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-'\"
-'\" Copyright (c) 1993 The Regents of the University of California.
-'\" Copyright (c) 1994-1996 Sun Microsystems, Inc.
-'\" Copyright (c) 2006 Donal K. Fellows.
-'\"
-'\" See the file "license.terms" for information on usage and redistribution
-'\" of this file, and for a DISCLAIMER OF ALL WARRANTIES.
-'\"
-.TH exec n 8.5 Tcl "Tcl Built-In Commands"
-.so man.macros
-.BS
-'\" Note:  do not modify the .SH NAME line immediately below!
-.SH NAME
-exec \- Invoke subprocesses
-.SH SYNOPSIS
-\fBexec \fR?\fIswitches\fR? \fIarg \fR?\fIarg ...\fR? ?\fB&\fR?
-.BE
-.SH DESCRIPTION
-.PP
-This command treats its arguments as the specification
-of one or more subprocesses to execute.
-The arguments take the form of a standard shell pipeline
-where each \fIarg\fR becomes one word of a command, and
-each distinct command becomes a subprocess.
-.PP
-If the initial arguments to \fBexec\fR start with \fB\-\fR then
-they are treated as command-line switches and are not part
-of the pipeline specification.  The following switches are
-currently supported:
-.TP 13
-\fB\-ignorestderr\fR
-.
-Stops the \fBexec\fR command from treating the output of messages to the
-pipeline's standard error channel as an error case.
-.TP 13
-\fB\-keepnewline\fR
-.
-Retains a trailing newline in the pipeline's output.
-Normally a trailing newline will be deleted.
-.TP 13
-\fB\-\|\-\fR
-.
-Marks the end of switches.  The argument following this one will
-be treated as the first \fIarg\fR even if it starts with a \fB\-\fR.
-.PP
-If an \fIarg\fR (or pair of \fIarg\fRs) has one of the forms
-described below then it is used by \fBexec\fR to control the
-flow of input and output among the subprocess(es).
-Such arguments will not be passed to the subprocess(es).  In forms
-such as
-.QW "\fB<\fR \fIfileName\fR" ,
-\fIfileName\fR may either be in a separate argument from
-.QW \fB<\fR
-or in the same argument with no intervening space (i.e.
-.QW \fB<\fIfileName\fR ).
-.TP 15
-\fB|\fR
-.
-Separates distinct commands in the pipeline.  The standard output
-of the preceding command will be piped into the standard input
-of the next command.
-.TP 15
-\fB|&\fR
-.
-Separates distinct commands in the pipeline.  Both standard output
-and standard error of the preceding command will be piped into
-the standard input of the next command.
-This form of redirection overrides forms such as 2> and >&.
-.TP 15
-\fB<\0\fIfileName\fR
-.
-The file named by \fIfileName\fR is opened and used as the standard
-input for the first command in the pipeline.
-.TP 15
-\fB<@\0\fIfileId\fR
-.
-\fIFileId\fR must be the identifier for an open file, such as the return
-value from a previous call to \fBopen\fR.
-It is used as the standard input for the first command in the pipeline.
-\fIFileId\fR must have been opened for reading.
-.TP 15
-\fB<<\0\fIvalue\fR
-.
-\fIValue\fR is passed to the first command as its standard input.
-.TP 15
-\fB>\0\fIfileName\fR
-.
-Standard output from the last command is redirected to the file named
-\fIfileName\fR, overwriting its previous contents.
-.TP 15
-\fB2>\0\fIfileName\fR
-.
-Standard error from all commands in the pipeline is redirected to the
-file named \fIfileName\fR, overwriting its previous contents.
-.TP 15
-\fB>&\0\fIfileName\fR
-.
-Both standard output from the last command and standard error from all
-commands are redirected to the file named \fIfileName\fR, overwriting
-its previous contents.
-.TP 15
-\fB>>\0\fIfileName\fR
-.
-Standard output from the last command is
-redirected to the file named \fIfileName\fR, appending to it rather
-than overwriting it.
-.TP 15
-\fB2>>\0\fIfileName\fR
-.
-Standard error from all commands in the pipeline is
-redirected to the file named \fIfileName\fR, appending to it rather
-than overwriting it.
-.TP 15
-\fB>>&\0\fIfileName\fR
-.
-Both standard output from the last command and standard error from
-all commands are redirected to the file named \fIfileName\fR,
-appending to it rather than overwriting it.
-.TP 15
-\fB>@\0\fIfileId\fR
-.
-\fIFileId\fR must be the identifier for an open file, such as the return
-value from a previous call to \fBopen\fR.
-Standard output from the last command is redirected to \fIfileId\fR's
-file, which must have been opened for writing.
-.TP 15
-\fB2>@\0\fIfileId\fR
-.
-\fIFileId\fR must be the identifier for an open file, such as the return
-value from a previous call to \fBopen\fR.
-Standard error from all commands in the pipeline is
-redirected to \fIfileId\fR's file.
-The file must have been opened for writing.
-.TP 15
-\fB2>@1\0\fR
-.
-Standard error from all commands in the pipeline is redirected to the
-command result.  This operator is only valid at the end of the command
-pipeline.
-.TP 15
-\fB>&@\0\fIfileId\fR
-.
-\fIFileId\fR must be the identifier for an open file, such as the return
-value from a previous call to \fBopen\fR.
-Both standard output from the last command and standard error from
-all commands are redirected to \fIfileId\fR's file.
-The file must have been opened for writing.
-.PP
-If standard output has not been redirected then the \fBexec\fR
-command returns the standard output from the last command
-in the pipeline, unless
-.QW 2>@1
-was specified, in which case standard error is included as well.
-If any of the commands in the pipeline exit abnormally or
-are killed or suspended, then \fBexec\fR will return an error
-and the error message will include the pipeline's output followed by
-error messages describing the abnormal terminations; the
-\fB\-errorcode\fR return option will contain additional information
-about the last abnormal termination encountered.
-If any of the commands writes to its standard error file and that
-standard error is not redirected
-and \fB\-ignorestderr\fR is not specified,
-then \fBexec\fR will return an error;  the error message
-will include the pipeline's standard output, followed by messages
-about abnormal terminations (if any), followed by the standard error
-output.
-.PP
-If the last character of the result or error message
-is a newline then that character is normally deleted
-from the result or error message.
-This is consistent with other Tcl return values, which do not
-normally end with newlines.
-However, if \fB\-keepnewline\fR is specified then the trailing
-newline is retained.
-.PP
-If standard input is not redirected with
-.QW < ,
-.QW <<
-or
-.QW <@
-then the standard input for the first command in the
-pipeline is taken from the application's current standard input.
-.PP
-If the last \fIarg\fR is
-.QW &
-then the pipeline will be executed in background.
-In this case the \fBexec\fR command will return a list whose
-elements are the process identifiers for all of the subprocesses
-in the pipeline.
-The standard output from the last command in the pipeline will
-go to the application's standard output if it has not been
-redirected, and error output from all of
-the commands in the pipeline will go to the application's
-standard error file unless redirected.
-.PP
-The first word in each command is taken as the command name;
-tilde-substitution is performed on it, and if the result contains
-no slashes then the directories
-in the PATH environment variable are searched for
-an executable by the given name.
-If the name contains a slash then it must refer to an executable
-reachable from the current directory.
-No
-.QW glob
-expansion or other shell-like substitutions
-are performed on the arguments to commands.
-.SH "PORTABILITY ISSUES"
-.TP
-\fBWindows\fR (all versions)
-.
-Reading from or writing to a socket, using the
-.QW \fB@\0\fIfileId\fR
-notation, does not work.  When reading from a socket, a 16-bit DOS
-application will hang and a 32-bit application will return immediately with
-end-of-file.  When either type of application writes to a socket, the
-information is instead sent to the console, if one is present, or is
-discarded.
-.RS
-.PP
-Note that the current escape resp. quoting of arguments for windows works only
-with executables using CommandLineToArgv, CRT-library or similar, as well as
-with the windows batch files (excepting the newline, see below).
-Although it is the common escape algorithm, but, in fact, the way how the
-executable parses the command-line (resp. splits it into single arguments)
-is decisive.
-.PP
-Unfortunately, there is currently no way to supply newline character within
-an argument to the batch files (\fB.cmd\fR or \fB.bat\fR) or to the command
-processor (\fBcmd.exe /c\fR), because this causes truncation of command-line
-(also the argument chain) on the first newline character.
-But it works properly with an executable (using CommandLineToArgv, etc).
-.PP
-The Tk console text widget does not provide real standard IO capabilities.
-Under Tk, when redirecting from standard input, all applications will see an
-immediate end-of-file; information redirected to standard output or standard
-error will be discarded.
-.PP
-Either forward or backward slashes are accepted as path separators for
-arguments to Tcl commands.  When executing an application, the path name
-specified for the application may also contain forward or backward slashes
-as path separators.  Bear in mind, however, that most Windows applications
-accept arguments with forward slashes only as option delimiters and
-backslashes only in paths.  Any arguments to an application that specify a
-path name with forward slashes will not automatically be converted to use
-the backslash character.  If an argument contains forward slashes as the
-path separator, it may or may not be recognized as a path name, depending on
-the program.
-.PP
-Additionally, when calling a 16-bit DOS or Windows 3.X application, all path
-names must use the short, cryptic, path format (e.g., using
-.QW applba~1.def
-instead of
-.QW applbakery.default ),
-which can be obtained with the
-.QW "\fBfile attributes\fI fileName \fB\-shortname\fR"
-command.
-.PP
-Two or more forward or backward slashes in a row in a path refer to a
-network path.  For example, a simple concatenation of the root directory
-\fBc:/\fR with a subdirectory \fB/windows/system\fR will yield
-\fBc://windows/system\fR (two slashes together), which refers to the mount
-point called \fBsystem\fR on the machine called \fBwindows\fR (and the
-\fBc:/\fR is ignored), and is not equivalent to \fBc:/windows/system\fR,
-which describes a directory on the current computer.  The \fBfile join\fR
-command should be used to concatenate path components.
-.PP
-Note that there are two general types of Win32 console applications:
-.RS
-.IP [1]
-CLI \(em CommandLine Interface, simple stdio exchange. \fBnetstat.exe\fR for
-example.
-.IP [2]
-TUI \(em Textmode User Interface, any application that accesses the console
-API for doing such things as cursor movement, setting text color, detecting
-key presses and mouse movement, etc.  An example would be \fBtelnet.exe\fR
-from Windows 2000.  These types of applications are not common in a windows
-environment, but do exist.
-.RE
-.PP
-\fBexec\fR will not work well with TUI applications when a console is not
-present, as is done when launching applications under wish.  It is desirable
-to have console applications hidden and detached.  This is a designed-in
-limitation as \fBexec\fR wants to communicate over pipes.  The Expect
-extension addresses this issue when communicating with a TUI application.
-.PP
-When attempting to execute an application, \fBexec\fR first searches for
-the name as it was specified.  Then, in order,
-\fB.com\fR, \fB.exe\fR, \fB.bat\fR and \fB.cmd\fR
-are appended to the end of the specified name and it searches
-for the longer name.  If a directory name was not specified as part of the
-application name, the following directories are automatically searched in
-order when attempting to locate the application:
-.IP \(bu 3
-The directory from which the Tcl executable was loaded.
-.IP \(bu 3
-The current directory.
-.IP \(bu 3
-The Windows NT 32-bit system directory.
-.IP \(bu 3
-The Windows NT 16-bit system directory.
-.IP \(bu 3
-The Windows NT home directory.
-.IP \(bu 3
-The directories listed in the path.
-.PP
-In order to execute shell built-in commands like \fBdir\fR and \fBcopy\fR,
-the caller must prepend the desired command with
-.QW "\fBcmd.exe /c\0\fR"
-because built-in commands are not implemented using executables.
-.RE
-.TP
-\fBUnix\fR (including Mac OS X)
-.
-The \fBexec\fR command is fully functional and works as described.
-.SH "UNIX EXAMPLES"
-.PP
-Here are some examples of the use of the \fBexec\fR command on Unix.
-To execute a simple program and get its result:
-.PP
-.CS
-\fBexec\fR uname -a
-.CE
-.SS "WORKING WITH NON-ZERO RESULTS"
-.PP
-To execute a program that can return a non-zero result, you should
-wrap the call to \fBexec\fR in \fBcatch\fR and check the contents
-of the \fB\-errorcode\fR return option if you have an error:
-.PP
-.CS
-set status 0
-if {[catch {\fBexec\fR grep foo bar.txt} results options]} {
-    set details [dict get $options -errorcode]
-    if {[lindex $details 0] eq "CHILDSTATUS"} {
-        set status [lindex $details 2]
-    } else {
-        # Some other error; regenerate it to let caller handle
-        return -options $options -level 0 $results
-    }
-}
-.CE
-.VS 8.6
-.PP
-This is more easily written using the \fBtry\fR command, as that makes
-it simpler to trap specific types of errors. This is
-done using code like this:
-.PP
-.CS
-try {
-    set results [\fBexec\fR grep foo bar.txt]
-    set status 0
-} trap CHILDSTATUS {results options} {
-    set status [lindex [dict get $options -errorcode] 2]
-}
-.CE
-.VE 8.6
-.SS "WORKING WITH QUOTED ARGUMENTS"
-.PP
-When translating a command from a Unix shell invocation, care should
-be taken over the fact that single quote characters have no special
-significance to Tcl.  Thus:
-.PP
-.CS
-awk '{sum += $1} END {print sum}' numbers.list
-.CE
-.PP
-would be translated into something like:
-.PP
-.CS
-\fBexec\fR awk {{sum += $1} END {print sum}} numbers.list
-.CE
-.SS "WORKING WITH GLOBBING"
-.PP
-If you are converting invocations involving shell globbing, you should
-remember that Tcl does not handle globbing or expand things into
-multiple arguments by default.  Instead you should write things like
-this:
-.PP
-.CS
-\fBexec\fR ls -l {*}[glob *.tcl]
-.CE
-.SS "WORKING WITH USER-SUPPLIED SHELL SCRIPT FRAGMENTS"
-.PP
-One useful technique can be to expose to users of a script the ability
-to specify a fragment of shell script to execute that will have some
-data passed in on standard input that was produced by the Tcl program.
-This is a common technique for using the \fIlpr\fR program for
-printing. By far the simplest way of doing this is to pass the user's
-script to the user's shell for processing, as this avoids a lot of
-complexity with parsing other languages.
-.PP
-.CS
-set lprScript [\fIget from user...\fR]
-set postscriptData [\fIgenerate somehow...\fR]
-
-\fBexec\fR $env(SHELL) -c $lprScript << $postscriptData
-.CE
-.SH "WINDOWS EXAMPLES"
-.PP
-Here are some examples of the use of the \fBexec\fR command on Windows.
-To start an instance of \fInotepad\fR editing a file without waiting
-for the user to finish editing the file:
-.PP
-.CS
-\fBexec\fR notepad myfile.txt &
-.CE
-.PP
-To print a text file using \fInotepad\fR:
-.PP
-.CS
-\fBexec\fR notepad /p myfile.txt
-.CE
-.SS "WORKING WITH CONSOLE PROGRAMS"
-.PP
-If a program calls other programs, such as is common with compilers,
-then you may need to resort to batch files to hide the console windows
-that sometimes pop up:
-.PP
-.CS
-\fBexec\fR cmp.bat somefile.c -o somefile
-.CE
-.PP
-With the file \fIcmp.bat\fR looking something like:
-.PP
-.CS
-@gcc %*
-.CE
-or like another variant using single parameters:
-.CS
-@gcc %1 %2 %3 %4 %5 %6 %7 %8 %9
-.CE
-.SS "WORKING WITH COMMAND BUILT-INS"
-.PP
-Sometimes you need to be careful, as different programs may have the
-same name and be in the path. It can then happen that typing a command
-at the DOS prompt finds \fIa different program\fR than the same
-command run via \fBexec\fR. This is because of the (documented)
-differences in behaviour between \fBexec\fR and DOS batch files.
-.PP
-When in doubt, use the command \fBauto_execok\fR: it will return the
-complete path to the program as seen by the \fBexec\fR command.  This
-applies especially when you want to run
-.QW internal
-commands like
-\fIdir\fR from a Tcl script (if you just want to list filenames, use
-the \fBglob\fR command.)  To do that, use this:
-.PP
-.CS
-\fBexec\fR {*}[auto_execok dir] *.tcl
-.CE
-.SS "WORKING WITH NATIVE FILENAMES"
-.PP
-Many programs on Windows require filename arguments to be passed in with
-backslashes as pathname separators. This is done with the help of the
-\fBfile nativename\fR command. For example, to make a directory (on NTFS)
-encrypted so that only the current user can access it requires use of
-the \fICIPHER\fR command, like this:
-.PP
-.CS
-set secureDir "~/Desktop/Secure Directory"
-file mkdir $secureDir
-\fBexec\fR CIPHER /e /s:[file nativename $secureDir]
-.CE
-.SH "SEE ALSO"
-error(n), file(n), open(n)
-.SH KEYWORDS
-execute, pipeline, redirection, subprocess
-'\" Local Variables:
-'\" mode: nroff
-'\" End: