061,24 , 11663,27 , 11690,41 , 11731,14 , 11663,27 , 11690,41 , 11731,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tigre/Eritrea - { 158, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 18227,57 , 18284,178 , 1483,27 , 18339,57 , 18396,178 , 134,27 , 11745,28 , 11773,44 , 798,14 , 11745,28 , 11773,44 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Jju/Nigeria - { 159, 106, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1264,24 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 18462,48 , 18510,77 , 18587,24 , 18574,48 , 18622,77 , 18699,24 , 11817,28 , 11845,50 , 2799,14 , 11817,28 , 11845,50 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Friulian/Italy - { 160, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 18611,48 , 18659,111 , 1483,27 , 18723,48 , 18771,111 , 134,27 , 11895,27 , 11922,70 , 798,14 , 11895,27 , 11922,70 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Venda/SouthAfrica - { 161, 83, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 18770,48 , 18818,87 , 18905,24 , 18882,48 , 18930,87 , 19017,24 , 11992,32 , 12024,44 , 12068,14 , 11992,32 , 12024,44 , 12068,14 , 306,2 , 304,2 }, // Ewe/Ghana - { 161, 212, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 18770,48 , 18818,87 , 18905,24 , 18882,48 , 18930,87 , 19017,24 , 11992,32 , 12024,44 , 12068,14 , 11992,32 , 12024,44 , 12068,14 , 306,2 , 304,2 }, // Ewe/Togo - { 162, 69, 46, 8217, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1288,21 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 926,46 , 972,62 , 1034,24 , 953,46 , 999,62 , 1061,24 , 12082,27 , 12082,27 , 12109,14 , 12082,27 , 12082,27 , 12109,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Walamo/Ethiopia - { 163, 225, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 258,6 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 18929,59 , 18988,95 , 1483,27 , 19041,59 , 19100,95 , 134,27 , 12123,21 , 12144,57 , 798,14 , 12123,21 , 12144,57 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Hawaiian/UnitedStates - { 164, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 206,8 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 19083,48 , 19131,153 , 1483,27 , 19195,48 , 19243,153 , 134,27 , 12201,28 , 12229,42 , 798,14 , 12201,28 , 12229,42 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tyap/Nigeria - { 165, 129, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 19284,48 , 19332,91 , 1483,27 , 19396,48 , 19444,91 , 134,27 , 12271,28 , 12299,67 , 798,14 , 12271,28 , 12299,67 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chewa/Malawi - { 166, 170, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 1309,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 19423,48 , 19471,88 , 19559,24 , 19535,48 , 19583,88 , 19671,24 , 12366,28 , 12394,55 , 12449,14 , 12463,28 , 12394,55 , 12449,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Filipino/Philippines - { 167, 206, 46, 8217, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 305,8 , 457,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 19583,48 , 19631,86 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 19695,86 , 320,24 , 12491,28 , 12519,63 , 3089,14 , 12491,28 , 12519,63 , 3089,14 , 326,5 , 322,4 }, // Swiss German/Switzerland - { 168, 44, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1483,27 , 19717,38 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 19781,38 , 134,27 , 12582,21 , 12603,28 , 12631,14 , 12582,21 , 12603,28 , 12631,14 , 331,2 , 326,2 }, // Sichuan Yi/China - { 169, 91, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kpelle/Guinea - { 169, 121, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kpelle/Liberia - { 170, 82, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Low German/Germany - { 171, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 19755,48 , 19803,100 , 1483,27 , 19819,48 , 19867,100 , 134,27 , 12645,27 , 12672,66 , 798,14 , 12645,27 , 12672,66 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // South Ndebele/SouthAfrica - { 172, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 19903,48 , 19951,94 , 1483,27 , 19967,48 , 20015,94 , 134,27 , 12738,27 , 12765,63 , 798,14 , 12738,27 , 12765,63 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Northern Sotho/SouthAfrica - { 173, 73, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 20045,85 , 20130,145 , 20275,24 , 20109,85 , 20194,145 , 20339,24 , 12828,33 , 12861,65 , 12926,14 , 12828,33 , 12861,65 , 12926,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Northern Sami/Finland - { 173, 161, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 20299,59 , 20130,145 , 20275,24 , 20363,59 , 20194,145 , 20339,24 , 12828,33 , 12940,75 , 13015,14 , 12828,33 , 12940,75 , 13015,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Northern Sami/Norway - { 174, 208, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 66,10 , 290,15 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 20358,48 , 20406,142 , 20548,24 , 20422,48 , 20470,142 , 20612,24 , 13029,28 , 13057,172 , 13229,14 , 13029,28 , 13057,172 , 13229,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Taroko/Taiwan - { 175, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 20572,48 , 20620,88 , 20708,24 , 20636,48 , 20684,88 , 20772,24 , 13243,28 , 13271,62 , 13333,14 , 13243,28 , 13271,62 , 13333,14 , 333,5 , 328,10 }, // Gusii/Kenya - { 176, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 20732,48 , 20780,221 , 21001,24 , 20796,48 , 20844,221 , 21065,24 , 13347,28 , 13375,106 , 13481,14 , 13347,28 , 13375,106 , 13481,14 , 338,10 , 338,10 }, // Taita/Kenya - { 177, 187, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 21025,48 , 21073,77 , 21150,24 , 21089,48 , 21137,77 , 21214,24 , 13495,28 , 13523,59 , 13582,14 , 13495,28 , 13523,59 , 13582,14 , 348,6 , 348,7 }, // Fulah/Senegal - { 178, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 21174,48 , 21222,185 , 21407,24 , 21238,48 , 21286,185 , 21471,24 , 13596,28 , 13624,63 , 13687,14 , 13596,28 , 13624,63 , 13687,14 , 354,6 , 355,8 }, // Kikuyu/Kenya - { 179, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 21431,48 , 21479,173 , 21652,24 , 21495,48 , 21543,173 , 21716,24 , 13701,28 , 13729,105 , 13834,14 , 13701,28 , 13729,105 , 13834,14 , 360,7 , 363,5 }, // Samburu/Kenya - { 180, 146, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 841,24 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 21676,48 , 21724,88 , 134,24 , 21740,48 , 21788,88 , 320,24 , 13848,28 , 13876,55 , 13931,14 , 13848,28 , 13876,55 , 13931,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Sena/Mozambique - { 181, 240, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 21812,48 , 21860,112 , 21972,24 , 21876,48 , 21924,112 , 22036,24 , 13945,28 , 13973,50 , 14023,14 , 13945,28 , 13973,50 , 14023,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // North Ndebele/Zimbabwe - { 182, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 21996,39 , 22035,194 , 22229,24 , 22060,39 , 22099,194 , 22293,24 , 14037,28 , 14065,65 , 14130,14 , 14037,28 , 14065,65 , 14130,14 , 367,8 , 368,7 }, // Rombo/Tanzania - { 183, 145, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 22253,48 , 22301,81 , 22382,24 , 22317,48 , 22365,81 , 22446,24 , 14144,30 , 14174,48 , 798,14 , 14144,30 , 14174,48 , 798,14 , 375,6 , 375,8 }, // Tachelhit/Morocco - { 184, 3, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 22406,48 , 22454,84 , 22538,24 , 22470,48 , 22518,84 , 22602,24 , 14222,30 , 14252,51 , 14303,14 , 14222,30 , 14252,51 , 14303,14 , 381,7 , 383,9 }, // Kabyle/Algeria - { 185, 221, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 22562,48 , 22610,152 , 134,24 , 22626,48 , 22674,152 , 320,24 , 14317,28 , 14345,74 , 14419,14 , 14317,28 , 14345,74 , 14419,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Nyankole/Uganda - { 186, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 22762,48 , 22810,254 , 23064,24 , 22826,48 , 22874,254 , 23128,24 , 14433,28 , 14461,82 , 14543,14 , 14433,28 , 14461,82 , 14543,14 , 388,7 , 392,7 }, // Bena/Tanzania - { 187, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13266,48 , 23088,87 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 23152,87 , 320,24 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 395,5 , 399,9 }, // Vunjo/Tanzania - { 188, 132, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 23175,47 , 23222,92 , 23314,24 , 23239,47 , 23286,92 , 23378,24 , 14661,28 , 14689,44 , 14733,14 , 14661,28 , 14689,44 , 14733,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Bambara/Mali - { 189, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 23338,48 , 23386,207 , 23593,24 , 23402,48 , 23450,207 , 23657,24 , 14747,28 , 14775,64 , 14839,14 , 14747,28 , 14775,64 , 14839,14 , 400,2 , 408,2 }, // Embu/Kenya - { 190, 225, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 507,6 , 35,15 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 23617,36 , 23653,58 , 23711,24 , 23681,36 , 23717,58 , 23775,24 , 14853,28 , 14881,49 , 14930,14 , 14853,28 , 14881,49 , 14930,14 , 402,3 , 410,6 }, // Cherokee/UnitedStates - { 191, 137, 46, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 23735,47 , 23782,68 , 23850,24 , 23799,47 , 23846,68 , 23914,24 , 14944,27 , 14971,48 , 15019,14 , 14944,27 , 14971,48 , 15019,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Morisyen/Mauritius - { 192, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13266,48 , 23874,264 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 23938,264 , 320,24 , 15033,28 , 15061,133 , 14130,14 , 15033,28 , 15061,133 , 14130,14 , 405,4 , 416,5 }, // Makonde/Tanzania - { 193, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 24138,83 , 24221,111 , 24332,24 , 24202,83 , 24285,111 , 24396,24 , 15194,36 , 15230,63 , 15293,14 , 15194,36 , 15230,63 , 15293,14 , 409,3 , 421,3 }, // Langi/Tanzania - { 194, 221, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 24356,48 , 24404,97 , 134,24 , 24420,48 , 24468,97 , 320,24 , 15307,28 , 15335,66 , 15401,14 , 15307,28 , 15335,66 , 15401,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Ganda/Uganda - { 195, 239, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 24501,48 , 24549,83 , 24632,24 , 24565,48 , 24613,83 , 24696,24 , 15415,80 , 15415,80 , 798,14 , 15415,80 , 15415,80 , 798,14 , 412,8 , 424,7 }, // Bemba/Zambia - { 196, 39, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 841,24 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 24656,48 , 24704,86 , 134,24 , 24720,48 , 24768,86 , 320,24 , 15495,28 , 15523,73 , 15596,14 , 15495,28 , 15523,73 , 15596,14 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Kabuverdianu/CapeVerde - { 197, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 24790,48 , 24838,86 , 24924,24 , 24854,48 , 24902,86 , 24988,24 , 15610,28 , 15638,51 , 15689,14 , 15610,28 , 15638,51 , 15689,14 , 420,2 , 431,2 }, // Meru/Kenya - { 198, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 24948,48 , 24996,111 , 25107,24 , 25012,48 , 25060,111 , 25171,24 , 15703,28 , 15731,93 , 15824,14 , 15703,28 , 15731,93 , 15824,14 , 422,4 , 433,4 }, // Kalenjin/Kenya - { 199, 148, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 0,48 , 25131,136 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 25195,136 , 320,24 , 15838,23 , 15861,92 , 15953,14 , 15838,23 , 15861,92 , 15953,14 , 426,7 , 437,5 }, // Nama/Namibia - { 200, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13266,48 , 23088,87 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 23152,87 , 320,24 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 395,5 , 399,9 }, // Machame/Tanzania - { 201, 82, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 1324,10 , 1334,20 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 25267,59 , 25326,87 , 134,24 , 25331,59 , 25390,87 , 320,24 , 15967,28 , 15995,72 , 3089,14 , 15967,28 , 15995,72 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Colognian/Germany - { 202, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 25413,51 , 25464,132 , 1483,27 , 25477,51 , 25528,132 , 134,27 , 14557,28 , 16067,58 , 14130,14 , 14557,28 , 16067,58 , 14130,14 , 433,9 , 442,6 }, // Masai/Kenya - { 202, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 25413,51 , 25464,132 , 1483,27 , 25477,51 , 25528,132 , 134,27 , 14557,28 , 16067,58 , 14130,14 , 14557,28 , 16067,58 , 14130,14 , 433,9 , 442,6 }, // Masai/Tanzania - { 203, 221, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 24356,48 , 24404,97 , 134,24 , 24420,48 , 24468,97 , 320,24 , 16125,35 , 16160,65 , 16225,14 , 16125,35 , 16160,65 , 16225,14 , 442,6 , 448,6 }, // Soga/Uganda - { 204, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 25596,48 , 13314,84 , 134,24 , 25660,48 , 13465,84 , 320,24 , 16239,21 , 16260,75 , 85,14 , 16239,21 , 16260,75 , 85,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Luyia/Kenya - { 205, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 25644,48 , 13314,84 , 134,24 , 25708,48 , 13465,84 , 320,24 , 16335,28 , 8627,60 , 14647,14 , 16335,28 , 8627,60 , 14647,14 , 448,9 , 454,8 }, // Asu/Tanzania - { 206, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 25692,48 , 25740,94 , 25834,24 , 25756,48 , 25804,94 , 25898,24 , 16363,28 , 16391,69 , 16460,14 , 16363,28 , 16391,69 , 16460,14 , 457,9 , 462,6 }, // Teso/Kenya - { 206, 221, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 25692,48 , 25740,94 , 25834,24 , 25756,48 , 25804,94 , 25898,24 , 16363,28 , 16391,69 , 16460,14 , 16363,28 , 16391,69 , 16460,14 , 457,9 , 462,6 }, // Teso/Uganda - { 207, 67, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 50,16 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 317,48 , 518,118 , 494,24 , 344,48 , 545,118 , 521,24 , 16474,28 , 16502,56 , 16558,14 , 16474,28 , 16502,56 , 16558,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Saho/Eritrea - { 208, 132, 46, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 25858,46 , 25904,88 , 25992,24 , 25922,46 , 25968,88 , 26056,24 , 16572,28 , 16600,53 , 16653,14 , 16572,28 , 16600,53 , 16653,14 , 466,6 , 468,6 }, // Koyra Chiini/Mali - { 209, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13266,48 , 23088,87 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 23152,87 , 320,24 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 395,5 , 399,9 }, // Rwa/Tanzania - { 210, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 26016,48 , 26064,186 , 26250,24 , 26080,48 , 26128,186 , 26314,24 , 16667,28 , 16695,69 , 16764,14 , 16667,28 , 16695,69 , 16764,14 , 472,2 , 474,2 }, // Luo/Kenya - { 211, 221, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 22562,48 , 22610,152 , 134,24 , 22626,48 , 22674,152 , 320,24 , 14317,28 , 14345,74 , 14419,14 , 14317,28 , 14345,74 , 14419,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chiga/Uganda - { 212, 145, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 26274,48 , 26322,86 , 26408,24 , 26338,48 , 26386,86 , 26472,24 , 16778,28 , 16806,48 , 16854,14 , 16778,28 , 16806,48 , 16854,14 , 474,9 , 476,10 }, // Central Morocco Tamazight/Morocco - { 213, 132, 46, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 334,8 , 90,13 , 40,5 , 45,13 , 25858,46 , 25904,88 , 25992,24 , 25922,46 , 25968,88 , 26056,24 , 16868,28 , 16896,54 , 16653,14 , 16868,28 , 16896,54 , 16653,14 , 466,6 , 468,6 }, // Koyraboro Senni/Mali - { 214, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 126,10 , 136,14 , 18,7 , 25,15 , 13266,48 , 26432,84 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 26496,84 , 320,24 , 16950,28 , 16978,63 , 8687,14 , 16950,28 , 16978,63 , 8687,14 , 483,5 , 486,8 }, // Shambala/Tanzania + { 3, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 158,48 , 206,111 , 134,24 , 161,48 , 209,111 , 320,24 , 113,28 , 141,55 , 85,14 , 113,28 , 141,55 , 85,14 , 2,2 , 2,2 }, // Afan/Ethiopia + { 3, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 158,48 , 206,111 , 134,24 , 161,48 , 209,111 , 320,24 , 113,28 , 141,55 , 85,14 , 113,28 , 141,55 , 85,14 , 2,2 , 2,2 }, // Afan/Kenya + { 4, 59, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 53,19 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 317,48 , 365,129 , 494,24 , 344,48 , 392,129 , 521,24 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Afar/Djibouti + { 4, 67, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 53,19 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 317,48 , 518,118 , 494,24 , 344,48 , 545,118 , 521,24 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Afar/Eritrea + { 4, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 53,19 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 317,48 , 518,118 , 494,24 , 344,48 , 545,118 , 521,24 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 196,28 , 224,52 , 276,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Afar/Ethiopia + { 5, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 82,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 636,48 , 684,92 , 134,24 , 663,48 , 711,92 , 320,24 , 290,21 , 311,58 , 369,14 , 290,21 , 311,58 , 369,14 , 4,3 , 4,3 }, // Afrikaans/SouthAfrica + { 5, 148, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 636,48 , 684,92 , 134,24 , 663,48 , 711,92 , 320,24 , 290,21 , 311,58 , 369,14 , 290,21 , 311,58 , 369,14 , 4,3 , 4,3 }, // Afrikaans/Namibia + { 6, 2, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 115,8 , 123,18 , 42,7 , 49,12 , 776,48 , 824,78 , 902,24 , 803,48 , 851,78 , 929,24 , 383,28 , 411,58 , 469,14 , 383,28 , 411,58 , 469,14 , 7,2 , 7,2 }, // Albanian/Albania + { 7, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 926,46 , 972,62 , 1034,24 , 953,46 , 999,62 , 1061,24 , 483,27 , 510,28 , 538,14 , 483,27 , 510,28 , 538,14 , 9,3 , 9,4 }, // Amharic/Ethiopia + { 8, 186, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/SaudiArabia + { 8, 3, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Algeria + { 8, 17, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Bahrain + { 8, 64, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Egypt + { 8, 103, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Iraq + { 8, 109, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1157,92 , 1157,92 , 1133,24 , 1184,92 , 1184,92 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Jordan + { 8, 115, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Kuwait + { 8, 119, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1249,92 , 1249,92 , 1133,24 , 1276,92 , 1276,92 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Lebanon + { 8, 122, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/LibyanArabJamahiriya + { 8, 145, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Morocco + { 8, 162, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Oman + { 8, 175, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Qatar + { 8, 201, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Sudan + { 8, 207, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1249,92 , 1249,92 , 1133,24 , 1276,92 , 1276,92 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/SyrianArabRepublic + { 8, 216, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Tunisia + { 8, 223, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 670,38 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/UnitedArabEmirates + { 8, 237, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1632, 45, 43, 101, 151,10 , 161,18 , 18,7 , 61,12 , 1058,75 , 1058,75 , 1133,24 , 1085,75 , 1085,75 , 1160,24 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 552,52 , 604,52 , 656,14 , 12,1 , 13,1 }, // Arabic/Yemen + { 9, 11, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 179,8 , 35,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1341,48 , 1389,94 , 1483,27 , 1368,48 , 1416,94 , 134,27 , 708,28 , 736,62 , 798,14 , 708,28 , 736,62 , 798,14 , 13,3 , 14,3 }, // Armenian/Armenia + { 10, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 187,8 , 195,18 , 73,8 , 81,12 , 1510,62 , 1572,88 , 1483,27 , 1510,62 , 1572,88 , 134,27 , 812,37 , 849,58 , 798,14 , 812,37 , 849,58 , 798,14 , 16,9 , 17,7 }, // Assamese/India + { 12, 15, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 221,19 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1660,48 , 1708,77 , 1483,27 , 1660,48 , 1708,77 , 134,27 , 907,26 , 933,67 , 99,14 , 907,26 , 933,67 , 99,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Azerbaijani/Azerbaijan + { 12, 102, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 221,19 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1660,48 , 1708,77 , 1483,27 , 1660,48 , 1708,77 , 134,27 , 907,26 , 933,67 , 99,14 , 907,26 , 933,67 , 99,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Azerbaijani/Iran + { 14, 197, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 240,31 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1785,48 , 1833,93 , 1926,24 , 1785,48 , 1833,93 , 1926,24 , 1000,21 , 1021,68 , 798,14 , 1000,21 , 1021,68 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Basque/Spain + { 15, 18, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2534, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 195,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 1950,90 , 1950,90 , 2040,33 , 1950,90 , 1950,90 , 2040,33 , 1089,37 , 1126,58 , 1184,18 , 1089,37 , 1126,58 , 1184,18 , 25,9 , 24,7 }, // Bengali/Bangladesh + { 15, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2534, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 195,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 1950,90 , 1950,90 , 2040,33 , 1950,90 , 1950,90 , 2040,33 , 1089,37 , 1126,58 , 1184,18 , 1089,37 , 1126,58 , 1184,18 , 25,9 , 24,7 }, // Bengali/India + { 16, 25, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 277,29 , 93,22 , 115,35 , 2073,75 , 2148,205 , 1483,27 , 2073,75 , 2148,205 , 134,27 , 1202,34 , 1236,79 , 798,14 , 1202,34 , 1236,79 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Bhutani/Bhutan + { 19, 74, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Breton/France + { 20, 33, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 332,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 2353,59 , 2412,82 , 2494,24 , 2353,59 , 2412,82 , 2494,24 , 1315,21 , 1336,55 , 1391,14 , 1315,21 , 1336,55 , 1391,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Bulgarian/Bulgaria + { 21, 147, 46, 44, 4170, 37, 4160, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 2518,43 , 2561,88 , 2649,24 , 2518,43 , 2561,88 , 2649,24 , 1405,25 , 1430,54 , 1484,14 , 1405,25 , 1430,54 , 1484,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Burmese/Myanmar + { 22, 20, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 350,6 , 10,17 , 150,5 , 155,10 , 2673,48 , 2721,99 , 2820,24 , 2673,48 , 2721,95 , 2816,24 , 1498,21 , 1519,56 , 1575,14 , 1498,21 , 1519,56 , 1575,14 , 34,10 , 31,13 }, // Byelorussian/Belarus + { 23, 36, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 364,30 , 165,4 , 169,26 , 2844,27 , 2871,71 , 1483,27 , 2840,27 , 2867,71 , 134,27 , 1589,19 , 1608,76 , 798,14 , 1589,19 , 1608,76 , 798,14 , 44,5 , 44,5 }, // Cambodian/Cambodia + { 24, 197, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 394,21 , 165,4 , 195,9 , 2942,60 , 3002,82 , 3084,24 , 2938,93 , 3031,115 , 3146,24 , 1684,21 , 1705,60 , 1765,14 , 1779,28 , 1807,60 , 1867,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Catalan/Spain + { 25, 44, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 415,6 , 421,13 , 204,6 , 210,11 , 3108,38 , 3108,38 , 3146,39 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 1881,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 1881,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chinese/China + { 25, 97, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 434,7 , 421,13 , 204,6 , 221,11 , 3108,38 , 3108,38 , 1483,27 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 134,27 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chinese/HongKong + { 25, 126, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 434,7 , 441,15 , 204,6 , 221,11 , 3108,38 , 3108,38 , 1483,27 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 134,27 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chinese/Macau + { 25, 190, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 421,13 , 232,7 , 210,11 , 3108,38 , 3108,38 , 3146,39 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 1881,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 1881,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chinese/Singapore + { 25, 208, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 456,6 , 421,13 , 204,6 , 221,11 , 3108,38 , 3108,38 , 1483,27 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 134,27 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 1944,21 , 1902,28 , 1930,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chinese/Taiwan + { 27, 54, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 462,13 , 475,19 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 3185,49 , 3234,94 , 3328,39 , 3209,49 , 3258,98 , 3356,39 , 1965,28 , 1993,58 , 2051,14 , 1965,28 , 1993,58 , 2051,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Croatian/Croatia + { 28, 57, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 350,6 , 494,18 , 165,4 , 195,9 , 3328,39 , 3367,82 , 3449,24 , 134,27 , 3395,84 , 3479,24 , 2065,21 , 2086,49 , 2135,14 , 2065,21 , 2086,49 , 2135,14 , 53,4 , 53,4 }, // Czech/CzechRepublic + { 29, 58, 44, 46, 44, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 512,23 , 150,5 , 155,10 , 3473,48 , 3521,84 , 134,24 , 3503,59 , 3562,84 , 320,24 , 2149,28 , 2177,51 , 2228,14 , 2149,28 , 2177,51 , 2228,14 , 57,4 , 57,4 }, // Danish/Denmark + { 30, 151, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 535,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 3605,48 , 3653,88 , 134,24 , 3646,59 , 3705,88 , 320,24 , 2242,21 , 2263,59 , 2322,14 , 2242,21 , 2263,59 , 2322,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Dutch/Netherlands + { 30, 21, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 543,7 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 3605,48 , 3653,88 , 134,24 , 3646,59 , 3705,88 , 320,24 , 2242,21 , 2263,59 , 2322,14 , 2242,21 , 2263,59 , 2322,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Dutch/Belgium + { 31, 225, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/UnitedStates + { 31, 4, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/AmericanSamoa + { 31, 13, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 543,7 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Australia + { 31, 21, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 239,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Belgium + { 31, 22, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 556,12 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Belize + { 31, 28, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 82,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Botswana + { 31, 38, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 115,8 , 568,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Canada + { 31, 89, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Guam + { 31, 97, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 195,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/HongKong + { 31, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/India + { 31, 104, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // English/Ireland + { 31, 107, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Jamaica + { 31, 133, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Malta + { 31, 134, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/MarshallIslands + { 31, 137, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Mauritius + { 31, 148, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Namibia + { 31, 154, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 543,7 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/NewZealand + { 31, 160, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/NorthernMarianaIslands + { 31, 163, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Pakistan + { 31, 170, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Philippines + { 31, 190, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Singapore + { 31, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 585,10 , 82,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/SouthAfrica + { 31, 215, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/TrinidadAndTobago + { 31, 224, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/UnitedKingdom + { 31, 226, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/UnitedStatesMinorOutlyingIslands + { 31, 234, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/USVirginIslands + { 31, 240, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 82,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 48,86 , 320,24 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,28 , 28,57 , 85,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // English/Zimbabwe + { 33, 68, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 494,18 , 165,4 , 263,9 , 3741,59 , 3800,91 , 3891,24 , 3793,59 , 3852,91 , 3943,24 , 2336,14 , 2350,63 , 2336,14 , 2336,14 , 2350,63 , 2336,14 , 61,14 , 61,16 }, // Estonian/Estonia + { 34, 71, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 535,8 , 82,17 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 3915,48 , 3963,83 , 134,24 , 3967,48 , 4015,83 , 320,24 , 2413,28 , 2441,74 , 2515,14 , 2413,28 , 2441,74 , 2515,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Faroese/FaroeIslands + { 36, 73, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 595,8 , 603,17 , 272,4 , 276,9 , 4046,69 , 4115,105 , 4220,24 , 4098,129 , 4098,129 , 4227,24 , 2529,21 , 2550,67 , 2617,14 , 2529,21 , 2631,81 , 2617,14 , 75,3 , 77,3 }, // Finnish/Finland + { 37, 74, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/France + { 37, 21, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 543,7 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 285,23 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Belgium + { 37, 37, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Cameroon + { 37, 38, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 115,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 239,24 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Canada + { 37, 41, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/CentralAfricanRepublic + { 37, 53, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/IvoryCoast + { 37, 88, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Guadeloupe + { 37, 91, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Guinea + { 37, 125, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Luxembourg + { 37, 128, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Madagascar + { 37, 132, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Mali + { 37, 135, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Martinique + { 37, 142, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Monaco + { 37, 156, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Niger + { 37, 176, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Reunion + { 37, 187, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Senegal + { 37, 206, 46, 39, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 10,17 , 37,5 , 308,14 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Switzerland + { 37, 244, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Saint Barthelemy + { 37, 245, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4244,63 , 4307,85 , 134,24 , 4251,63 , 4314,85 , 320,24 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 2712,35 , 2747,52 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // French/Saint Martin + { 40, 197, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 82,17 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4392,48 , 4440,87 , 4527,24 , 4399,48 , 4447,87 , 4534,24 , 2813,28 , 2841,49 , 2890,14 , 2813,28 , 2841,49 , 2890,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Galician/Spain + { 41, 81, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4551,48 , 4599,99 , 4698,24 , 4558,48 , 4606,99 , 4705,24 , 2904,28 , 2932,62 , 2994,14 , 2904,28 , 2932,62 , 2994,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Georgian/Georgia + { 42, 82, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 494,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4722,52 , 4774,83 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 4777,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3103,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Germany + { 42, 14, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 620,19 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4722,52 , 4857,83 , 134,24 , 4860,48 , 4908,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3103,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Austria + { 42, 21, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 543,7 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 239,24 , 4722,52 , 4774,83 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 4777,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3131,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Belgium + { 42, 123, 46, 39, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 494,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4722,52 , 4774,83 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 4777,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3103,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Liechtenstein + { 42, 125, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 494,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4722,52 , 4774,83 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 4777,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3103,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Luxembourg + { 42, 206, 46, 39, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 494,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 4722,52 , 4774,83 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 4777,83 , 320,24 , 3008,21 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 3103,28 , 3029,60 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // German/Switzerland + { 43, 85, 44, 46, 44, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 4940,50 , 4990,115 , 5105,24 , 4991,50 , 5041,115 , 5156,24 , 3159,28 , 3187,55 , 3242,14 , 3159,28 , 3187,55 , 3242,14 , 78,4 , 80,4 }, // Greek/Greece + { 43, 56, 44, 46, 44, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 4940,50 , 4990,115 , 5105,24 , 4991,50 , 5041,115 , 5156,24 , 3159,28 , 3187,55 , 3242,14 , 3159,28 , 3187,55 , 3242,14 , 78,4 , 80,4 }, // Greek/Cyprus + { 44, 86, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 72,10 , 82,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 3473,48 , 5129,96 , 134,24 , 5180,48 , 5228,96 , 320,24 , 3256,28 , 3284,98 , 3382,14 , 3256,28 , 3284,98 , 3382,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Greenlandic/Greenland + { 46, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 639,7 , 195,18 , 322,8 , 330,13 , 5225,67 , 5292,87 , 5379,31 , 5324,67 , 5391,87 , 5478,31 , 3396,32 , 3428,53 , 3481,19 , 3396,32 , 3428,53 , 3481,19 , 82,14 , 84,14 }, // Gujarati/India + { 47, 83, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 195,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 5410,48 , 5458,85 , 5543,24 , 5509,48 , 5557,85 , 5642,24 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Hausa/Ghana + { 47, 156, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 195,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 5410,48 , 5458,85 , 5543,24 , 5509,48 , 5557,85 , 5642,24 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Hausa/Niger + { 47, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 195,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 5410,48 , 5458,85 , 5543,24 , 5509,48 , 5557,85 , 5642,24 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 3500,21 , 3521,52 , 3573,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Hausa/Nigeria + { 47, 201, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 195,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 5567,55 , 5622,99 , 5543,24 , 5666,55 , 5721,99 , 5642,24 , 3587,31 , 3618,57 , 3573,14 , 3587,31 , 3618,57 , 3573,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Hausa/Sudan + { 48, 105, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 646,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 5721,58 , 5779,72 , 1483,27 , 5820,48 , 5868,72 , 134,27 , 3675,46 , 3721,65 , 3786,14 , 3675,46 , 3721,65 , 3786,14 , 96,6 , 98,5 }, // Hebrew/Israel + { 49, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2406, 45, 43, 101, 664,6 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 5851,75 , 5851,75 , 5926,30 , 5940,75 , 5940,75 , 6015,30 , 3800,38 , 3838,57 , 3895,19 , 3800,38 , 3838,57 , 3895,19 , 102,9 , 103,7 }, // Hindi/India + { 50, 98, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 670,11 , 681,19 , 165,4 , 195,9 , 5956,64 , 6020,98 , 6118,25 , 6045,64 , 6109,98 , 6207,25 , 3914,19 , 3933,52 , 3985,17 , 3914,19 , 3933,52 , 3985,17 , 111,3 , 110,3 }, // Hungarian/Hungary + { 51, 99, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 595,8 , 494,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 6143,48 , 6191,82 , 6273,24 , 6232,48 , 6280,82 , 6362,24 , 4002,28 , 4030,81 , 4111,14 , 4002,28 , 4030,81 , 4125,14 , 114,4 , 113,4 }, // Icelandic/Iceland + { 52, 101, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 123,18 , 150,5 , 276,9 , 6297,48 , 6345,87 , 134,24 , 6386,48 , 6434,87 , 320,24 , 4139,28 , 4167,43 , 4210,14 , 4139,28 , 4167,43 , 4210,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Indonesian/Indonesia + { 57, 104, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 6432,62 , 6494,107 , 6601,24 , 6521,62 , 6583,107 , 6690,24 , 4224,37 , 4261,75 , 4336,14 , 4224,37 , 4261,75 , 4336,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Irish/Ireland + { 58, 106, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 6625,48 , 6673,94 , 6767,24 , 6714,48 , 6762,94 , 6856,24 , 4350,28 , 4378,57 , 4435,14 , 4350,28 , 4449,57 , 4435,14 , 118,2 , 117,2 }, // Italian/Italy + { 58, 206, 46, 39, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 10,17 , 37,5 , 308,14 , 6625,48 , 6673,94 , 6767,24 , 6714,48 , 6762,94 , 6856,24 , 4350,28 , 4378,57 , 4435,14 , 4350,28 , 4449,57 , 4435,14 , 118,2 , 117,2 }, // Italian/Switzerland + { 59, 108, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 421,13 , 165,4 , 343,10 , 3146,39 , 3146,39 , 1483,27 , 3170,39 , 3170,39 , 134,27 , 4506,14 , 4520,28 , 4506,14 , 4506,14 , 4520,28 , 4506,14 , 120,2 , 119,2 }, // Japanese/Japan + { 61, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 3302, 45, 43, 101, 664,6 , 99,16 , 322,8 , 330,13 , 6791,86 , 6791,86 , 6877,31 , 6880,86 , 6880,86 , 6966,31 , 4548,28 , 4576,53 , 4629,19 , 4548,28 , 4576,53 , 4629,19 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Kannada/India + { 63, 110, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 700,22 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 6908,61 , 6969,83 , 1483,27 , 6997,61 , 7058,83 , 134,27 , 4648,28 , 4676,54 , 798,14 , 4648,28 , 4676,54 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kazakh/Kazakhstan + { 64, 179, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 7052,60 , 7112,101 , 1483,27 , 7141,60 , 7201,101 , 134,27 , 4730,35 , 4765,84 , 798,14 , 4730,35 , 4765,84 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kinyarwanda/Rwanda + { 65, 116, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kirghiz/Kyrgyzstan + { 66, 114, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 722,9 , 731,16 , 353,7 , 360,13 , 7213,39 , 7213,39 , 7213,39 , 7302,39 , 7302,39 , 7302,39 , 4849,14 , 4863,28 , 4849,14 , 4849,14 , 4863,28 , 4849,14 , 124,2 , 123,2 }, // Korean/RepublicOfKorea + { 67, 102, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 4891,42 , 4891,42 , 4933,14 , 4891,42 , 4891,42 , 4933,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kurdish/Iran + { 67, 103, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 4891,42 , 4891,42 , 4933,14 , 4891,42 , 4891,42 , 4933,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kurdish/Iraq + { 67, 207, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 7252,41 , 7293,51 , 7344,27 , 7341,41 , 7382,51 , 7433,27 , 4947,20 , 4967,39 , 5006,14 , 4947,20 , 4967,39 , 5006,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kurdish/SyrianArabRepublic + { 67, 217, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 7252,41 , 7293,51 , 7344,27 , 7341,41 , 7382,51 , 7433,27 , 4947,20 , 4967,39 , 5006,14 , 4947,20 , 4967,39 , 5006,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kurdish/Turkey + { 69, 117, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 747,18 , 165,4 , 373,21 , 7371,63 , 7434,75 , 1483,27 , 7460,63 , 7523,75 , 134,27 , 5020,24 , 5044,57 , 798,14 , 5020,24 , 5044,57 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Laothian/Lao + { 71, 118, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 324,8 , 765,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 7509,65 , 7574,101 , 134,24 , 7598,65 , 7663,101 , 320,24 , 5101,21 , 5122,72 , 5194,14 , 5101,21 , 5122,72 , 5194,14 , 126,14 , 125,11 }, // Latvian/Latvia + { 72, 49, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 7675,39 , 7714,203 , 1483,27 , 7764,39 , 7803,203 , 134,27 , 5208,23 , 5231,98 , 798,14 , 5208,23 , 5231,98 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Lingala/DemocraticRepublicOfCongo + { 72, 50, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 7675,39 , 7714,203 , 1483,27 , 7764,39 , 7803,203 , 134,27 , 5208,23 , 5231,98 , 798,14 , 5208,23 , 5231,98 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Lingala/PeoplesRepublicOfCongo + { 73, 124, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 72,10 , 791,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 7917,69 , 7986,96 , 8082,24 , 8006,48 , 8054,96 , 8150,24 , 5329,17 , 5346,89 , 5435,14 , 5449,21 , 5346,89 , 5435,14 , 140,9 , 136,6 }, // Lithuanian/Lithuania + { 74, 127, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 817,7 , 123,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 8106,63 , 8169,85 , 8254,24 , 8174,63 , 8237,85 , 8322,24 , 5470,34 , 5504,54 , 1391,14 , 5470,34 , 5504,54 , 1391,14 , 149,10 , 142,8 }, // Macedonian/Macedonia + { 75, 128, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 8278,48 , 8326,92 , 134,24 , 8346,48 , 8394,92 , 320,24 , 5558,34 , 5592,60 , 5652,14 , 5558,34 , 5592,60 , 5652,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Malagasy/Madagascar + { 76, 130, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 824,16 , 394,4 , 25,12 , 8418,49 , 8467,82 , 1483,27 , 8486,49 , 8535,82 , 134,27 , 5666,28 , 5694,43 , 798,14 , 5666,28 , 5694,43 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Malay/Malaysia + { 76, 32, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 556,12 , 165,4 , 398,14 , 8418,49 , 8467,82 , 1483,27 , 8486,49 , 8535,82 , 134,27 , 5666,28 , 5694,43 , 798,14 , 5666,28 , 5694,43 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Malay/BruneiDarussalam + { 77, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 840,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 8549,66 , 8615,101 , 8716,31 , 8617,66 , 8683,101 , 8784,31 , 5737,47 , 5784,70 , 5854,22 , 5737,47 , 5784,70 , 5854,22 , 159,6 , 150,10 }, // Malayalam/India + { 78, 133, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 858,23 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 8747,48 , 8795,86 , 8881,24 , 8815,48 , 8863,86 , 8949,24 , 5876,28 , 5904,63 , 5967,14 , 5876,28 , 5904,63 , 5967,14 , 165,2 , 160,2 }, // Maltese/Malta + { 79, 154, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 8905,83 , 8905,83 , 1483,27 , 8973,83 , 8973,83 , 134,27 , 5981,48 , 5981,48 , 798,14 , 5981,48 , 5981,48 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Maori/NewZealand + { 80, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2406, 45, 43, 101, 664,6 , 99,16 , 412,7 , 419,12 , 8988,86 , 8988,86 , 9074,32 , 9056,86 , 9056,86 , 9142,32 , 6029,32 , 6061,53 , 3895,19 , 6029,32 , 6061,53 , 3895,19 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Marathi/India + { 82, 44, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 9106,48 , 9154,66 , 1483,27 , 9174,48 , 9222,66 , 134,27 , 6114,21 , 6135,43 , 798,14 , 6114,21 , 6135,43 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Mongolian/China + { 82, 143, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 9106,48 , 9154,66 , 1483,27 , 9174,48 , 9222,66 , 134,27 , 6114,21 , 6135,43 , 798,14 , 6114,21 , 6135,43 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Mongolian/Mongolia + { 84, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2406, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 9220,56 , 9276,80 , 9356,27 , 9288,56 , 9344,80 , 9424,27 , 6178,33 , 6211,54 , 6265,14 , 6178,33 , 6211,54 , 6265,14 , 102,9 , 103,7 }, // Nepali/India + { 84, 150, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2406, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 9220,56 , 9383,85 , 9356,27 , 9288,56 , 9451,85 , 9424,27 , 6178,33 , 6279,54 , 6265,14 , 6178,33 , 6279,54 , 6265,14 , 167,14 , 162,14 }, // Nepali/Nepal + { 85, 161, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 603,17 , 37,5 , 431,16 , 9468,59 , 9527,83 , 134,24 , 9536,59 , 9595,83 , 320,24 , 6333,28 , 2177,51 , 2228,14 , 6361,35 , 2177,51 , 2228,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Norwegian/Norway + { 86, 74, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 9610,83 , 9610,83 , 1483,27 , 9678,83 , 9678,83 , 134,27 , 6396,57 , 6396,57 , 798,14 , 6396,57 , 6396,57 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Occitan/France + { 87, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2918, 45, 43, 101, 664,6 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 9693,89 , 9693,89 , 9782,32 , 9761,89 , 9761,89 , 9850,32 , 6453,33 , 6486,54 , 6540,18 , 6453,33 , 6486,54 , 6540,18 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Oriya/India + { 88, 1, 1643, 1644, 59, 1642, 1776, 8722, 43, 101, 881,8 , 889,20 , 165,4 , 447,11 , 9814,68 , 9814,68 , 1483,27 , 9882,68 , 9882,68 , 134,27 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 798,14 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 798,14 , 181,4 , 176,4 }, // Pashto/Afghanistan + { 89, 102, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1776, 8722, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 165,4 , 447,11 , 9882,71 , 9953,70 , 10023,25 , 9950,71 , 10021,73 , 10094,25 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 6607,14 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 6607,14 , 185,10 , 180,10 }, // Persian/Iran + { 89, 1, 1643, 1644, 1563, 1642, 1776, 8722, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 165,4 , 447,11 , 10048,63 , 9953,70 , 10111,24 , 10119,63 , 10182,68 , 10250,24 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 6607,14 , 6558,49 , 6558,49 , 6607,14 , 185,10 , 180,10 }, // Persian/Afghanistan + { 90, 172, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 535,8 , 10,17 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 10135,48 , 10183,97 , 10280,24 , 10274,48 , 10322,99 , 10421,24 , 6621,34 , 6655,59 , 6714,14 , 6621,34 , 6655,59 , 6714,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Polish/Poland + { 91, 173, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 909,27 , 37,5 , 458,19 , 10304,48 , 10352,89 , 134,24 , 10445,48 , 10493,89 , 320,24 , 6728,28 , 6756,79 , 6835,14 , 6728,28 , 6756,79 , 6835,14 , 195,17 , 190,18 }, // Portuguese/Portugal + { 91, 30, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 909,27 , 37,5 , 458,19 , 10441,48 , 10489,89 , 134,24 , 10582,48 , 10630,89 , 320,24 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Portuguese/Brazil + { 91, 92, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 909,27 , 37,5 , 458,19 , 10441,48 , 10489,89 , 134,24 , 10582,48 , 10630,89 , 320,24 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Portuguese/GuineaBissau + { 91, 146, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 909,27 , 37,5 , 458,19 , 10441,48 , 10489,89 , 134,24 , 10582,48 , 10630,89 , 320,24 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 6728,28 , 6849,79 , 6835,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Portuguese/Mozambique + { 92, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2662, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 123,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 10578,68 , 10578,68 , 10646,27 , 10719,68 , 10719,68 , 10787,27 , 6928,38 , 6966,55 , 7021,23 , 6928,38 , 6966,55 , 7021,23 , 212,5 , 208,4 }, // Punjabi/India + { 92, 163, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2662, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 123,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 10673,67 , 10673,67 , 10646,27 , 10814,67 , 10814,67 , 10787,27 , 6928,38 , 7044,37 , 7021,23 , 6928,38 , 7044,37 , 7021,23 , 212,5 , 208,4 }, // Punjabi/Pakistan + { 94, 206, 46, 8217, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 324,8 , 494,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 10740,67 , 10807,92 , 10899,24 , 10881,67 , 10948,92 , 11040,24 , 7081,23 , 7104,56 , 7160,14 , 7081,23 , 7104,56 , 7160,14 , 122,2 , 212,2 }, // RhaetoRomance/Switzerland + { 95, 141, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 936,10 , 10,17 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 10923,60 , 10983,98 , 11081,24 , 11064,60 , 11124,98 , 11222,24 , 7174,21 , 7195,48 , 2799,14 , 7174,21 , 7195,48 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Romanian/Moldova + { 95, 177, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 936,10 , 10,17 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 10923,60 , 10983,98 , 11081,24 , 11064,60 , 11124,98 , 11222,24 , 7174,21 , 7195,48 , 2799,14 , 7174,21 , 7195,48 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Romanian/Romania + { 96, 178, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 946,22 , 165,4 , 195,9 , 11105,62 , 11167,80 , 11247,24 , 11246,63 , 11309,82 , 11391,24 , 7243,21 , 7264,62 , 7326,14 , 7243,21 , 7340,62 , 7326,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Russian/RussianFederation + { 96, 141, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 946,22 , 165,4 , 195,9 , 11105,62 , 11167,80 , 11247,24 , 11246,63 , 11309,82 , 11391,24 , 7243,21 , 7264,62 , 7326,14 , 7243,21 , 7340,62 , 7326,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Russian/Moldova + { 96, 222, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 946,22 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 11105,62 , 11167,80 , 11247,24 , 11246,63 , 11309,82 , 11391,24 , 7243,21 , 7264,62 , 7326,14 , 7243,21 , 7340,62 , 7326,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Russian/Ukraine + { 98, 41, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 11271,48 , 11319,91 , 11410,24 , 11415,48 , 11463,91 , 11554,24 , 7402,28 , 7430,66 , 7496,14 , 7402,28 , 7430,66 , 7496,14 , 217,2 , 214,2 }, // Sangho/CentralAfricanRepublic + { 99, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 2406, 45, 43, 101, 639,7 , 99,16 , 322,8 , 330,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Sanskrit/India + { 100, 241, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 968,7 , 975,20 , 150,5 , 155,10 , 11434,48 , 11482,81 , 8254,24 , 11578,48 , 11626,81 , 8322,24 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 219,9 , 216,7 }, // Serbian/SerbiaAndMontenegro + { 100, 27, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 115,8 , 975,20 , 37,5 , 477,40 , 11434,48 , 11563,83 , 8254,24 , 11578,48 , 11707,83 , 8322,24 , 7604,28 , 7632,54 , 7590,14 , 7604,28 , 7632,54 , 7590,14 , 219,9 , 216,7 }, // Serbian/BosniaAndHerzegowina + { 100, 238, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 968,7 , 975,20 , 150,5 , 155,10 , 11434,48 , 11482,81 , 8254,24 , 11578,48 , 11626,81 , 8322,24 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 219,9 , 216,7 }, // Serbian/Yugoslavia + { 100, 242, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 968,7 , 975,20 , 150,5 , 155,10 , 11646,48 , 11694,81 , 11775,24 , 11790,48 , 11838,81 , 11919,24 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 228,9 , 223,7 }, // Serbian/Montenegro + { 100, 243, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 968,7 , 975,20 , 150,5 , 155,10 , 11434,48 , 11482,81 , 8254,24 , 11578,48 , 11626,81 , 8322,24 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 7510,28 , 7538,52 , 7590,14 , 219,9 , 216,7 }, // Serbian/Serbia + { 101, 241, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 968,7 , 975,20 , 150,5 , 155,10 , 11646,48 , 11694,81 , 11775,24 , 11790,48 , 11838,81 , 11919,24 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 228,9 , 223,7 }, // SerboCroatian/SerbiaAndMontenegro + { 101, 27, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 968,7 , 975,20 , 150,5 , 155,10 , 11646,48 , 11694,81 , 11775,24 , 11790,48 , 11838,81 , 11919,24 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 228,9 , 223,7 }, // SerboCroatian/BosniaAndHerzegowina + { 101, 238, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 968,7 , 975,20 , 150,5 , 155,10 , 11646,48 , 11694,81 , 11775,24 , 11790,48 , 11838,81 , 11919,24 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 7686,28 , 7714,54 , 2051,14 , 228,9 , 223,7 }, // SerboCroatian/Yugoslavia + { 102, 120, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 11799,48 , 11847,105 , 1483,27 , 11943,48 , 11991,105 , 134,27 , 7768,27 , 7795,61 , 798,14 , 7768,27 , 7795,61 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Sesotho/Lesotho + { 102, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 11799,48 , 11847,105 , 1483,27 , 11943,48 , 11991,105 , 134,27 , 7768,27 , 7795,61 , 798,14 , 7768,27 , 7795,61 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Sesotho/SouthAfrica + { 103, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 11952,48 , 12000,117 , 1483,27 , 12096,48 , 12144,117 , 134,27 , 7856,27 , 7883,64 , 798,14 , 7856,27 , 7883,64 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Setswana/SouthAfrica + { 104, 240, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 12117,47 , 12164,100 , 12264,24 , 12261,47 , 12308,100 , 12408,24 , 7947,32 , 7979,55 , 8034,14 , 7947,32 , 7979,55 , 8034,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Shona/Zimbabwe + { 106, 198, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 585,10 , 995,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 12288,54 , 12342,92 , 12434,32 , 12432,54 , 12486,92 , 12578,32 , 8048,30 , 8078,62 , 8140,19 , 8048,30 , 8078,62 , 8140,19 , 237,5 , 230,4 }, // Singhalese/SriLanka + { 107, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 12466,48 , 12514,114 , 1483,27 , 12610,48 , 12658,114 , 134,27 , 8159,27 , 8186,68 , 798,14 , 8159,27 , 8186,68 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Siswati/SouthAfrica + { 107, 204, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 12466,48 , 12514,114 , 1483,27 , 12610,48 , 12658,114 , 134,27 , 8159,27 , 8186,68 , 798,14 , 8159,27 , 8186,68 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Siswati/Swaziland + { 108, 191, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 595,8 , 494,18 , 165,4 , 195,9 , 12628,48 , 12676,82 , 11775,24 , 12772,48 , 12820,89 , 11919,24 , 8254,21 , 8275,52 , 8327,14 , 8254,21 , 8275,52 , 8327,14 , 242,10 , 234,9 }, // Slovak/Slovakia + { 109, 192, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 1012,9 , 620,19 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 11646,48 , 12758,86 , 11775,24 , 11790,48 , 12909,86 , 11919,24 , 8341,28 , 8369,52 , 8421,14 , 8341,28 , 8369,52 , 8421,14 , 53,4 , 243,4 }, // Slovenian/Slovenia + { 110, 194, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 53,19 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 12844,48 , 12892,189 , 13081,24 , 12995,48 , 13043,189 , 13232,24 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 252,3 , 247,3 }, // Somali/Somalia + { 110, 59, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 53,19 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 12844,48 , 12892,189 , 13081,24 , 12995,48 , 13043,189 , 13232,24 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 252,3 , 247,3 }, // Somali/Djibouti + { 110, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 53,19 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 12844,48 , 12892,189 , 13081,24 , 12995,48 , 13043,189 , 13232,24 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 252,3 , 247,3 }, // Somali/Ethiopia + { 110, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 53,19 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 12844,48 , 12892,189 , 13081,24 , 12995,48 , 13043,189 , 13232,24 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 8435,28 , 8463,47 , 8510,14 , 252,3 , 247,3 }, // Somali/Kenya + { 111, 197, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Spain + { 111, 10, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 517,14 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Argentina + { 111, 26, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Bolivia + { 111, 43, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 535,8 , 1021,26 , 165,4 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Chile + { 111, 47, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 543,7 , 1021,26 , 165,4 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Colombia + { 111, 52, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/CostaRica + { 111, 61, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/DominicanRepublic + { 111, 63, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 165,4 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Ecuador + { 111, 65, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/ElSalvador + { 111, 66, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/EquatorialGuinea + { 111, 90, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 543,7 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Guatemala + { 111, 96, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1047,27 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Honduras + { 111, 139, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Mexico + { 111, 155, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Nicaragua + { 111, 166, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 179,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Panama + { 111, 168, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Paraguay + { 111, 169, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 543,7 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 531,15 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Peru + { 111, 174, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 179,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/PuertoRico + { 111, 225, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 1021,26 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/UnitedStates + { 111, 227, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Uruguay + { 111, 231, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1021,26 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13105,48 , 13153,89 , 13242,24 , 13256,48 , 13304,89 , 13393,24 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 8524,28 , 8552,53 , 2799,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Spanish/Venezuela + { 113, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13266,48 , 13314,84 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 13465,84 , 320,24 , 8605,22 , 8627,60 , 8687,14 , 8605,22 , 8627,60 , 8687,14 , 255,7 , 250,7 }, // Swahili/Kenya + { 113, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13266,48 , 13314,84 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 13465,84 , 320,24 , 8605,22 , 8627,60 , 8687,14 , 8605,22 , 8627,60 , 8687,14 , 255,7 , 250,7 }, // Swahili/Tanzania + { 114, 205, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 72,10 , 1074,30 , 37,5 , 431,16 , 3473,48 , 13398,86 , 134,24 , 5180,48 , 13549,86 , 320,24 , 8701,29 , 8730,50 , 2228,14 , 8701,29 , 8730,50 , 2228,14 , 262,2 , 257,2 }, // Swedish/Sweden + { 114, 73, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 72,10 , 1074,30 , 37,5 , 431,16 , 3473,48 , 13398,86 , 134,24 , 5180,48 , 13549,86 , 320,24 , 8701,29 , 8730,50 , 2228,14 , 8701,29 , 8730,50 , 2228,14 , 262,2 , 257,2 }, // Swedish/Finland + { 116, 209, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13484,48 , 13532,71 , 1483,27 , 13635,48 , 13683,71 , 134,27 , 8780,28 , 8808,55 , 798,14 , 8780,28 , 8808,55 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tajik/Tajikistan + { 117, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 664,6 , 195,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13603,58 , 13661,86 , 13747,31 , 13754,58 , 13812,86 , 13898,31 , 8863,20 , 8883,49 , 8863,20 , 8863,20 , 8883,49 , 8863,20 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Tamil/India + { 117, 198, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 664,6 , 195,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13603,58 , 13661,86 , 13747,31 , 13754,58 , 13812,86 , 13898,31 , 8863,20 , 8883,49 , 8863,20 , 8863,20 , 8883,49 , 8863,20 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Tamil/SriLanka + { 118, 178, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 936,10 , 1104,11 , 165,4 , 25,12 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tatar/RussianFederation + { 119, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 535,8 , 99,16 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13778,86 , 13778,86 , 13864,30 , 13929,86 , 13929,86 , 14015,30 , 8932,32 , 8964,60 , 9024,18 , 8932,32 , 8964,60 , 9024,18 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Telugu/India + { 120, 211, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 1115,19 , 165,4 , 546,27 , 13894,63 , 13957,98 , 13894,63 , 14045,63 , 14108,98 , 14206,24 , 9042,23 , 9065,68 , 9133,14 , 9042,23 , 9065,68 , 9133,14 , 264,10 , 259,10 }, // Thai/Thailand + { 121, 44, 46, 44, 59, 37, 3872, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 14055,63 , 14118,158 , 1483,27 , 14230,63 , 14293,158 , 134,27 , 9147,49 , 9196,77 , 9273,21 , 9147,49 , 9196,77 , 9273,21 , 274,7 , 269,8 }, // Tibetan/China + { 121, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 3872, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 14055,63 , 14118,158 , 1483,27 , 14230,63 , 14293,158 , 134,27 , 9147,49 , 9196,77 , 9273,21 , 9147,49 , 9196,77 , 9273,21 , 274,7 , 269,8 }, // Tibetan/India + { 122, 67, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1134,23 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 14276,46 , 14322,54 , 1034,24 , 14451,46 , 14497,54 , 1061,24 , 9294,29 , 9294,29 , 9323,14 , 9294,29 , 9294,29 , 9323,14 , 281,7 , 277,7 }, // Tigrinya/Eritrea + { 122, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1157,23 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 926,46 , 972,62 , 1034,24 , 953,46 , 999,62 , 1061,24 , 9337,29 , 9337,29 , 9323,14 , 9337,29 , 9337,29 , 9323,14 , 281,7 , 277,7 }, // Tigrinya/Ethiopia + { 123, 214, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 14376,51 , 14427,87 , 14514,24 , 14551,51 , 14602,87 , 14689,24 , 9366,29 , 9395,60 , 9455,14 , 9366,29 , 9395,60 , 9455,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tonga/Tonga + { 124, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 14538,48 , 14586,122 , 1483,27 , 14713,48 , 14761,122 , 134,27 , 9469,27 , 9496,72 , 798,14 , 9469,27 , 9496,72 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tsonga/SouthAfrica + { 125, 217, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 936,10 , 1180,17 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 14708,48 , 14756,75 , 14831,24 , 14883,48 , 14931,75 , 15006,24 , 9568,28 , 9596,54 , 9650,14 , 9568,28 , 9596,54 , 9650,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Turkish/Turkey + { 128, 44, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Uigur/China + { 129, 222, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 324,8 , 1197,22 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 14855,48 , 14903,95 , 14998,24 , 15030,67 , 15097,87 , 15184,24 , 9664,21 , 9685,56 , 9741,14 , 9664,21 , 9685,56 , 9741,14 , 288,2 , 284,2 }, // Ukrainian/Ukraine + { 130, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 1219,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 15022,67 , 15022,67 , 10111,24 , 15208,67 , 15208,67 , 10250,24 , 9755,36 , 9755,36 , 9791,14 , 9755,36 , 9755,36 , 9791,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Urdu/India + { 130, 163, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 1219,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 15022,67 , 15022,67 , 10111,24 , 15208,67 , 15208,67 , 10250,24 , 9755,36 , 9755,36 , 9791,14 , 9755,36 , 9755,36 , 9791,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Urdu/Pakistan + { 131, 228, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 13484,48 , 15089,115 , 11247,24 , 13635,48 , 15275,115 , 11391,24 , 9805,28 , 9833,53 , 9886,14 , 9805,28 , 9833,53 , 9886,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Uzbek/Uzbekistan + { 131, 1, 44, 46, 59, 1642, 1776, 8722, 43, 101, 881,8 , 1237,33 , 165,4 , 447,11 , 15204,48 , 15252,68 , 11247,24 , 15390,48 , 10182,68 , 11391,24 , 9900,21 , 6558,49 , 9886,14 , 9900,21 , 6558,49 , 9886,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Uzbek/Afghanistan + { 132, 232, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 1270,31 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 15320,75 , 15395,130 , 1483,27 , 15438,75 , 15513,130 , 134,27 , 9921,33 , 9954,55 , 10009,21 , 9921,33 , 9954,55 , 10009,21 , 290,2 , 286,2 }, // Vietnamese/VietNam + { 134, 224, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 123,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 15525,53 , 15578,87 , 15665,24 , 15643,62 , 15705,86 , 15791,24 , 10030,29 , 10059,77 , 10136,14 , 10150,30 , 10059,77 , 10136,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Welsh/UnitedKingdom + { 135, 187, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Wolof/Senegal + { 136, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 15689,48 , 15737,91 , 1483,27 , 15815,48 , 15863,91 , 134,27 , 10180,28 , 10208,61 , 798,14 , 10180,28 , 10208,61 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Xhosa/SouthAfrica + { 138, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 15828,73 , 15901,121 , 1483,27 , 15954,73 , 16027,121 , 134,27 , 10269,44 , 10313,69 , 798,14 , 10269,44 , 10313,69 , 798,14 , 292,5 , 288,5 }, // Yoruba/Nigeria + { 140, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 82,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 16022,48 , 16070,104 , 134,24 , 16148,48 , 16196,90 , 320,24 , 10382,28 , 10410,68 , 10478,14 , 10382,28 , 10410,68 , 10478,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Zulu/SouthAfrica + { 141, 161, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 324,8 , 603,17 , 37,5 , 431,16 , 3915,48 , 9527,83 , 134,24 , 3967,48 , 9595,83 , 320,24 , 10492,28 , 10520,51 , 2228,14 , 10492,28 , 10520,51 , 2228,14 , 297,9 , 293,11 }, // Nynorsk/Norway + { 142, 27, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 16174,48 , 16222,83 , 1483,27 , 16286,48 , 16334,83 , 134,27 , 10571,28 , 10599,58 , 798,14 , 10571,28 , 10599,58 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Bosnian/BosniaAndHerzegowina + { 143, 131, 46, 44, 44, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 664,6 , 99,16 , 322,8 , 330,13 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Divehi/Maldives + { 144, 224, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 82,17 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 16305,102 , 16407,140 , 1483,27 , 16417,102 , 16519,140 , 134,27 , 10657,30 , 10687,57 , 798,14 , 10657,30 , 10687,57 , 798,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Manx/UnitedKingdom + { 145, 224, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 16547,46 , 16593,124 , 1483,27 , 16659,46 , 16705,124 , 134,27 , 10744,28 , 10772,60 , 798,14 , 10744,28 , 10772,60 , 798,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Cornish/UnitedKingdom + { 146, 83, 46, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 16717,48 , 16765,192 , 1483,27 , 16829,48 , 16877,192 , 134,27 , 10832,28 , 10860,49 , 10909,14 , 10832,28 , 10860,49 , 10909,14 , 306,2 , 304,2 }, // Akan/Ghana + { 147, 100, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 664,6 , 99,16 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 16957,87 , 16957,87 , 1483,27 , 17069,87 , 17069,87 , 134,27 , 6029,32 , 10923,55 , 798,14 , 6029,32 , 10923,55 , 798,14 , 308,5 , 306,5 }, // Konkani/India + { 148, 83, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 17044,48 , 17092,94 , 1483,27 , 17156,48 , 17204,94 , 134,27 , 10978,26 , 11004,34 , 798,14 , 10978,26 , 11004,34 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Ga/Ghana + { 149, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 17186,48 , 17234,86 , 1483,27 , 17298,48 , 17346,86 , 134,27 , 11038,29 , 11067,57 , 798,14 , 11038,29 , 11067,57 , 798,14 , 313,4 , 311,4 }, // Igbo/Nigeria + { 150, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 17320,48 , 17368,189 , 17557,24 , 17432,48 , 17480,189 , 17669,24 , 11124,28 , 11152,74 , 11226,14 , 11124,28 , 11152,74 , 11226,14 , 317,9 , 315,7 }, // Kamba/Kenya + { 151, 207, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 1301,13 , 394,4 , 25,12 , 17581,65 , 17581,65 , 1483,27 , 17693,65 , 17693,65 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Syriac/SyrianArabRepublic + { 152, 67, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1314,22 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 17646,47 , 17693,77 , 17770,24 , 17758,47 , 17805,77 , 17882,24 , 11240,26 , 11266,43 , 11309,14 , 11240,26 , 11266,43 , 11309,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Blin/Eritrea + { 153, 67, 46, 4808, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1336,23 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 17794,49 , 17794,49 , 17843,24 , 17906,49 , 17906,49 , 17955,24 , 11323,29 , 11323,29 , 11352,14 , 11323,29 , 11323,29 , 11352,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Geez/Eritrea + { 153, 69, 46, 4808, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1336,23 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 17794,49 , 17794,49 , 17843,24 , 17906,49 , 17906,49 , 17955,24 , 11323,29 , 11323,29 , 11352,14 , 11323,29 , 11323,29 , 11352,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Geez/Ethiopia + { 154, 53, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 17867,48 , 17915,124 , 1483,27 , 17979,48 , 18027,124 , 134,27 , 11366,28 , 11394,54 , 798,14 , 11366,28 , 11394,54 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Koro/IvoryCoast + { 155, 69, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 53,19 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 11448,28 , 11476,51 , 11527,14 , 11448,28 , 11476,51 , 11527,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Sidamo/Ethiopia + { 156, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 18039,59 , 18098,129 , 1483,27 , 18151,59 , 18210,129 , 134,27 , 11541,35 , 11576,87 , 798,14 , 11541,35 , 11576,87 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Atsam/Nigeria + { 157, 67, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1359,21 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 926,46 , 972,62 , 1034,24 , 953,46 , 999,62 , 1061,24 , 11663,27 , 11690,41 , 11731,14 , 11663,27 , 11690,41 , 11731,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tigre/Eritrea + { 158, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 18227,57 , 18284,178 , 1483,27 , 18339,57 , 18396,178 , 134,27 , 11745,28 , 11773,44 , 798,14 , 11745,28 , 11773,44 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Jju/Nigeria + { 159, 106, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1380,27 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 18462,48 , 18510,77 , 18587,24 , 18574,48 , 18622,77 , 18699,24 , 11817,28 , 11845,50 , 2799,14 , 11817,28 , 11845,50 , 2799,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Friulian/Italy + { 160, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 18611,48 , 18659,111 , 1483,27 , 18723,48 , 18771,111 , 134,27 , 11895,27 , 11922,70 , 798,14 , 11895,27 , 11922,70 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Venda/SouthAfrica + { 161, 83, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 18770,48 , 18818,87 , 18905,24 , 18882,48 , 18930,87 , 19017,24 , 11992,32 , 12024,44 , 12068,14 , 11992,32 , 12024,44 , 12068,14 , 306,2 , 304,2 }, // Ewe/Ghana + { 161, 212, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 18770,48 , 18818,87 , 18905,24 , 18882,48 , 18930,87 , 19017,24 , 11992,32 , 12024,44 , 12068,14 , 11992,32 , 12024,44 , 12068,14 , 306,2 , 304,2 }, // Ewe/Togo + { 162, 69, 46, 8217, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 1407,22 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 926,46 , 972,62 , 1034,24 , 953,46 , 999,62 , 1061,24 , 12082,27 , 12082,27 , 12109,14 , 12082,27 , 12082,27 , 12109,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Walamo/Ethiopia + { 163, 225, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 271,6 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 18929,59 , 18988,95 , 1483,27 , 19041,59 , 19100,95 , 134,27 , 12123,21 , 12144,57 , 798,14 , 12123,21 , 12144,57 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Hawaiian/UnitedStates + { 164, 157, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 213,8 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 19083,48 , 19131,153 , 1483,27 , 19195,48 , 19243,153 , 134,27 , 12201,28 , 12229,42 , 798,14 , 12201,28 , 12229,42 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Tyap/Nigeria + { 165, 129, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 19284,48 , 19332,91 , 1483,27 , 19396,48 , 19444,91 , 134,27 , 12271,28 , 12299,67 , 798,14 , 12271,28 , 12299,67 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chewa/Malawi + { 166, 170, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 1429,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 19423,48 , 19471,88 , 19559,24 , 19535,48 , 19583,88 , 19671,24 , 12366,28 , 12394,55 , 12449,14 , 12463,28 , 12394,55 , 12449,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Filipino/Philippines + { 167, 206, 46, 8217, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 324,8 , 494,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 19583,48 , 19631,86 , 134,24 , 4729,48 , 19695,86 , 320,24 , 12491,28 , 12519,63 , 3089,14 , 12491,28 , 12519,63 , 3089,14 , 326,5 , 322,4 }, // Swiss German/Switzerland + { 168, 44, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1483,27 , 19717,38 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 19781,38 , 134,27 , 12582,21 , 12603,28 , 12631,14 , 12582,21 , 12603,28 , 12631,14 , 331,2 , 326,2 }, // Sichuan Yi/China + { 169, 91, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kpelle/Guinea + { 169, 121, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Kpelle/Liberia + { 170, 82, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 1483,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 134,27 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Low German/Germany + { 171, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 19755,48 , 19803,100 , 1483,27 , 19819,48 , 19867,100 , 134,27 , 12645,27 , 12672,66 , 798,14 , 12645,27 , 12672,66 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // South Ndebele/SouthAfrica + { 172, 195, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 19903,48 , 19951,94 , 1483,27 , 19967,48 , 20015,94 , 134,27 , 12738,27 , 12765,63 , 798,14 , 12738,27 , 12765,63 , 798,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Northern Sotho/SouthAfrica + { 173, 73, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 20045,85 , 20130,145 , 20275,24 , 20109,85 , 20194,145 , 20339,24 , 12828,33 , 12861,65 , 12926,14 , 12828,33 , 12861,65 , 12926,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Northern Sami/Finland + { 173, 161, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 20299,59 , 20130,145 , 20275,24 , 20363,59 , 20194,145 , 20339,24 , 12828,33 , 12940,75 , 13015,14 , 12828,33 , 12940,75 , 13015,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Northern Sami/Norway + { 174, 208, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 72,10 , 306,18 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 20358,48 , 20406,142 , 20548,24 , 20422,48 , 20470,142 , 20612,24 , 13029,28 , 13057,172 , 13229,14 , 13029,28 , 13057,172 , 13229,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Taroko/Taiwan + { 175, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 20572,48 , 20620,88 , 20708,24 , 20636,48 , 20684,88 , 20772,24 , 13243,28 , 13271,62 , 13333,14 , 13243,28 , 13271,62 , 13333,14 , 333,5 , 328,10 }, // Gusii/Kenya + { 176, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 20732,48 , 20780,221 , 21001,24 , 20796,48 , 20844,221 , 21065,24 , 13347,28 , 13375,106 , 13481,14 , 13347,28 , 13375,106 , 13481,14 , 338,10 , 338,10 }, // Taita/Kenya + { 177, 187, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 21025,48 , 21073,77 , 21150,24 , 21089,48 , 21137,77 , 21214,24 , 13495,28 , 13523,59 , 13582,14 , 13495,28 , 13523,59 , 13582,14 , 348,6 , 348,7 }, // Fulah/Senegal + { 178, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 21174,48 , 21222,185 , 21407,24 , 21238,48 , 21286,185 , 21471,24 , 13596,28 , 13624,63 , 13687,14 , 13596,28 , 13624,63 , 13687,14 , 354,6 , 355,8 }, // Kikuyu/Kenya + { 179, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 21431,48 , 21479,173 , 21652,24 , 21495,48 , 21543,173 , 21716,24 , 13701,28 , 13729,105 , 13834,14 , 13701,28 , 13729,105 , 13834,14 , 360,7 , 363,5 }, // Samburu/Kenya + { 180, 146, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 909,27 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 21676,48 , 21724,88 , 134,24 , 21740,48 , 21788,88 , 320,24 , 13848,28 , 13876,55 , 13931,14 , 13848,28 , 13876,55 , 13931,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Sena/Mozambique + { 181, 240, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 21812,48 , 21860,112 , 21972,24 , 21876,48 , 21924,112 , 22036,24 , 13945,28 , 13973,50 , 14023,14 , 13945,28 , 13973,50 , 14023,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // North Ndebele/Zimbabwe + { 182, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 21996,39 , 22035,194 , 22229,24 , 22060,39 , 22099,194 , 22293,24 , 14037,28 , 14065,65 , 14130,14 , 14037,28 , 14065,65 , 14130,14 , 367,8 , 368,7 }, // Rombo/Tanzania + { 183, 145, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 22253,48 , 22301,81 , 22382,24 , 22317,48 , 22365,81 , 22446,24 , 14144,30 , 14174,48 , 798,14 , 14144,30 , 14174,48 , 798,14 , 375,6 , 375,8 }, // Tachelhit/Morocco + { 184, 3, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 22406,48 , 22454,84 , 22538,24 , 22470,48 , 22518,84 , 22602,24 , 14222,30 , 14252,51 , 14303,14 , 14222,30 , 14252,51 , 14303,14 , 381,7 , 383,9 }, // Kabyle/Algeria + { 185, 221, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 22562,48 , 22610,152 , 134,24 , 22626,48 , 22674,152 , 320,24 , 14317,28 , 14345,74 , 14419,14 , 14317,28 , 14345,74 , 14419,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Nyankole/Uganda + { 186, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 22762,48 , 22810,254 , 23064,24 , 22826,48 , 22874,254 , 23128,24 , 14433,28 , 14461,82 , 14543,14 , 14433,28 , 14461,82 , 14543,14 , 388,7 , 392,7 }, // Bena/Tanzania + { 187, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13266,48 , 23088,87 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 23152,87 , 320,24 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 395,5 , 399,9 }, // Vunjo/Tanzania + { 188, 132, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 23175,47 , 23222,92 , 23314,24 , 23239,47 , 23286,92 , 23378,24 , 14661,28 , 14689,44 , 14733,14 , 14661,28 , 14689,44 , 14733,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Bambara/Mali + { 189, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 23338,48 , 23386,207 , 23593,24 , 23402,48 , 23450,207 , 23657,24 , 14747,28 , 14775,64 , 14839,14 , 14747,28 , 14775,64 , 14839,14 , 400,2 , 408,2 }, // Embu/Kenya + { 190, 225, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 550,6 , 35,18 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 23617,36 , 23653,58 , 23711,24 , 23681,36 , 23717,58 , 23775,24 , 14853,28 , 14881,49 , 14930,14 , 14853,28 , 14881,49 , 14930,14 , 402,3 , 410,6 }, // Cherokee/UnitedStates + { 191, 137, 46, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 23735,47 , 23782,68 , 23850,24 , 23799,47 , 23846,68 , 23914,24 , 14944,27 , 14971,48 , 15019,14 , 14944,27 , 14971,48 , 15019,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Morisyen/Mauritius + { 192, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13266,48 , 23874,264 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 23938,264 , 320,24 , 15033,28 , 15061,133 , 14130,14 , 15033,28 , 15061,133 , 14130,14 , 405,4 , 416,5 }, // Makonde/Tanzania + { 193, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 24138,83 , 24221,111 , 24332,24 , 24202,83 , 24285,111 , 24396,24 , 15194,36 , 15230,63 , 15293,14 , 15194,36 , 15230,63 , 15293,14 , 409,3 , 421,3 }, // Langi/Tanzania + { 194, 221, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 24356,48 , 24404,97 , 134,24 , 24420,48 , 24468,97 , 320,24 , 15307,28 , 15335,66 , 15401,14 , 15307,28 , 15335,66 , 15401,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Ganda/Uganda + { 195, 239, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 24501,48 , 24549,83 , 24632,24 , 24565,48 , 24613,83 , 24696,24 , 15415,80 , 15415,80 , 798,14 , 15415,80 , 15415,80 , 798,14 , 412,8 , 424,7 }, // Bemba/Zambia + { 196, 39, 44, 46, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 909,27 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 24656,48 , 24704,86 , 134,24 , 24720,48 , 24768,86 , 320,24 , 15495,28 , 15523,73 , 15596,14 , 15495,28 , 15523,73 , 15596,14 , 122,2 , 121,2 }, // Kabuverdianu/CapeVerde + { 197, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 24790,48 , 24838,86 , 24924,24 , 24854,48 , 24902,86 , 24988,24 , 15610,28 , 15638,51 , 15689,14 , 15610,28 , 15638,51 , 15689,14 , 420,2 , 431,2 }, // Meru/Kenya + { 198, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 24948,48 , 24996,111 , 25107,24 , 25012,48 , 25060,111 , 25171,24 , 15703,28 , 15731,93 , 15824,14 , 15703,28 , 15731,93 , 15824,14 , 422,4 , 433,4 }, // Kalenjin/Kenya + { 199, 148, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 0,48 , 25131,136 , 134,24 , 0,48 , 25195,136 , 320,24 , 15838,23 , 15861,92 , 15953,14 , 15838,23 , 15861,92 , 15953,14 , 426,7 , 437,5 }, // Nama/Namibia + { 200, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13266,48 , 23088,87 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 23152,87 , 320,24 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 395,5 , 399,9 }, // Machame/Tanzania + { 201, 82, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 8722, 43, 101, 1447,10 , 1457,23 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 25267,59 , 25326,87 , 134,24 , 25331,59 , 25390,87 , 320,24 , 15967,28 , 15995,72 , 3089,14 , 15967,28 , 15995,72 , 3089,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Colognian/Germany + { 202, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 25413,51 , 25464,132 , 1483,27 , 25477,51 , 25528,132 , 134,27 , 14557,28 , 16067,58 , 14130,14 , 14557,28 , 16067,58 , 14130,14 , 433,9 , 442,6 }, // Masai/Kenya + { 202, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 25413,51 , 25464,132 , 1483,27 , 25477,51 , 25528,132 , 134,27 , 14557,28 , 16067,58 , 14130,14 , 14557,28 , 16067,58 , 14130,14 , 433,9 , 442,6 }, // Masai/Tanzania + { 203, 221, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 24356,48 , 24404,97 , 134,24 , 24420,48 , 24468,97 , 320,24 , 16125,35 , 16160,65 , 16225,14 , 16125,35 , 16160,65 , 16225,14 , 442,6 , 448,6 }, // Soga/Uganda + { 204, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 25596,48 , 13314,84 , 134,24 , 25660,48 , 13465,84 , 320,24 , 16239,21 , 16260,75 , 85,14 , 16239,21 , 16260,75 , 85,14 , 49,4 , 49,4 }, // Luyia/Kenya + { 205, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 25644,48 , 13314,84 , 134,24 , 25708,48 , 13465,84 , 320,24 , 16335,28 , 8627,60 , 14647,14 , 16335,28 , 8627,60 , 14647,14 , 448,9 , 454,8 }, // Asu/Tanzania + { 206, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 25692,48 , 25740,94 , 25834,24 , 25756,48 , 25804,94 , 25898,24 , 16363,28 , 16391,69 , 16460,14 , 16363,28 , 16391,69 , 16460,14 , 457,9 , 462,6 }, // Teso/Kenya + { 206, 221, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 25692,48 , 25740,94 , 25834,24 , 25756,48 , 25804,94 , 25898,24 , 16363,28 , 16391,69 , 16460,14 , 16363,28 , 16391,69 , 16460,14 , 457,9 , 462,6 }, // Teso/Uganda + { 207, 67, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 27,8 , 53,19 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 317,48 , 518,118 , 494,24 , 344,48 , 545,118 , 521,24 , 16474,28 , 16502,56 , 16558,14 , 16474,28 , 16502,56 , 16558,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Saho/Eritrea + { 208, 132, 46, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 25858,46 , 25904,88 , 25992,24 , 25922,46 , 25968,88 , 26056,24 , 16572,28 , 16600,53 , 16653,14 , 16572,28 , 16600,53 , 16653,14 , 466,6 , 468,6 }, // Koyra Chiini/Mali + { 209, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13266,48 , 23088,87 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 23152,87 , 320,24 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 14557,28 , 14585,62 , 14647,14 , 395,5 , 399,9 }, // Rwa/Tanzania + { 210, 111, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 26016,48 , 26064,186 , 26250,24 , 26080,48 , 26128,186 , 26314,24 , 16667,28 , 16695,69 , 16764,14 , 16667,28 , 16695,69 , 16764,14 , 472,2 , 474,2 }, // Luo/Kenya + { 211, 221, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 22562,48 , 22610,152 , 134,24 , 22626,48 , 22674,152 , 320,24 , 14317,28 , 14345,74 , 14419,14 , 14317,28 , 14345,74 , 14419,14 , 0,2 , 0,2 }, // Chiga/Uganda + { 212, 145, 44, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 26274,48 , 26322,86 , 26408,24 , 26338,48 , 26386,86 , 26472,24 , 16778,28 , 16806,48 , 16854,14 , 16778,28 , 16806,48 , 16854,14 , 474,9 , 476,10 }, // Central Morocco Tamazight/Morocco + { 213, 132, 46, 160, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 356,8 , 99,16 , 37,5 , 8,10 , 25858,46 , 25904,88 , 25992,24 , 25922,46 , 25968,88 , 26056,24 , 16868,28 , 16896,54 , 16653,14 , 16868,28 , 16896,54 , 16653,14 , 466,6 , 468,6 }, // Koyraboro Senni/Mali + { 214, 210, 46, 44, 59, 37, 48, 45, 43, 101, 141,10 , 10,17 , 18,7 , 25,12 , 13266,48 , 26432,84 , 134,24 , 13417,48 , 26496,84 , 320,24 , 16950,28 , 16978,63 , 8687,14 , 16950,28 , 16978,63 , 8687,14 , 483,5 , 486,8 }, // Shambala/Tanzania { 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0, 0,0 } // trailing 0s }; static const ushort date_format_data[] = { 0x64, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x20, 0x79, 0x79, 0x79, 0x79, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x64, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x20, 0x79, 0x79, 0x79, 0x79, 0x64, 0x64, 0x2f, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x2f, 0x79, 0x79, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x2c, -0x20, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x20, 0x64, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x79, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x64, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x4d, 0x4d, -0x20, 0x64, 0x64, 0x2c, 0x20, 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yet + {EKeyDevice7, EStdKeyDevice7, Key_Camera}, {EKeyApplication0, EStdKeyApplication0, Key_Menu}, // Found by manual testing. {EKeyApplication1, EStdKeyApplication1, Key_Launch1}, // Found by manual testing. {EKeyApplication2, EStdKeyApplication2, Key_MediaPlay}, // Found by manual testing. @@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ static const KeyMapping keyMapping[] = { {EKeyApplicationD, EStdKeyApplicationD, Key_LaunchD}, {EKeyApplicationE, EStdKeyApplicationE, Key_LaunchE}, {EKeyApplicationF, EStdKeyApplicationF, Key_LaunchF}, -// {EKeyApplication19, EStdKeyApplication19, Key_CameraFocus}, //not supported by qt yet + {EKeyApplication19, EStdKeyApplication19, Key_CameraFocus}, {EKeyYes, EStdKeyYes, Key_Yes}, {EKeyNo, EStdKeyNo, Key_No}, {TKeyCode(0), TStdScanCode(0), Qt::Key(0)} diff --git a/src/gui/widgets/qmenubar.cpp b/src/gui/widgets/qmenubar.cpp index a13a2fa..ef37fd1 100644 --- a/src/gui/widgets/qmenubar.cpp +++ b/src/gui/widgets/qmenubar.cpp @@ -1931,9 +1931,9 @@ void QMenuBar::setNativeMenuBar(bool nativeMenuBar) d->macCreateMenuBar(parentWidget()); } macUpdateMenuBar(); - updateGeometry(); - setVisible(false); - setVisible(true); + updateGeometry(); + if (!d->nativeMenuBar && parentWidget()) + setVisible(true); #endif } } diff --git a/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/network_remote_stresstest.pro b/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/network_remote_stresstest.pro new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9ed1090 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/network_remote_stresstest.pro @@ -0,0 +1,8 @@ +load(qttest_p4) + +QT = core network + +SOURCES += tst_network_remote_stresstest.cpp + +RESOURCES += url-list.qrc + diff --git a/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/tst_network_remote_stresstest.cpp b/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/tst_network_remote_stresstest.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2f0bc2c --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/tst_network_remote_stresstest.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,499 @@ +/**************************************************************************** +** +** Copyright (C) 2010 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). +** All rights reserved. +** Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com) +** +** This file is part of the test suite of the Qt Toolkit. +** +** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL$ +** No Commercial Usage +** This file contains pre-release code and may not be distributed. +** You may use this file in accordance with the terms and conditions +** contained in the Technology Preview License Agreement accompanying +** this package. +** +** GNU Lesser General Public License Usage +** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser +** General Public License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software +** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPL included in the +** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to +** ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 requirements +** will be met: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html. +** +** In addition, as a special exception, Nokia gives you certain additional +** rights. These rights are described in the Nokia Qt LGPL Exception +** version 1.1, included in the file LGPL_EXCEPTION.txt in this package. +** +** If you have questions regarding the use of this file, please contact +** Nokia at qt-info@nokia.com. +** +** +** +** +** +** +** +** +** $QT_END_LICENSE$ +** +****************************************************************************/ + +#include <QtTest/QtTest> +#include <QtCore/QThread> +#include <QtCore/QSemaphore> +#include <QtCore/QElapsedTimer> +#include <QtCore/QSharedPointer> +#include <QtCore/QVector> +#include <QtNetwork/QTcpSocket> +#include <QtNetwork/QSslSocket> +#include <QtNetwork/QNetworkReply> +#include <QtNetwork/QNetworkAccessManager> + +#ifdef QT_BUILD_INTERNAL +# include <private/qnetworkaccessmanager_p.h> +#endif + +#include <qplatformdefs.h> +#ifdef Q_OS_UNIX +# include <sys/types.h> +# include <sys/socket.h> +# include <sys/select.h> +# include <netinet/in.h> +# include <errno.h> +# include <netdb.h> +# include <signal.h> +# include <unistd.h> +# include <fcntl.h> + +typedef int SOCKET; +# define INVALID_SOCKET -1 +# define SOCKET_ERROR -1 + +#elif defined(Q_OS_WIN) +# include <winsock2.h> +#endif + +Q_DECLARE_METATYPE(QVector<QUrl>) + +class tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest : public QObject +{ + Q_OBJECT +public: + enum { AttemptCount = 100 }; + tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest(); + + qint64 byteCounter; + QNetworkAccessManager manager; + QVector<QUrl> httpUrls, httpsUrls, mixedUrls; + bool intermediateDebug; + +private: + void clearManager(); + +public slots: + void initTestCase_data(); + void init(); + + void slotReadAll() { byteCounter += static_cast<QIODevice *>(sender())->readAll().size(); } + +private Q_SLOTS: + void blockingSequentialRemoteHosts(); + void sequentialRemoteHosts(); + void parallelRemoteHosts_data(); + void parallelRemoteHosts(); + void namRemoteGet_data(); + void namRemoteGet(); +}; + +tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest::tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest() + : intermediateDebug(qgetenv("STRESSDEBUG").toInt() > 0) +{ +#ifdef Q_OS_WIN + WSAData wsadata; + + // IPv6 requires Winsock v2.0 or better. + WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2,0), &wsadata); +#elif defined(Q_OS_UNIX) && !defined(Q_OS_SYMBIAN) + ::signal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN); +#endif + + QFile urlList(":/url-list.txt"); + if (urlList.open(QIODevice::ReadOnly)) { + while (!urlList.atEnd()) { + QByteArray line = urlList.readLine().trimmed(); + QUrl url = QUrl::fromEncoded(line); + if (url.scheme() == "http") { + httpUrls << url; + mixedUrls << url; + } else if (url.scheme() == "https") { + httpsUrls << url; + mixedUrls << url; + } + } + } + + httpUrls << httpUrls; + httpsUrls << httpsUrls; +} + +void tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest::initTestCase_data() +{ + QTest::addColumn<QVector<QUrl> >("urlList"); + QTest::addColumn<bool>("useSslSocket"); + + QTest::newRow("no-ssl") << httpUrls << false; +// QTest::newRow("no-ssl-in-sslsocket") << httpUrls << true; + QTest::newRow("ssl") << httpsUrls << true; + QTest::newRow("mixed") << mixedUrls << false; +// QTest::newRow("mixed-in-sslsocket") << mixedUrls << true; +} + +void tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest::init() +{ + // clear the internal cache +#ifndef QT_BUILD_INTERNAL + if (strncmp(QTest::currentTestFunction(), "nam") == 0) + QSKIP("QNetworkAccessManager tests disabled", SkipAll); +#endif +} + +void tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest::clearManager() +{ +#ifdef QT_BUILD_INTERNAL + QNetworkAccessManagerPrivate::clearCache(&manager); + manager.setProxy(QNetworkProxy()); + manager.setCache(0); +#endif +} + +bool nativeLookup(const char *hostname, int port, QByteArray &buf) +{ +#if !defined(QT_NO_GETADDRINFO) && 0 + addrinfo *res = 0; + struct addrinfo hints; + memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints)); + hints.ai_family = PF_UNSPEC; + + int result = getaddrinfo(QUrl::toAce(hostname).constData(), QByteArray::number(port).constData(), &hints, &res); + if (!result) + return false; + for (addrinfo *node = res; node; node = node->ai_next) { + if (node->ai_family == AF_INET) { + buf = QByteArray((char *)node->ai_addr, node->ai_addrlen); + break; + } + } + freeaddrinfo(res); +#else + hostent *result = gethostbyname(hostname); + if (!result || result->h_addrtype != AF_INET) + return false; + + struct sockaddr_in s; + s.sin_family = AF_INET; + s.sin_port = htons(port); + s.sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *) result->h_addr_list[0]; + + buf = QByteArray((char *)&s, sizeof s); +#endif + + return !buf.isEmpty(); +} + +bool nativeSelect(int fd, int timeout, bool selectForWrite) +{ + if (timeout < 0) + return false; + + // wait for connected + fd_set fds, fde; + FD_ZERO(&fds); + FD_ZERO(&fde); + FD_SET(fd, &fds); + FD_SET(fd, &fde); + + int ret; + do { + struct timeval tv; + tv.tv_sec = timeout / 1000; + tv.tv_usec = timeout % 1000; + if (selectForWrite) + ret = ::select(fd + 1, 0, &fds, &fde, &tv); + else + ret = ::select(fd + 1, &fds, 0, &fde, &tv); + } while (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR); + return ret != 0; +} + +void tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest::blockingSequentialRemoteHosts() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QVector<QUrl>, urlList); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(bool, useSslSocket); + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + for (int i = 0; i < urlList.size(); ++i) { + const QUrl &url = urlList.at(i); + bool isHttps = url.scheme() == "https"; + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + QSharedPointer<QTcpSocket> socket; + if (useSslSocket || isHttps) { + socket = QSharedPointer<QTcpSocket>(new QSslSocket); + } else { + socket = QSharedPointer<QTcpSocket>(new QTcpSocket); + } + + socket->connectToHost(url.host(), url.port(isHttps ? 443 : 80)); + QVERIFY2(socket->waitForConnected(10000), "Timeout connecting to " + url.encodedHost()); + + if (isHttps) { + static_cast<QSslSocket *>(socket.data())->setProtocol(QSsl::TlsV1); + static_cast<QSslSocket *>(socket.data())->startClientEncryption(); + static_cast<QSslSocket *>(socket.data())->ignoreSslErrors(); + QVERIFY2(static_cast<QSslSocket *>(socket.data())->waitForEncrypted(10000), "Timeout starting TLS with " + url.encodedHost()); + } + + socket->write("GET " + url.toEncoded(QUrl::RemoveScheme | QUrl::RemoveAuthority | QUrl::RemoveFragment) + " HTTP/1.0\r\n" + "Connection: close\r\n" + "User-Agent: tst_QTcpSocket_stresstest/1.0\r\n" + "Host: " + url.encodedHost() + "\r\n" + "\r\n"); + while (socket->bytesToWrite()) + QVERIFY2(socket->waitForBytesWritten(10000), "Timeout writing to " + url.encodedHost()); + + while (socket->state() == QAbstractSocket::ConnectedState && !timeout.hasExpired(10000)) { + socket->waitForReadyRead(10000); + byteCounter += socket->readAll().size(); // discard + } + QVERIFY2(!timeout.hasExpired(10000), "Timeout reading from " + url.encodedHost()); + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << i << url << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 * 1000) << "kB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "kB/s"; +} + +void tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest::sequentialRemoteHosts() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QVector<QUrl>, urlList); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(bool, useSslSocket); + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + for (int i = 0; i < urlList.size(); ++i) { + const QUrl &url = urlList.at(i); + bool isHttps = url.scheme() == "https"; + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + QSharedPointer<QTcpSocket> socket; + if (useSslSocket || isHttps) { + socket = QSharedPointer<QTcpSocket>(new QSslSocket); + } else { + socket = QSharedPointer<QTcpSocket>(new QTcpSocket); + } + if (isHttps) { + static_cast<QSslSocket *>(socket.data())->setProtocol(QSsl::TlsV1); + static_cast<QSslSocket *>(socket.data())->connectToHostEncrypted(url.host(), url.port(443)); + static_cast<QSslSocket *>(socket.data())->ignoreSslErrors(); + } else { + socket->connectToHost(url.host(), url.port(80)); + } + + socket->write("GET " + url.toEncoded(QUrl::RemoveScheme | QUrl::RemoveAuthority | QUrl::RemoveFragment) + " HTTP/1.0\r\n" + "Connection: close\r\n" + "User-Agent: tst_QTcpSocket_stresstest/1.0\r\n" + "Host: " + url.encodedHost() + "\r\n" + "\r\n"); + connect(socket.data(), SIGNAL(readyRead()), SLOT(slotReadAll())); + + QTestEventLoop::instance().connect(socket.data(), SIGNAL(disconnected()), SLOT(exitLoop())); + QTestEventLoop::instance().enterLoop(30); + QVERIFY2(!QTestEventLoop::instance().timeout(), "Timeout with " + url.encodedHost() + "; " + + QByteArray::number(socket->bytesToWrite()) + " bytes to write"); + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << i << url << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 * 1000) << "kB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "kB/s"; +} + +void tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest::parallelRemoteHosts_data() +{ + QTest::addColumn<int>("parallelAttempts"); + QTest::newRow("1") << 1; + QTest::newRow("2") << 2; + QTest::newRow("4") << 4; + QTest::newRow("5") << 5; + QTest::newRow("6") << 6; + QTest::newRow("8") << 8; + QTest::newRow("10") << 10; + QTest::newRow("25") << 25; + QTest::newRow("500") << 500; +} + +void tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest::parallelRemoteHosts() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QVector<QUrl>, urlList); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(bool, useSslSocket); + + QFETCH(int, parallelAttempts); + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + QVector<QUrl>::ConstIterator it = urlList.constBegin(); + while (it != urlList.constEnd()) { + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + QVector<QSharedPointer<QTcpSocket> > sockets; + sockets.reserve(parallelAttempts); + for (int j = 0; j < parallelAttempts && it != urlList.constEnd(); ++j, ++it) { + const QUrl &url = *it; + bool isHttps = url.scheme() == "https"; + QTcpSocket *socket; + if (useSslSocket || isHttps) + socket = new QSslSocket; + else + socket = new QTcpSocket; + if (isHttps) { + static_cast<QSslSocket *>(socket)->setProtocol(QSsl::TlsV1); + static_cast<QSslSocket *>(socket)->connectToHostEncrypted(url.host(), url.port(443)); + static_cast<QSslSocket *>(socket)->ignoreSslErrors(); + } else { + socket->connectToHost(url.host(), url.port(isHttps ? 443 : 80)); + } + + socket->write("GET " + url.toEncoded(QUrl::RemoveScheme | QUrl::RemoveAuthority | QUrl::RemoveFragment) + " HTTP/1.0\r\n" + "Connection: close\r\n" + "User-Agent: tst_QTcpSocket_stresstest/1.0\r\n" + "Host: " + url.encodedHost() + "\r\n" + "\r\n"); + connect(socket, SIGNAL(readyRead()), SLOT(slotReadAll())); + QTestEventLoop::instance().connect(socket, SIGNAL(disconnected()), SLOT(exitLoop())); + socket->setProperty("remoteUrl", url); + + sockets.append(QSharedPointer<QTcpSocket>(socket)); + } + + while (!timeout.hasExpired(10000)) { + QTestEventLoop::instance().enterLoop(10); + int done = 0; + for (int j = 0; j < sockets.size(); ++j) + done += sockets[j]->state() == QAbstractSocket::UnconnectedState ? 1 : 0; + if (done == sockets.size()) + break; + } + for (int j = 0; j < sockets.size(); ++j) + if (sockets[j]->state() != QAbstractSocket::UnconnectedState) { + qDebug() << "Socket to" << sockets[j]->property("remoteUrl").toUrl() << "still open with" + << sockets[j]->bytesToWrite() << "bytes to write"; + QFAIL("Timed out"); + } + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 * 1000) << "kB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "kB/s"; +} + +void tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest::namRemoteGet_data() +{ + QTest::addColumn<int>("parallelAttempts"); + QTest::newRow("1") << 1; + QTest::newRow("2") << 2; + QTest::newRow("4") << 4; + QTest::newRow("5") << 5; + QTest::newRow("6") << 6; + QTest::newRow("8") << 8; + QTest::newRow("10") << 10; + QTest::newRow("25") << 25; + QTest::newRow("500") << 500; +} + +void tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest::namRemoteGet() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QVector<QUrl>, urlList); + + QFETCH(int, parallelAttempts); + bool pipelineAllowed = false;// QFETCH(bool, pipelineAllowed); + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + QVector<QUrl>::ConstIterator it = urlList.constBegin(); + while (it != urlList.constEnd()) { + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + QNetworkRequest req; + req.setAttribute(QNetworkRequest::HttpPipeliningAllowedAttribute, pipelineAllowed); + + QVector<QSharedPointer<QNetworkReply> > replies; + replies.reserve(parallelAttempts); + for (int j = 0; j < parallelAttempts && it != urlList.constEnd(); ++j) { + req.setUrl(*it++); + QNetworkReply *r = manager.get(req); + r->ignoreSslErrors(); + + connect(r, SIGNAL(readyRead()), SLOT(slotReadAll())); + QTestEventLoop::instance().connect(r, SIGNAL(finished()), SLOT(exitLoop())); + + replies.append(QSharedPointer<QNetworkReply>(r)); + } + + while (!timeout.hasExpired(10000)) { + QTestEventLoop::instance().enterLoop(10); + int done = 0; + for (int j = 0; j < replies.size(); ++j) + done += replies[j]->isFinished() ? 1 : 0; + if (done == replies.size()) + break; + } + if (timeout.hasExpired(10000)) { + for (int j = 0; j < replies.size(); ++j) + if (!replies[j]->isFinished()) + qDebug() << "Request" << replies[j]->url() << "not finished"; + QFAIL("Timed out"); + } + replies.clear(); + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 * 1000) << "kB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "kB/s"; +} + +QTEST_MAIN(tst_NetworkRemoteStressTest); + +#include "tst_network_remote_stresstest.moc" diff --git a/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/url-list.qrc b/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/url-list.qrc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec529e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/url-list.qrc @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +<RCC> + <qresource prefix="/"> + <file>url-list.txt</file> + </qresource> +</RCC> diff --git a/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/url-list.txt b/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/url-list.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3d6d7a9 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manual/network_remote_stresstest/url-list.txt @@ -0,0 +1,64 @@ +http://www.digicert.com/CACerts/DigiCertAssuredIDRootCA.crt +http://www.digicert.com/CACerts/DigiCertGlobalRootCA.crt +http://www.digicert.com/CACerts/DigiCertHighAssuranceEVRootCA.crt +http://www.quovadis.bm/public/qvrca2.crt +http://www.quovadis.bm/public/qvrca3.crt +https://secure.globalsign.net/cacert/root-r2.crt +http://secure.globalsign.net/cacert/Root-R1.crt +http://www.certplus.com/PC/certplus_class2.pem +https://www.startssl.com/certs/ca.crt +http://www.turktrust.com.tr/sertifikalar/TURKTRUST_Elektronik_Sertifika_Hizmet_Saglayicisi.crt +http://www.turktrust.com.tr/sertifikalar/kok_s2.crt +http://crt.comodoca.com/COMODOCertificationAuthority.crt +http://crt.comodoca.com/COMODOECCCertificationAuthority.crt +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=368998 +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=335538 +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=304810 +https://www.securetrust.com/legal/STCA.txt +https://www.securetrust.com/legal/SGCA.txt +http://www.securetrust.com/legal/XGCA.txt +http://www.diginotar.nl/files/Rootcertificaten/DigiNotar%20root%20CA2007.crt +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=294057 +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=368997 +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=306731 +https://certs.starfieldtech.com/repository/valicert_class2_root.crt +https://certs.godaddy.com/repository/gd-class2-root.crt +https://certs.starfieldtech.com/repository/sf-class2-root.crt +ftp://ftp.networksolutions.com/certs/netsolevroot.crt +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=335551 +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=369000 +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=306736 +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=267983 +https://swisssign.net/cgi-bin/authority/download?ca=50AFCC078715476F38C5B465D1DE95AAE9DF9CCC&into=browser +https://swisssign.net/cgi-bin/authority/download?ca=5B257B96A465517EB839F3C078665EE83AE7F0EE&into=browser +https://swisssign.net/cgi-bin/authority/download?ca=17A0CDC1E441B63A5B3BCB459DBD1CC298FA8658&into=browser +http://apps.identrust.com/roots/DSTROOTCAX3.cer +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=277051 +http://www.ssi.gouv.fr/IMG/crt/igca-rsa.crt +http://www.e-szigno.hu/RootCA.crt +http://www.s-trust.de/service_support/zertifikatsmanagement/verzeichnisdienste/download_wurzelzertifikate/ordner_crt_dateien/authentication.crt +http://public.wisekey.com/crt/owgrgaca.crt +http://www.trustcenter.de/media/class_2_ii.der +http://www.trustcenter.de/media/class_3_ii.der +http://www.trustcenter.de/media/Universal_CA-I.der +http://www.certigna.fr/ca/ACcertigna.crt +https://repository.secomtrust.net/EV-Root1/EVRoot1ca.cer +http://www.certicamara.com/ac_offline_raiz_certicamara.crt +http://fedir.comsign.co.il/cacert/ComsignCA.crt +http://fedir.comsign.co.il/cacert/ComsignSecuredCA.crt +http://crl.pki.wellsfargo.com/wsprca.crt +http://cacert.omniroot.com/ct_root_ss.crt +http://www.kamusm.gov.tr/BilgiDeposu/KOKSHS.v3.crt +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=380381 +http://210.71.154.6/download/ROOTeCA.cer +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=359654 +http://www.gpki.go.jp/apcaself/APCAroot.der +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=405525 +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=361508 +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=361508 +http://www.hongkongpost.gov.hk/product/download/root/img/smartid_rt.cacert +http://www.sk.ee/files/JUUR-SK.der +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=408102 +http://www.disig.eu/ca/cert/ca_disig.der +https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/attachment.cgi?id=365241 +https://www2.jcsinc.co.jp/repository/certs/SSAD-rca.der diff --git a/tests/manual/network_stresstest/minihttpserver.cpp b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/minihttpserver.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3630674 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/minihttpserver.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,214 @@ +/**************************************************************************** +** +** Copyright (C) 2010 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). +** All rights reserved. +** Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com) +** +** This file is part of the FOO module of the Qt Toolkit. +** +** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL$ +** No Commercial Usage +** This file contains pre-release code and may not be distributed. +** You may use this file in accordance with the terms and conditions +** contained in the Technology Preview License Agreement accompanying +** this package. +** +** GNU Lesser General Public License Usage +** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser +** General Public License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software +** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPL included in the +** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to +** ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 requirements +** will be met: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html. +** +** In addition, as a special exception, Nokia gives you certain additional +** rights. These rights are described in the Nokia Qt LGPL Exception +** version 1.1, included in the file LGPL_EXCEPTION.txt in this package. +** +** If you have questions regarding the use of this file, please contact +** Nokia at qt-info@nokia.com. +** +** +** +** +** +** +** +** +** $QT_END_LICENSE$ +** +****************************************************************************/ + + +#include "minihttpserver.h" +#include <QtCore/QFile> +#include <QtCore/QSemaphore> +#include <QtCore/QUrl> +#include <QtNetwork/QTcpServer> +#include <QtNetwork/QTcpSocket> + +MiniHttpServer::MiniHttpServer(QObject *parent) : + QThread(parent) +{ + readyToGo = new QSemaphore; + start(); + readyToGo->acquire(); + delete readyToGo; +} + +MiniHttpServer::~MiniHttpServer() +{ + quitObject->deleteLater(); + wait(); +} + +void MiniHttpServer::run() +{ + server = new QTcpServer; + server->listen(QHostAddress::LocalHost); + portnum = server->serverPort(); + connect(server, SIGNAL(newConnection()), this, SLOT(handleConnection()), Qt::DirectConnection); + + quitObject = new QObject; + connect(quitObject, SIGNAL(destroyed()), this, SLOT(quit()), Qt::DirectConnection); + + readyToGo->release(); + exec(); + + // cleanup + delete server; +} + +void MiniHttpServer::handleConnection() +{ + while (server->hasPendingConnections()) { + QTcpSocket *socket = server->nextPendingConnection(); + new MiniHttpServerConnection(socket); // handles its own lifetime + } +} + +MiniHttpServerConnection::MiniHttpServerConnection(QTcpSocket *socket) + : QObject(socket), socket(socket), source(0) +{ + connect(socket, SIGNAL(readyRead()), SLOT(handleReadyRead())); + connect(socket, SIGNAL(bytesWritten(qint64)), SLOT(handleBytesWritten())); + connect(socket, SIGNAL(disconnected()), SLOT(handleDisconnected())); + + timeout.setInterval(30000); + timeout.setSingleShot(true); + connect(&timeout, SIGNAL(timeout()), SLOT(handleTimeout())); + timeout.start(); +} + +void MiniHttpServerConnection::sendError500() +{ + static const char body[] = + "HTTP/1.1 500 Server Error\r\n" + "Connection: close\r\n" + "Content-Length: 0\r\n" + "\r\n"; + socket->write(body, strlen(body)); + socket->disconnectFromHost(); +} + +void MiniHttpServerConnection::sendError404() +{ + static const char body1[] = + "HTTP/1.1 404 File not found\r\n" + "Content-Length: 0\r\n"; + socket->write(body1, strlen(body1)); + if (connectionClose) { + socket->write("Connection: close\r\n\r\n"); + socket->disconnectFromHost(); + } else { + socket->write("\r\n"); + handlePendingRequest(); + } +} + +void MiniHttpServerConnection::handlePendingRequest() +{ + int endOfRequest = buffer.indexOf("\r\n\r\n"); + if (endOfRequest == -1) + return; // nothing to do + + QByteArray request = buffer.left(endOfRequest); + buffer = buffer.mid(endOfRequest + 4); + //qDebug("request: %s", request.constData()); + + if (!request.startsWith("GET ")) { + sendError500(); + return; + } + + int eol = request.indexOf("\r\n"); + static const char http11[] = " HTTP/1.1"; + if (memcmp(request.data() + eol - strlen(http11), http11, strlen(http11)) != 0) { + sendError500(); + return; + } + + QUrl uri = QUrl::fromEncoded(request.mid(4, eol - strlen(http11) - 4)); + source.setFileName(":" + uri.path()); + + // connection-close? + request = request.toLower(); + connectionClose = request.contains("\r\nconnection: close\r\n"); + + if (!source.open(QIODevice::ReadOnly)) { + sendError404(); + return; + } + + // success + timeout.stop(); + static const char body[] = + "HTTP/1.1 200 Ok\r\n" + "Content-Type: text/plain\r\n" + "Content-Length: "; + socket->write(body, strlen(body)); + socket->write(QByteArray::number(source.size())); + if (connectionClose) + socket->write("\r\nConnection: close"); + socket->write("\r\n\r\n"); + + handleBytesWritten(); +} + +void MiniHttpServerConnection::handleReadyRead() +{ + buffer += socket->readAll(); + if (!source.isOpen()) + handlePendingRequest(); +} + +void MiniHttpServerConnection::handleDisconnected() +{ + socket->deleteLater(); // will delete us too +} + +void MiniHttpServerConnection::handleBytesWritten() +{ + qint64 maxBytes = qMin<qint64>(128*1024, source.bytesAvailable()); + maxBytes = qMin(maxBytes, 128*1024 - socket->bytesToWrite()); + if (maxBytes < 0) + return; + + socket->write(source.read(maxBytes)); + + if (source.atEnd()) { + // file ended + source.close(); + if (connectionClose) { + socket->disconnectFromHost(); + } else { + timeout.start(); + handlePendingRequest(); + } + } +} + +void MiniHttpServerConnection::handleTimeout() +{ + socket->disconnectFromHost(); +} diff --git a/tests/manual/network_stresstest/minihttpserver.h b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/minihttpserver.h new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9fcc8fc --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/minihttpserver.h @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +/**************************************************************************** +** +** Copyright (C) 2010 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). +** All rights reserved. +** Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com) +** +** This file is part of the FOO module of the Qt Toolkit. +** +** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL$ +** No Commercial Usage +** This file contains pre-release code and may not be distributed. +** You may use this file in accordance with the terms and conditions +** contained in the Technology Preview License Agreement accompanying +** this package. +** +** GNU Lesser General Public License Usage +** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser +** General Public License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software +** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPL included in the +** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to +** ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 requirements +** will be met: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html. +** +** In addition, as a special exception, Nokia gives you certain additional +** rights. These rights are described in the Nokia Qt LGPL Exception +** version 1.1, included in the file LGPL_EXCEPTION.txt in this package. +** +** If you have questions regarding the use of this file, please contact +** Nokia at qt-info@nokia.com. +** +** +** +** +** +** +** +** +** $QT_END_LICENSE$ +** +****************************************************************************/ + + +#ifndef MINIHTTPSERVER_H +#define MINIHTTPSERVER_H + +#include <QtCore/QThread> +#include <QtCore/QFile> +#include <QtCore/QTimer> + +class QFile; +class QSemaphore; +class QTcpServer; +class QTcpSocket; + +class MiniHttpServer : public QThread +{ + Q_OBJECT +public: + explicit MiniHttpServer(QObject *parent = 0); + ~MiniHttpServer(); + + int port() { return portnum; } + +protected: + void run(); + +private slots: + void handleConnection(); + +private: + QTcpServer *server; + QObject *quitObject; + QSemaphore *readyToGo; + int portnum; +}; + +class MiniHttpServerConnection: public QObject +{ + Q_OBJECT + QTcpSocket * const socket; + QFile source; + QTimer timeout; + QByteArray buffer; + bool connectionClose; +public: + explicit MiniHttpServerConnection(QTcpSocket *socket); + + void sendError500(); + void sendError404(); + void handlePendingRequest(); + +public slots: + void handleReadyRead(); + void handleBytesWritten(); + void handleDisconnected(); + void handleTimeout(); +}; + +#endif // MINIHTTPSERVER_H diff --git a/tests/manual/network_stresstest/network_stresstest.pro b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/network_stresstest.pro new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e272d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/network_stresstest.pro @@ -0,0 +1,12 @@ +load(qttest_p4) + +QT = core network + +SOURCES += tst_network_stresstest.cpp \ + minihttpserver.cpp + +HEADERS += \ + minihttpserver.h + +RESOURCES += wwwfiles.qrc +QMAKE_RESOURCE_FLAGS += -no-compress diff --git a/tests/manual/network_stresstest/qtest/bigfile b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/qtest/bigfile new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cb114a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/qtest/bigfile @@ -0,0 +1,17980 @@ + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + + + + + + + +Network Working Group H. Kennedy +Request for Comments: 3252 Mimezine +Category: Informational 1 April 2002 + + + Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + +Status of this Memo + + This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does + not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this + memo is unlimited. + +Copyright Notice + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + +Abstract + + This document defines a reformulation of IP and two transport layer + protocols (TCP and UDP) as XML applications. + +1. Introduction + +1.1. Overview + + This document describes the Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport + (BLOAT): a reformulation of a widely-deployed network-layer protocol + (IP [RFC791]), and two associated transport layer protocols (TCP + [RFC793] and UDP [RFC768]) as XML [XML] applications. It also + describes methods for transporting BLOAT over Ethernet and IEEE 802 + networks as well as encapsulating BLOAT in IP for gatewaying BLOAT + across the public Internet. + +1.2. Motivation + + The wild popularity of XML as a basis for application-level protocols + such as the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol [RFC3080], the Simple + Object Access Protocol [SOAP], and Jabber [JABBER] prompted + investigation into the possibility of extending the use of XML in the + protocol stack. Using XML at both the transport and network layer in + addition to the application layer would provide for an amazing amount + of power and flexibility while removing dependencies on proprietary + and hard-to-understand binary protocols. This protocol unification + would also allow applications to use a single XML parser for all + aspects of their operation, eliminating developer time spent figuring + out the intricacies of each new protocol, and moving the hard work of + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 1] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + parsing to the XML toolset. The use of XML also mitigates concerns + over "network vs. host" byte ordering which is at the root of many + network application bugs. + +1.3. Relation to Existing Protocols + + The reformulations specified in this RFC follow as closely as + possible the spirit of the RFCs on which they are based, and so MAY + contain elements or attributes that would not be needed in a pure + reworking (e.g. length attributes, which are implicit in XML.) + + The layering of network and transport protocols are maintained in + this RFC despite the optimizations that could be made if the line + were somewhat blurred (i.e. merging TCP and IP into a single, larger + element in the DTD) in order to foster future use of this protocol as + a basis for reformulating other protocols (such as ICMP.) + + Other than the encoding, the behavioral aspects of each of the + existing protocols remain unchanged. Routing, address spaces, TCP + congestion control, etc. behave as specified in the extant standards. + Adapting to new standards and experimental algorithm heuristics for + improving performance will become much easier once the move to BLOAT + has been completed. + +1.4. Requirement Levels + + The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", + "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this + document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14, RFC 2119 + [RFC2119]. + +2. IPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. + IPoXML is the root protocol REQUIRED for effective use of TCPoXML + (section 3.) and higher-level application protocols. + + The DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.1. + + The routing of IPoXML can be easily implemented on hosts with an XML + parser, as the regular structure lends itself handily to parsing and + validation of the document/datagram and then processing the + destination address, TTL, and checksum before sending it on to its + next-hop. + + The reformulation of IPv4 was chosen over IPv6 [RFC2460] due to the + wider deployment of IPv4 and the fact that implementing IPv6 as XML + would have exceeded the 1500 byte Ethernet MTU. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 2] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + All BLOAT implementations MUST use - and specify - the UTF-8 encoding + of RFC 2279 [RFC2279]. All BLOAT document/datagrams MUST be well- + formed and include the XMLDecl. + +2.1. IP Description + + A number of items have changed (for the better) from the original IP + specification. Bit-masks, where present have been converted into + human-readable values. IP addresses are listed in their dotted- + decimal notation [RFC1123]. Length and checksum values are present + as decimal integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the IP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used. The canonical form + SHALL have no whitespace (including newline characters) between + elements and only one space character between attributes. There + SHALL NOT be a space following the last attribute in an element. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums, as the + length field will vary based on the size of the checksum. + + The payload element bears special attention. Due to the character + set restrictions of XML, the payload of IP datagrams (which MAY + contain arbitrary data) MUST be encoded for transport. This RFC + REQUIRES the contents of the payload to be encoded in the base-64 + encoding of RFC 2045 [RFC2045], but removes the requirement that the + encoded output MUST be wrapped on 76-character lines. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 3] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +2.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example IPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <ip> + <header length="474"> + <version value="4"/> + <tos precedence="Routine" delay="Normal" throughput="Normal" + relibility="Normal" reserved="0"/> + <total.length value="461"/> + <id value="1"/> + <flags reserved="0" df="dont" mf="last"/> + <offset value="0"/> + <ttl value="255"/> + <protocol value="6"/> + <checksum value="8707"/> + <source address="10.0.0.22"/> + <destination address="10.0.0.1"/> + <options> + <end copied="0" class="0" number="0"/> + </options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </header> + <payload> + </payload> + </ip> + +3. TCPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.2. + +3.1. TCP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original TCP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the TCP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. + + An iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in + section 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 4] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + The TCP offset element was expanded to a maximum of 255 from 16 to + allow for the increased size of the header in XML. + + TCPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +3.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example TCPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <tcp> + <tcp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <sequence number="322622954"/> + <acknowledgement number="689715995"/> + <offset number=""/> + <reserved value="0"/> + <control syn="1" ack="1"/> + <window size="1"/> + <urgent pointer="0"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + <tcp.options> + <tcp.end kind="0"/> + </tcp.options> + <padding pad="0"/> + </tcp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </tcp> + +4. UDPoXML + + This protocol MUST be implemented to be compliant with this RFC. The + DTD for this document type can be found in section 7.3. + +4.1. UDP Description + + A number of items have changed from the original UDP specification. + Bit-masks, where present have been converted into human-readable + values. Length and checksum and port values are present as decimal + integers. + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 5] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + To calculate the length and checksum fields of the UDP element, a + canonicalized form of the element MUST be used as in section 2.1. An + iterative method SHOULD be used to calculate checksums as in section + 2.1. + + The payload element MUST be encoded as in section 2.1. + + UDPoXML datagrams encapsulated by IPoXML MAY omit the <?xml?> header + as well as the <!DOCTYPE> declaration. + +4.2. Example Datagram + + The following is an example UDPoXML datagram with an empty payload: + + <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + <udp> + <udp.header> + <src port="31415"/> + <dest port="42424"/> + <udp.length value="143"/> + <checksum value="2988"/> + </udp.header> + <payload> + </payload> + </udp> + +5. Network Transport + + This document provides for the transmission of BLOAT datagrams over + two common families of physical layer transport. Future RFCs will + address additional transports as routing vendors catch up to the + specification, and we begin to see BLOAT routed across the Internet + backbone. + +5.1. Ethernet + + BLOAT is encapsulated in Ethernet datagrams as in [RFC894] with the + exception that the type field of the Ethernet frame MUST contain the + value 0xBEEF. The first 5 octets of the Ethernet frame payload will + be 0x3c 3f 78 6d 6c ("<?xml".) + +5.2. IEEE 802 + + BLOAT is encapsulated in IEEE 802 Networks as in [RFC1042] except + that the protocol type code for IPoXML is 0xBEEF. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 6] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +6. Gatewaying over IP + + In order to facilitate the gradual introduction of BLOAT into the + public Internet, BLOAT MAY be encapsulated in IP as in [RFC2003] to + gateway between networks that run BLOAT natively on their LANs. + +7. DTDs + + The Transport DTDs (7.2. and 7.3.) build on the definitions in the + Network DTD (7.1.) + + The DTDs are referenced by their PubidLiteral and SystemLiteral (from + [XML]) although it is understood that most IPoXML implementations + will not need to pull down the DTD, as it will normally be embedded + in the implementation, and presents something of a catch-22 if you + need to load part of your network protocol over the network. + +7.1. IPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for IP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE ip PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 IP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + <!-- + DTD data types: + + Digits [0..9]+ + + Precedence "NetworkControl | InternetworkControl | + CRITIC | FlashOverride | Flash | Immediate | + Priority | Routine" + + IP4Addr "dotted-decimal" notation of [RFC1123] + + Class [0..3] + + Sec "Unclassified | Confidential | EFTO | MMMM | PROG | + Restricted | Secret | Top Secret | Reserved" + + Compartments [0..65535] + + Handling [0..65535] + + TCC [0..16777216] + + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 7] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ENTITY % Digits "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Precedence "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % IP4Addr "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Class "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Sec "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Compartments "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % Handling "CDATA"> + <!ENTITY % TCC "CDATA"> + + <!ELEMENT ip (header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT header (version, tos, total.length, id, flags, offset, ttl, + protocol, checksum, source, destination, options, + padding)> + <!-- length of header in 32-bit words --> + <!ATTLIST header + length %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT version EMPTY> + <!-- ip version. SHOULD be "4" --> + <!ATTLIST version + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tos EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tos + precedence %Precedence; #REQUIRED + delay (normal | low) #REQUIRED + throughput (normal | high) #REQUIRED + relibility (normal | high) #REQUIRED + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT total.length EMPTY> + <!-- + total length of datagram (header and payload) in octets, MUST be + less than 65,535 (and SHOULD be less than 1024 for IPoXML on local + ethernets). + --> + <!ATTLIST total.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT id EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST id + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT flags EMPTY> + <!-- df = don't fragment, mf = more fragments --> + <!ATTLIST flags + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 8] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + reserved CDATA #FIXED "0" + df (may|dont) #REQUIRED + mf (last|more) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= offset <= 8192 measured in 8 octet (64-bit) chunks --> + <!ATTLIST offset + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT ttl EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= ttl <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST ttl + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT protocol EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= protocol <= 255 (per IANA) --> + <!ATTLIST protocol + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT checksum EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= checksum <= 65535 (over header only) --> + <!ATTLIST checksum + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT source EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST source + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT destination EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST destination + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT options ( end | noop | security | loose | strict | record + | stream | timestamp )*> + + <!ELEMENT end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST end + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST noop + copied (0|1) #REQUIRED + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT security EMPTY> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 9] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST security + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "11" + security %Sec; #REQUIRED + compartments %Compartments; #REQUIRED + handling %Handling; #REQUIRED + tcc %TCC; #REQUIRED> + <!ELEMENT loose (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST loose + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "3" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT hop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST hop + address %IP4Addr; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT strict (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST strict + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "9" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT record (hop)+> + <!ATTLIST record + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "7" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT stream EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= id <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST stream + copied CDATA #FIXED "1" + class CDATA #FIXED "0" + number CDATA #FIXED "8" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + id %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT timestamp (tstamp)+> + <!-- 0 <= oflw <=15 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 10] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST timestamp + copied CDATA #FIXED "0" + class CDATA #FIXED "2" + number CDATA #FIXED "4" + length %Digits; #REQUIRED + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED + oflw %Digits; #REQUIRED + flag (0 | 1 | 3) #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tstamp EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tstamp + time %Digits; #REQUIRED + address %IP4Addr; #IMPLIED> + <!-- + padding to bring header to 32-bit boundary. + pad MUST be "0"* + --> + <!ELEMENT padding EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST padding + pad CDATA #REQUIRED> + + <!-- payload MUST be encoded as base-64 [RFC2045], as modified + by section 2.1 of this RFC --> + <!ELEMENT payload (CDATA)> + +7.2. TCPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for TCP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE tcp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 TCP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!-- the pseudoheader is only included for checksum calculations --> + <!ELEMENT tcp (tcp.pseudoheader?, tcp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.header (src, dest, sequence, acknowledgement, offset, + reserved, control, window, checksum, urgent, + tcp.options, padding)> + + <!ELEMENT src EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST src + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT dest EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= port <= 65,535 --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 11] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ATTLIST dest + port %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT sequence EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST sequence + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT acknowledgement EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 4294967295 --> + <!ATTLIST acknowledgement + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT offset EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= number <= 255 --> + <!ATTLIST offset + number %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT reserved EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST reserved + value CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT control EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST control + urg (0|1) #IMPLIED + ack (0|1) #IMPLIED + psh (0|1) #IMPLIED + rst (0|1) #IMPLIED + syn (0|1) #IMPLIED + fin (0|1) #IMPLIED> + + <!ELEMENT window EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= size <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST window + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!-- + checksum as in ip, but with + the following pseudo-header added into the tcp element: + --> + <!ELEMENT tcp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + tcp.length)> + + <!-- + tcp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + + the pseudoheader. + --> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 12] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + <!ELEMENT tcp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT urgent EMPTY> + <!-- 0 <= pointer <= 65,535 --> + <!ATTLIST urgent + pointer %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.options (tcp.end | tcp.noop | tcp.mss)+> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.end EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.end + kind CDATA #FIXED "0"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.noop EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.noop + kind CDATA #FIXED "1"> + + <!ELEMENT tcp.mss EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST tcp.mss + kind CDATA #FIXED "2" + length CDATA #FIXED "4" + size %Digits; #REQUIRED> + +7.3. UDPoXML DTD + + <!-- + DTD for UDP over XML. + Refer to this DTD as: + + <!DOCTYPE udp PUBLIC "-//IETF//DTD BLOAT 1.0 UDP//EN" "bloat.dtd"> + --> + + <!ELEMENT udp (udp.pseudoheader?, udp.header, payload)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.header (src, dest, udp.length, checksum)> + + <!ELEMENT udp.pseudoheader (source, destination, protocol, + udp.length)> + + <!-- + udp header + data length in octets. does not include the size of + the pseudoheader. + --> + <!ELEMENT udp.length EMPTY> + <!ATTLIST udp.length + value %Digits; #REQUIRED> + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 13] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +8. Security Considerations + + XML, as a subset of SGML, has the same security considerations as + specified in SGML Media Types [RFC1874]. Security considerations + that apply to IP, TCP and UDP also likely apply to BLOAT as it does + not attempt to correct for issues not related to message format. + +9. References + + [JABBER] Miller, J., "Jabber", draft-miller-jabber-00.txt, + February 2002. (Work in Progress) + + [RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768, + August 1980. + + [RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791, + September 1981. + + [RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7, RFC + 793, September 1981. + + [RFC894] Hornig, C., "Standard for the Transmission of IP + Datagrams over Ethernet Networks.", RFC 894, April 1984. + + [RFC1042] Postel, J. and J. Reynolds, "Standard for the + Transmission of IP Datagrams Over IEEE 802 Networks", STD + 43, RFC 1042, February 1988. + + [RFC1123] Braden, R., "Requirements for Internet Hosts - + Application and Support", RFC 1123, October 1989. + + [RFC1874] Levinson, E., "SGML Media Types", RFC 1874, December + 1995. + + [RFC2003] Perkins, C., "IP Encapsulation within IP", RFC 2003, + October 1996. + + [RFC2045] Freed, N. and N. Borenstein, "Multipurpose Internet Mail + Extensions (MIME) Part One: Format of Internet Message + Bodies", RFC 2045, November 1996. + + [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate + Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. + + [RFC2279] Yergeau, F., "UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO + 10646", RFC 2279, January 1998. + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 14] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + + [RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6 + (IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, December 1998. + + [RFC3080] Rose, M., "The Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol Core", + RFC 3080, March 2001. + + [SOAP] Box, D., Ehnebuske, D., Kakivaya, G., Layman, A., + Mendelsohn, N., Nielsen, H. F., Thatte, S. Winer, D., + "Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) 1.1" World Wide Web + Consortium Note, May 2000 http://www.w3.org/TR/SOAP/ + + [XML] Bray, T., Paoli, J., Sperberg-McQueen, C. M., "Extensible + Markup Language (XML)" World Wide Web Consortium + Recommendation REC- xml-19980210. + http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-xml-19980210 + +10. Author's Address + + Hugh Kennedy + Mimezine + 1060 West Addison + Chicago, IL 60613 + USA + + EMail: kennedyh@engin.umich.edu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 15] + +RFC 3252 Binary Lexical Octet Ad-hoc Transport 1 April 2002 + + +11. Full Copyright Statement + + Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2002). All Rights Reserved. + + This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to + others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it + or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published + and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any + kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are + included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this + document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing + the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other + Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of + developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for + copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be + followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than + English. + + The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be + revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. + + This document and the information contained herein is provided on an + "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING + TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING + BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION + HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF + MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. + +Acknowledgement + + Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the + Internet Society. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Kennedy Informational [Page 16] + diff --git a/tests/manual/network_stresstest/tst_network_stresstest.cpp b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/tst_network_stresstest.cpp new file mode 100644 index 0000000..34d83e1 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/tst_network_stresstest.cpp @@ -0,0 +1,771 @@ +/**************************************************************************** +** +** Copyright (C) 2010 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). +** All rights reserved. +** Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com) +** +** This file is part of the test suite of the Qt Toolkit. +** +** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL$ +** No Commercial Usage +** This file contains pre-release code and may not be distributed. +** You may use this file in accordance with the terms and conditions +** contained in the Technology Preview License Agreement accompanying +** this package. +** +** GNU Lesser General Public License Usage +** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser +** General Public License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software +** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPL included in the +** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to +** ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 requirements +** will be met: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html. +** +** In addition, as a special exception, Nokia gives you certain additional +** rights. These rights are described in the Nokia Qt LGPL Exception +** version 1.1, included in the file LGPL_EXCEPTION.txt in this package. +** +** If you have questions regarding the use of this file, please contact +** Nokia at qt-info@nokia.com. +** +** +** +** +** +** +** +** +** $QT_END_LICENSE$ +** +****************************************************************************/ + +#include <QtTest/QtTest> +#include <QtCore/QThread> +#include <QtCore/QSemaphore> +#include <QtCore/QElapsedTimer> +#include <QtCore/QSharedPointer> +#include <QtCore/QVector> +#include <QtNetwork/QTcpSocket> +#include <QtNetwork/QNetworkReply> +#include <QtNetwork/QNetworkAccessManager> + +#ifdef QT_BUILD_INTERNAL +# include <private/qnetworkaccessmanager_p.h> +#endif + +#include "minihttpserver.h" +#include "../../auto/network-settings.h" + +#include <qplatformdefs.h> +#ifdef Q_OS_UNIX +# include <sys/types.h> +# include <sys/socket.h> +# include <sys/select.h> +# include <netinet/in.h> +# include <errno.h> +# include <netdb.h> +# include <signal.h> +# include <unistd.h> +# include <fcntl.h> + +typedef int SOCKET; +# define INVALID_SOCKET -1 +# define SOCKET_ERROR -1 + +#elif defined(Q_OS_WIN) +# include <winsock2.h> +#endif + +class tst_NetworkStressTest : public QObject +{ + Q_OBJECT +public: + enum { AttemptCount = 100 }; + tst_NetworkStressTest(); + MiniHttpServer server; + + qint64 byteCounter; + QNetworkAccessManager manager; + bool intermediateDebug; + +private: + void clearManager(); + +public slots: + void initTestCase_data(); + void init(); + + void slotReadAll() { byteCounter += static_cast<QIODevice *>(sender())->readAll().size(); } + +private Q_SLOTS: + void nativeBlockingConnectDisconnect(); + void nativeNonBlockingConnectDisconnect(); + void blockingConnectDisconnect(); + void blockingPipelined(); + void blockingMultipleRequests(); + void connectDisconnect(); + void parallelConnectDisconnect_data(); + void parallelConnectDisconnect(); + void namGet_data(); + void namGet(); +}; + +tst_NetworkStressTest::tst_NetworkStressTest() + : intermediateDebug(qgetenv("STRESSDEBUG").toInt() > 0) +{ +#ifdef Q_OS_WIN + WSAData wsadata; + + // IPv6 requires Winsock v2.0 or better. + WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2,0), &wsadata); +#elif defined(Q_OS_UNIX) && !defined(Q_OS_SYMBIAN) + ::signal(SIGALRM, SIG_IGN); +#endif +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::initTestCase_data() +{ + QTest::addColumn<bool>("isLocalhost"); + QTest::addColumn<QString>("hostname"); + QTest::addColumn<int>("port"); + + QTest::newRow("localhost") << true << "localhost" << server.port(); + QTest::newRow("remote") << false << QtNetworkSettings::serverName() << 80; +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::init() +{ + // clear the internal cache +#ifndef QT_BUILD_INTERNAL + if (strncmp(QTest::currentTestFunction(), "nam") == 0) + QSKIP("QNetworkAccessManager tests disabled", SkipAll); +#endif +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::clearManager() +{ +#ifdef QT_BUILD_INTERNAL + QNetworkAccessManagerPrivate::clearCache(&manager); + manager.setProxy(QNetworkProxy()); + manager.setCache(0); +#endif +} + +bool nativeLookup(const char *hostname, int port, QByteArray &buf) +{ +#if !defined(QT_NO_GETADDRINFO) && 0 + addrinfo *res = 0; + struct addrinfo hints; + memset(&hints, 0, sizeof(hints)); + hints.ai_family = PF_UNSPEC; + + int result = getaddrinfo(QUrl::toAce(hostname).constData(), QByteArray::number(port).constData(), &hints, &res); + if (!result) + return false; + for (addrinfo *node = res; node; node = node->ai_next) { + if (node->ai_family == AF_INET) { + buf = QByteArray((char *)node->ai_addr, node->ai_addrlen); + break; + } + } + freeaddrinfo(res); +#else + hostent *result = gethostbyname(hostname); + if (!result || result->h_addrtype != AF_INET) + return false; + + struct sockaddr_in s; + s.sin_family = AF_INET; + s.sin_port = htons(port); + s.sin_addr = *(struct in_addr *) result->h_addr_list[0]; + + buf = QByteArray((char *)&s, sizeof s); +#endif + + return !buf.isEmpty(); +} + +bool nativeSelect(int fd, int timeout, bool selectForWrite) +{ + if (timeout < 0) + return false; + + // wait for connected + fd_set fds, fde; + FD_ZERO(&fds); + FD_ZERO(&fde); + FD_SET(fd, &fds); + FD_SET(fd, &fde); + + int ret; + do { + struct timeval tv; + tv.tv_sec = timeout / 1000; + tv.tv_usec = timeout % 1000; + if (selectForWrite) + ret = ::select(fd + 1, 0, &fds, &fde, &tv); + else + ret = ::select(fd + 1, &fds, 0, &fde, &tv); + } while (ret == -1 && errno == EINTR); + return ret != 0; +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::nativeBlockingConnectDisconnect() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QString, hostname); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(int, port); + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + for (int i = 0; i < AttemptCount; ++i) { + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + +#if defined(Q_OS_UNIX) && !defined(Q_OS_SYMBIAN) + alarm(10); +#endif + + // look up the host + QByteArray addr; + if (!nativeLookup(QUrl::toAce(hostname).constData(), port, addr)) + QFAIL("Lookup failed"); + + // connect + SOCKET fd = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); + QVERIFY(fd != INVALID_SOCKET); + QVERIFY(::connect(fd, (sockaddr *)addr.data(), addr.size()) != SOCKET_ERROR); + + // send request + { + QByteArray request = "GET /qtest/bigfile HTTP/1.1\r\n" + "Connection: close\r\n" + "User-Agent: tst_QTcpSocket_stresstest/1.0\r\n" + "Host: " + hostname.toLatin1() + "\r\n" + "\r\n"; + qint64 bytesWritten = 0; + while (bytesWritten < request.size()) { + qint64 ret = ::send(fd, request.constData() + bytesWritten, request.size() - bytesWritten, 0); + if (ret == -1) { + ::close(fd); + QFAIL("Timeout"); + } + bytesWritten += ret; + } + } + + // receive reply + char buf[16384]; + while (true) { + qint64 ret = ::recv(fd, buf, sizeof buf, 0); + if (ret == -1) { + ::close(fd); + QFAIL("Timeout"); + } else if (ret == 0) { + break; // EOF + } + byteCounter += ret; + } + ::close(fd); + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << i << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000) << "MB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "MB/s"; + +#if defined(Q_OS_UNIX) && !defined(Q_OS_SYMBIAN) + alarm(0); +#endif +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::nativeNonBlockingConnectDisconnect() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QString, hostname); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(int, port); + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + for (int i = 0; i < AttemptCount; ++i) { + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + // look up the host + QByteArray addr; + if (!nativeLookup(QUrl::toAce(hostname).constData(), port, addr)) + QFAIL("Lookup failed"); + + SOCKET fd; + + { +#if defined(Q_OS_UNIX) + fd = ::socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); + QVERIFY(fd != INVALID_SOCKET); + + // set the socket to non-blocking and start connecting +# if !defined(Q_OS_VXWORKS) + int flags = ::fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0); + QVERIFY(flags != -1); + QVERIFY(::fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags | O_NONBLOCK) != -1); +# else // Q_OS_VXWORKS + int onoff = 1; + QVERIFY(::ioctl(socketDescriptor, FIONBIO, &onoff) >= 0); +# endif // Q_OS_VXWORKS + while (true) { + if (::connect(fd, (sockaddr *)addr.data(), addr.size()) == -1) { + QVERIFY2(errno == EINPROGRESS, QByteArray("Error connecting: ").append(strerror(errno)).constData()); + QVERIFY2(nativeSelect(fd, 10000 - timeout.elapsed(), true), "Timeout"); + } else { + break; // connected + } + } +#elif defined(Q_OS_WIN) + fd = ::WSASocket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0, NULL, 0, WSA_FLAG_OVERLAPPED); + QVERIFY(fd != INVALID_SOCKET); + + // set the socket to non-blocking and start connecting + unsigned long buf = v; + unsigned long outBuf; + DWORD sizeWritten = 0; + QVERIFY(::WSAIoctl(fd, FIONBIO, &buf, sizeof(unsigned long), &outBuf, sizeof(unsigned long), &sizeWritten, 0,0) != SOCKET_ERROR); + + while (true) { + int connectResult = ::WSAConnect(fd, sockAddrPtr, sockAddrSize, 0,0,0,0); + if (connectResult == 0 || WSAGetLastError() == WSAEISCONN) { + break; // connected + } else { + QVERIFY2(WSAGetLastError() == WSAEINPROGRESS, "Unexpected error"); + QVERIFY2(nativeSelect(fd, 10000 - timeout.elapsed(), true), "Timeout"); + } + } +#endif + } + + // send request + { + QByteArray request = "GET /qtest/bigfile HTTP/1.1\r\n" + "Connection: close\r\n" + "User-Agent: tst_QTcpSocket_stresstest/1.0\r\n" + "Host: " + hostname.toLatin1() + "\r\n" + "\r\n"; + qint64 bytesWritten = 0; + while (bytesWritten < request.size()) { + qint64 ret = ::send(fd, request.constData() + bytesWritten, request.size() - bytesWritten, 0); + if (ret == -1 && errno != EWOULDBLOCK) { + ::close(fd); + QFAIL(QByteArray("Error writing: ").append(strerror(errno)).constData()); + } else if (ret == -1) { + // wait for writing + QVERIFY2(nativeSelect(fd, 10000 - timeout.elapsed(), true), "Timeout"); + continue; + } + bytesWritten += ret; + } + } + + // receive reply + char buf[16384]; + while (true) { + qint64 ret = ::recv(fd, buf, sizeof buf, 0); + if (ret == -1 && errno != EWOULDBLOCK) { + ::close(fd); + QFAIL("Timeout"); + } else if (ret == -1) { + // wait for reading + QVERIFY2(nativeSelect(fd, 10000 - timeout.elapsed(), false), "Timeout"); + } else if (ret == 0) { + break; // EOF + } + byteCounter += ret; + } + ::close(fd); + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << i << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000) << "MB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "MB/s"; +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::blockingConnectDisconnect() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QString, hostname); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(int, port); + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + for (int i = 0; i < AttemptCount; ++i) { + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + QTcpSocket socket; + socket.connectToHost(hostname, port); + QVERIFY2(socket.waitForConnected(), "Timeout"); + + socket.write("GET /qtest/bigfile HTTP/1.1\r\n" + "Connection: close\r\n" + "User-Agent: tst_QTcpSocket_stresstest/1.0\r\n" + "Host: " + hostname.toLatin1() + "\r\n" + "\r\n"); + while (socket.bytesToWrite()) + QVERIFY2(socket.waitForBytesWritten(), "Timeout"); + + while (socket.state() == QAbstractSocket::ConnectedState && !timeout.hasExpired(10000)) { + socket.waitForReadyRead(); + byteCounter += socket.readAll().size(); // discard + } + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << i << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000) << "MB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "MB/s"; +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::blockingPipelined() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QString, hostname); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(int, port); + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + for (int i = 0; i < AttemptCount / 2; ++i) { + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + QTcpSocket socket; + socket.connectToHost(hostname, port); + QVERIFY2(socket.waitForConnected(), "Timeout"); + + for (int j = 0 ; j < 3; ++j) { + if (intermediateDebug) + qDebug("Attempt %d%c", i, 'a' + j); + socket.write("GET /qtest/bigfile HTTP/1.1\r\n" + "Connection: " + QByteArray(j == 2 ? "close" : "keep-alive") + "\r\n" + "User-Agent: tst_QTcpSocket_stresstest/1.0\r\n" + "Host: " + hostname.toLatin1() + "\r\n" + "\r\n"); + while (socket.bytesToWrite()) + QVERIFY2(socket.waitForBytesWritten(), "Timeout"); + } + + while (socket.state() == QAbstractSocket::ConnectedState && !timeout.hasExpired(10000)) { + socket.waitForReadyRead(); + byteCounter += socket.readAll().size(); // discard + } + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << i << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000) << "MB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "MB/s"; +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::blockingMultipleRequests() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QString, hostname); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(int, port); + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + for (int i = 0; i < AttemptCount / 5; ++i) { + QTcpSocket socket; + socket.connectToHost(hostname, port); + QVERIFY2(socket.waitForConnected(), "Timeout"); + + for (int j = 0 ; j < 5; ++j) { + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + socket.write("GET /qtest/bigfile HTTP/1.1\r\n" + "Connection: keep-alive\r\n" + "User-Agent: tst_QTcpSocket_stresstest/1.0\r\n" + "Host: " + hostname.toLatin1() + "\r\n" + "\r\n"); + while (socket.bytesToWrite()) + QVERIFY2(socket.waitForBytesWritten(), "Timeout"); + + qint64 bytesRead = 0; + qint64 bytesExpected = -1; + QByteArray buffer; + while (socket.state() == QAbstractSocket::ConnectedState && !timeout.hasExpired(10000)) { + socket.waitForReadyRead(); + buffer += socket.readAll(); + byteCounter += buffer.size(); + int pos = buffer.indexOf("\r\n\r\n"); + if (pos == -1) + continue; + + bytesRead = buffer.length() - pos - 4; + + buffer.truncate(pos + 2); + buffer = buffer.toLower(); + pos = buffer.indexOf("\r\ncontent-length: "); + if (pos == -1) { + qWarning() << "no content-length:" << QString(buffer); + break; + } + pos += strlen("\r\ncontent-length: "); + + int eol = buffer.indexOf("\r\n", pos + 2); + if (eol == -1) { + qWarning() << "invalid header"; + break; + } + + bytesExpected = buffer.mid(pos, eol - pos).toLongLong(); + break; + } + QVERIFY(bytesExpected > 0); + QVERIFY2(!timeout.hasExpired(10000), "Timeout"); + + while (socket.state() == QAbstractSocket::ConnectedState && !timeout.hasExpired(10000) && bytesExpected > bytesRead) { + socket.waitForReadyRead(); + int blocklen = socket.read(bytesExpected - bytesRead).length(); // discard + bytesRead += blocklen; + byteCounter += blocklen; + } + QVERIFY2(!timeout.hasExpired(10000), "Timeout"); + QCOMPARE(bytesRead, bytesExpected); + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << i << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000) << "MB/s"; + } + } + + socket.disconnectFromHost(); + QVERIFY(socket.state() == QAbstractSocket::UnconnectedState); + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "MB/s"; +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::connectDisconnect() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QString, hostname); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(int, port); + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + for (int i = 0; i < AttemptCount; ++i) { + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + QTcpSocket socket; + socket.connectToHost(hostname, port); + + socket.write("GET /qtest/bigfile HTTP/1.1\r\n" + "Connection: close\r\n" + "User-Agent: tst_QTcpSocket_stresstest/1.0\r\n" + "Host: " + hostname.toLatin1() + "\r\n" + "\r\n"); + connect(&socket, SIGNAL(readyRead()), SLOT(slotReadAll())); + + QTestEventLoop::instance().connect(&socket, SIGNAL(disconnected()), SLOT(exitLoop())); + QTestEventLoop::instance().enterLoop(30); + QVERIFY2(!QTestEventLoop::instance().timeout(), "Timeout"); + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << i << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000) << "MB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "MB/s"; +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::parallelConnectDisconnect_data() +{ + QTest::addColumn<int>("parallelAttempts"); + QTest::newRow("1") << 1; + QTest::newRow("2") << 2; + QTest::newRow("4") << 4; + QTest::newRow("5") << 5; + QTest::newRow("6") << 6; + QTest::newRow("8") << 8; + QTest::newRow("10") << 10; + QTest::newRow("25") << 25; + QTest::newRow("100") << 100; + QTest::newRow("500") << 500; +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::parallelConnectDisconnect() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QString, hostname); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(int, port); + QFETCH(int, parallelAttempts); + + if (parallelAttempts > 100) { + QFETCH_GLOBAL(bool, isLocalhost); + if (!isLocalhost) + QSKIP("Localhost-only test", SkipSingle); + } + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + for (int i = 0; i < qMax(2, AttemptCount/qMax(2, parallelAttempts/4)); ++i) { + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + QTcpSocket *socket = new QTcpSocket[parallelAttempts]; + for (int j = 0; j < parallelAttempts; ++j) { + socket[j].connectToHost(hostname, port); + + socket[j].write("GET /qtest/bigfile HTTP/1.1\r\n" + "Connection: close\r\n" + "User-Agent: tst_QTcpSocket_stresstest/1.0\r\n" + "Host: " + hostname.toLatin1() + "\r\n" + "\r\n"); + connect(&socket[j], SIGNAL(readyRead()), SLOT(slotReadAll())); + + QTestEventLoop::instance().connect(&socket[j], SIGNAL(disconnected()), SLOT(exitLoop())); + } + + while (!timeout.hasExpired(30000)) { + QTestEventLoop::instance().enterLoop(10); + int done = 0; + for (int j = 0; j < parallelAttempts; ++j) + done += socket[j].state() == QAbstractSocket::UnconnectedState ? 1 : 0; + if (done == parallelAttempts) + break; + } + delete[] socket; + QVERIFY2(!timeout.hasExpired(30000), "Timeout"); + + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << i << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000) << "MB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "MB/s"; +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::namGet_data() +{ + QTest::addColumn<int>("parallelAttempts"); + QTest::addColumn<bool>("pipelineAllowed"); + + QTest::newRow("1") << 1 << false; + QTest::newRow("1p") << 1 << true; + QTest::newRow("2") << 2 << false; + QTest::newRow("2p") << 2 << true; + QTest::newRow("4") << 4 << false; + QTest::newRow("4p") << 4 << true; + QTest::newRow("5") << 5 << false; + QTest::newRow("5p") << 5 << true; + QTest::newRow("6") << 6 << false; + QTest::newRow("6p") << 6 << true; + QTest::newRow("8") << 8 << false; + QTest::newRow("8p") << 8 << true; + QTest::newRow("10") << 10 << false; + QTest::newRow("10p") << 10 << true; + QTest::newRow("25") << 25 << false; + QTest::newRow("25p") << 25 << true; + QTest::newRow("100") << 100 << false; + QTest::newRow("100p") << 100 << true; + QTest::newRow("500") << 500 << false; + QTest::newRow("500p") << 500 << true; +} + +void tst_NetworkStressTest::namGet() +{ + QFETCH_GLOBAL(QString, hostname); + QFETCH_GLOBAL(int, port); + QFETCH(int, parallelAttempts); + QFETCH(bool, pipelineAllowed); + + if (parallelAttempts > 100) { + QFETCH_GLOBAL(bool, isLocalhost); + if (!isLocalhost) + QSKIP("Localhost-only test", SkipSingle); + } + + qint64 totalBytes = 0; + QElapsedTimer outerTimer; + outerTimer.start(); + + for (int i = 0; i < qMax(2, AttemptCount/qMax(2, parallelAttempts/4)); ++i) { + QElapsedTimer timeout; + byteCounter = 0; + timeout.start(); + + QUrl url; + url.setScheme("http"); + url.setHost(hostname); + url.setPort(port); + url.setEncodedPath("/qtest/bigfile"); + QNetworkRequest req(url); + req.setAttribute(QNetworkRequest::HttpPipeliningAllowedAttribute, pipelineAllowed); + + QVector<QSharedPointer<QNetworkReply> > replies; + replies.resize(parallelAttempts); + for (int j = 0; j < parallelAttempts; ++j) { + QNetworkReply *r = manager.get(req); + + connect(r, SIGNAL(readyRead()), SLOT(slotReadAll())); + QTestEventLoop::instance().connect(r, SIGNAL(finished()), SLOT(exitLoop())); + + replies[j] = QSharedPointer<QNetworkReply>(r); + } + + while (!timeout.hasExpired(30000)) { + QTestEventLoop::instance().enterLoop(10); + int done = 0; + for (int j = 0; j < parallelAttempts; ++j) + done += replies[j]->isFinished() ? 1 : 0; + if (done == parallelAttempts) + break; + } + replies.clear(); + + QVERIFY2(!timeout.hasExpired(30000), "Timeout"); + totalBytes += byteCounter; + if (intermediateDebug) { + double rate = (byteCounter * 1.0 / timeout.elapsed()); + qDebug() << i << byteCounter << "bytes in" << timeout.elapsed() << "ms:" + << (rate / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000) << "MB/s"; + } + } + qDebug() << "Average transfer rate was" << (totalBytes / 1024.0 / 1024 * 1000 / outerTimer.elapsed()) << "MB/s"; +} + +QTEST_MAIN(tst_NetworkStressTest); + +#include "tst_network_stresstest.moc" diff --git a/tests/manual/network_stresstest/wwwfiles.qrc b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/wwwfiles.qrc new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d602a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/tests/manual/network_stresstest/wwwfiles.qrc @@ -0,0 +1,5 @@ +<RCC> + <qresource prefix="/"> + <file>qtest</file> + </qresource> +</RCC> diff --git a/util/local_database/cldr2qlocalexml.py b/util/local_database/cldr2qlocalexml.py index ede7763..fa9ab47 100755 --- a/util/local_database/cldr2qlocalexml.py +++ b/util/local_database/cldr2qlocalexml.py @@ -45,6 +45,7 @@ import sys import enumdata import xpathlite from xpathlite import DraftResolution +from dateconverter import convert_date import re findEntry = xpathlite.findEntry @@ -144,10 +145,10 @@ def generateLocaleInfo(path): result['exp'] = get_number_in_system(path, "numbers/symbols/exponential", numbering_system).lower() result['am'] = findEntry(path, "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/dayPeriods/dayPeriodContext[format]/dayPeriodWidth[wide]/dayPeriod[am]", draft) result['pm'] = findEntry(path, "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/dayPeriods/dayPeriodContext[format]/dayPeriodWidth[wide]/dayPeriod[pm]", draft) - result['longDateFormat'] = findEntry(path, "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/dateFormats/dateFormatLength[full]/dateFormat/pattern") - result['shortDateFormat'] = findEntry(path, "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/dateFormats/dateFormatLength[short]/dateFormat/pattern") - result['longTimeFormat'] = findEntry(path, "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/timeFormats/timeFormatLength[full]/timeFormat/pattern") - result['shortTimeFormat'] = findEntry(path, "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/timeFormats/timeFormatLength[short]/timeFormat/pattern") + result['longDateFormat'] = convert_date(findEntry(path, "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/dateFormats/dateFormatLength[full]/dateFormat/pattern")) + result['shortDateFormat'] = convert_date(findEntry(path, "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/dateFormats/dateFormatLength[short]/dateFormat/pattern")) + result['longTimeFormat'] = convert_date(findEntry(path, "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/timeFormats/timeFormatLength[full]/timeFormat/pattern")) + result['shortTimeFormat'] = convert_date(findEntry(path, "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/timeFormats/timeFormatLength[short]/timeFormat/pattern")) standalone_long_month_path = "dates/calendars/calendar[gregorian]/months/monthContext[stand-alone]/monthWidth[wide]/month" result['standaloneLongMonths'] \ diff --git a/util/local_database/dateconverter.py b/util/local_database/dateconverter.py new file mode 100755 index 0000000..3fe94a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/util/local_database/dateconverter.py @@ -0,0 +1,120 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python +############################################################################# +## +## Copyright (C) 2010 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies). +## All rights reserved. +## Contact: Nokia Corporation (qt-info@nokia.com) +## +## This file is part of the test suite of the Qt Toolkit. +## +## $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL$ +## No Commercial Usage +## This file contains pre-release code and may not be distributed. +## You may use this file in accordance with the terms and conditions +## contained in the Technology Preview License Agreement accompanying +## this package. +## +## GNU Lesser General Public License Usage +## Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser +## General Public License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software +## Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPL included in the +## packaging of this file. Please review the following information to +## ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 requirements +## will be met: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html. +## +## In addition, as a special exception, Nokia gives you certain additional +## rights. These rights are described in the Nokia Qt LGPL Exception +## version 1.1, included in the file LGPL_EXCEPTION.txt in this package. +## +## If you have questions regarding the use of this file, please contact +## Nokia at qt-info@nokia.com. +## +## +## +## +## +## +## +## +## $QT_END_LICENSE$ +## +############################################################################# + +import re + +def _convert_pattern(pattern): + # patterns from http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr35/#Date_Format_Patterns + qt_regexps = { + r"yyy{3,}" : "yyyy", # more that three digits hence convert to four-digit year + r"L" : "M", # stand-alone month names. not supported. + r"g{1,}": "", # modified julian day. not supported. + r"S{1,}" : "", # fractional seconds. not supported. + r"A{1,}" : "" # milliseconds in day. not supported. + } + qt_patterns = { + "G" : "", "GG" : "", "GGG" : "", "GGGG" : "", "GGGGG" : "", # Era. not supported. + "y" : "yyyy", # four-digit year without leading zeroes + "Q" : "", "QQ" : "", "QQQ" : "", "QQQQ" : "", # quarter. not supported. + "q" : "", "qq" : "", "qqq" : "", "qqqq" : "", # quarter. not supported. + "MMMMM" : "MMM", # narrow month name. + "LLLLL" : "MMM", # stand-alone narrow month name. + "l" : "", # special symbol for chinese leap month. not supported. + "w" : "", "W" : "", # week of year/month. not supported. + "D" : "", "DD" : "", "DDD" : "", # day of year. not supported. + "F" : "", # day of week in month. not supported. + "E" : "ddd", "EE" : "ddd", "EEE" : "ddd", "EEEEE" : "ddd", "EEEE" : "dddd", # day of week + "e" : "ddd", "ee" : "ddd", "eee" : "ddd", "eeeee" : "ddd", "eeee" : "dddd", # local day of week + "c" : "ddd", "cc" : "ddd", "ccc" : "ddd", "ccccc" : "ddd", "cccc" : "dddd", # stand-alone local day of week + "a" : "AP", # AM/PM + "K" : "h", # Hour 0-11 + "k" : "H", # Hour 1-24 + "j" : "", # special reserved symbol. + "z" : "t", "zz" : "t", "zzz" : "t", "zzzz" : "t", # timezone + "Z" : "t", "ZZ" : "t", "ZZZ" : "t", "ZZZZ" : "t", # timezone + "v" : "t", "vv" : "t", "vvv" : "t", "vvvv" : "t", # timezone + "V" : "t", "VV" : "t", "VVV" : "t", "VVVV" : "t" # timezone + } + if qt_patterns.has_key(pattern): + return qt_patterns[pattern] + for r,v in qt_regexps.items(): + pattern = re.sub(r, v, pattern) + return pattern + +def convert_date(input): + result = "" + patterns = "GyYuQqMLlwWdDFgEecahHKkjmsSAzZvV" + last = "" + inquote = 0 + chars_to_strip = " -" + for c in input: + if c == "'": + inquote = inquote + 1 + if inquote % 2 == 0: + if c in patterns: + if not last: + last = c + else: + if c in last: + last += c + else: + # pattern changed + converted = _convert_pattern(last) + result += converted + if not converted: + result = result.rstrip(chars_to_strip) + last = c + continue + if last: + # pattern ended + converted = _convert_pattern(last) + result += converted + if not converted: + result = result.rstrip(chars_to_strip) + last = "" + result += c + if last: + converted = _convert_pattern(last) + result += converted + if not converted: + result = result.rstrip(chars_to_strip) + return result.lstrip(chars_to_strip) |