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/****************************************************************************
**
** Copyright (C) 2009 Nokia Corporation and/or its subsidiary(-ies).
** Contact: Qt Software Information (qt-info@nokia.com)
**
** This file is part of the documentation of the Qt Toolkit.
**
** $QT_BEGIN_LICENSE:LGPL$
** No Commercial Usage
** This file contains pre-release code and may not be distributed.
** You may use this file in accordance with the terms and conditions
** contained in the either Technology Preview License Agreement or the
** Beta Release License Agreement.
**
** GNU Lesser General Public License Usage
** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU Lesser
** General Public License version 2.1 as published by the Free Software
** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.LGPL included in the
** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to
** ensure the GNU Lesser General Public License version 2.1 requirements
** will be met: http://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/lgpl-2.1.html.
**
** In addition, as a special exception, Nokia gives you certain
** additional rights. These rights are described in the Nokia Qt LGPL
** Exception version 1.0, included in the file LGPL_EXCEPTION.txt in this
** package.
**
** GNU General Public License Usage
** Alternatively, this file may be used under the terms of the GNU
** General Public License version 3.0 as published by the Free Software
** Foundation and appearing in the file LICENSE.GPL included in the
** packaging of this file. Please review the following information to
** ensure the GNU General Public License version 3.0 requirements will be
** met: http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html.
**
** If you are unsure which license is appropriate for your use, please
** contact the sales department at qt-sales@nokia.com.
** $QT_END_LICENSE$
**
****************************************************************************/
/*!
\page qmlecmascript.html
\title ECMAScript Blocks
QML encourages building UIs declaratively, using \l {Property Binding} and the
composition of existing \l {QML Elements}. If imperative code is required to implement
more advanced behavior, the \l Script element can be used to add ECMAScript code directly
to a QML file, or to include an external ECMAScript file.
The \l Script element is a QML language \e intrinsic. It can be used anywhere in a
QML file, \e except as the root element of a file or sub-component, but cannot be
assigned to an object property or given an id. The included ECMAScript is evaluated
in a scope chain. The \l {QML Scope} documentation covers the specifics of scoping
in QML.
\section1 Inline Script
Small blocks of ECMAScript can be included directly inside a \l {QML Document} as
the body of the \l Script element.
\code
Rectangle {
Script {
function factorial(var a) {
a = Integer(a);
if (a <= 0)
return 1;
else
return a * factorial(a - 1);
}
}
}
\endcode
Good programming practice dictates that only small script snippets should be written
inline. QML prohibits the declaration of anything other than functions in an inline
script block. For example, the following script is illegal as an inline script block
as it declares the non-function variable \c lastResult.
\code
// Illegal inline code block
var lastResult = 0
function factorial(var a) {
a = Integer(a);
if (a <= 0)
lastResult = 1;
else
lastResult = a * factorial(a - 1);
return lastResult;
}
\endcode
\section1 Including an External File
To avoid cluttering the QML file, large script blocks should be in a separate file.
The \l Script element's \c source property is used to load script from an external
file.
If the previous factorial code that was illegal as an inline script block was saved
into a "factorial.js" file, it could be included like this.
\code
Rectangle {
Script {
source: "factorial.js"
}
}
\endcode
The \c source property may reference a relative file, or an absolute path. In the
case of a relative file, the location is resolved relative to the location of the
\l {QML Document} that contains the \l Script element. If the script file is not
accessible, an error will occur. If the source is on a network resource, the
enclosing QML document will remain in the \l {QmlComponent::status()}{waiting state}
until the script has been retrieved.
\section1 Running Script at Startup
It is occasionally necessary to run a block of ECMAScript code at application (or
component instance) "startup". While it is tempting to just include the startup
script as \e {global code} in an external script file, this can have sever limitations
as the QML environment may not have been fully established. For example, some objects
might not have been created or some \l {Property Binding}s may not have been run.
\l {QML Script Restrictions} covers the exact limitations of global script code.
The QML \l Component element provides an \e attached \c onCompleted property that
can be used to trigger the execution of script code at startup after the
QML environment has been completely established.
The following QML code shows how to use the \c Component::onCompleted property.
\code
Rectangle {
Script {
function startupFunction() {
// ... startup code
}
}
Component.onCompleted: startupFunction();
}
\endcode
Any element in a QML file - including nested elements and nested QML component
instances - can use this attached property. If there is more than one script to
execute at startup, they are run sequentially in an undefined order.
\section1 QML Script Restrictions
QML \l Script blocks contain standard ECMAScript code. QML introduces the following
restrictions.
\list
\o Script code cannot modify the global object.
In QML, the global object is constant - existing properties cannot be modified or
deleted, and no new properties may be created.
Most ECMAScript programs do not explicitly modify the global object. However,
ECMAScript's automatic creation of undeclared variables is an implicit modification
of the global object, and is prohibited in QML.
Assuming that the \c a variable does not exist in the scope chain, the following code
is illegal in QML.
\code
// Illegal modification of undeclared variable
a = 1;
for (var ii = 1; ii < 10; ++ii) a = a * ii;
print("Result: " + a);
\endcode
It can be trivially modified to this legal code.
\code
var a = 1;
for (var ii = 1; ii < 10; ++ii) a = a * ii;
print("Result: " + a);
\endcode
Any attempt to modify the global object - either implicitly or explicitly - will
cause an exception. If uncaught, this will result in an warning being printed,
that includes the file and line number of the offending code.
\o Global code is run in a reduced scope
During startup, if a \l Script block includes an external file with "global"
code, it is executed in a scope that contains only the external file itself and
the global object. That is, it will not have access to the QML objects and
properties it \l {QML Scope}{normally would}.
Global code that only accesses script local variable is permitted. This is an
example of valid global code.
\code
var colors = [ "red", "blue", "green", "orange", "purple" ];
\endcode
Global code that accesses QML objects will not run correctly.
\code
// Invalid global code - the "rootObject" variable is undefined
var initialPosition = { rootObject.x, rootObject.y }
\endcode
This restriction exists as the QML environment is not yet fully established.
To run code after the environment setup has completed, refer to
\l {Running Script at Startup}.
\endlist
*/
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