summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/openssl/doc/ssleay.txt
blob: c9b29bd97fc4edb8388e7c92422929ceef659a18 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1089
1090
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1150
1151
1152
1153
1154
1155
1156
1157
1158
1159
1160
1161
1162
1163
1164
1165
1166
1167
1168
1169
1170
1171
1172
1173
1174
1175
1176
1177
1178
1179
1180
1181
1182
1183
1184
1185
1186
1187
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231
1232
1233
1234
1235
1236
1237
1238
1239
1240
1241
1242
1243
1244
1245
1246
1247
1248
1249
1250
1251
1252
1253
1254
1255
1256
1257
1258
1259
1260
1261
1262
1263
1264
1265
1266
1267
1268
1269
1270
1271
1272
1273
1274
1275
1276
1277
1278
1279
1280
1281
1282
1283
1284
1285
1286
1287
1288
1289
1290
1291
1292
1293
1294
1295
1296
1297
1298
1299
1300
1301
1302
1303
1304
1305
1306
1307
1308
1309
1310
1311
1312
1313
1314
1315
1316
1317
1318
1319
1320
1321
1322
1323
1324
1325
1326
1327
1328
1329
1330
1331
1332
1333
1334
1335
1336
1337
1338
1339
1340
1341
1342
1343
1344
1345
1346
1347
1348
1349
1350
1351
1352
1353
1354
1355
1356
1357
1358
1359
1360
1361
1362
1363
1364
1365
1366
1367
1368
1369
1370
1371
1372
1373
1374
1375
1376
1377
1378
1379
1380
1381
1382
1383
1384
1385
1386
1387
1388
1389
1390
1391
1392
1393
1394
1395
1396
1397
1398
1399
1400
1401
1402
1403
1404
1405
1406
1407
1408
1409
1410
1411
1412
1413
1414
1415
1416
1417
1418
1419
1420
1421
1422
1423
1424
1425
1426
1427
1428
1429
1430
1431
1432
1433
1434
1435
1436
1437
1438
1439
1440
1441
1442
1443
1444
1445
1446
1447
1448
1449
1450
1451
1452
1453
1454
1455
1456
1457
1458
1459
1460
1461
1462
1463
1464
1465
1466
1467
1468
1469
1470
1471
1472
1473
1474
1475
1476
1477
1478
1479
1480
1481
1482
1483
1484
1485
1486
1487
1488
1489
1490
1491
1492
1493
1494
1495
1496
1497
1498
1499
1500
1501
1502
1503
1504
1505
1506
1507
1508
1509
1510
1511
1512
1513
1514
1515
1516
1517
1518
1519
1520
1521
1522
1523
1524
1525
1526
1527
1528
1529
1530
1531
1532
1533
1534
1535
1536
1537
1538
1539
1540
1541
1542
1543
1544
1545
1546
1547
1548
1549
1550
1551
1552
1553
1554
1555
1556
1557
1558
1559
1560
1561
1562
1563
1564
1565
1566
1567
1568
1569
1570
1571
1572
1573
1574
1575
1576
1577
1578
1579
1580
1581
1582
1583
1584
1585
1586
1587
1588
1589
1590
1591
1592
1593
1594
1595
1596
1597
1598
1599
1600
1601
1602
1603
1604
1605
1606
1607
1608
1609
1610
1611
1612
1613
1614
1615
1616
1617
1618
1619
1620
1621
1622
1623
1624
1625
1626
1627
1628
1629
1630
1631
1632
1633
1634
1635
1636
1637
1638
1639
1640
1641
1642
1643
1644
1645
1646
1647
1648
1649
1650
1651
1652
1653
1654
1655
1656
1657
1658
1659
1660
1661
1662
1663
1664
1665
1666
1667
1668
1669
1670
1671
1672
1673
1674
1675
1676
1677
1678
1679
1680
1681
1682
1683
1684
1685
1686
1687
1688
1689
1690
1691
1692
1693
1694
1695
1696
1697
1698
1699
1700
1701
1702
1703
1704
1705
1706
1707
1708
1709
1710
1711
1712
1713
1714
1715
1716
1717
1718
1719
1720
1721
1722
1723
1724
1725
1726
1727
1728
1729
1730
1731
1732
1733
1734
1735
1736
1737
1738
1739
1740
1741
1742
1743
1744
1745
1746
1747
1748
1749
1750
1751
1752
1753
1754
1755
1756
1757
1758
1759
1760
1761
1762
1763
1764
1765
1766
1767
1768
1769
1770
1771
1772
1773
1774
1775
1776
1777
1778
1779
1780
1781
1782
1783
1784
1785
1786
1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
1794
1795
1796
1797
1798
1799
1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
1807
1808
1809
1810
1811
1812
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
1835
1836
1837
1838
1839
1840
1841
1842
1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
1850
1851
1852
1853
1854
1855
1856
1857
1858
1859
1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
1865
1866
1867
1868
1869
1870
1871
1872
1873
1874
1875
1876
1877
1878
1879
1880
1881
1882
1883
1884
1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
2029
2030
2031
2032
2033
2034
2035
2036
2037
2038
2039
2040
2041
2042
2043
2044
2045
2046
2047
2048
2049
2050
2051
2052
2053
2054
2055
2056
2057
2058
2059
2060
2061
2062
2063
2064
2065
2066
2067
2068
2069
2070
2071
2072
2073
2074
2075
2076
2077
2078
2079
2080
2081
2082
2083
2084
2085
2086
2087
2088
2089
2090
2091
2092
2093
2094
2095
2096
2097
2098
2099
2100
2101
2102
2103
2104
2105
2106
2107
2108
2109
2110
2111
2112
2113
2114
2115
2116
2117
2118
2119
2120
2121
2122
2123
2124
2125
2126
2127
2128
2129
2130
2131
2132
2133
2134
2135
2136
2137
2138
2139
2140
2141
2142
2143
2144
2145
2146
2147
2148
2149
2150
2151
2152
2153
2154
2155
2156
2157
2158
2159
2160
2161
2162
2163
2164
2165
2166
2167
2168
2169
2170
2171
2172
2173
2174
2175
2176
2177
2178
2179
2180
2181
2182
2183
2184
2185
2186
2187
2188
2189
2190
2191
2192
2193
2194
2195
2196
2197
2198
2199
2200
2201
2202
2203
2204
2205
2206
2207
2208
2209
2210
2211
2212
2213
2214
2215
2216
2217
2218
2219
2220
2221
2222
2223
2224
2225
2226
2227
2228
2229
2230
2231
2232
2233
2234
2235
2236
2237
2238
2239
2240
2241
2242
2243
2244
2245
2246
2247
2248
2249
2250
2251
2252
2253
2254
2255
2256
2257
2258
2259
2260
2261
2262
2263
2264
2265
2266
2267
2268
2269
2270
2271
2272
2273
2274
2275
2276
2277
2278
2279
2280
2281
2282
2283
2284
2285
2286
2287
2288
2289
2290
2291
2292
2293
2294
2295
2296
2297
2298
2299
2300
2301
2302
2303
2304
2305
2306
2307
2308
2309
2310
2311
2312
2313
2314
2315
2316
2317
2318
2319
2320
2321
2322
2323
2324
2325
2326
2327
2328
2329
2330
2331
2332
2333
2334
2335
2336
2337
2338
2339
2340
2341
2342
2343
2344
2345
2346
2347
2348
2349
2350
2351
2352
2353
2354
2355
2356
2357
2358
2359
2360
2361
2362
2363
2364
2365
2366
2367
2368
2369
2370
2371
2372
2373
2374
2375
2376
2377
2378
2379
2380
2381
2382
2383
2384
2385
2386
2387
2388
2389
2390
2391
2392
2393
2394
2395
2396
2397
2398
2399
2400
2401
2402
2403
2404
2405
2406
2407
2408
2409
2410
2411
2412
2413
2414
2415
2416
2417
2418
2419
2420
2421
2422
2423
2424
2425
2426
2427
2428
2429
2430
2431
2432
2433
2434
2435
2436
2437
2438
2439
2440
2441
2442
2443
2444
2445
2446
2447
2448
2449
2450
2451
2452
2453
2454
2455
2456
2457
2458
2459
2460
2461
2462
2463
2464
2465
2466
2467
2468
2469
2470
2471
2472
2473
2474
2475
2476
2477
2478
2479
2480
2481
2482
2483
2484
2485
2486
2487
2488
2489
2490
2491
2492
2493
2494
2495
2496
2497
2498
2499
2500
2501
2502
2503
2504
2505
2506
2507
2508
2509
2510
2511
2512
2513
2514
2515
2516
2517
2518
2519
2520
2521
2522
2523
2524
2525
2526
2527
2528
2529
2530
2531
2532
2533
2534
2535
2536
2537
2538
2539
2540
2541
2542
2543
2544
2545
2546
2547
2548
2549
2550
2551
2552
2553
2554
2555
2556
2557
2558
2559
2560
2561
2562
2563
2564
2565
2566
2567
2568
2569
2570
2571
2572
2573
2574
2575
2576
2577
2578
2579
2580
2581
2582
2583
2584
2585
2586
2587
2588
2589
2590
2591
2592
2593
2594
2595
2596
2597
2598
2599
2600
2601
2602
2603
2604
2605
2606
2607
2608
2609
2610
2611
2612
2613
2614
2615
2616
2617
2618
2619
2620
2621
2622
2623
2624
2625
2626
2627
2628
2629
2630
2631
2632
2633
2634
2635
2636
2637
2638
2639
2640
2641
2642
2643
2644
2645
2646
2647
2648
2649
2650
2651
2652
2653
2654
2655
2656
2657
2658
2659
2660
2661
2662
2663
2664
2665
2666
2667
2668
2669
2670
2671
2672
2673
2674
2675
2676
2677
2678
2679
2680
2681
2682
2683
2684
2685
2686
2687
2688
2689
2690
2691
2692
2693
2694
2695
2696
2697
2698
2699
2700
2701
2702
2703
2704
2705
2706
2707
2708
2709
2710
2711
2712
2713
2714
2715
2716
2717
2718
2719
2720
2721
2722
2723
2724
2725
2726
2727
2728
2729
2730
2731
2732
2733
2734
2735
2736
2737
2738
2739
2740
2741
2742
2743
2744
2745
2746
2747
2748
2749
2750
2751
2752
2753
2754
2755
2756
2757
2758
2759
2760
2761
2762
2763
2764
2765
2766
2767
2768
2769
2770
2771
2772
2773
2774
2775
2776
2777
2778
2779
2780
2781
2782
2783
2784
2785
2786
2787
2788
2789
2790
2791
2792
2793
2794
2795
2796
2797
2798
2799
2800
2801
2802
2803
2804
2805
2806
2807
2808
2809
2810
2811
2812
2813
2814
2815
2816
2817
2818
2819
2820
2821
2822
2823
2824
2825
2826
2827
2828
2829
2830
2831
2832
2833
2834
2835
2836
2837
2838
2839
2840
2841
2842
2843
2844
2845
2846
2847
2848
2849
2850
2851
2852
2853
2854
2855
2856
2857
2858
2859
2860
2861
2862
2863
2864
2865
2866
2867
2868
2869
2870
2871
2872
2873
2874
2875
2876
2877
2878
2879
2880
2881
2882
2883
2884
2885
2886
2887
2888
2889
2890
2891
2892
2893
2894
2895
2896
2897
2898
2899
2900
2901
2902
2903
2904
2905
2906
2907
2908
2909
2910
2911
2912
2913
2914
2915
2916
2917
2918
2919
2920
2921
2922
2923
2924
2925
2926
2927
2928
2929
2930
2931
2932
2933
2934
2935
2936
2937
2938
2939
2940
2941
2942
2943
2944
2945
2946
2947
2948
2949
2950
2951
2952
2953
2954
2955
2956
2957
2958
2959
2960
2961
2962
2963
2964
2965
2966
2967
2968
2969
2970
2971
2972
2973
2974
2975
2976
2977
2978
2979
2980
2981
2982
2983
2984
2985
2986
2987
2988
2989
2990
2991
2992
2993
2994
2995
2996
2997
2998
2999
3000
3001
3002
3003
3004
3005
3006
3007
3008
3009
3010
3011
3012
3013
3014
3015
3016
3017
3018
3019
3020
3021
3022
3023
3024
3025
3026
3027
3028
3029
3030
3031
3032
3033
3034
3035
3036
3037
3038
3039
3040
3041
3042
3043
3044
3045
3046
3047
3048
3049
3050
3051
3052
3053
3054
3055
3056
3057
3058
3059
3060
3061
3062
3063
3064
3065
3066
3067
3068
3069
3070
3071
3072
3073
3074
3075
3076
3077
3078
3079
3080
3081
3082
3083
3084
3085
3086
3087
3088
3089
3090
3091
3092
3093
3094
3095
3096
3097
3098
3099
3100
3101
3102
3103
3104
3105
3106
3107
3108
3109
3110
3111
3112
3113
3114
3115
3116
3117
3118
3119
3120
3121
3122
3123
3124
3125
3126
3127
3128
3129
3130
3131
3132
3133
3134
3135
3136
3137
3138
3139
3140
3141
3142
3143
3144
3145
3146
3147
3148
3149
3150
3151
3152
3153
3154
3155
3156
3157
3158
3159
3160
3161
3162
3163
3164
3165
3166
3167
3168
3169
3170
3171
3172
3173
3174
3175
3176
3177
3178
3179
3180
3181
3182
3183
3184
3185
3186
3187
3188
3189
3190
3191
3192
3193
3194
3195
3196
3197
3198
3199
3200
3201
3202
3203
3204
3205
3206
3207
3208
3209
3210
3211
3212
3213
3214
3215
3216
3217
3218
3219
3220
3221
3222
3223
3224
3225
3226
3227
3228
3229
3230
3231
3232
3233
3234
3235
3236
3237
3238
3239
3240
3241
3242
3243
3244
3245
3246
3247
3248
3249
3250
3251
3252
3253
3254
3255
3256
3257
3258
3259
3260
3261
3262
3263
3264
3265
3266
3267
3268
3269
3270
3271
3272
3273
3274
3275
3276
3277
3278
3279
3280
3281
3282
3283
3284
3285
3286
3287
3288
3289
3290
3291
3292
3293
3294
3295
3296
3297
3298
3299
3300
3301
3302
3303
3304
3305
3306
3307
3308
3309
3310
3311
3312
3313
3314
3315
3316
3317
3318
3319
3320
3321
3322
3323
3324
3325
3326
3327
3328
3329
3330
3331
3332
3333
3334
3335
3336
3337
3338
3339
3340
3341
3342
3343
3344
3345
3346
3347
3348
3349
3350
3351
3352
3353
3354
3355
3356
3357
3358
3359
3360
3361
3362
3363
3364
3365
3366
3367
3368
3369
3370
3371
3372
3373
3374
3375
3376
3377
3378
3379
3380
3381
3382
3383
3384
3385
3386
3387
3388
3389
3390
3391
3392
3393
3394
3395
3396
3397
3398
3399
3400
3401
3402
3403
3404
3405
3406
3407
3408
3409
3410
3411
3412
3413
3414
3415
3416
3417
3418
3419
3420
3421
3422
3423
3424
3425
3426
3427
3428
3429
3430
3431
3432
3433
3434
3435
3436
3437
3438
3439
3440
3441
3442
3443
3444
3445
3446
3447
3448
3449
3450
3451
3452
3453
3454
3455
3456
3457
3458
3459
3460
3461
3462
3463
3464
3465
3466
3467
3468
3469
3470
3471
3472
3473
3474
3475
3476
3477
3478
3479
3480
3481
3482
3483
3484
3485
3486
3487
3488
3489
3490
3491
3492
3493
3494
3495
3496
3497
3498
3499
3500
3501
3502
3503
3504
3505
3506
3507
3508
3509
3510
3511
3512
3513
3514
3515
3516
3517
3518
3519
3520
3521
3522
3523
3524
3525
3526
3527
3528
3529
3530
3531
3532
3533
3534
3535
3536
3537
3538
3539
3540
3541
3542
3543
3544
3545
3546
3547
3548
3549
3550
3551
3552
3553
3554
3555
3556
3557
3558
3559
3560
3561
3562
3563
3564
3565
3566
3567
3568
3569
3570
3571
3572
3573
3574
3575
3576
3577
3578
3579
3580
3581
3582
3583
3584
3585
3586
3587
3588
3589
3590
3591
3592
3593
3594
3595
3596
3597
3598
3599
3600
3601
3602
3603
3604
3605
3606
3607
3608
3609
3610
3611
3612
3613
3614
3615
3616
3617
3618
3619
3620
3621
3622
3623
3624
3625
3626
3627
3628
3629
3630
3631
3632
3633
3634
3635
3636
3637
3638
3639
3640
3641
3642
3643
3644
3645
3646
3647
3648
3649
3650
3651
3652
3653
3654
3655
3656
3657
3658
3659
3660
3661
3662
3663
3664
3665
3666
3667
3668
3669
3670
3671
3672
3673
3674
3675
3676
3677
3678
3679
3680
3681
3682
3683
3684
3685
3686
3687
3688
3689
3690
3691
3692
3693
3694
3695
3696
3697
3698
3699
3700
3701
3702
3703
3704
3705
3706
3707
3708
3709
3710
3711
3712
3713
3714
3715
3716
3717
3718
3719
3720
3721
3722
3723
3724
3725
3726
3727
3728
3729
3730
3731
3732
3733
3734
3735
3736
3737
3738
3739
3740
3741
3742
3743
3744
3745
3746
3747
3748
3749
3750
3751
3752
3753
3754
3755
3756
3757
3758
3759
3760
3761
3762
3763
3764
3765
3766
3767
3768
3769
3770
3771
3772
3773
3774
3775
3776
3777
3778
3779
3780
3781
3782
3783
3784
3785
3786
3787
3788
3789
3790
3791
3792
3793
3794
3795
3796
3797
3798
3799
3800
3801
3802
3803
3804
3805
3806
3807
3808
3809
3810
3811
3812
3813
3814
3815
3816
3817
3818
3819
3820
3821
3822
3823
3824
3825
3826
3827
3828
3829
3830
3831
3832
3833
3834
3835
3836
3837
3838
3839
3840
3841
3842
3843
3844
3845
3846
3847
3848
3849
3850
3851
3852
3853
3854
3855
3856
3857
3858
3859
3860
3861
3862
3863
3864
3865
3866
3867
3868
3869
3870
3871
3872
3873
3874
3875
3876
3877
3878
3879
3880
3881
3882
3883
3884
3885
3886
3887
3888
3889
3890
3891
3892
3893
3894
3895
3896
3897
3898
3899
3900
3901
3902
3903
3904
3905
3906
3907
3908
3909
3910
3911
3912
3913
3914
3915
3916
3917
3918
3919
3920
3921
3922
3923
3924
3925
3926
3927
3928
3929
3930
3931
3932
3933
3934
3935
3936
3937
3938
3939
3940
3941
3942
3943
3944
3945
3946
3947
3948
3949
3950
3951
3952
3953
3954
3955
3956
3957
3958
3959
3960
3961
3962
3963
3964
3965
3966
3967
3968
3969
3970
3971
3972
3973
3974
3975
3976
3977
3978
3979
3980
3981
3982
3983
3984
3985
3986
3987
3988
3989
3990
3991
3992
3993
3994
3995
3996
3997
3998
3999
4000
4001
4002
4003
4004
4005
4006
4007
4008
4009
4010
4011
4012
4013
4014
4015
4016
4017
4018
4019
4020
4021
4022
4023
4024
4025
4026
4027
4028
4029
4030
4031
4032
4033
4034
4035
4036
4037
4038
4039
4040
4041
4042
4043
4044
4045
4046
4047
4048
4049
4050
4051
4052
4053
4054
4055
4056
4057
4058
4059
4060
4061
4062
4063
4064
4065
4066
4067
4068
4069
4070
4071
4072
4073
4074
4075
4076
4077
4078
4079
4080
4081
4082
4083
4084
4085
4086
4087
4088
4089
4090
4091
4092
4093
4094
4095
4096
4097
4098
4099
4100
4101
4102
4103
4104
4105
4106
4107
4108
4109
4110
4111
4112
4113
4114
4115
4116
4117
4118
4119
4120
4121
4122
4123
4124
4125
4126
4127
4128
4129
4130
4131
4132
4133
4134
4135
4136
4137
4138
4139
4140
4141
4142
4143
4144
4145
4146
4147
4148
4149
4150
4151
4152
4153
4154
4155
4156
4157
4158
4159
4160
4161
4162
4163
4164
4165
4166
4167
4168
4169
4170
4171
4172
4173
4174
4175
4176
4177
4178
4179
4180
4181
4182
4183
4184
4185
4186
4187
4188
4189
4190
4191
4192
4193
4194
4195
4196
4197
4198
4199
4200
4201
4202
4203
4204
4205
4206
4207
4208
4209
4210
4211
4212
4213
4214
4215
4216
4217
4218
4219
4220
4221
4222
4223
4224
4225
4226
4227
4228
4229
4230
4231
4232
4233
4234
4235
4236
4237
4238
4239
4240
4241
4242
4243
4244
4245
4246
4247
4248
4249
4250
4251
4252
4253
4254
4255
4256
4257
4258
4259
4260
4261
4262
4263
4264
4265
4266
4267
4268
4269
4270
4271
4272
4273
4274
4275
4276
4277
4278
4279
4280
4281
4282
4283
4284
4285
4286
4287
4288
4289
4290
4291
4292
4293
4294
4295
4296
4297
4298
4299
4300
4301
4302
4303
4304
4305
4306
4307
4308
4309
4310
4311
4312
4313
4314
4315
4316
4317
4318
4319
4320
4321
4322
4323
4324
4325
4326
4327
4328
4329
4330
4331
4332
4333
4334
4335
4336
4337
4338
4339
4340
4341
4342
4343
4344
4345
4346
4347
4348
4349
4350
4351
4352
4353
4354
4355
4356
4357
4358
4359
4360
4361
4362
4363
4364
4365
4366
4367
4368
4369
4370
4371
4372
4373
4374
4375
4376
4377
4378
4379
4380
4381
4382
4383
4384
4385
4386
4387
4388
4389
4390
4391
4392
4393
4394
4395
4396
4397
4398
4399
4400
4401
4402
4403
4404
4405
4406
4407
4408
4409
4410
4411
4412
4413
4414
4415
4416
4417
4418
4419
4420
4421
4422
4423
4424
4425
4426
4427
4428
4429
4430
4431
4432
4433
4434
4435
4436
4437
4438
4439
4440
4441
4442
4443
4444
4445
4446
4447
4448
4449
4450
4451
4452
4453
4454
4455
4456
4457
4458
4459
4460
4461
4462
4463
4464
4465
4466
4467
4468
4469
4470
4471
4472
4473
4474
4475
4476
4477
4478
4479
4480
4481
4482
4483
4484
4485
4486
4487
4488
4489
4490
4491
4492
4493
4494
4495
4496
4497
4498
4499
4500
4501
4502
4503
4504
4505
4506
4507
4508
4509
4510
4511
4512
4513
4514
4515
4516
4517
4518
4519
4520
4521
4522
4523
4524
4525
4526
4527
4528
4529
4530
4531
4532
4533
4534
4535
4536
4537
4538
4539
4540
4541
4542
4543
4544
4545
4546
4547
4548
4549
4550
4551
4552
4553
4554
4555
4556
4557
4558
4559
4560
4561
4562
4563
4564
4565
4566
4567
4568
4569
4570
4571
4572
4573
4574
4575
4576
4577
4578
4579
4580
4581
4582
4583
4584
4585
4586
4587
4588
4589
4590
4591
4592
4593
4594
4595
4596
4597
4598
4599
4600
4601
4602
4603
4604
4605
4606
4607
4608
4609
4610
4611
4612
4613
4614
4615
4616
4617
4618
4619
4620
4621
4622
4623
4624
4625
4626
4627
4628
4629
4630
4631
4632
4633
4634
4635
4636
4637
4638
4639
4640
4641
4642
4643
4644
4645
4646
4647
4648
4649
4650
4651
4652
4653
4654
4655
4656
4657
4658
4659
4660
4661
4662
4663
4664
4665
4666
4667
4668
4669
4670
4671
4672
4673
4674
4675
4676
4677
4678
4679
4680
4681
4682
4683
4684
4685
4686
4687
4688
4689
4690
4691
4692
4693
4694
4695
4696
4697
4698
4699
4700
4701
4702
4703
4704
4705
4706
4707
4708
4709
4710
4711
4712
4713
4714
4715
4716
4717
4718
4719
4720
4721
4722
4723
4724
4725
4726
4727
4728
4729
4730
4731
4732
4733
4734
4735
4736
4737
4738
4739
4740
4741
4742
4743
4744
4745
4746
4747
4748
4749
4750
4751
4752
4753
4754
4755
4756
4757
4758
4759
4760
4761
4762
4763
4764
4765
4766
4767
4768
4769
4770
4771
4772
4773
4774
4775
4776
4777
4778
4779
4780
4781
4782
4783
4784
4785
4786
4787
4788
4789
4790
4791
4792
4793
4794
4795
4796
4797
4798
4799
4800
4801
4802
4803
4804
4805
4806
4807
4808
4809
4810
4811
4812
4813
4814
4815
4816
4817
4818
4819
4820
4821
4822
4823
4824
4825
4826
4827
4828
4829
4830
4831
4832
4833
4834
4835
4836
4837
4838
4839
4840
4841
4842
4843
4844
4845
4846
4847
4848
4849
4850
4851
4852
4853
4854
4855
4856
4857
4858
4859
4860
4861
4862
4863
4864
4865
4866
4867
4868
4869
4870
4871
4872
4873
4874
4875
4876
4877
4878
4879
4880
4881
4882
4883
4884
4885
4886
4887
4888
4889
4890
4891
4892
4893
4894
4895
4896
4897
4898
4899
4900
4901
4902
4903
4904
4905
4906
4907
4908
4909
4910
4911
4912
4913
4914
4915
4916
4917
4918
4919
4920
4921
4922
4923
4924
4925
4926
4927
4928
4929
4930
4931
4932
4933
4934
4935
4936
4937
4938
4939
4940
4941
4942
4943
4944
4945
4946
4947
4948
4949
4950
4951
4952
4953
4954
4955
4956
4957
4958
4959
4960
4961
4962
4963
4964
4965
4966
4967
4968
4969
4970
4971
4972
4973
4974
4975
4976
4977
4978
4979
4980
4981
4982
4983
4984
4985
4986
4987
4988
4989
4990
4991
4992
4993
4994
4995
4996
4997
4998
4999
5000
5001
5002
5003
5004
5005
5006
5007
5008
5009
5010
5011
5012
5013
5014
5015
5016
5017
5018
5019
5020
5021
5022
5023
5024
5025
5026
5027
5028
5029
5030
5031
5032
5033
5034
5035
5036
5037
5038
5039
5040
5041
5042
5043
5044
5045
5046
5047
5048
5049
5050
5051
5052
5053
5054
5055
5056
5057
5058
5059
5060
5061
5062
5063
5064
5065
5066
5067
5068
5069
5070
5071
5072
5073
5074
5075
5076
5077
5078
5079
5080
5081
5082
5083
5084
5085
5086
5087
5088
5089
5090
5091
5092
5093
5094
5095
5096
5097
5098
5099
5100
5101
5102
5103
5104
5105
5106
5107
5108
5109
5110
5111
5112
5113
5114
5115
5116
5117
5118
5119
5120
5121
5122
5123
5124
5125
5126
5127
5128
5129
5130
5131
5132
5133
5134
5135
5136
5137
5138
5139
5140
5141
5142
5143
5144
5145
5146
5147
5148
5149
5150
5151
5152
5153
5154
5155
5156
5157
5158
5159
5160
5161
5162
5163
5164
5165
5166
5167
5168
5169
5170
5171
5172
5173
5174
5175
5176
5177
5178
5179
5180
5181
5182
5183
5184
5185
5186
5187
5188
5189
5190
5191
5192
5193
5194
5195
5196
5197
5198
5199
5200
5201
5202
5203
5204
5205
5206
5207
5208
5209
5210
5211
5212
5213
5214
5215
5216
5217
5218
5219
5220
5221
5222
5223
5224
5225
5226
5227
5228
5229
5230
5231
5232
5233
5234
5235
5236
5237
5238
5239
5240
5241
5242
5243
5244
5245
5246
5247
5248
5249
5250
5251
5252
5253
5254
5255
5256
5257
5258
5259
5260
5261
5262
5263
5264
5265
5266
5267
5268
5269
5270
5271
5272
5273
5274
5275
5276
5277
5278
5279
5280
5281
5282
5283
5284
5285
5286
5287
5288
5289
5290
5291
5292
5293
5294
5295
5296
5297
5298
5299
5300
5301
5302
5303
5304
5305
5306
5307
5308
5309
5310
5311
5312
5313
5314
5315
5316
5317
5318
5319
5320
5321
5322
5323
5324
5325
5326
5327
5328
5329
5330
5331
5332
5333
5334
5335
5336
5337
5338
5339
5340
5341
5342
5343
5344
5345
5346
5347
5348
5349
5350
5351
5352
5353
5354
5355
5356
5357
5358
5359
5360
5361
5362
5363
5364
5365
5366
5367
5368
5369
5370
5371
5372
5373
5374
5375
5376
5377
5378
5379
5380
5381
5382
5383
5384
5385
5386
5387
5388
5389
5390
5391
5392
5393
5394
5395
5396
5397
5398
5399
5400
5401
5402
5403
5404
5405
5406
5407
5408
5409
5410
5411
5412
5413
5414
5415
5416
5417
5418
5419
5420
5421
5422
5423
5424
5425
5426
5427
5428
5429
5430
5431
5432
5433
5434
5435
5436
5437
5438
5439
5440
5441
5442
5443
5444
5445
5446
5447
5448
5449
5450
5451
5452
5453
5454
5455
5456
5457
5458
5459
5460
5461
5462
5463
5464
5465
5466
5467
5468
5469
5470
5471
5472
5473
5474
5475
5476
5477
5478
5479
5480
5481
5482
5483
5484
5485
5486
5487
5488
5489
5490
5491
5492
5493
5494
5495
5496
5497
5498
5499
5500
5501
5502
5503
5504
5505
5506
5507
5508
5509
5510
5511
5512
5513
5514
5515
5516
5517
5518
5519
5520
5521
5522
5523
5524
5525
5526
5527
5528
5529
5530
5531
5532
5533
5534
5535
5536
5537
5538
5539
5540
5541
5542
5543
5544
5545
5546
5547
5548
5549
5550
5551
5552
5553
5554
5555
5556
5557
5558
5559
5560
5561
5562
5563
5564
5565
5566
5567
5568
5569
5570
5571
5572
5573
5574
5575
5576
5577
5578
5579
5580
5581
5582
5583
5584
5585
5586
5587
5588
5589
5590
5591
5592
5593
5594
5595
5596
5597
5598
5599
5600
5601
5602
5603
5604
5605
5606
5607
5608
5609
5610
5611
5612
5613
5614
5615
5616
5617
5618
5619
5620
5621
5622
5623
5624
5625
5626
5627
5628
5629
5630
5631
5632
5633
5634
5635
5636
5637
5638
5639
5640
5641
5642
5643
5644
5645
5646
5647
5648
5649
5650
5651
5652
5653
5654
5655
5656
5657
5658
5659
5660
5661
5662
5663
5664
5665
5666
5667
5668
5669
5670
5671
5672
5673
5674
5675
5676
5677
5678
5679
5680
5681
5682
5683
5684
5685
5686
5687
5688
5689
5690
5691
5692
5693
5694
5695
5696
5697
5698
5699
5700
5701
5702
5703
5704
5705
5706
5707
5708
5709
5710
5711
5712
5713
5714
5715
5716
5717
5718
5719
5720
5721
5722
5723
5724
5725
5726
5727
5728
5729
5730
5731
5732
5733
5734
5735
5736
5737
5738
5739
5740
5741
5742
5743
5744
5745
5746
5747
5748
5749
5750
5751
5752
5753
5754
5755
5756
5757
5758
5759
5760
5761
5762
5763
5764
5765
5766
5767
5768
5769
5770
5771
5772
5773
5774
5775
5776
5777
5778
5779
5780
5781
5782
5783
5784
5785
5786
5787
5788
5789
5790
5791
5792
5793
5794
5795
5796
5797
5798
5799
5800
5801
5802
5803
5804
5805
5806
5807
5808
5809
5810
5811
5812
5813
5814
5815
5816
5817
5818
5819
5820
5821
5822
5823
5824
5825
5826
5827
5828
5829
5830
5831
5832
5833
5834
5835
5836
5837
5838
5839
5840
5841
5842
5843
5844
5845
5846
5847
5848
5849
5850
5851
5852
5853
5854
5855
5856
5857
5858
5859
5860
5861
5862
5863
5864
5865
5866
5867
5868
5869
5870
5871
5872
5873
5874
5875
5876
5877
5878
5879
5880
5881
5882
5883
5884
5885
5886
5887
5888
5889
5890
5891
5892
5893
5894
5895
5896
5897
5898
5899
5900
5901
5902
5903
5904
5905
5906
5907
5908
5909
5910
5911
5912
5913
5914
5915
5916
5917
5918
5919
5920
5921
5922
5923
5924
5925
5926
5927
5928
5929
5930
5931
5932
5933
5934
5935
5936
5937
5938
5939
5940
5941
5942
5943
5944
5945
5946
5947
5948
5949
5950
5951
5952
5953
5954
5955
5956
5957
5958
5959
5960
5961
5962
5963
5964
5965
5966
5967
5968
5969
5970
5971
5972
5973
5974
5975
5976
5977
5978
5979
5980
5981
5982
5983
5984
5985
5986
5987
5988
5989
5990
5991
5992
5993
5994
5995
5996
5997
5998
5999
6000
6001
6002
6003
6004
6005
6006
6007
6008
6009
6010
6011
6012
6013
6014
6015
6016
6017
6018
6019
6020
6021
6022
6023
6024
6025
6026
6027
6028
6029
6030
6031
6032
6033
6034
6035
6036
6037
6038
6039
6040
6041
6042
6043
6044
6045
6046
6047
6048
6049
6050
6051
6052
6053
6054
6055
6056
6057
6058
6059
6060
6061
6062
6063
6064
6065
6066
6067
6068
6069
6070
6071
6072
6073
6074
6075
6076
6077
6078
6079
6080
6081
6082
6083
6084
6085
6086
6087
6088
6089
6090
6091
6092
6093
6094
6095
6096
6097
6098
6099
6100
6101
6102
6103
6104
6105
6106
6107
6108
6109
6110
6111
6112
6113
6114
6115
6116
6117
6118
6119
6120
6121
6122
6123
6124
6125
6126
6127
6128
6129
6130
6131
6132
6133
6134
6135
6136
6137
6138
6139
6140
6141
6142
6143
6144
6145
6146
6147
6148
6149
6150
6151
6152
6153
6154
6155
6156
6157
6158
6159
6160
6161
6162
6163
6164
6165
6166
6167
6168
6169
6170
6171
6172
6173
6174
6175
6176
6177
6178
6179
6180
6181
6182
6183
6184
6185
6186
6187
6188
6189
6190
6191
6192
6193
6194
6195
6196
6197
6198
6199
6200
6201
6202
6203
6204
6205
6206
6207
6208
6209
6210
6211
6212
6213
6214
6215
6216
6217
6218
6219
6220
6221
6222
6223
6224
6225
6226
6227
6228
6229
6230
6231
6232
6233
6234
6235
6236
6237
6238
6239
6240
6241
6242
6243
6244
6245
6246
6247
6248
6249
6250
6251
6252
6253
6254
6255
6256
6257
6258
6259
6260
6261
6262
6263
6264
6265
6266
6267
6268
6269
6270
6271
6272
6273
6274
6275
6276
6277
6278
6279
6280
6281
6282
6283
6284
6285
6286
6287
6288
6289
6290
6291
6292
6293
6294
6295
6296
6297
6298
6299
6300
6301
6302
6303
6304
6305
6306
6307
6308
6309
6310
6311
6312
6313
6314
6315
6316
6317
6318
6319
6320
6321
6322
6323
6324
6325
6326
6327
6328
6329
6330
6331
6332
6333
6334
6335
6336
6337
6338
6339
6340
6341
6342
6343
6344
6345
6346
6347
6348
6349
6350
6351
6352
6353
6354
6355
6356
6357
6358
6359
6360
6361
6362
6363
6364
6365
6366
6367
6368
6369
6370
6371
6372
6373
6374
6375
6376
6377
6378
6379
6380
6381
6382
6383
6384
6385
6386
6387
6388
6389
6390
6391
6392
6393
6394
6395
6396
6397
6398
6399
6400
6401
6402
6403
6404
6405
6406
6407
6408
6409
6410
6411
6412
6413
6414
6415
6416
6417
6418
6419
6420
6421
6422
6423
6424
6425
6426
6427
6428
6429
6430
6431
6432
6433
6434
6435
6436
6437
6438
6439
6440
6441
6442
6443
6444
6445
6446
6447
6448
6449
6450
6451
6452
6453
6454
6455
6456
6457
6458
6459
6460
6461
6462
6463
6464
6465
6466
6467
6468
6469
6470
6471
6472
6473
6474
6475
6476
6477
6478
6479
6480
6481
6482
6483
6484
6485
6486
6487
6488
6489
6490
6491
6492
6493
6494
6495
6496
6497
6498
6499
6500
6501
6502
6503
6504
6505
6506
6507
6508
6509
6510
6511
6512
6513
6514
6515
6516
6517
6518
6519
6520
6521
6522
6523
6524
6525
6526
6527
6528
6529
6530
6531
6532
6533
6534
6535
6536
6537
6538
6539
6540
6541
6542
6543
6544
6545
6546
6547
6548
6549
6550
6551
6552
6553
6554
6555
6556
6557
6558
6559
6560
6561
6562
6563
6564
6565
6566
6567
6568
6569
6570
6571
6572
6573
6574
6575
6576
6577
6578
6579
6580
6581
6582
6583
6584
6585
6586
6587
6588
6589
6590
6591
6592
6593
6594
6595
6596
6597
6598
6599
6600
6601
6602
6603
6604
6605
6606
6607
6608
6609
6610
6611
6612
6613
6614
6615
6616
6617
6618
6619
6620
6621
6622
6623
6624
6625
6626
6627
6628
6629
6630
6631
6632
6633
6634
6635
6636
6637
6638
6639
6640
6641
6642
6643
6644
6645
6646
6647
6648
6649
6650
6651
6652
6653
6654
6655
6656
6657
6658
6659
6660
6661
6662
6663
6664
6665
6666
6667
6668
6669
6670
6671
6672
6673
6674
6675
6676
6677
6678
6679
6680
6681
6682
6683
6684
6685
6686
6687
6688
6689
6690
6691
6692
6693
6694
6695
6696
6697
6698
6699
6700
6701
6702
6703
6704
6705
6706
6707
6708
6709
6710
6711
6712
6713
6714
6715
6716
6717
6718
6719
6720
6721
6722
6723
6724
6725
6726
6727
6728
6729
6730
6731
6732
6733
6734
6735
6736
6737
6738
6739
6740
6741
6742
6743
6744
6745
6746
6747
6748
6749
6750
6751
6752
6753
6754
6755
6756
6757
6758
6759
6760
6761
6762
6763
6764
6765
6766
6767
6768
6769
6770
6771
6772
6773
6774
6775
6776
6777
6778
6779
6780
6781
6782
6783
6784
6785
6786
6787
6788
6789
6790
6791
6792
6793
6794
6795
6796
6797
6798
6799
6800
6801
6802
6803
6804
6805
6806
6807
6808
6809
6810
6811
6812
6813
6814
6815
6816
6817
6818
6819
6820
6821
6822
6823
6824
6825
6826
6827
6828
6829
6830
6831
6832
6833
6834
6835
6836
6837
6838
6839
6840
6841
6842
6843
6844
6845
6846
6847
6848
6849
6850
6851
6852
6853
6854
6855
6856
6857
6858
6859
6860
6861
6862
6863
6864
6865
6866
6867
6868
6869
6870
6871
6872
6873
6874
6875
6876
6877
6878
6879
6880
6881
6882
6883
6884
6885
6886
6887
6888
6889
6890
6891
6892
6893
6894
6895
6896
6897
6898
6899
6900
6901
6902
6903
6904
6905
6906
6907
6908
6909
6910
6911
6912
6913
6914
6915
6916
6917
6918
6919
6920
6921
6922
6923
6924
6925
6926
6927
6928
6929
6930
6931
6932
6933
6934
6935
6936
6937
6938
6939
6940
6941
6942
6943
6944
6945
6946
6947
6948
6949
6950
6951
6952
6953
6954
6955
6956
6957
6958
6959
6960
6961
6962
6963
6964
6965
6966
6967
6968
6969
6970
6971
6972
6973
6974
6975
6976
6977
6978
6979
6980
6981
6982
6983
6984
6985
6986
6987
6988
6989
6990
6991
6992
6993
6994
6995
6996
6997
6998
6999
7000
7001
7002
7003
7004
7005
7006
7007
7008
7009
7010
7011
7012
7013
7014
7015
7016
7017
7018
7019
7020
7021
7022
7023
7024
7025
7026
7027
7028
7029
7030

Bundle of old SSLeay documentation files [OBSOLETE!]

*** WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! ***

OBSOLETE means that nothing in this document should be trusted.  This
document is provided mostly for historical purposes (it wasn't even up
to date at the time SSLeay 0.8.1 was released) and as inspiration.  If
you copy some snippet of code from this document, please _check_ that
it really is correct from all points of view.  For example, you can
check with the other documents in this directory tree, or by comparing
with relevant parts of the include files.

People have done the mistake of trusting what's written here.  Please
don't do that.

*** WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! WARNING! ***


==== readme ========================================================

This is the old 0.6.6 docuementation.  Most of the cipher stuff is still
relevent but I'm working (very slowly) on new documentation.
The current version can be found online at

http://www.cryptsoft.com/ssleay/doc

==== API.doc ========================================================

SSL - SSLv2/v3/v23 etc.

BIO - methods and how they plug together

MEM - memory allocation callback

CRYPTO - locking for threads

EVP - Ciphers/Digests/signatures

RSA - methods

X509 - certificate retrieval

X509 - validation

X509 - X509v3 extensions

Objects - adding object identifiers

ASN.1 - parsing

PEM - parsing

==== ssl/readme =====================================================

22 Jun 1996
This file belongs in ../apps, but I'll leave it here because it deals
with SSL :-)  It is rather dated but it gives you an idea of how
things work.
===

17 Jul 1995
I have been changing things quite a bit and have not fully updated
this file, so take what you read with a grain of salt
eric
===
The s_client and s_server programs can be used to test SSL capable
IP/port addresses and the verification of the X509 certificates in use
by these services.  I strongly advise having a look at the code to get
an idea of how to use the authentication under SSLeay.  Any feedback
on changes and improvements would be greatly accepted.

This file will probably be gibberish unless you have read
rfc1421, rfc1422, rfc1423 and rfc1424 which describe PEM
authentication.

A Brief outline (and examples) how to use them to do so.

NOTE:
The environment variable SSL_CIPER is used to specify the prefered
cipher to use, play around with setting it's value to combinations of
RC4-MD5, EXP-RC4-MD5, CBC-DES-MD5, CBC3-DES-MD5, CFB-DES-NULL
in a : separated list.

This directory contains 3 X509 certificates which can be used by these programs.
client.pem: a file containing a certificate and private key to be used
	by s_client.
server.pem :a file containing a certificate and private key to be used
	by s_server.
eay1024.pem:the certificate used to sign client.pem and server.pem.
	This would be your CA's certificate.  There is also a link
	from the file a8556381.0 to eay1024.PEM.  The value a8556381
	is returned by 'x509 -hash -noout <eay1024.pem' and is the
	value used by X509 verification routines to 'find' this
	certificte when search a directory for it.
	[the above is not true any more, the CA cert is 
	 ../certs/testca.pem which is signed by ../certs/mincomca.pem]

When testing the s_server, you may get
bind: Address already in use
errors.  These indicate the port is still being held by the unix
kernel and you are going to have to wait for it to let go of it.  If
this is the case, remember to use the port commands on the s_server and
s_client to talk on an alternative port.

=====
s_client.
This program can be used to connect to any IP/hostname:port that is
talking SSL.  Once connected, it will attempt to authenticate the
certificate it was passed and if everything works as expected, a 2
directional channel will be open.  Any text typed will be sent to the
other end.  type Q<cr> to exit.  Flags are as follows.
-host arg	: Arg is the host or IP address to connect to.
-port arg	: Arg is the port to connect to (https is 443).
-verify arg	: Turn on authentication of the server certificate.
		: Arg specifies the 'depth', this will covered below.
-cert arg	: The optional certificate to use.  This certificate
		: will be returned to the server if the server
		: requests it for client authentication.
-key arg	: The private key that matches the certificate
		: specified by the -cert option.  If this is not
		: specified (but -cert is), the -cert file will be
		: searched for the Private key.  Both files are
		: assumed to be in PEM format.
-CApath arg	: When to look for certificates when 'verifying' the
		: certificate from the server.
-CAfile arg	: A file containing certificates to be used for
		: 'verifying' the server certificate.
-reconnect	: Once a connection has been made, drop it and
		: reconnect with same session-id.  This is for testing :-).

The '-verify n' parameter specifies not only to verify the servers
certificate but to also only take notice of 'n' levels.  The best way
to explain is to show via examples.
Given
s_server -cert server.PEM is running.

s_client
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo server
	issuer= /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify error:num=1:unable to get issuer certificate
	verify return:1
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5
What has happened is that the 'SSLeay demo server' certificate's
issuer ('CA') could not be found but because verify is not on, we
don't care and the connection has been made anyway.  It is now 'up'
using CBC-DES-MD5 mode.  This is an unauthenticate secure channel.
You may not be talking to the right person but the data going to them
is encrypted.

s_client -verify 0
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo server
	issuer= /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify error:num=1:unable to get issuer certificate
	verify return:1
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5
We are 'verifying' but only to depth 0, so since the 'SSLeay demo server'
certificate passed the date and checksum, we are happy to proceed.

s_client -verify 1
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo server
	issuer= /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify error:num=1:unable to get issuer certificate
	verify return:0
	ERROR
	verify error:unable to get issuer certificate
In this case we failed to make the connection because we could not
authenticate the certificate because we could not find the
'CA' certificate.

s_client -verify 1 -CAfile eay1024.PEM
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo server
	verify return:1
	depth=1 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify return:1
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5
We loaded the certificates from the file eay1024.PEM.  Everything
checked out and so we made the connection.

s_client -verify 1 -CApath .
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo server
	verify return:1
	depth=1 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify return:1
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5
We looked in out local directory for issuer certificates and 'found'
a8556381.0 and so everything is ok.

It is worth noting that 'CA' is a self certified certificate.  If you
are passed one of these, it will fail to 'verify' at depth 0 because
we need to lookup the certifier of a certificate from some information
that we trust and keep locally.

SSL_CIPHER=CBC3-DES-MD5:RC4-MD5
export SSL_CIPHER
s_client -verify 10 -CApath . -reconnect
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo server
	verify return:1
	depth=1 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify return:1
	drop the connection and reconnect with the same session id
	CIPHER is CBC3-DES-MD5
This has done a full connection and then re-estabished it with the
same session id but a new socket.  No RSA stuff occures on the second
connection.  Note that we said we would prefer to use CBC3-DES-MD5
encryption and so, since the server supports it, we are.

=====
s_server
This program accepts SSL connections on a specified port
Once connected, it will estabish an SSL connection and optionaly
attempt to authenticate the client.  A 2 directional channel will be
open.  Any text typed will be sent to the other end.  Type Q<cr> to exit.
Flags are as follows.
-port arg	: Arg is the port to listen on.
-verify arg	: Turn on authentication of the client if they have a
		: certificate.  Arg specifies the 'depth'.
-Verify arg	: Turn on authentication of the client. If they don't
		: have a valid certificate, drop the connection.
-cert arg	: The certificate to use.  This certificate
		: will be passed to the client.  If it is not
		: specified, it will default to server.PEM
-key arg	: The private key that matches the certificate
		: specified by the -cert option.  If this is not
		: specified (but -cert is), the -cert file will be
		: searched for the Private key.  Both files are
		: assumed to be in PEM format.  Default is server.PEM
-CApath arg	: When to look for certificates when 'verifying' the
		: certificate from the client.
-CAfile arg	: A file containing certificates to be used for
		: 'verifying' the client certificate.

For the following 'demo'  I will specify the s_server command and
the s_client command and then list the output from the s_server.
s_server
s_client
	CONNECTED
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5
Everything up and running

s_server -verify 0
s_client  
	CONNECTED
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5
Ok since no certificate was returned and we don't care.

s_server -verify 0
./s_client -cert client.PEM
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo client
	issuer= /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify error:num=1:unable to get issuer certificate
	verify return:1
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5
Ok since we were only verifying to level 0

s_server -verify 4
s_client -cert client.PEM
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo client
	issuer= /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify error:num=1:unable to get issuer certificate
	verify return:0
	ERROR
	verify error:unable to get issuer certificate
Bad because we could not authenticate the returned certificate.

s_server -verify 4 -CApath .
s_client -cert client.PEM
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo client
	verify return:1
	depth=1 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify return:1
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5
Ok because we could authenticate the returned certificate :-).

s_server -Verify 0 -CApath .
s_client
	CONNECTED
	ERROR
	SSL error:function is:REQUEST_CERTIFICATE
		 :error is   :client end did not return a certificate
Error because no certificate returned.

s_server -Verify 4 -CApath .
s_client -cert client.PEM
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo client
	verify return:1
	depth=1 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify return:1
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5
Full authentication of the client.

So in summary to do full authentication of both ends
s_server -Verify 9 -CApath .
s_client -cert client.PEM -CApath . -verify 9
From the server side
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo client
	verify return:1
	depth=1 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify return:1
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5
From the client side
	CONNECTED
	depth=0 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=SSLeay demo server
	verify return:1
	depth=1 /C=AU/SOP=QLD/O=Mincom Pty. Ltd./OU=CS/CN=CA
	verify return:1
	CIPHER is CBC-DES-MD5

For general probing of the 'internet https' servers for the
distribution area, run
s_client -host www.netscape.com -port 443 -verify 4 -CApath ../rsa/hash
Then enter
GET /
and you should be talking to the https server on that host.

www.rsa.com was refusing to respond to connections on 443 when I was
testing.

have fun :-).

eric

==== a_verify.doc ========================================================

From eay@mincom.com Fri Oct  4 18:29:06 1996
Received: by orb.mincom.oz.au id AA29080
  (5.65c/IDA-1.4.4 for eay); Fri, 4 Oct 1996 08:29:07 +1000
Date: Fri, 4 Oct 1996 08:29:06 +1000 (EST)
From: Eric Young <eay@mincom.oz.au>
X-Sender: eay@orb
To: wplatzer <wplatzer@iaik.tu-graz.ac.at>
Cc: Eric Young <eay@mincom.oz.au>, SSL Mailing List <ssl-users@mincom.com>
Subject: Re: Netscape's Public Key
In-Reply-To: <19961003134837.NTM0049@iaik.tu-graz.ac.at>
Message-Id: <Pine.SOL.3.91.961004081346.8018K-100000@orb>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Status: RO
X-Status: 

On Thu, 3 Oct 1996, wplatzer wrote:
> I get Public Key from Netscape (Gold 3.0b4), but cannot do anything
> with it... It looks like (asn1parse):
> 
> 0:d=0 hl=3 l=180 cons: SEQUENCE
> 3:d=1 hl=2 l= 96 cons: SEQUENCE
> 5:d=2 hl=2 l= 92 cons: SEQUENCE
> 7:d=3 hl=2 l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE
> 9:d=4 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :rsaEncryption
> 20:d=4 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL
> 22:d=3 hl=2 l= 75 prim: BIT STRING
> 99:d=2 hl=2 l= 0 prim: IA5STRING :
> 101:d=1 hl=2 l= 13 cons: SEQUENCE
> 103:d=2 hl=2 l= 9 prim: OBJECT :md5withRSAEncryption
> 114:d=2 hl=2 l= 0 prim: NULL
> 116:d=1 hl=2 l= 65 prim: BIT STRING
> 
> The first BIT STRING is the public key and the second BIT STRING is 
> the signature.
> But a public key consists of the public exponent and the modulus. Are 
> both numbers in the first BIT STRING?
> Is there a document simply describing this coding stuff (checking 
> signature, get the public key, etc.)?

Minimal in SSLeay.  If you want to see what the modulus and exponent are,
try asn1parse -offset 25 -length 75 <key.pem
asn1parse will currently stuff up on the 'length 75' part (fixed in next 
release) but it will print the stuff.  If you are after more 
documentation on ASN.1, have a look at www.rsa.com and get their PKCS 
documents, most of my initial work on SSLeay was done using them.

As for SSLeay,
util/crypto.num and util/ssl.num are lists of all exported functions in 
the library (but not macros :-(.

The ones for extracting public keys from certificates and certificate 
requests are EVP_PKEY *      X509_REQ_extract_key(X509_REQ *req);
EVP_PKEY *      X509_extract_key(X509 *x509);

To verify a signature on a signed ASN.1 object
int X509_verify(X509 *a,EVP_PKEY *key);
int X509_REQ_verify(X509_REQ *a,EVP_PKEY *key);
int X509_CRL_verify(X509_CRL *a,EVP_PKEY *key);
int NETSCAPE_SPKI_verify(NETSCAPE_SPKI *a,EVP_PKEY *key);

I should mention that EVP_PKEY can be used to hold a public or a private key,
since for  things like RSA and DSS, a public key is just a subset of what 
is stored for the private key.

To sign any of the above structures

int X509_sign(X509 *a,EVP_PKEY *key,EVP_MD *md);
int X509_REQ_sign(X509_REQ *a,EVP_PKEY *key,EVP_MD *md);
int X509_CRL_sign(X509_CRL *a,EVP_PKEY *key,EVP_MD *md);
int NETSCAPE_SPKI_sign(NETSCAPE_SPKI *a,EVP_PKEY *key,EVP_MD *md);

where md is the message digest to sign with.

There are all defined in x509.h and all the _sign and _verify functions are
actually macros to the ASN1_sign() and ASN1_verify() functions.
These functions will put the correct algorithm identifiers in the correct 
places in the structures.

eric
--
Eric Young                  | BOOL is tri-state according to Bill Gates.
AARNet: eay@mincom.oz.au    | RTFM Win32 GetMessage().

==== x509 =======================================================

X509_verify()
X509_sign()

X509_get_version()
X509_get_serialNumber()
X509_get_issuer()
X509_get_subject()
X509_get_notBefore()
X509_get_notAfter()
X509_get_pubkey()

X509_set_version()
X509_set_serialNumber()
X509_set_issuer()
X509_set_subject()
X509_set_notBefore()
X509_set_notAfter()
X509_set_pubkey()

X509_get_extensions()
X509_set_extensions()

X509_EXTENSIONS_clear()
X509_EXTENSIONS_retrieve()
X509_EXTENSIONS_add()
X509_EXTENSIONS_delete()

==== x509 attribute ================================================

PKCS7
	STACK of X509_ATTRIBUTES
		ASN1_OBJECT
		STACK of ASN1_TYPE

So it is

p7.xa[].obj
p7.xa[].data[]

get_obj_by_nid(STACK , nid)
get_num_by_nid(STACK , nid)
get_data_by_nid(STACK , nid, index)

X509_ATTRIBUTE *X509_ATTRIBUTE_new(void );
void		X509_ATTRIBUTE_free(X509_ATTRIBUTE *a);

X509_ATTRIBUTE *X509_ATTRIBUTE_create_by_NID(X509_ATTRIBUTE **ex,
			int nid, STACK *value);

X509_ATTRIBUTE *X509_ATTRIBUTE_create_by_OBJ(X509_ATTRIBUTE **ex,
			int nid, STACK *value);

int		X509_ATTRIBUTE_set_object(X509_ATTRIBUTE *ex,ASN1_OBJECT *obj);
int		X509_ATTRIBUTE_add_data(X509_ATTRIBUTE *ex, int index,
			ASN1_TYPE *value);

ASN1_OBJECT *	X509_ATTRIBUTE_get_object(X509_ATTRIBUTE *ex);
int 		X509_ATTRIBUTE_get_num(X509_ATTRIBUTE *ne);
ASN1_TYPE *	X509_ATTRIBUTE_get_data(X509_ATTRIBUTE *ne,int index);

ASN1_TYPE *	X509_ATTRIBUTE_get_data_by_NID(X509_ATTRIBUTE *ne,
			ASN1_OBJECT *obj);

X509_ATTRIBUTE *PKCS7_get_s_att_by_NID(PKCS7 *p7,int nid);
X509_ATTRIBUTE *PKCS7_get_u_att_by_NID(PKCS7 *p7,int nid);

==== x509 v3 ========================================================

The 'new' system.

The X509_EXTENSION_METHOD includes extensions and attributes and/or names. 
Basically everthing that can be added to an X509 with an OID identifying it.

It operates via 2 methods per object id.
int a2i_XXX(X509 *x,char *str,int len);
int i2a_XXX(BIO *bp,X509 *x);

The a2i_XXX function will add the object with a value converted from the
string into the X509.  Len can be -1 in which case the length is calculated
via strlen(str).   Applications can always use direct knowledge to load and
unload the relevent objects themselves.

i2a_XXX will print to the passed BIO, a text representation of the
relevet object.  Use a memory BIO if you want it printed to a buffer :-).

X509_add_by_NID(X509 *x,int nid,char *str,int len);
X509_add_by_OBJ(X509 *x,ASN1_OBJECT *obj,char *str,int len);

X509_print_by_name(BIO *bp,X509 *x);
X509_print_by_NID(BIO *bp,X509 *x);
X509_print_by_OBJ(BIO *bp,X509 *x);

==== verify ========================================================

X509_verify_cert_chain(
	CERT_STORE *cert_store,
	STACK /* X509 */ *certs,
	int *verify_result,
	int (*verify_error_callback)()
	char *argument_to_callback, /* SSL */

app_verify_callback(
	char *app_verify_arg, /* from SSL_CTX */
	STACK /* X509 */ *certs,
	int *verify_result,
	int (*verify_error_callback)()
	SSL *s,

int X509_verify_cert(
	CERT_STORE *cert_store,
	X509 *x509,
	int *verify_result,
	int (*verify_error_callback)(),
	char *arg,

==== apps.doc ========================================================

The applications

Ok, where to begin....
In the begining, when SSLeay was small (April 1995), there
were but few applications, they did happily cohabit in
the one bin directory.  Then over time, they did multiply and grow,
and they started to look like microsoft software; 500k to print 'hello world'.
A new approach was needed.  They were coalessed into one 'Monolithic'
application, ssleay.  This one program is composed of many programs that
can all be compiled independantly.

ssleay has 3 modes of operation.
1) If the ssleay binary has the name of one of its component programs, it
executes that program and then exits.  This can be achieved by using hard or
symbolic links, or failing that, just renaming the binary.
2) If the first argument to ssleay is the name of one of the component
programs, that program runs that program and then exits.
3) If there are no arguments, ssleay enters a 'command' mode.  Each line is
interpreted as a program name plus arguments.  After each 'program' is run,
ssleay returns to the comand line.

dgst	- message digests
enc	- encryption and base64 encoding

ans1parse - 'pulls' appart ASN.1 encoded objects like certificates.

dh	- Diffle-Hellman parameter manipulation.
rsa	- RSA manipulations.
crl	- Certificate revokion list manipulations
x509	- X509 cert fiddles, including signing.
pkcs7	- pkcs7 manipulation, only DER versions right now.

genrsa	- generate an RSA private key.
gendh	- Generate a set of Diffle-Hellman parameters.
req	- Generate a PKCS#10 object, a certificate request.

s_client - SSL client program
s_server - SSL server program
s_time	 - A SSL protocol timing program
s_mult	 - Another SSL server, but it multiplexes
	   connections.
s_filter - under development

errstr	- Convert SSLeay error numbers to strings.
ca	- Sign certificate requests, and generate
	  certificate revokion lists
crl2pkcs7 - put a crl and certifcates into a pkcs7 object.
speed	- Benchmark the ciphers.
verify	- Check certificates
hashdir - under development

[ there a now a few more options, play with the program to see what they
  are ]

==== asn1.doc ========================================================

The ASN.1 Routines.

ASN.1 is a specification for how to encode structured 'data' in binary form.
The approach I have take to the manipulation of structures and their encoding
into ASN.1 is as follows.

For each distinct structure there are 4 function of the following form
TYPE *TYPE_new(void);
void TYPE_free(TYPE *);
TYPE *d2i_TYPE(TYPE **a,unsigned char **pp,long length);
long i2d_TYPE(TYPE *a,unsigned char **pp); 	/* CHECK RETURN VALUE */

where TYPE is the type of the 'object'.  The TYPE that have these functions
can be in one of 2 forms, either the internal C malloc()ed data structure
or in the DER (a variant of ASN.1 encoding) binary encoding which is just
an array of unsigned bytes.  The 'i2d' functions converts from the internal
form to the DER form and the 'd2i' functions convert from the DER form to
the internal form.

The 'new' function returns a malloc()ed version of the structure with all
substructures either created or left as NULL pointers.  For 'optional'
fields, they are normally left as NULL to indicate no value.  For variable
size sub structures (often 'SET OF' or 'SEQUENCE OF' in ASN.1 syntax) the
STACK data type is used to hold the values.  Have a read of stack.doc
and have a look at the relevant header files to see what I mean.  If there
is an error while malloc()ing the structure, NULL is returned.

The 'free' function will free() all the sub components of a particular
structure.  If any of those sub components have been 'removed', replace
them with NULL pointers, the 'free' functions are tolerant of NULL fields.

The 'd2i' function copies a binary representation into a C structure.  It
operates as follows.  'a' is a pointer to a pointer to
the structure to populate, 'pp' is a pointer to a pointer to where the DER
byte string is located and 'length' is the length of the '*pp' data.
If there are no errors, a pointer to the populated structure is returned.
If there is an error, NULL is returned.  Errors can occur because of
malloc() failures but normally they will be due to syntax errors in the DER
encoded data being parsed. It is also an error if there was an
attempt to read more that 'length' bytes from '*p'.  If
everything works correctly, the value in '*p' is updated
to point at the location just beyond where the DER
structure was read from.  In this way, chained calls to 'd2i' type
functions can be made, with the pointer into the 'data' array being
'walked' along the input byte array.
Depending on the value passed for 'a', different things will be done.  If
'a' is NULL, a new structure will be malloc()ed and returned.  If '*a' is
NULL, a new structure will be malloc()ed and put into '*a' and returned.
If '*a' is not NULL, the structure in '*a' will be populated, or in the
case of an error, free()ed and then returned.
Having these semantics means that a structure
can call a 'd2i' function to populate a field and if the field is currently
NULL, the structure will be created.

The 'i2d' function type is used to copy a C structure to a byte array.
The parameter 'a' is the structure to convert and '*p' is where to put it.
As for the 'd2i' type structure, 'p' is updated to point after the last
byte written.  If p is NULL, no data is written.  The function also returns
the number of bytes written.  Where this becomes useful is that if the
function is called with a NULL 'p' value, the length is returned.  This can
then be used to malloc() an array of bytes and then the same function can
be recalled passing the malloced array to be written to. e.g.

int len;
unsigned char *bytes,*p;
len=i2d_X509(x,NULL);	/* get the size of the ASN1 encoding of 'x' */
if ((bytes=(unsigned char *)malloc(len)) == NULL)
	goto err;
p=bytes;
i2d_X509(x,&p);

Please note that a new variable, 'p' was passed to i2d_X509.  After the
call to i2d_X509 p has been incremented by len bytes.

Now the reason for this functional organisation is that it allows nested
structures to be built up by calling these functions as required.  There
are various macros used to help write the general 'i2d', 'd2i', 'new' and
'free' functions.  They are discussed in another file and would only be
used by some-one wanting to add new structures to the library.  As you
might be able to guess, the process of writing ASN.1 files can be a bit CPU
expensive for complex structures.  I'm willing to live with this since the
simpler library code make my life easier and hopefully most programs using
these routines will have their execution profiles dominated by cipher or
message digest routines.
What follows is a list of 'TYPE' values and the corresponding ASN.1
structure and where it is used.

TYPE			ASN.1
ASN1_INTEGER		INTEGER
ASN1_BIT_STRING		BIT STRING
ASN1_OCTET_STRING	OCTET STRING
ASN1_OBJECT		OBJECT IDENTIFIER
ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING	PrintableString
ASN1_T61STRING		T61String
ASN1_IA5STRING		IA5String
ASN1_UTCTIME		UTCTime
ASN1_TYPE		Any of the above mentioned types plus SEQUENCE and SET

Most of the above mentioned types are actualled stored in the
ASN1_BIT_STRING type and macros are used to differentiate between them.
The 3 types used are

typedef struct asn1_object_st
	{
	/* both null if a dynamic ASN1_OBJECT, one is
	 * defined if a 'static' ASN1_OBJECT */
	char *sn,*ln;
	int nid;
	int length;
	unsigned char *data;
	} ASN1_OBJECT;
This is used to store ASN1 OBJECTS.  Read 'objects.doc' for details ono
routines to manipulate this structure.  'sn' and 'ln' are used to hold text
strings that represent the object (short name and long or lower case name).
These are used by the 'OBJ' library.  'nid' is a number used by the OBJ
library to uniquely identify objects.  The ASN1 routines will populate the
'length' and 'data' fields which will contain the bit string representing
the object.

typedef struct asn1_bit_string_st
	{
	int length;
	int type;
	unsigned char *data;
	} ASN1_BIT_STRING;
This structure is used to hold all the other base ASN1 types except for
ASN1_UTCTIME (which is really just a 'char *').  Length is the number of
bytes held in data and type is the ASN1 type of the object (there is a list
in asn1.h).

typedef struct asn1_type_st
	{
	int type;
	union	{
		char *ptr;
		ASN1_INTEGER *		integer;
		ASN1_BIT_STRING *	bit_string;
		ASN1_OCTET_STRING *	octet_string;
		ASN1_OBJECT *		object;
		ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING *	printablestring;
		ASN1_T61STRING *	t61string;
		ASN1_IA5STRING *	ia5string;
		ASN1_UTCTIME *		utctime;
		ASN1_BIT_STRING *	set;
		ASN1_BIT_STRING *	sequence;
		} value;
	} ASN1_TYPE;
This structure is used in a few places when 'any' type of object can be
expected.

X509			Certificate
X509_CINF		CertificateInfo
X509_ALGOR		AlgorithmIdentifier
X509_NAME		Name			
X509_NAME_ENTRY		A single sub component of the name.
X509_VAL		Validity
X509_PUBKEY		SubjectPublicKeyInfo
The above mentioned types are declared in x509.h. They are all quite
straight forward except for the X509_NAME/X509_NAME_ENTRY pair.
A X509_NAME is a STACK (see stack.doc) of X509_NAME_ENTRY's.
typedef struct X509_name_entry_st
	{
	ASN1_OBJECT *object;
	ASN1_BIT_STRING *value;
	int set;
	int size; 	/* temp variable */
	} X509_NAME_ENTRY;
The size is a temporary variable used by i2d_NAME and set is the set number
for the particular NAME_ENTRY.  A X509_NAME is encoded as a sequence of
sequence of sets.  Normally each set contains only a single item.
Sometimes it contains more.  Normally throughout this library there will be
only one item per set.  The set field contains the 'set' that this entry is
a member of.  So if you have just created a X509_NAME structure and
populated it with X509_NAME_ENTRYs, you should then traverse the X509_NAME
(which is just a STACK) and set the 'set/' field to incrementing numbers.
For more details on why this is done, read the ASN.1 spec for Distinguished
Names.

X509_REQ		CertificateRequest
X509_REQ_INFO		CertificateRequestInfo
These are used to hold certificate requests.

X509_CRL		CertificateRevocationList
These are used to hold a certificate revocation list

RSAPrivateKey		PrivateKeyInfo
RSAPublicKey		PublicKeyInfo
Both these 'function groups' operate on 'RSA' structures (see rsa.doc).
The difference is that the RSAPublicKey operations only manipulate the m
and e fields in the RSA structure.

DSAPrivateKey		DSS private key
DSAPublicKey		DSS public key
Both these 'function groups' operate on 'DSS' structures (see dsa.doc).
The difference is that the RSAPublicKey operations only manipulate the 
XXX fields in the DSA structure.

DHparams		DHParameter
This is used to hold the p and g value for The Diffie-Hellman operation.
The function deal with the 'DH' strucure (see dh.doc).

Now all of these function types can be used with several other functions to give
quite useful set of general manipulation routines.  Normally one would
not uses these functions directly but use them via macros. 

char *ASN1_dup(int (*i2d)(),char *(*d2i)(),char *x);
'x' is the input structure case to a 'char *', 'i2d' is the 'i2d_TYPE'
function for the type that 'x' is and d2i is the 'd2i_TYPE' function for the
type that 'x' is.  As is obvious from the parameters, this function
duplicates the strucutre by transforming it into the DER form and then
re-loading it into a new strucutre and returning the new strucutre.  This
is obviously a bit cpu intensive but when faced with a complex dynamic
structure this is the simplest programming approach.  There are macros for
duplicating the major data types but is simple to add extras.

char *ASN1_d2i_fp(char *(*new)(),char *(*d2i)(),FILE *fp,unsigned char **x);
'x' is a pointer to a pointer of the 'desired type'.  new and d2i are the
corresponding 'TYPE_new' and 'd2i_TYPE' functions for the type and 'fp' is
an open file pointer to read from.  This function reads from 'fp' as much
data as it can and then uses 'd2i' to parse the bytes to load and return
the parsed strucutre in 'x' (if it was non-NULL) and to actually return the
strucutre.  The behavior of 'x' is as per all the other d2i functions.

char *ASN1_d2i_bio(char *(*new)(),char *(*d2i)(),BIO *fp,unsigned char **x);
The 'BIO' is the new IO type being used in SSLeay (see bio.doc).  This
function is the same as ASN1_d2i_fp() except for the BIO argument.
ASN1_d2i_fp() actually calls this function.

int ASN1_i2d_fp(int (*i2d)(),FILE *out,unsigned char *x);
'x' is converted to bytes by 'i2d' and then written to 'out'.  ASN1_i2d_fp
and ASN1_d2i_fp are not really symetric since ASN1_i2d_fp will read all
available data from the file pointer before parsing a single item while
ASN1_i2d_fp can be used to write a sequence of data objects.  To read a
series of objects from a file I would sugest loading the file into a buffer
and calling the relevent 'd2i' functions.

char *ASN1_d2i_bio(char *(*new)(),char *(*d2i)(),BIO *fp,unsigned char **x);
This function is the same as ASN1_i2d_fp() except for the BIO argument.
ASN1_i2d_fp() actually calls this function.

char *	PEM_ASN1_read(char *(*d2i)(),char *name,FILE *fp,char **x,int (*cb)());
This function will read the next PEM encoded (base64) object of the same
type as 'x' (loaded by the d2i function).  'name' is the name that is in
the '-----BEGIN name-----' that designates the start of that object type.
If the data is encrypted, 'cb' will be called to prompt for a password.  If
it is NULL a default function will be used to prompt from the password.
'x' is delt with as per the standard 'd2i' function interface.  This
function can be used to read a series of objects from a file.  While any
data type can be encrypted (see PEM_ASN1_write) only RSA private keys tend
to be encrypted.

char *	PEM_ASN1_read_bio(char *(*d2i)(),char *name,BIO *fp,
	char **x,int (*cb)());
Same as PEM_ASN1_read() except using a BIO.  This is called by
PEM_ASN1_read().

int	PEM_ASN1_write(int (*i2d)(),char *name,FILE *fp,char *x,EVP_CIPHER *enc,
		unsigned char *kstr,int klen,int (*callback)());

int	PEM_ASN1_write_bio(int (*i2d)(),char *name,BIO *fp,
		char *x,EVP_CIPHER *enc,unsigned char *kstr,int klen,
		int (*callback)());

int ASN1_sign(int (*i2d)(), X509_ALGOR *algor1, X509_ALGOR *algor2,
	ASN1_BIT_STRING *signature, char *data, RSA *rsa, EVP_MD *type);
int ASN1_verify(int (*i2d)(), X509_ALGOR *algor1,
	ASN1_BIT_STRING *signature,char *data, RSA *rsa);

int ASN1_BIT_STRING_cmp(ASN1_BIT_STRING *a, ASN1_BIT_STRING *b);
ASN1_BIT_STRING *ASN1_BIT_STRING_type_new(int type );

int ASN1_UTCTIME_check(ASN1_UTCTIME *a);
void ASN1_UTCTIME_print(BIO *fp,ASN1_UTCTIME *a);
ASN1_UTCTIME *ASN1_UTCTIME_dup(ASN1_UTCTIME *a);

ASN1_BIT_STRING *d2i_asn1_print_type(ASN1_BIT_STRING **a,unsigned char **pp,
		long length,int type);

int		i2d_ASN1_SET(STACK *a, unsigned char **pp,
			int (*func)(), int ex_tag, int ex_class);
STACK *		d2i_ASN1_SET(STACK **a, unsigned char **pp, long length,
			char *(*func)(), int ex_tag, int ex_class);

int i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(BIO *bp,ASN1_OBJECT *object);
int i2a_ASN1_INTEGER(BIO *bp, ASN1_INTEGER *a);
int a2i_ASN1_INTEGER(BIO *bp,ASN1_INTEGER *bs,char *buf,int size);

int ASN1_INTEGER_set(ASN1_INTEGER *a, long v);
long ASN1_INTEGER_get(ASN1_INTEGER *a);
ASN1_INTEGER *BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(BIGNUM *bn, ASN1_INTEGER *ai);
BIGNUM *ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(ASN1_INTEGER *ai,BIGNUM *bn);

/* given a string, return the correct type.  Max is the maximum number
 * of bytes to parse.  It stops parsing when 'max' bytes have been
 * processed or a '\0' is hit */
int ASN1_PRINTABLE_type(unsigned char *s,int max);

void ASN1_parse(BIO *fp,unsigned char *pp,long len);

int i2d_ASN1_bytes(ASN1_BIT_STRING *a, unsigned char **pp, int tag, int class);
ASN1_BIT_STRING *d2i_ASN1_bytes(ASN1_OCTET_STRING **a, unsigned char **pp,
	long length, int Ptag, int Pclass);

/* PARSING */
int asn1_Finish(ASN1_CTX *c);

/* SPECIALS */
int ASN1_get_object(unsigned char **pp, long *plength, int *ptag,
	int *pclass, long omax);
int ASN1_check_infinite_end(unsigned char **p,long len);
void ASN1_put_object(unsigned char **pp, int constructed, int length,
	int tag, int class);
int ASN1_object_size(int constructed, int length, int tag);

X509 *	X509_get_cert(CERTIFICATE_CTX *ctx,X509_NAME * name,X509 *tmp_x509);
int  	X509_add_cert(CERTIFICATE_CTX *ctx,X509 *);

char *	X509_cert_verify_error_string(int n);
int 	X509_add_cert_file(CERTIFICATE_CTX *c,char *file, int type);
char *	X509_gmtime (char *s, long adj);
int	X509_add_cert_dir (CERTIFICATE_CTX *c,char *dir, int type);
int	X509_load_verify_locations (CERTIFICATE_CTX *ctx,
		char *file_env, char *dir_env);
int	X509_set_default_verify_paths(CERTIFICATE_CTX *cts);
X509 *	X509_new_D2i_X509(int len, unsigned char *p);
char *	X509_get_default_cert_area(void );
char *	X509_get_default_cert_dir(void );
char *	X509_get_default_cert_file(void );
char *	X509_get_default_cert_dir_env(void );
char *	X509_get_default_cert_file_env(void );
char *	X509_get_default_private_dir(void );
X509_REQ *X509_X509_TO_req(X509 *x, RSA *rsa);
int	X509_cert_verify(CERTIFICATE_CTX *ctx,X509 *xs, int (*cb)()); 

CERTIFICATE_CTX *CERTIFICATE_CTX_new();
void CERTIFICATE_CTX_free(CERTIFICATE_CTX *c);

void X509_NAME_print(BIO *fp, X509_NAME *name, int obase);
int		X509_print_fp(FILE *fp,X509 *x);
int		X509_print(BIO *fp,X509 *x);

X509_INFO *	X509_INFO_new(void);
void		X509_INFO_free(X509_INFO *a);

char *		X509_NAME_oneline(X509_NAME *a);

#define X509_verify(x,rsa)
#define X509_REQ_verify(x,rsa)
#define X509_CRL_verify(x,rsa)

#define X509_sign(x,rsa,md)
#define X509_REQ_sign(x,rsa,md)
#define X509_CRL_sign(x,rsa,md)

#define X509_dup(x509)
#define d2i_X509_fp(fp,x509)
#define i2d_X509_fp(fp,x509)
#define d2i_X509_bio(bp,x509)
#define i2d_X509_bio(bp,x509)

#define X509_CRL_dup(crl)
#define d2i_X509_CRL_fp(fp,crl)
#define i2d_X509_CRL_fp(fp,crl)
#define d2i_X509_CRL_bio(bp,crl)
#define i2d_X509_CRL_bio(bp,crl)

#define X509_REQ_dup(req)
#define d2i_X509_REQ_fp(fp,req)
#define i2d_X509_REQ_fp(fp,req)
#define d2i_X509_REQ_bio(bp,req)
#define i2d_X509_REQ_bio(bp,req)

#define RSAPrivateKey_dup(rsa)
#define d2i_RSAPrivateKey_fp(fp,rsa)
#define i2d_RSAPrivateKey_fp(fp,rsa)
#define d2i_RSAPrivateKey_bio(bp,rsa)
#define i2d_RSAPrivateKey_bio(bp,rsa)

#define X509_NAME_dup(xn)
#define X509_NAME_ENTRY_dup(ne)

void X509_REQ_print_fp(FILE *fp,X509_REQ *req);
void X509_REQ_print(BIO *fp,X509_REQ *req);

RSA *X509_REQ_extract_key(X509_REQ *req);
RSA *X509_extract_key(X509 *x509);

int		X509_issuer_and_serial_cmp(X509 *a, X509 *b);
unsigned long	X509_issuer_and_serial_hash(X509 *a);

X509_NAME *	X509_get_issuer_name(X509 *a);
int		X509_issuer_name_cmp(X509 *a, X509 *b);
unsigned long	X509_issuer_name_hash(X509 *a);

X509_NAME *	X509_get_subject_name(X509 *a);
int		X509_subject_name_cmp(X509 *a,X509 *b);
unsigned long	X509_subject_name_hash(X509 *x);

int		X509_NAME_cmp (X509_NAME *a, X509_NAME *b);
unsigned long	X509_NAME_hash(X509_NAME *x);


==== bio.doc ========================================================

BIO Routines

This documentation is rather sparse, you are probably best 
off looking at the code for specific details.

The BIO library is a IO abstraction that was originally 
inspired by the need to have callbacks to perform IO to FILE 
pointers when using Windows 3.1 DLLs.  There are two types 
of BIO; a source/sink type and a filter type.
The source/sink methods are as follows:
-	BIO_s_mem()  memory buffer - a read/write byte array that
	grows until memory runs out :-).
-	BIO_s_file()  FILE pointer - A wrapper around the normal 
	'FILE *' commands, good for use with stdin/stdout.
-	BIO_s_fd()  File descriptor - A wrapper around file 
	descriptors, often used with pipes.
-	BIO_s_socket()  Socket - Used around sockets.  It is 
	mostly in the Microsoft world that sockets are different 
	from file descriptors and there are all those ugly winsock 
	commands.
-	BIO_s_null()  Null - read nothing and write nothing.; a 
	useful endpoint for filter type BIO's specifically things 
	like the message digest BIO.

The filter types are
-	BIO_f_buffer()  IO buffering - does output buffering into 
	larger chunks and performs input buffering to allow gets() 
	type functions.
-	BIO_f_md()  Message digest - a transparent filter that can 
	be asked to return a message digest for the data that has 
	passed through it.
-	BIO_f_cipher()  Encrypt or decrypt all data passing 
	through the filter.
-	BIO_f_base64()  Base64 decode on read and encode on write.
-	BIO_f_ssl()  A filter that performs SSL encryption on the 
	data sent through it.

Base BIO functions.
The BIO library has a set of base functions that are 
implemented for each particular type.  Filter BIOs will 
normally call the equivalent function on the source/sink BIO 
that they are layered on top of after they have performed 
some modification to the data stream.  Multiple filter BIOs 
can be 'push' into a stack of modifers, so to read from a 
file, unbase64 it, then decrypt it, a BIO_f_cipher, 
BIO_f_base64 and a BIO_s_file would probably be used.  If a 
sha-1 and md5 message digest needed to be generated, a stack 
two BIO_f_md() BIOs and a BIO_s_null() BIO could be used.
The base functions are
-	BIO *BIO_new(BIO_METHOD *type); Create  a new BIO of  type 'type'.
-	int BIO_free(BIO *a); Free a BIO structure.  Depending on 
	the configuration, this will free the underlying data 
	object for a source/sink BIO.
-	int BIO_read(BIO *b, char *data, int len); Read upto 'len' 
	bytes into 'data'. 
-	int BIO_gets(BIO *bp,char *buf, int size); Depending on 
	the BIO, this can either be a 'get special' or a get one 
	line of data, as per fgets();
-	int BIO_write(BIO *b, char *data, int len); Write 'len' 
	bytes from 'data' to the 'b' BIO.
-	int BIO_puts(BIO *bp,char *buf); Either a 'put special' or 
	a write null terminated string as per fputs().
-	long BIO_ctrl(BIO *bp,int cmd,long larg,char *parg);  A 
	control function which is used to manipulate the BIO 
	structure and modify it's state and or report on it.  This 
	function is just about never used directly, rather it 
	should be used in conjunction with BIO_METHOD specific 
	macros.
-	BIO *BIO_push(BIO *new_top, BIO *old); new_top is apped to the
	top of the 'old' BIO list.  new_top should be a filter BIO.
	All writes will go through 'new_top' first and last on read.
	'old' is returned.
-	BIO *BIO_pop(BIO *bio); the new topmost BIO is returned, NULL if
	there are no more.

If a particular low level BIO method is not supported 
(normally BIO_gets()), -2 will be returned if that method is 
called.  Otherwise the IO methods (read, write, gets, puts) 
will return the number of bytes read or written, and 0 or -1 
for error (or end of input).  For the -1 case, 
BIO_should_retry(bio) can be called to determine if it was a 
genuine error or a temporary problem.  -2 will also be 
returned if the BIO has not been initalised yet, in all 
cases, the correct error codes are set (accessible via the 
ERR library).


The following functions are convenience functions:
-	int BIO_printf(BIO *bio, char * format, ..);  printf but 
	to a BIO handle.
-	long BIO_ctrl_int(BIO *bp,int cmd,long larg,int iarg); a 
	convenience function to allow a different argument types 
	to be passed to BIO_ctrl().
-	int BIO_dump(BIO *b,char *bytes,int len); output 'len' 
	bytes from 'bytes' in a hex dump debug format.
-	long BIO_debug_callback(BIO *bio, int cmd, char *argp, int 
	argi, long argl, long ret) - a default debug BIO callback, 
	this is mentioned below.  To use this one normally has to 
	use the BIO_set_callback_arg() function to assign an 
	output BIO for the callback to use.
-	BIO *BIO_find_type(BIO *bio,int type); when there is a 'stack'
	of BIOs, this function scan the list and returns the first
	that is of type 'type', as listed in buffer.h under BIO_TYPE_XXX.
-	void BIO_free_all(BIO *bio); Free the bio and all other BIOs
	in the list.  It walks the bio->next_bio list.



Extra commands are normally implemented as macros calling BIO_ctrl().
-	BIO_number_read(BIO *bio) - the number of bytes processed 
	by BIO_read(bio,.).
-	BIO_number_written(BIO *bio) - the number of bytes written 
	by BIO_write(bio,.).
-	BIO_reset(BIO *bio) - 'reset' the BIO.
-	BIO_eof(BIO *bio) - non zero if we are at the current end 
	of input.
-	BIO_set_close(BIO *bio, int close_flag) - set the close flag.
-	BIO_get_close(BIO *bio) - return the close flag.
	BIO_pending(BIO *bio) - return the number of bytes waiting 
	to be read (normally buffered internally).
-	BIO_flush(BIO *bio) - output any data waiting to be output.
-	BIO_should_retry(BIO *io) - after a BIO_read/BIO_write 
	operation returns 0 or -1, a call to this function will 
	return non zero if you should retry the call later (this 
	is for non-blocking IO).
-	BIO_should_read(BIO *io) - we should retry when data can 
	be read.
-	BIO_should_write(BIO *io) - we should retry when data can 
	be written.
-	BIO_method_name(BIO *io) - return a string for the method name.
-	BIO_method_type(BIO *io) - return the unique ID of the BIO method.
-	BIO_set_callback(BIO *io,  long (*callback)(BIO *io, int 
	cmd, char *argp, int argi, long argl, long ret); - sets 
	the debug callback.
-	BIO_get_callback(BIO *io) - return the assigned function 
	as mentioned above.
-	BIO_set_callback_arg(BIO *io, char *arg)  - assign some 
	data against the BIO.  This is normally used by the debug 
	callback but could in reality be used for anything.  To 
	get an idea of how all this works, have a look at the code 
	in the default debug callback mentioned above.  The 
	callback can modify the return values.

Details of the BIO_METHOD structure.
typedef struct bio_method_st
        {
	int type;
	char *name;
	int (*bwrite)();
	int (*bread)();
	int (*bputs)();
	int (*bgets)();
	long (*ctrl)();
	int (*create)();
	int (*destroy)();
	} BIO_METHOD;

The 'type' is the numeric type of the BIO, these are listed in buffer.h;
'Name' is a textual representation of the BIO 'type'.
The 7 function pointers point to the respective function 
methods, some of which can be NULL if not implemented.
The BIO structure
typedef struct bio_st
	{
	BIO_METHOD *method;
	long (*callback)(BIO * bio, int mode, char *argp, int 
		argi, long argl, long ret);
	char *cb_arg; /* first argument for the callback */
	int init;
	int shutdown;
	int flags;      /* extra storage */
	int num;
	char *ptr;
	struct bio_st *next_bio; /* used by filter BIOs */
	int references;
	unsigned long num_read;
	unsigned long num_write;
	} BIO;

-	'Method' is the BIO method.
-	'callback', when configured, is called before and after 
	each BIO method is called for that particular BIO.  This 
	is intended primarily for debugging and of informational feedback.
-	'init' is 0 when the BIO can be used for operation.  
	Often, after a BIO is created, a number of operations may 
	need to be performed before it is available for use.  An 
	example is for BIO_s_sock().  A socket needs to be 
	assigned to the BIO before it can be used.
-	'shutdown', this flag indicates if the underlying 
	communication primitive being used should be closed/freed 
	when the BIO is closed.
-	'flags' is used to hold extra state.  It is primarily used 
	to hold information about why a non-blocking operation 
	failed and to record startup protocol information for the 
	SSL BIO.
-	'num' and 'ptr' are used to hold instance specific state 
	like file descriptors or local data structures.
-	'next_bio' is used by filter BIOs to hold the pointer of the
	next BIO in the chain. written data is sent to this BIO and
	data read is taken from it.
-	'references' is used to indicate the number of pointers to 
	this structure.  This needs to be '1' before a call to 
	BIO_free() is made if the BIO_free() function is to 
	actually free() the structure, otherwise the reference 
	count is just decreased.  The actual BIO subsystem does 
	not really use this functionality but it is useful when 
	used in more advanced applicaion.
-	num_read and num_write are the total number of bytes 
	read/written via the 'read()' and 'write()' methods.

BIO_ctrl operations.
The following is the list of standard commands passed as the 
second parameter to BIO_ctrl() and should be supported by 
all BIO as best as possible.  Some are optional, some are 
manditory, in any case, where is makes sense, a filter BIO 
should pass such requests to underlying BIO's.
-	BIO_CTRL_RESET	- Reset the BIO back to an initial state.
-	BIO_CTRL_EOF	- return 0 if we are not at the end of input, 
	non 0 if we are.
-	BIO_CTRL_INFO	- BIO specific special command, normal
	information return.
-	BIO_CTRL_SET	- set IO specific parameter.
-	BIO_CTRL_GET	- get IO specific parameter.
-	BIO_CTRL_GET_CLOSE - Get the close on BIO_free() flag, one 
	of BIO_CLOSE or BIO_NOCLOSE.
-	BIO_CTRL_SET_CLOSE - Set the close on BIO_free() flag.
-	BIO_CTRL_PENDING - Return the number of bytes available 
	for instant reading
-	BIO_CTRL_FLUSH	- Output pending data, return number of bytes output.
-	BIO_CTRL_SHOULD_RETRY - After an IO error (-1 returned) 
	should we 'retry' when IO is possible on the underlying IO object.
-	BIO_CTRL_RETRY_TYPE - What kind of IO are we waiting on.

The following command is a special BIO_s_file() specific option.
-	BIO_CTRL_SET_FILENAME - specify a file to open for IO.

The BIO_CTRL_RETRY_TYPE needs a little more explanation.  
When performing non-blocking IO, or say reading on a memory 
BIO, when no data is present (or cannot be written), 
BIO_read() and/or BIO_write() will return -1.  
BIO_should_retry(bio) will return true if this is due to an 
IO condition rather than an actual error.  In the case of 
BIO_s_mem(), a read when there is no data will return -1 and 
a should retry when there is more 'read' data.
The retry type is deduced from 2 macros
BIO_should_read(bio) and BIO_should_write(bio).
Now while it may appear obvious that a BIO_read() failure 
should indicate that a retry should be performed when more 
read data is available, this is often not true when using 
things like an SSL BIO.  During the SSL protocol startup 
multiple reads and writes are performed, triggered by any 
SSL_read or SSL_write.
So to write code that will transparently handle either a 
socket or SSL BIO,
	i=BIO_read(bio,..)
	if (I == -1)
		{
		if (BIO_should_retry(bio))
			{
			if (BIO_should_read(bio))
				{
				/* call us again when BIO can be read */
				}
			if (BIO_should_write(bio))
				{
				/* call us again when BIO can be written */
				}
			}
		}

At this point in time only read and write conditions can be 
used but in the future I can see the situation for other 
conditions, specifically with SSL there could be a condition 
of a X509 certificate lookup taking place and so the non-
blocking BIO_read would require a retry when the certificate 
lookup subsystem has finished it's lookup.  This is all 
makes more sense and is easy to use in a event loop type 
setup.
When using the SSL BIO, either SSL_read() or SSL_write()s 
can be called during the protocol startup and things will 
still work correctly.
The nice aspect of the use of the BIO_should_retry() macro 
is that all the errno codes that indicate a non-fatal error 
are encapsulated in one place.  The Windows specific error 
codes and WSAGetLastError() calls are also hidden from the 
application.

Notes on each BIO method.
Normally buffer.h is just required but depending on the 
BIO_METHOD, ssl.h or evp.h will also be required.

BIO_METHOD *BIO_s_mem(void);
-	BIO_set_mem_buf(BIO *bio, BUF_MEM *bm, int close_flag) - 
	set the underlying BUF_MEM structure for the BIO to use.
-	BIO_get_mem_ptr(BIO *bio, char **pp) - if pp is not NULL, 
	set it to point to the memory array and return the number 
	of bytes available.
A read/write BIO.  Any data written is appended to the 
memory array and any read is read from the front.  This BIO 
can be used for read/write at the same time. BIO_gets() is 
supported in the fgets() sense.
BIO_CTRL_INFO can be used to retrieve pointers to the memory 
buffer and it's length.

BIO_METHOD *BIO_s_file(void);
-	BIO_set_fp(BIO *bio, FILE *fp, int close_flag) - set 'FILE *' to use.
-	BIO_get_fp(BIO *bio, FILE **fp) - get the 'FILE *' in use.
-	BIO_read_filename(BIO *bio, char *name) - read from file.
-	BIO_write_filename(BIO *bio, char *name) - write to file.
-	BIO_append_filename(BIO *bio, char *name) - append to file.
This BIO sits over the normal system fread()/fgets() type 
functions. Gets() is supported.  This BIO in theory could be 
used for read and write but it is best to think of each BIO 
of this type as either a read or a write BIO, not both.

BIO_METHOD *BIO_s_socket(void);
BIO_METHOD *BIO_s_fd(void);
-	BIO_sock_should_retry(int i) - the underlying function 
	used to determine if a call should be retried; the 
	argument is the '0' or '-1' returned by the previous BIO 
	operation.
-	BIO_fd_should_retry(int i) - same as the 
-	BIO_sock_should_retry() except that it is different internally.
-	BIO_set_fd(BIO *bio, int fd, int close_flag) - set the 
	file descriptor to use
-	BIO_get_fd(BIO *bio, int *fd) - get the file descriptor.
These two methods are very similar.  Gets() is not 
supported, if you want this functionality, put a 
BIO_f_buffer() onto it.  This BIO is bi-directional if the 
underlying file descriptor is.  This is normally the case 
for sockets but not the case for stdio descriptors.

BIO_METHOD *BIO_s_null(void);
Read and write as much data as you like, it all disappears 
into this BIO.

BIO_METHOD *BIO_f_buffer(void);
-	BIO_get_buffer_num_lines(BIO *bio) - return the number of 
	complete lines in the buffer.
-	BIO_set_buffer_size(BIO *bio, long size) - set the size of 
	the buffers.
This type performs input and output buffering.  It performs 
both at the same time.  The size of the buffer can be set 
via the set buffer size option.  Data buffered for output is 
only written when the buffer fills.

BIO_METHOD *BIO_f_ssl(void);
-	BIO_set_ssl(BIO *bio, SSL *ssl, int close_flag) - the SSL 
	structure to use.
-	BIO_get_ssl(BIO *bio, SSL **ssl) - get the SSL structure 
	in use.
The SSL bio is a little different from normal BIOs because 
the underlying SSL structure is a little different.  A SSL 
structure performs IO via a read and write BIO.  These can 
be different and are normally set via the
SSL_set_rbio()/SSL_set_wbio() calls.  The SSL_set_fd() calls 
are just wrappers that create socket BIOs and then call 
SSL_set_bio() where the read and write BIOs are the same.  
The BIO_push() operation makes the SSLs IO BIOs the same, so 
make sure the BIO pushed is capable of two directional 
traffic.  If it is not, you will have to install the BIOs 
via the more conventional SSL_set_bio() call.  BIO_pop() will retrieve
the 'SSL read' BIO.

BIO_METHOD *BIO_f_md(void);
-	BIO_set_md(BIO *bio, EVP_MD *md) - set the message digest 
	to use.
-	BIO_get_md(BIO *bio, EVP_MD **mdp) - return the digest 
	method in use in mdp, return 0 if not set yet.
-	BIO_reset() reinitializes the digest (EVP_DigestInit()) 
	and passes the reset to the underlying BIOs.
All data read or written via BIO_read() or BIO_write() to 
this BIO will be added to the calculated digest.  This 
implies that this BIO is only one directional.  If read and 
write operations are performed, two separate BIO_f_md() BIOs 
are reuqired to generate digests on both the input and the 
output.  BIO_gets(BIO *bio, char *md, int size) will place the 
generated digest into 'md' and return the number of bytes.  
The EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE should probably be used to size the 'md' 
array.  Reading the digest will also reset it.

BIO_METHOD *BIO_f_cipher(void);
-	BIO_reset() reinitializes the cipher.
-	BIO_flush() should be called when the last bytes have been 
	output to flush the final block of block ciphers.
-	BIO_get_cipher_status(BIO *b), when called after the last 
	read from a cipher BIO, returns non-zero if the data 
	decrypted correctly, otherwise, 0.
-	BIO_set_cipher(BIO *b, EVP_CIPHER *c, unsigned char *key, 
	unsigned char *iv, int encrypt)   This function is used to 
	setup a cipher BIO.  The length of key and iv are 
	specified by the choice of EVP_CIPHER.  Encrypt is 1 to 
	encrypt and 0 to decrypt.

BIO_METHOD *BIO_f_base64(void);
-	BIO_flush() should be called when the last bytes have been output.
This BIO base64 encodes when writing and base64 decodes when 
reading.  It will scan the input until a suitable begin line 
is found.  After reading data, BIO_reset() will reset the 
BIO to start scanning again.  Do not mix reading and writing 
on the same base64 BIO.  It is meant as a single stream BIO.

Directions	type
both		BIO_s_mem()
one/both	BIO_s_file()
both		BIO_s_fd()
both		BIO_s_socket() 
both		BIO_s_null()
both		BIO_f_buffer()
one		BIO_f_md()  
one		BIO_f_cipher()  
one		BIO_f_base64()  
both		BIO_f_ssl()

It is easy to mix one and two directional BIOs, all one has 
to do is to keep two separate BIO pointers for reading and 
writing and be careful about usage of underlying BIOs.  The 
SSL bio by it's very nature has to be two directional but 
the BIO_push() command will push the one BIO into the SSL 
BIO for both reading and writing.

The best example program to look at is apps/enc.c and/or perhaps apps/dgst.c.


==== blowfish.doc ========================================================

The Blowfish library.

Blowfish is a block cipher that operates on 64bit (8 byte) quantities.  It
uses variable size key, but 128bit (16 byte) key would normally be considered
good.  It can be used in all the modes that DES can be used.  This
library implements the ecb, cbc, cfb64, ofb64 modes.

Blowfish is quite a bit faster that DES, and much faster than IDEA or
RC2.  It is one of the faster block ciphers.

For all calls that have an 'input' and 'output' variables, they can be the
same.

This library requires the inclusion of 'blowfish.h'.

All of the encryption functions take what is called an BF_KEY as an 
argument.  An BF_KEY is an expanded form of the Blowfish key.
For all modes of the Blowfish algorithm, the BF_KEY used for
decryption is the same one that was used for encryption.

The define BF_ENCRYPT is passed to specify encryption for the functions
that require an encryption/decryption flag. BF_DECRYPT is passed to
specify decryption.

Please note that any of the encryption modes specified in my DES library
could be used with Blowfish.  I have only implemented ecb, cbc, cfb64 and
ofb64 for the following reasons.
- ecb is the basic Blowfish encryption.
- cbc is the normal 'chaining' form for block ciphers.
- cfb64 can be used to encrypt single characters, therefore input and output
  do not need to be a multiple of 8.
- ofb64 is similar to cfb64 but is more like a stream cipher, not as
  secure (not cipher feedback) but it does not have an encrypt/decrypt mode.
- If you want triple Blowfish, thats 384 bits of key and you must be totally
  obsessed with security.  Still, if you want it, it is simple enough to
  copy the function from the DES library and change the des_encrypt to
  BF_encrypt; an exercise left for the paranoid reader :-).

The functions are as follows:

void BF_set_key(
BF_KEY *ks;
int len;
unsigned char *key;
        BF_set_key converts an 'len' byte key into a BF_KEY.
        A 'ks' is an expanded form of the 'key' which is used to
        perform actual encryption.  It can be regenerated from the Blowfish key
        so it only needs to be kept when encryption or decryption is about
        to occur.  Don't save or pass around BF_KEY's since they
        are CPU architecture dependent, 'key's are not.  Blowfish is an
	interesting cipher in that it can be used with a variable length
	key.  'len' is the length of 'key' to be used as the key.
	A 'len' of 16 is recomended by me, but blowfish can use upto
	72 bytes.  As a warning, blowfish has a very very slow set_key
	function, it actually runs BF_encrypt 521 times.
	
void BF_encrypt(unsigned long *data, BF_KEY *key);
void BF_decrypt(unsigned long *data, BF_KEY *key);
	These are the Blowfish encryption function that gets called by just
	about every other Blowfish routine in the library.  You should not
	use this function except to implement 'modes' of Blowfish.
	I say this because the
	functions that call this routine do the conversion from 'char *' to
	long, and this needs to be done to make sure 'non-aligned' memory
	access do not occur.
	Data is a pointer to 2 unsigned long's and key is the
	BF_KEY to use. 

void BF_ecb_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
BF_KEY *key,
int encrypt);
	This is the basic Electronic Code Book form of Blowfish (in DES this
	mode is called Electronic Code Book so I'm going to use the term
	for blowfish as well.
	Input is encrypted into output using the key represented by
	key.  Depending on the encrypt, encryption or
	decryption occurs.  Input is 8 bytes long and output is 8 bytes.
	
void BF_cbc_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
BF_KEY *ks,
unsigned char *ivec,
int encrypt);
	This routine implements Blowfish in Cipher Block Chaining mode.
	Input, which should be a multiple of 8 bytes is encrypted
	(or decrypted) to output which will also be a multiple of 8 bytes.
	The number of bytes is in length (and from what I've said above,
	should be a multiple of 8).  If length is not a multiple of 8, bad 
	things will probably happen.  ivec is the initialisation vector.
	This function updates iv after each call so that it can be passed to
	the next call to BF_cbc_encrypt().
	
void BF_cfb64_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
BF_KEY *schedule,
unsigned char *ivec,
int *num,
int encrypt);
	This is one of the more useful functions in this Blowfish library, it
	implements CFB mode of Blowfish with 64bit feedback.
	This allows you to encrypt an arbitrary number of bytes,
	you do not require 8 byte padding.  Each call to this
	routine will encrypt the input bytes to output and then update ivec
	and num.  Num contains 'how far' we are though ivec.
	'Encrypt' is used to indicate encryption or decryption.
	CFB64 mode operates by using the cipher to generate a stream
	of bytes which is used to encrypt the plain text.
	The cipher text is then encrypted to generate the next 64 bits to
	be xored (incrementally) with the next 64 bits of plain
	text.  As can be seen from this, to encrypt or decrypt,
	the same 'cipher stream' needs to be generated but the way the next
	block of data is gathered for encryption is different for
	encryption and decryption.
	
void BF_ofb64_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
BF_KEY *schedule,
unsigned char *ivec,
int *num);
	This functions implements OFB mode of Blowfish with 64bit feedback.
	This allows you to encrypt an arbitrary number of bytes,
	you do not require 8 byte padding.  Each call to this
	routine will encrypt the input bytes to output and then update ivec
	and num.  Num contains 'how far' we are though ivec.
	This is in effect a stream cipher, there is no encryption or
	decryption mode.
	
For reading passwords, I suggest using des_read_pw_string() from my DES library.
To generate a password from a text string, I suggest using MD5 (or MD2) to
produce a 16 byte message digest that can then be passed directly to
BF_set_key().

=====
For more information about the specific Blowfish modes in this library
(ecb, cbc, cfb and ofb), read the section entitled 'Modes of DES' from the
documentation on my DES library.  What is said about DES is directly
applicable for Blowfish.


==== bn.doc ========================================================

The Big Number library.

#include "bn.h" when using this library.

This big number library was written for use in implementing the RSA and DH
public key encryption algorithms.  As such, features such as negative
numbers have not been extensively tested but they should work as expected.
This library uses dynamic memory allocation for storing its data structures
and so there are no limit on the size of the numbers manipulated by these
routines but there is always the requirement to check return codes from
functions just in case a memory allocation error has occurred.

The basic object in this library is a BIGNUM.  It is used to hold a single
large integer.  This type should be considered opaque and fields should not
be modified or accessed directly.
typedef struct bignum_st
	{
	int top;	/* Index of last used d. */
	BN_ULONG *d;	/* Pointer to an array of 'BITS2' bit chunks. */
	int max;	/* Size of the d array. */
	int neg;
	} BIGNUM;
The big number is stored in a malloced array of BN_ULONG's.  A BN_ULONG can
be either 16, 32 or 64 bits in size, depending on the 'number of  bits'
specified in bn.h. 
The 'd' field is this array.  'max' is the size of the 'd' array that has
been allocated.  'top' is the 'last' entry being used, so for a value of 4,
bn.d[0]=4 and bn.top=1.  'neg' is 1 if the number is negative.
When a BIGNUM is '0', the 'd' field can be NULL and top == 0.

Various routines in this library require the use of 'temporary' BIGNUM
variables during their execution.  Due to the use of dynamic memory
allocation to create BIGNUMs being rather expensive when used in
conjunction with repeated subroutine calls, the BN_CTX structure is
used.  This structure contains BN_CTX BIGNUMs.  BN_CTX
is the maximum number of temporary BIGNUMs any publicly exported 
function will use.

#define BN_CTX	12
typedef struct bignum_ctx
	{
	int tos;			/* top of stack */
	BIGNUM *bn[BN_CTX];	/* The variables */
	} BN_CTX;

The functions that follow have been grouped according to function.  Most
arithmetic functions return a result in the first argument, sometimes this
first argument can also be an input parameter, sometimes it cannot.  These
restrictions are documented.

extern BIGNUM *BN_value_one;
There is one variable defined by this library, a BIGNUM which contains the
number 1.  This variable is useful for use in comparisons and assignment.

Get Size functions.

int BN_num_bits(BIGNUM *a);
	This function returns the size of 'a' in bits.
	
int BN_num_bytes(BIGNUM *a);
	This function (macro) returns the size of 'a' in bytes.
	For conversion of BIGNUMs to byte streams, this is the number of
	bytes the output string will occupy.  If the output byte
	format specifies that the 'top' bit indicates if the number is
	signed, so an extra '0' byte is required if the top bit on a
	positive number is being written, it is upto the application to
	make this adjustment.  Like I said at the start, I don't
	really support negative numbers :-).

Creation/Destruction routines.

BIGNUM *BN_new();
	Return a new BIGNUM object.  The number initially has a value of 0.  If
	there is an error, NULL is returned.
	
void	BN_free(BIGNUM *a);
	Free()s a BIGNUM.
	
void	BN_clear(BIGNUM *a);
	Sets 'a' to a value of 0 and also zeros all unused allocated
	memory.  This function is used to clear a variable of 'sensitive'
	data that was held in it.
	
void	BN_clear_free(BIGNUM *a);
	This function zeros the memory used by 'a' and then free()'s it.
	This function should be used to BN_free() BIGNUMS that have held
	sensitive numeric values like RSA private key values.  Both this
	function and BN_clear tend to only be used by RSA and DH routines.

BN_CTX *BN_CTX_new(void);
	Returns a new BN_CTX.  NULL on error.
	
void	BN_CTX_free(BN_CTX *c);
	Free a BN_CTX structure.  The BIGNUMs in 'c' are BN_clear_free()ed.
	
BIGNUM *bn_expand(BIGNUM *b, int bits);
	This is an internal function that should not normally be used.  It
	ensures that 'b' has enough room for a 'bits' bit number.  It is
	mostly used by the various BIGNUM routines.  If there is an error,
	NULL is returned. if not, 'b' is returned.
	
BIGNUM *BN_copy(BIGNUM *to, BIGNUM *from);
	The 'from' is copied into 'to'.  NULL is returned if there is an
	error, otherwise 'to' is returned.

BIGNUM *BN_dup(BIGNUM *a);
	A new BIGNUM is created and returned containing the value of 'a'.
	NULL is returned on error.

Comparison and Test Functions.

int BN_is_zero(BIGNUM *a)
	Return 1 if 'a' is zero, else 0.

int BN_is_one(a)
	Return 1 is 'a' is one, else 0.

int BN_is_word(a,w)
	Return 1 if 'a' == w, else 0.  'w' is a BN_ULONG.

int BN_cmp(BIGNUM *a, BIGNUM *b);
	Return -1 if 'a' is less than 'b', 0 if 'a' and 'b' are the same
	and 1 is 'a' is greater than 'b'.  This is a signed comparison.
	
int BN_ucmp(BIGNUM *a, BIGNUM *b);
	This function is the same as BN_cmp except that the comparison
	ignores the sign of the numbers.
	
Arithmetic Functions
For all of these functions, 0 is returned if there is an error and 1 is
returned for success.  The return value should always be checked.  eg.
if (!BN_add(r,a,b)) goto err;
Unless explicitly mentioned, the 'return' value can be one of the
'parameters' to the function.

int BN_add(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, BIGNUM *b);
	Add 'a' and 'b' and return the result in 'r'.  This is r=a+b.
	
int BN_sub(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, BIGNUM *b);
	Subtract 'a' from 'b' and put the result in 'r'. This is r=a-b.
	
int BN_lshift(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, int n);
	Shift 'a' left by 'n' bits.  This is r=a*(2^n).
	
int BN_lshift1(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a);
	Shift 'a' left by 1 bit.  This form is more efficient than
	BN_lshift(r,a,1).  This is r=a*2.
	
int BN_rshift(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, int n);
	Shift 'a' right by 'n' bits.  This is r=int(a/(2^n)).
	
int BN_rshift1(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a);
	Shift 'a' right by 1 bit.  This form is more efficient than
	BN_rshift(r,a,1).  This is r=int(a/2).
	
int BN_mul(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, BIGNUM *b);
	Multiply a by b and return the result in 'r'. 'r' must not be
	either 'a' or 'b'.  It has to be a different BIGNUM.
	This is r=a*b.

int BN_sqr(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, BN_CTX *ctx);
	Multiply a by a and return the result in 'r'. 'r' must not be
	'a'.  This function is alot faster than BN_mul(r,a,a).  This is r=a*a.

int BN_div(BIGNUM *dv, BIGNUM *rem, BIGNUM *m, BIGNUM *d, BN_CTX *ctx);
	Divide 'm' by 'd' and return the result in 'dv' and the remainder
	in 'rem'.  Either of 'dv' or 'rem' can be NULL in which case that
	value is not returned.  'ctx' needs to be passed as a source of
	temporary BIGNUM variables.
	This is dv=int(m/d), rem=m%d.
	
int BN_mod(BIGNUM *rem, BIGNUM *m, BIGNUM *d, BN_CTX *ctx);
	Find the remainder of 'm' divided by 'd' and return it in 'rem'.
	'ctx' holds the temporary BIGNUMs required by this function.
	This function is more efficient than BN_div(NULL,rem,m,d,ctx);
	This is rem=m%d.

int BN_mod_mul(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, BIGNUM *b, BIGNUM *m,BN_CTX *ctx);
	Multiply 'a' by 'b' and return the remainder when divided by 'm'.
	'ctx' holds the temporary BIGNUMs required by this function.
	This is r=(a*b)%m.

int BN_mod_exp(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *a, BIGNUM *p, BIGNUM *m,BN_CTX *ctx);
	Raise 'a' to the 'p' power and return the remainder when divided by
	'm'.  'ctx' holds the temporary BIGNUMs required by this function.
	This is r=(a^p)%m.

int BN_reciprocal(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *m, BN_CTX *ctx);
	Return the reciprocal of 'm'.  'ctx' holds the temporary variables
	required.  This function returns -1 on error, otherwise it returns
	the number of bits 'r' is shifted left to make 'r' into an integer.
	This number of bits shifted is required in BN_mod_mul_reciprocal().
	This is r=(1/m)<<(BN_num_bits(m)+1).
	
int BN_mod_mul_reciprocal(BIGNUM *r, BIGNUM *x, BIGNUM *y, BIGNUM *m, 
	BIGNUM *i, int nb, BN_CTX *ctx);
	This function is used to perform an efficient BN_mod_mul()
	operation.  If one is going to repeatedly perform BN_mod_mul() with
	the same modulus is worth calculating the reciprocal of the modulus
	and then using this function.  This operation uses the fact that
	a/b == a*r where r is the reciprocal of b.  On modern computers
	multiplication is very fast and big number division is very slow.
	'x' is multiplied by 'y' and then divided by 'm' and the remainder
	is returned.  'i' is the reciprocal of 'm' and 'nb' is the number
	of bits as returned from BN_reciprocal().  Normal usage is as follows.
	bn=BN_reciprocal(i,m);
	for (...)
		{ BN_mod_mul_reciprocal(r,x,y,m,i,bn,ctx); }
	This is r=(x*y)%m.  Internally it is approximately
	r=(x*y)-m*(x*y/m) or r=(x*y)-m*((x*y*i) >> bn)
	This function is used in BN_mod_exp() and BN_is_prime().

Assignment Operations

int BN_one(BIGNUM *a)
	Set 'a' to hold the value one.
	This is a=1.
	
int BN_zero(BIGNUM *a)
	Set 'a' to hold the value zero.
	This is a=0.
	
int BN_set_word(BIGNUM *a, unsigned long w);
	Set 'a' to hold the value of 'w'.  'w' is an unsigned long.
	This is a=w.

unsigned long BN_get_word(BIGNUM *a);
	Returns 'a' in an unsigned long.  Not remarkably, often 'a' will
	be bigger than a word, in which case 0xffffffffL is returned.

Word Operations
These functions are much more efficient that the normal bignum arithmetic
operations.

BN_ULONG BN_mod_word(BIGNUM *a, unsigned long w);
	Return the remainder of 'a' divided by 'w'.
	This is return(a%w).
	
int BN_add_word(BIGNUM *a, unsigned long w);
	Add 'w' to 'a'.  This function does not take the sign of 'a' into
	account.  This is a+=w;
	
Bit operations.

int BN_is_bit_set(BIGNUM *a, int n);
	This function return 1 if bit 'n' is set in 'a' else 0.

int BN_set_bit(BIGNUM *a, int n);
	This function sets bit 'n' to 1 in 'a'. 
	This is a&= ~(1<<n);

int BN_clear_bit(BIGNUM *a, int n);
	This function sets bit 'n' to zero in 'a'.  Return 0 if less
	than 'n' bits in 'a' else 1.  This is a&= ~(1<<n);

int BN_mask_bits(BIGNUM *a, int n);
	Truncate 'a' to n bits long.  This is a&= ~((~0)<<n)

Format conversion routines.

BIGNUM *BN_bin2bn(unsigned char *s, int len,BIGNUM *ret);
	This function converts 'len' bytes in 's' into a BIGNUM which
	is put in 'ret'.  If ret is NULL, a new BIGNUM is created.
	Either this new BIGNUM or ret is returned.  The number is
	assumed to be in bigendian form in 's'.  By this I mean that
	to 'ret' is created as follows for 'len' == 5.
	ret = s[0]*2^32 + s[1]*2^24 + s[2]*2^16 + s[3]*2^8 + s[4];
	This function cannot be used to convert negative numbers.  It
	is always assumed the number is positive.  The application
	needs to diddle the 'neg' field of th BIGNUM its self.
	The better solution would be to save the numbers in ASN.1 format
	since this is a defined standard for storing big numbers.
	Look at the functions

	ASN1_INTEGER *BN_to_ASN1_INTEGER(BIGNUM *bn, ASN1_INTEGER *ai);
	BIGNUM *ASN1_INTEGER_to_BN(ASN1_INTEGER *ai,BIGNUM *bn);
	int i2d_ASN1_INTEGER(ASN1_INTEGER *a,unsigned char **pp);
	ASN1_INTEGER *d2i_ASN1_INTEGER(ASN1_INTEGER **a,unsigned char **pp,
		long length;

int BN_bn2bin(BIGNUM *a, unsigned char *to);
	This function converts 'a' to a byte string which is put into
	'to'.  The representation is big-endian in that the most
	significant byte of 'a' is put into to[0].  This function
	returns the number of bytes used to hold 'a'.  BN_num_bytes(a)
	would return the same value and can be used to determine how
	large 'to' needs to be.  If the number is negative, this
	information is lost.  Since this library was written to
	manipulate large positive integers, the inability to save and
	restore them is not considered to be a problem by me :-).
	As for BN_bin2bn(), look at the ASN.1 integer encoding funtions
	for SSLeay.  They use BN_bin2bn() and BN_bn2bin() internally.
	
char *BN_bn2ascii(BIGNUM *a);
	This function returns a malloc()ed string that contains the
	ascii hexadecimal encoding of 'a'.  The number is in bigendian
	format with a '-' in front if the number is negative.

int BN_ascii2bn(BIGNUM **bn, char *a);
	The inverse of BN_bn2ascii.  The function returns the number of
	characters from 'a' were processed in generating a the bignum.
	error is inticated by 0 being returned.  The number is a
	hex digit string, optionally with a leading '-'.  If *bn
	is null, a BIGNUM is created and returned via that variable.
	
int BN_print_fp(FILE *fp, BIGNUM *a);
	'a' is printed to file pointer 'fp'.  It is in the same format
	that is output from BN_bn2ascii().  0 is returned on error,
	1 if things are ok.

int BN_print(BIO *bp, BIGNUM *a);
	Same as BN_print except that the output is done to the SSLeay libraries
	BIO routines.  BN_print_fp() actually calls this function.

Miscellaneous Routines.

int BN_rand(BIGNUM *rnd, int bits, int top, int bottom);
	This function returns in 'rnd' a random BIGNUM that is bits
	long.  If bottom is 1, the number returned is odd.  If top is set,
	the top 2 bits of the number are set.  This is useful because if
	this is set, 2 'n; bit numbers multiplied together will return a 2n
	bit number.  If top was not set, they could produce a 2n-1 bit
	number.

BIGNUM *BN_mod_inverse(BIGNUM *a, BIGNUM *n,BN_CTX *ctx);
	This function create a new BIGNUM and returns it.  This number
	is the inverse mod 'n' of 'a'.  By this it is meant that the
	returned value 'r' satisfies (a*r)%n == 1.  This function is
	used in the generation of RSA keys.  'ctx', as per usual,
	is used to hold temporary variables that are required by the
	function.  NULL is returned on error.

int BN_gcd(BIGNUM *r,BIGNUM *a,BIGNUM *b,BN_CTX *ctx);
	'r' has the greatest common divisor of 'a' and 'b'.  'ctx' is
	used for temporary variables and 0 is returned on error.

int BN_is_prime(BIGNUM *p,int nchecks,void (*callback)(),BN_CTX *ctx,
	char *cb_arg);
	This function is used to check if a BIGNUM ('p') is prime.
	It performs this test by using the Miller-Rabin randomised
	primality test.  This is a probalistic test that requires a
	number of rounds to ensure the number is prime to a high
	degree of probability.  Since this can take quite some time, a
	callback function can be passed and it will be called each
	time 'p' passes a round of the prime testing.  'callback' will
	be called as follows, callback(1,n,cb_arg) where n is the number of
	the round, just passed.  As per usual 'ctx' contains temporary
	variables used.  If ctx is NULL, it does not matter, a local version
	will be malloced.  This parameter is present to save some mallocing
	inside the function but probably could be removed.
	0 is returned on error.
	'ncheck' is the number of Miller-Rabin tests to run.  It is
	suggested to use the value 'BN_prime_checks' by default.

BIGNUM *BN_generate_prime(
int bits,
int strong,
BIGNUM *a,
BIGNUM *rems,
void (*callback)());
char *cb_arg
	This function is used to generate prime numbers.  It returns a
	new BIGNUM that has a high probability of being a prime.
	'bits' is the number of bits that
	are to be in the prime.  If 'strong' is true, the returned prime
	will also be a strong prime ((p-1)/2 is also prime).
	While searching for the prime ('p'), we
	can add the requirement that the prime fill the following
	condition p%a == rem.  This can be used to help search for
	primes with specific features, which is required when looking
	for primes suitable for use with certain 'g' values in the
	Diffie-Hellman key exchange algorithm.  If 'a' is NULL,
	this condition is not checked.  If rem is NULL, rem is assumed
	to be 1.  Since this search for a prime
	can take quite some time, if callback is not NULL, it is called
	in the following situations.
	We have a suspected prime (from a quick sieve),
	callback(0,sus_prime++,cb_arg). Each item to be passed to BN_is_prime().
	callback(1,round++,cb_arg).  Each successful 'round' in BN_is_prime().
	callback(2,round,cb_arg). For each successful BN_is_prime() test.

Hints
-----

DSA wants 64*32 to use word mont mul, but RSA wants to use full.

==== callback.doc ========================================================

Callback functions used in SSLeay.

--------------------------
The BIO library.  

Each BIO structure can have a callback defined against it.  This callback is
called 2 times for each BIO 'function'.  It is passed 6 parameters.
BIO_debug_callback() is an example callback which is defined in
crypto/buffer/bio_cb.c and is used in apps/dgst.c  This is intended mostly
for debuging or to notify the application of IO.

long BIO_debug_callback(BIO *bio,int cmd,char *argp,int argi,long argl,
	long ret);
bio is the BIO being called, cmd is the type of BIO function being called.
Look at the BIO_CB_* defines in buffer.h.  Argp and argi are the arguments
passed to BIO_read(), BIO_write, BIO_gets(), BIO_puts().  In the case of
BIO_ctrl(), argl is also defined.  The first time the callback is called,
before the underlying function has been executed, 0 is passed as 'ret', and
if the return code from the callback is not > 0, the call is aborted
and the returned <= 0 value is returned.
The second time the callback is called, the 'cmd' value also has
BIO_CB_RETURN logically 'or'ed with it.  The 'ret' value is the value returned
from the actuall function call and whatever the callback returns is returned
from the BIO function.

BIO_set_callback(b,cb) can be used to set the callback function
(b is a BIO), and BIO_set_callback_arg(b,arg) can be used to
set the cb_arg argument in the BIO strucutre.  This field is only intended
to be used by application, primarily in the callback function since it is
accessable since the BIO is passed.

--------------------------
The PEM library.

The pem library only really uses one type of callback,
static int def_callback(char *buf, int num, int verify);
which is used to return a password string if required.
'buf' is the buffer to put the string in.  'num' is the size of 'buf'
and 'verify' is used to indicate that the password should be checked.
This last flag is mostly used when reading a password for encryption.

For all of these functions, a NULL callback will call the above mentioned
default callback.  This default function does not work under Windows 3.1.
For other machines, it will use an application defined prompt string
(EVP_set_pw_prompt(), which defines a library wide prompt string)
if defined, otherwise it will use it's own PEM password prompt.
It will then call EVP_read_pw_string() to get a password from the console.
If your application wishes to use nice fancy windows to retrieve passwords,
replace this function.  The callback should return the number of bytes read
into 'buf'.  If the number of bytes <= 0, it is considered an error.

Functions that take this callback are listed below.  For the 'read' type
functions, the callback will only be required if the PEM data is encrypted.

For the Write functions, normally a password can be passed in 'kstr', of
'klen' bytes which will be used if the 'enc' cipher is not NULL.  If
'kstr' is NULL, the callback will be used to retrieve a password.

int PEM_do_header (EVP_CIPHER_INFO *cipher, unsigned char *data,long *len,
	int (*callback)());
char *PEM_ASN1_read_bio(char *(*d2i)(),char *name,BIO *bp,char **x,int (*cb)());
char *PEM_ASN1_read(char *(*d2i)(),char *name,FILE *fp,char **x,int (*cb)());
int PEM_ASN1_write_bio(int (*i2d)(),char *name,BIO *bp,char *x,
	EVP_CIPHER *enc,unsigned char *kstr,int klen,int (*callback)());
int PEM_ASN1_write(int (*i2d)(),char *name,FILE *fp,char *x,
	EVP_CIPHER *enc,unsigned char *kstr,int klen,int (*callback)());
STACK *PEM_X509_INFO_read(FILE *fp, STACK *sk, int (*cb)());
STACK *PEM_X509_INFO_read_bio(BIO *fp, STACK *sk, int (*cb)());

#define	PEM_write_RSAPrivateKey(fp,x,enc,kstr,klen,cb)
#define	PEM_write_DSAPrivateKey(fp,x,enc,kstr,klen,cb)
#define	PEM_write_bio_RSAPrivateKey(bp,x,enc,kstr,klen,cb)
#define	PEM_write_bio_DSAPrivateKey(bp,x,enc,kstr,klen,cb)
#define	PEM_read_SSL_SESSION(fp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_X509(fp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_X509_REQ(fp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_X509_CRL(fp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_RSAPrivateKey(fp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_DSAPrivateKey(fp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_PrivateKey(fp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_PKCS7(fp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_DHparams(fp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_bio_SSL_SESSION(bp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_bio_X509(bp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_bio_X509_REQ(bp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_bio_X509_CRL(bp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_bio_RSAPrivateKey(bp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_bio_DSAPrivateKey(bp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(bp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_bio_PKCS7(bp,x,cb)
#define	PEM_read_bio_DHparams(bp,x,cb)
int i2d_Netscape_RSA(RSA *a, unsigned char **pp, int (*cb)());
RSA *d2i_Netscape_RSA(RSA **a, unsigned char **pp, long length, int (*cb)());

Now you will notice that macros like
#define PEM_write_X509(fp,x) \
                PEM_ASN1_write((int (*)())i2d_X509,PEM_STRING_X509,fp, \
		                        (char *)x, NULL,NULL,0,NULL)
Don't do encryption normally.  If you want to PEM encrypt your X509 structure,
either just call PEM_ASN1_write directly or just define your own
macro variant.  As you can see, this macro just sets all encryption related
parameters to NULL.


--------------------------
The SSL library.

#define SSL_set_info_callback(ssl,cb)
#define SSL_CTX_set_info_callback(ctx,cb)
void callback(SSL *ssl,int location,int ret)
This callback is called each time around the SSL_connect()/SSL_accept() 
state machine.  So it will be called each time the SSL protocol progresses.
It is mostly present for use when debugging.  When SSL_connect() or
SSL_accept() return, the location flag is SSL_CB_ACCEPT_EXIT or
SSL_CB_CONNECT_EXIT and 'ret' is the value about to be returned.
Have a look at the SSL_CB_* defines in ssl.h.  If an info callback is defined
against the SSL_CTX, it is called unless there is one set against the SSL.
Have a look at
void client_info_callback() in apps/s_client() for an example.

Certificate verification.
void SSL_set_verify(SSL *s, int mode, int (*callback) ());
void SSL_CTX_set_verify(SSL_CTX *ctx,int mode,int (*callback)());
This callback is used to help verify client and server X509 certificates.
It is actually passed to X509_cert_verify(), along with the SSL structure
so you have to read about X509_cert_verify() :-).  The SSL_CTX version is used
if the SSL version is not defined.  X509_cert_verify() is the function used
by the SSL part of the library to verify certificates.  This function is
nearly always defined by the application.

void SSL_CTX_set_cert_verify_cb(SSL_CTX *ctx, int (*cb)(),char *arg);
int callback(char *arg,SSL *s,X509 *xs,STACK *cert_chain);
This call is used to replace the SSLeay certificate verification code.
The 'arg' is kept in the SSL_CTX and is passed to the callback.
If the callback returns 0, the certificate is rejected, otherwise it
is accepted.  The callback is replacing the X509_cert_verify() call.
This feature is not often used, but if you wished to implement
some totally different certificate authentication system, this 'hook' is
vital.

SSLeay keeps a cache of session-ids against each SSL_CTX.  These callbacks can
be used to notify the application when a SSL_SESSION is added to the cache
or to retrieve a SSL_SESSION that is not in the cache from the application.
#define SSL_CTX_sess_set_get_cb(ctx,cb)
SSL_SESSION *callback(SSL *s,char *session_id,int session_id_len,int *copy);
If defined, this callback is called to return the SESSION_ID for the
session-id in 'session_id', of 'session_id_len' bytes.  'copy' is set to 1
if the server is to 'take a copy' of the SSL_SESSION structure.  It is 0
if the SSL_SESSION is being 'passed in' so the SSLeay library is now
responsible for 'free()ing' the structure.  Basically it is used to indicate
if the reference count on the SSL_SESSION structure needs to be incremented.

#define SSL_CTX_sess_set_new_cb(ctx,cb)
int callback(SSL *s, SSL_SESSION *sess);
When a new connection is established, if the SSL_SESSION is going to be added
to the cache, this callback is called.  Return 1 if a 'copy' is required,
otherwise, return 0.  This return value just causes the reference count
to be incremented (on return of a 1), this means the application does
not need to worry about incrementing the refernece count (and the
locking that implies in a multi-threaded application).

void SSL_CTX_set_default_passwd_cb(SSL_CTX *ctx,int (*cb)());
This sets the SSL password reading function.
It is mostly used for windowing applications
and used by PEM_read_bio_X509() and PEM_read_bio_RSAPrivateKey()
calls inside the SSL library.   The only reason this is present is because the
calls to PEM_* functions is hidden in the SSLeay library so you have to
pass in the callback some how.

#define SSL_CTX_set_client_cert_cb(ctx,cb)
int callback(SSL *s,X509 **x509, EVP_PKEY **pkey);
Called when a client certificate is requested but there is not one set
against the SSL_CTX or the SSL.  If the callback returns 1, x509 and
pkey need to point to valid data.  The library will free these when
required so if the application wants to keep these around, increment
their reference counts.  If 0 is returned, no client cert is
available.  If -1 is returned, it is assumed that the callback needs
to be called again at a later point in time.  SSL_connect will return
-1 and SSL_want_x509_lookup(ssl) returns true.  Remember that
application data can be attached to an SSL structure via the
SSL_set_app_data(SSL *ssl,char *data) call.

--------------------------
The X509 library.

int X509_cert_verify(CERTIFICATE_CTX *ctx,X509 *xs, int (*cb)(),
	int *error,char *arg,STACK *cert_chain);
int verify_callback(int ok,X509 *xs,X509 *xi,int depth,int error,char *arg,
	STACK *cert_chain);

X509_cert_verify() is used to authenticate X509 certificates.  The 'ctx' holds
the details of the various caches and files used to locate certificates.
'xs' is the certificate to verify and 'cb' is the application callback (more
detail later).  'error' will be set to the error code and 'arg' is passed
to the 'cb' callback.  Look at the VERIFY_* defines in crypto/x509/x509.h

When ever X509_cert_verify() makes a 'negative' decision about a
certitificate, the callback is called.  If everything checks out, the
callback is called with 'VERIFY_OK' or 'VERIFY_ROOT_OK' (for a self
signed cert that is not the passed certificate).

The callback is passed the X509_cert_verify opinion of the certificate 
in 'ok', the certificate in 'xs', the issuer certificate in 'xi',
the 'depth' of the certificate in the verification 'chain', the
VERIFY_* code in 'error' and the argument passed to X509_cert_verify()
in 'arg'. cert_chain is a list of extra certs to use if they are not
in the cache.

The callback can be used to look at the error reason, and then return 0
for an 'error' or '1' for ok.  This will override the X509_cert_verify()
opinion of the certificates validity.  Processing will continue depending on
the return value.  If one just wishes to use the callback for informational
reason, just return the 'ok' parameter.

--------------------------
The BN and DH library.

BIGNUM *BN_generate_prime(int bits,int strong,BIGNUM *add,
	BIGNUM *rem,void (*callback)(int,int));
int BN_is_prime(BIGNUM *p,int nchecks,void (*callback)(int,int),

Read doc/bn.doc for the description of these 2.

DH *DH_generate_parameters(int prime_len,int generator,
	void (*callback)(int,int));
Read doc/bn.doc for the description of the callback, since it is just passed
to BN_generate_prime(), except that it is also called as
callback(3,0) by this function.

--------------------------
The CRYPTO library.

void CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(void (*func)(int mode,int type,char *file,
	int line));
void CRYPTO_set_add_lock_callback(int (*func)(int *num,int mount,
	int type,char *file, int line));
void CRYPTO_set_id_callback(unsigned long (*func)(void));

Read threads.doc for info on these ones.


==== cipher.doc ========================================================

The Cipher subroutines.

These routines require "evp.h" to be included.

These functions are a higher level interface to the various cipher
routines found in this library.  As such, they allow the same code to be
used to encrypt and decrypt via different ciphers with only a change
in an initial parameter.  These routines also provide buffering for block
ciphers.

These routines all take a pointer to the following structure to specify
which cipher to use.  If you wish to use a new cipher with these routines,
you would probably be best off looking an how an existing cipher is
implemented and copying it.  At this point in time, I'm not going to go
into many details.  This structure should be considered opaque

typedef struct pem_cipher_st
	{
	int type;
	int block_size;
	int key_len;
	int iv_len;
	void (*enc_init)();	/* init for encryption */
	void (*dec_init)();	/* init for decryption */
	void (*do_cipher)();	/* encrypt data */
	} EVP_CIPHER;
	
The type field is the object NID of the cipher type
(read the section on Objects for an explanation of what a NID is).
The cipher block_size is how many bytes need to be passed
to the cipher at a time.  Key_len is the
length of the key the cipher requires and iv_len is the length of the
initialisation vector required.  enc_init is the function
called to initialise the ciphers context for encryption and dec_init is the
function to initialise for decryption (they need to be different, especially
for the IDEA cipher).

One reason for specifying the Cipher via a pointer to a structure
is that if you only use des-cbc, only the des-cbc routines will
be included when you link the program.  If you passed an integer
that specified which cipher to use, the routine that mapped that
integer to a set of cipher functions would cause all the ciphers
to be link into the code.  This setup also allows new ciphers
to be added by the application (with some restrictions).

The thirteen ciphers currently defined in this library are

EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_ecb();     /* DES in ecb mode,     iv=0, block=8, key= 8 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_ede();     /* DES in ecb ede mode, iv=0, block=8, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_ede3();    /* DES in ecb ede mode, iv=0, block=8, key=24 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_cfb();     /* DES in cfb mode,     iv=8, block=1, key= 8 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_ede_cfb(); /* DES in ede cfb mode, iv=8, block=1, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_ede3_cfb();/* DES in ede cfb mode, iv=8, block=1, key=24 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_ofb();     /* DES in ofb mode,     iv=8, block=1, key= 8 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_ede_ofb(); /* DES in ede ofb mode, iv=8, block=1, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_ede3_ofb();/* DES in ede ofb mode, iv=8, block=1, key=24 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_cbc();     /* DES in cbc mode,     iv=8, block=8, key= 8 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_ede_cbc(); /* DES in cbc ede mode, iv=8, block=8, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_des_ede3_cbc();/* DES in cbc ede mode, iv=8, block=8, key=24 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_desx_cbc();    /* DES in desx cbc mode,iv=8, block=8, key=24 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_rc4();         /* RC4,                 iv=0, block=1, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_idea_ecb();    /* IDEA in ecb mode,    iv=0, block=8, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_idea_cfb();    /* IDEA in cfb mode,    iv=8, block=1, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_idea_ofb();    /* IDEA in ofb mode,    iv=8, block=1, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_idea_cbc();    /* IDEA in cbc mode,    iv=8, block=8, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_rc2_ecb();     /* RC2 in ecb mode,     iv=0, block=8, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_rc2_cfb();     /* RC2 in cfb mode,     iv=8, block=1, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_rc2_ofb();     /* RC2 in ofb mode,     iv=8, block=1, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_rc2_cbc();     /* RC2 in cbc mode,     iv=8, block=8, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_bf_ecb();      /* Blowfish in ecb mode,iv=0, block=8, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_bf_cfb();      /* Blowfish in cfb mode,iv=8, block=1, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_bf_ofb();      /* Blowfish in ofb mode,iv=8, block=1, key=16 */
EVP_CIPHER *EVP_bf_cbc();      /* Blowfish in cbc mode,iv=8, block=8, key=16 */

The meaning of the compound names is as follows.
des	The base cipher is DES.
idea	The base cipher is IDEA
rc4	The base cipher is RC4-128
rc2	The base cipher is RC2-128
ecb	Electronic Code Book form of the cipher.
cbc	Cipher Block Chaining form of the cipher.
cfb	64 bit Cipher Feedback form of the cipher.
ofb	64 bit Output Feedback form of the cipher.
ede	The cipher is used in Encrypt, Decrypt, Encrypt mode.  The first
	and last keys are the same.
ede3	The cipher is used in Encrypt, Decrypt, Encrypt mode.

All the Cipher routines take a EVP_CIPHER_CTX pointer as an argument.
The state of the cipher is kept in this structure.

typedef struct EVP_CIPHER_Ctx_st
	{
	EVP_CIPHER *cipher;
	int encrypt;		/* encrypt or decrypt */
	int buf_len;		/* number we have left */
	unsigned char buf[8];
	union	{
		.... /* cipher specific stuff */
		} c;
	} EVP_CIPHER_CTX;

Cipher is a pointer the the EVP_CIPHER for the current context.  The encrypt
flag indicates encryption or decryption.  buf_len is the number of bytes
currently being held in buf.
The 'c' union holds the cipher specify context.

The following functions are to be used.

int EVP_read_pw_string(
char *buf,
int len,
char *prompt,
int verify,
	This function is the same as des_read_pw_string() (des.doc).

void EVP_set_pw_prompt(char *prompt);
	This function sets the 'default' prompt to use to use in
	EVP_read_pw_string when the prompt parameter is NULL.  If the
	prompt parameter is NULL, this 'default prompt' feature is turned
	off.  Be warned, this is a global variable so weird things
	will happen if it is used under Win16 and care must be taken
	with a multi-threaded version of the library.

char *EVP_get_pw_prompt();
	This returns a pointer to the default prompt string.  NULL
	if it is not set.

int EVP_BytesToKey(
EVP_CIPHER *type,
EVP_MD *md,
unsigned char *salt,
unsigned char *data,
int datal,
int count,
unsigned char *key,
unsigned char *iv);
	This function is used to generate a key and an initialisation vector
	for a specified cipher from a key string and a salt.  Type
	specifies the cipher the 'key' is being generated for.  Md is the
	message digest algorithm to use to generate the key and iv.  The salt
	is an optional 8 byte object that is used to help seed the key
	generator.
	If the salt value is NULL, it is just not used.  Datal is the
	number of bytes to use from 'data' in the key generation.  
	This function returns the key size for the specified cipher, if
	data is NULL, this value is returns and no other
	computation is performed.  Count is
	the number of times to loop around the key generator.  I would
	suggest leaving it's value as 1.  Key and iv are the structures to
	place the returning iv and key in.  If they are NULL, no value is
	generated for that particular value.
	The algorithm used is as follows
	
	/* M[] is an array of message digests
	 * MD() is the message digest function */
	M[0]=MD(data . salt);
	for (i=1; i<count; i++) M[0]=MD(M[0]);

	i=1
	while (data still needed for key and iv)
		{
		M[i]=MD(M[i-1] . data . salt);
		for (i=1; i<count; i++) M[i]=MD(M[i]);
		i++;
		}

	If the salt is NULL, it is not used.
	The digests are concatenated together.
	M = M[0] . M[1] . M[2] .......

	For key= 8, iv=8 => key=M[0.. 8], iv=M[ 9 .. 16].
	For key=16, iv=0 => key=M[0..16].
	For key=16, iv=8 => key=M[0..16], iv=M[17 .. 24].
	For key=24, iv=8 => key=M[0..24], iv=M[25 .. 32].

	This routine will produce DES-CBC keys and iv that are compatible
	with the PKCS-5 standard when md2 or md5 are used.  If md5 is
	used, the salt is NULL and count is 1, this routine will produce
	the password to key mapping normally used with RC4.
	I have attempted to logically extend the PKCS-5 standard to
	generate keys and iv for ciphers that require more than 16 bytes,
	if anyone knows what the correct standard is, please inform me.
	When using sha or sha1, things are a bit different under this scheme,
	since sha produces a 20 byte digest.  So for ciphers requiring
	24 bits of data, 20 will come from the first MD and 4 will
	come from the second.

	I have considered having a separate function so this 'routine'
	can be used without the requirement of passing a EVP_CIPHER *,
	but I have decided to not bother.  If you wish to use the
	function without official EVP_CIPHER structures, just declare
	a local one and set the key_len and iv_len fields to the
	length you desire.

The following routines perform encryption and decryption 'by parts'.  By
this I mean that there are groups of 3 routines.  An Init function that is
used to specify a cipher and initialise data structures.  An Update routine
that does encryption/decryption, one 'chunk' at a time.  And finally a
'Final' function that finishes the encryption/decryption process.
All these functions take a EVP_CIPHER pointer to specify which cipher to
encrypt/decrypt with.  They also take a EVP_CIPHER_CTX object as an
argument.  This structure is used to hold the state information associated
with the operation in progress.

void EVP_EncryptInit(
EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,
EVP_CIPHER *type,
unsigned char *key,
unsigned char *iv);
	This function initialise a EVP_CIPHER_CTX for encryption using the
	cipher passed in the 'type' field.  The cipher is initialised to use
	'key' as the key and 'iv' for the initialisation vector (if one is
	required).  If the type, key or iv is NULL, the value currently in the
	EVP_CIPHER_CTX is reused.  So to perform several decrypt
	using the same cipher, key and iv, initialise with the cipher,
	key and iv the first time and then for subsequent calls,
	reuse 'ctx' but pass NULL for type, key and iv.  You must make sure
	to pass a key that is large enough for a particular cipher.  I
	would suggest using the EVP_BytesToKey() function.

void EVP_EncryptUpdate(
EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,
unsigned char *out,
int *outl,
unsigned char *in,
int inl);
	This function takes 'inl' bytes from 'in' and outputs bytes
	encrypted by the cipher 'ctx' was initialised with into 'out'.  The
	number of bytes written to 'out' is put into outl.  If a particular
	cipher encrypts in blocks, less or more bytes than input may be
	output.  Currently the largest block size used by supported ciphers
	is 8 bytes, so 'out' should have room for 'inl+7' bytes.  Normally
	EVP_EncryptInit() is called once, followed by lots and lots of
	calls to EVP_EncryptUpdate, followed by a single EVP_EncryptFinal
	call.

void EVP_EncryptFinal(
EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,
unsigned char *out,
int *outl);
	Because quite a large number of ciphers are block ciphers, there is
	often an incomplete block to write out at the end of the
	encryption.  EVP_EncryptFinal() performs processing on this last
	block.  The last block in encoded in such a way that it is possible
	to determine how many bytes in the last block are valid.  For 8 byte
	block size ciphers, if only 5 bytes in the last block are valid, the
	last three bytes will be filled with the value 3.  If only 2 were
	valid, the other 6 would be filled with sixes.  If all 8 bytes are
	valid, a extra 8 bytes are appended to the cipher stream containing
	nothing but 8 eights.  These last bytes are output into 'out' and
	the number of bytes written is put into 'outl'  These last bytes
	are output into 'out' and the number of bytes written is put into
	'outl'.  This form of block cipher finalisation is compatible with
	PKCS-5.  Please remember that even if you are using ciphers like
	RC4 that has no blocking and so the function will not write
	anything into 'out', it would still be a good idea to pass a
	variable for 'out' that can hold 8 bytes just in case the cipher is
	changed some time in the future.  It should also be remembered
	that the EVP_CIPHER_CTX contains the password and so when one has
	finished encryption with a particular EVP_CIPHER_CTX, it is good
	practice to zero the structure 
	(ie. memset(ctx,0,sizeof(EVP_CIPHER_CTX)).
	
void EVP_DecryptInit(
EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,
EVP_CIPHER *type,
unsigned char *key,
unsigned char *iv);
	This function is basically the same as EVP_EncryptInit() accept that
	is prepares the EVP_CIPHER_CTX for decryption.

void EVP_DecryptUpdate(
EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,
unsigned char *out,
int *outl,
unsigned char *in,
int inl);
	This function is basically the same as EVP_EncryptUpdate()
	except that it performs decryption.  There is one
	fundamental difference though.  'out' can not be the same as
	'in' for any ciphers with a block size greater than 1 if more
	than one call to EVP_DecryptUpdate() will be made.  This
	is because this routine can hold a 'partial' block between
	calls.  When a partial block is decrypted (due to more bytes
	being passed via this function, they will be written to 'out'
	overwriting the input bytes in 'in' that have not been read
	yet.  From this it should also be noted that 'out' should
	be at least one 'block size' larger than 'inl'.  This problem
	only occurs on the second and subsequent call to
	EVP_DecryptUpdate() when using a block cipher.

int EVP_DecryptFinal(
EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,
unsigned char *out,
int *outl);
	This function is different to EVP_EncryptFinal in that it 'removes'
	any padding bytes appended when the data was encrypted.  Due to the
	way in which 1 to 8 bytes may have been appended when encryption
	using a block cipher, 'out' can end up with 0 to 7 bytes being put
	into it.  When decoding the padding bytes, it is possible to detect
	an incorrect decryption.  If the decryption appears to be wrong, 0
	is returned.  If everything seems ok, 1 is returned.  For ciphers
	with a block size of 1 (RC4), this function would normally not
	return any bytes and would always return 1.  Just because this
	function returns 1 does not mean the decryption was correct. It
	would normally be wrong due to either the wrong key/iv or
	corruption of the cipher data fed to EVP_DecryptUpdate().
	As for EVP_EncryptFinal, it is a good idea to zero the
	EVP_CIPHER_CTX after use since the structure contains the key used
	to decrypt the data.
	
The following Cipher routines are convenience routines that call either
EVP_EncryptXxx or EVP_DecryptXxx depending on weather the EVP_CIPHER_CTX
was setup to encrypt or decrypt.  

void EVP_CipherInit(
EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,
EVP_CIPHER *type,
unsigned char *key,
unsigned char *iv,
int enc);
	This function take arguments that are the same as EVP_EncryptInit()
	and EVP_DecryptInit() except for the extra 'enc' flag.  If 1, the
	EVP_CIPHER_CTX is setup for encryption, if 0, decryption.

void EVP_CipherUpdate(
EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,
unsigned char *out,
int *outl,
unsigned char *in,
int inl);
	Again this function calls either EVP_EncryptUpdate() or
	EVP_DecryptUpdate() depending on state in the 'ctx' structure.
	As noted for EVP_DecryptUpdate(), when this routine is used
	for decryption with block ciphers, 'out' should not be the
	same as 'in'.

int EVP_CipherFinal(
EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,
unsigned char *outm,
int *outl);
	This routine call EVP_EncryptFinal() or EVP_DecryptFinal()
	depending on the state information in 'ctx'.  1 is always returned
	if the mode is encryption, otherwise the return value is the return
	value of EVP_DecryptFinal().

==== cipher.m ========================================================

Date: Tue, 15 Oct 1996 08:16:14 +1000 (EST)
From: Eric Young <eay@mincom.com>
X-Sender: eay@orb
To: Roland Haring <rharing@tandem.cl>
Cc: ssl-users@mincom.com
Subject: Re: Symmetric encryption with ssleay
In-Reply-To: <m0vBpyq-00001aC@tandemnet.tandem.cl>
Message-Id: <Pine.SOL.3.91.961015075623.11394A-100000@orb>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Sender: ssl-lists-owner@mincom.com
Precedence: bulk
Status: RO
X-Status: 

On Fri, 11 Oct 1996, Roland Haring wrote:
> THE_POINT:
> 	Would somebody be so kind to give me the minimum basic 
> 	calls I need to do to libcrypto.a to get some text encrypted
> 	and decrypted again? ...hopefully with code included to do
> 	base64 encryption and decryption ... e.g. that sign-it.c code
> 	posted some while ago was a big help :-) (please, do not point
> 	me to apps/enc.c where I suspect my Heissenbug to be hidden :-)

Ok, the base64 encoding stuff in 'enc.c' does the wrong thing sometimes 
when the data is less than a line long (this is for decoding).  I'll dig 
up the exact fix today and post it.  I am taking longer on 0.6.5 than I 
intended so I'll just post this patch.

The documentation to read is in
doc/cipher.doc,
doc/encode.doc (very sparse :-).
and perhaps
doc/digest.doc,

The basic calls to encrypt with say triple DES are

Given
char key[EVP_MAX_KEY_LENGTH];
char iv[EVP_MAX_IV_LENGTH];
EVP_CIPHER_CTX ctx;
unsigned char out[512+8];
int outl;

/* optional generation of key/iv data from text password using md5
 * via an upward compatable verson of PKCS#5. */
EVP_BytesToKey(EVP_des_ede3_cbc,EVP_md5,NULL,passwd,strlen(passwd),
	key,iv);

/* Initalise the EVP_CIPHER_CTX */
EVP_EncryptInit(ctx,EVP_des_ede3_cbc,key,iv);

while (....)
	{
	/* This is processing 512 bytes at a time, the bytes are being
	 * copied into 'out', outl bytes are output.  'out' should not be the
	 * same as 'in' for reasons mentioned in the documentation. */
	EVP_EncryptUpdate(ctx,out,&outl,in,512);
	}

/* Output the last 'block'.  If the cipher is a block cipher, the last
 * block is encoded in such a way so that a wrong decryption will normally be
 * detected - again, one of the PKCS standards. */

EVP_EncryptFinal(ctx,out,&outl);

To decrypt, use the EVP_DecryptXXXXX functions except that EVP_DecryptFinal()
will return 0 if the decryption fails (only detectable on block ciphers).

You can also use
EVP_CipherInit()
EVP_CipherUpdate()
EVP_CipherFinal()
which does either encryption or decryption depending on an extra 
parameter to EVP_CipherInit().


To do the base64 encoding,
EVP_EncodeInit()
EVP_EncodeUpdate()
EVP_EncodeFinal()

EVP_DecodeInit()
EVP_DecodeUpdate()
EVP_DecodeFinal()

where the encoding is quite simple, but the decoding can be a bit more 
fun (due to dud input).

EVP_DecodeUpdate() returns -1 for an error on an input line, 0 if the 
'last line' was just processed, and 1 if more lines should be submitted.

EVP_DecodeFinal() returns -1 for an error or 1 if things are ok.

So the loop becomes
EVP_DecodeInit(....)
for (;;)
	{
	i=EVP_DecodeUpdate(....);
	if (i < 0) goto err;

	/* process the data */

	if (i == 0) break;
	}
EVP_DecodeFinal(....);
/* process the data */

The problem in 'enc.c' is that I was stuff the processing up after the 
EVP_DecodeFinal(...) when the for(..) loop was not being run (one line of 
base64 data) and this was because 'enc.c' tries to scan over a file until
it hits the first valid base64 encoded line.

hope this helps a bit.
eric
--
Eric Young                  | BOOL is tri-state according to Bill Gates.
AARNet: eay@mincom.oz.au    | RTFM Win32 GetMessage().

==== conf.doc ========================================================

The CONF library.

The CONF library is a simple set of routines that can be used to configure
programs.  It is a superset of the genenv() function with some extra
structure.

The library consists of 5 functions.

LHASH *CONF_load(LHASH *config,char *file);
This function is called to load in a configuration file.  Multiple
configuration files can be loaded, with each subsequent 'load' overwriting
any already defined 'variables'.  If there is an error, NULL is returned.
If config is NULL, a new LHASH structure is created and returned, otherwise
the new data in the 'file' is loaded into the 'config' structure.

void CONF_free(LHASH *config);
This function free()s the data in config.

char *CONF_get_string(LHASH *config,char *section,char *name);
This function returns the string found in 'config' that corresponds to the
'section' and 'name' specified.  Classes and the naming system used will be
discussed later in this document.  If the variable is not defined, an NULL
is returned.

long CONF_get_long(LHASH *config,char *section, char *name);
This function is the same as CONF_get_string() except that it converts the
string to an long and returns it.  If variable is not a number or the
variable does not exist, 0 is returned.  This is a little problematic but I
don't know of a simple way around it.

STACK *CONF_get_section(LHASH *config, char *section);
This function returns a 'stack' of CONF_VALUE items that are all the
items defined in a particular section.  DO NOT free() any of the
variable returned.  They will disappear when CONF_free() is called.

The 'lookup' model.
The configuration file is divided into 'sections'.  Each section is started by
a line of the form '[ section ]'.  All subsequent variable definitions are
of this section.  A variable definition is a simple alpha-numeric name
followed by an '=' and then the data.  A section or variable name can be
described by a regular expression of the following form '[A-Za-z0-9_]+'.
The value of the variable is the text after the '=' until the end of the
line, stripped of leading and trailing white space.
At this point I should mention that a '#' is a comment character, \ is the
escape character, and all three types of quote can be used to stop any
special interpretation of the data.
Now when the data is being loaded, variable expansion can occur.  This is
done by expanding any $NAME sequences into the value represented by the
variable NAME.  If the variable is not in the current section, the different
section can be specified by using the $SECTION::NAME form.  The ${NAME} form
also works and is very useful for expanding variables inside strings.

When a variable is looked up, there are 2 special section. 'default', which
is the initial section, and 'ENV' which is the processes environment
variables (accessed via getenv()).  When a variable is looked up, it is
first 'matched' with it's section (if one was specified), if this fails, the
'default' section is matched.
If the 'lhash' variable passed was NULL, the environment is searched.

Now why do we bother with sections?  So we can have multiple programs using
the same configuration file, or multiple instances of the same program
using different variables.  It also provides a nice mechanism to override
the processes environment variables (eg ENV::HOME=/tmp).  If there is a
program specific variable missing, we can have default values.
Multiple configuration files can be loaded, with each new value clearing
any predefined values.  A system config file can provide 'default' values,
and application/usr specific files can provide overriding values.

Examples

# This is a simple example
SSLEAY_HOME	= /usr/local/ssl
ENV::PATH	= $SSLEAY_HOME/bin:$PATH	# override my path

[X509]
cert_dir	= $SSLEAY_HOME/certs	# /usr/local/ssl/certs

[SSL]
CIPHER		= DES-EDE-MD5:RC4-MD5
USER_CERT	= $HOME/${USER}di'r 5'	# /home/eay/eaydir 5
USER_CERT	= $HOME/\${USER}di\'r	# /home/eay/${USER}di'r
USER_CERT	= "$HOME/${US"ER}di\'r	# $HOME/${USER}di'r

TEST		= 1234\
5678\
9ab					# TEST=123456789ab
TTT		= 1234\n\n		# TTT=1234<nl><nl>



==== des.doc ========================================================

The DES library.

Please note that this library was originally written to operate with
eBones, a version of Kerberos that had had encryption removed when it left
the USA and then put back in.  As such there are some routines that I will
advise not using but they are still in the library for historical reasons.
For all calls that have an 'input' and 'output' variables, they can be the
same.

This library requires the inclusion of 'des.h'.

All of the encryption functions take what is called a des_key_schedule as an 
argument.  A des_key_schedule is an expanded form of the des key.
A des_key is 8 bytes of odd parity, the type used to hold the key is a
des_cblock.  A des_cblock is an array of 8 bytes, often in this library
description I will refer to input bytes when the function specifies
des_cblock's as input or output, this just means that the variable should
be a multiple of 8 bytes.

The define DES_ENCRYPT is passed to specify encryption, DES_DECRYPT to
specify decryption.  The functions and global variable are as follows:

int des_check_key;
	DES keys are supposed to be odd parity.  If this variable is set to
	a non-zero value, des_set_key() will check that the key has odd
	parity and is not one of the known weak DES keys.  By default this
	variable is turned off;
	
void des_set_odd_parity(
des_cblock *key );
	This function takes a DES key (8 bytes) and sets the parity to odd.
	
int des_is_weak_key(
des_cblock *key );
	This function returns a non-zero value if the DES key passed is a
	weak, DES key.  If it is a weak key, don't use it, try a different
	one.  If you are using 'random' keys, the chances of hitting a weak
	key are 1/2^52 so it is probably not worth checking for them.
	
int des_set_key(
des_cblock *key,
des_key_schedule schedule);
	Des_set_key converts an 8 byte DES key into a des_key_schedule.
	A des_key_schedule is an expanded form of the key which is used to
	perform actual encryption.  It can be regenerated from the DES key
	so it only needs to be kept when encryption or decryption is about
	to occur.  Don't save or pass around des_key_schedule's since they
	are CPU architecture dependent, DES keys are not.  If des_check_key
	is non zero, zero is returned if the key has the wrong parity or
	the key is a weak key, else 1 is returned.
	
int des_key_sched(
des_cblock *key,
des_key_schedule schedule);
	An alternative name for des_set_key().

int des_rw_mode;		/* defaults to DES_PCBC_MODE */
	This flag holds either DES_CBC_MODE or DES_PCBC_MODE (default).
	This specifies the function to use in the enc_read() and enc_write()
	functions.

void des_encrypt(
unsigned long *data,
des_key_schedule ks,
int enc);
	This is the DES encryption function that gets called by just about
	every other DES routine in the library.  You should not use this
	function except to implement 'modes' of DES.  I say this because the
	functions that call this routine do the conversion from 'char *' to
	long, and this needs to be done to make sure 'non-aligned' memory
	access do not occur.  The characters are loaded 'little endian',
	have a look at my source code for more details on how I use this
	function.
	Data is a pointer to 2 unsigned long's and ks is the
	des_key_schedule to use.  enc, is non zero specifies encryption,
	zero if decryption.

void des_encrypt2(
unsigned long *data,
des_key_schedule ks,
int enc);
	This functions is the same as des_encrypt() except that the DES
	initial permutation (IP) and final permutation (FP) have been left
	out.  As for des_encrypt(), you should not use this function.
	It is used by the routines in my library that implement triple DES.
	IP() des_encrypt2() des_encrypt2() des_encrypt2() FP() is the same
	as des_encrypt() des_encrypt() des_encrypt() except faster :-).

void des_ecb_encrypt(
des_cblock *input,
des_cblock *output,
des_key_schedule ks,
int enc);
	This is the basic Electronic Code Book form of DES, the most basic
	form.  Input is encrypted into output using the key represented by
	ks.  If enc is non zero (DES_ENCRYPT), encryption occurs, otherwise
	decryption occurs.  Input is 8 bytes long and output is 8 bytes.
	(the des_cblock structure is 8 chars).
	
void des_ecb3_encrypt(
des_cblock *input,
des_cblock *output,
des_key_schedule ks1,
des_key_schedule ks2,
des_key_schedule ks3,
int enc);
	This is the 3 key EDE mode of ECB DES.  What this means is that 
	the 8 bytes of input is encrypted with ks1, decrypted with ks2 and
	then encrypted again with ks3, before being put into output;
	C=E(ks3,D(ks2,E(ks1,M))).  There is a macro, des_ecb2_encrypt()
	that only takes 2 des_key_schedules that implements,
	C=E(ks1,D(ks2,E(ks1,M))) in that the final encrypt is done with ks1.
	
void des_cbc_encrypt(
des_cblock *input,
des_cblock *output,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *ivec,
int enc);
	This routine implements DES in Cipher Block Chaining mode.
	Input, which should be a multiple of 8 bytes is encrypted
	(or decrypted) to output which will also be a multiple of 8 bytes.
	The number of bytes is in length (and from what I've said above,
	should be a multiple of 8).  If length is not a multiple of 8, I'm
	not being held responsible :-).  ivec is the initialisation vector.
	This function does not modify this variable.  To correctly implement
	cbc mode, you need to do one of 2 things; copy the last 8 bytes of
	cipher text for use as the next ivec in your application,
	or use des_ncbc_encrypt(). 
	Only this routine has this problem with updating the ivec, all
	other routines that are implementing cbc mode update ivec.
	
void des_ncbc_encrypt(
des_cblock *input,
des_cblock *output,
long length,
des_key_schedule sk,
des_cblock *ivec,
int enc);
	For historical reasons, des_cbc_encrypt() did not update the
	ivec with the value requires so that subsequent calls to
	des_cbc_encrypt() would 'chain'.  This was needed so that the same
	'length' values would not need to be used when decrypting.
	des_ncbc_encrypt() does the right thing.  It is the same as
	des_cbc_encrypt accept that ivec is updates with the correct value
	to pass in subsequent calls to des_ncbc_encrypt().  I advise using
	des_ncbc_encrypt() instead of des_cbc_encrypt();

void des_xcbc_encrypt(
des_cblock *input,
des_cblock *output,
long length,
des_key_schedule sk,
des_cblock *ivec,
des_cblock *inw,
des_cblock *outw,
int enc);
	This is RSA's DESX mode of DES.  It uses inw and outw to
	'whiten' the encryption.  inw and outw are secret (unlike the iv)
	and are as such, part of the key.  So the key is sort of 24 bytes.
	This is much better than cbc des.
	
void des_3cbc_encrypt(
des_cblock *input,
des_cblock *output,
long length,
des_key_schedule sk1,
des_key_schedule sk2,
des_cblock *ivec1,
des_cblock *ivec2,
int enc);
	This function is flawed, do not use it.  I have left it in the
	library because it is used in my des(1) program and will function
	correctly when used by des(1).  If I removed the function, people
	could end up unable to decrypt files.
	This routine implements outer triple cbc encryption using 2 ks and
	2 ivec's.  Use des_ede2_cbc_encrypt() instead.
	
void des_ede3_cbc_encrypt(
des_cblock *input,
des_cblock *output, 
long length,
des_key_schedule ks1,
des_key_schedule ks2, 
des_key_schedule ks3, 
des_cblock *ivec,
int enc);
	This function implements outer triple CBC DES encryption with 3
	keys.  What this means is that each 'DES' operation
	inside the cbc mode is really an C=E(ks3,D(ks2,E(ks1,M))).
	Again, this is cbc mode so an ivec is requires.
	This mode is used by SSL.
	There is also a des_ede2_cbc_encrypt() that only uses 2
	des_key_schedule's, the first being reused for the final
	encryption.  C=E(ks1,D(ks2,E(ks1,M))).  This form of triple DES
	is used by the RSAref library.
	
void des_pcbc_encrypt(
des_cblock *input,
des_cblock *output,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *ivec,
int enc);
	This is Propagating Cipher Block Chaining mode of DES.  It is used
	by Kerberos v4.  It's parameters are the same as des_ncbc_encrypt().
	
void des_cfb_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
int numbits,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *ivec,
int enc);
	Cipher Feedback Back mode of DES.  This implementation 'feeds back'
	in numbit blocks.  The input (and output) is in multiples of numbits
	bits.  numbits should to be a multiple of 8 bits.  Length is the
	number of bytes input.  If numbits is not a multiple of 8 bits,
	the extra bits in the bytes will be considered padding.  So if
	numbits is 12, for each 2 input bytes, the 4 high bits of the
	second byte will be ignored.  So to encode 72 bits when using
	a numbits of 12 take 12 bytes.  To encode 72 bits when using
	numbits of 9 will take 16 bytes.  To encode 80 bits when using
	numbits of 16 will take 10 bytes. etc, etc.  This padding will
	apply to both input and output.

	
void des_cfb64_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *ivec,
int *num,
int enc);
	This is one of the more useful functions in this DES library, it
	implements CFB mode of DES with 64bit feedback.  Why is this
	useful you ask?  Because this routine will allow you to encrypt an
	arbitrary number of bytes, no 8 byte padding.  Each call to this
	routine will encrypt the input bytes to output and then update ivec
	and num.  num contains 'how far' we are though ivec.  If this does
	not make much sense, read more about cfb mode of DES :-).
	
void des_ede3_cfb64_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks1,
des_key_schedule ks2,
des_key_schedule ks3,
des_cblock *ivec,
int *num,
int enc);
	Same as des_cfb64_encrypt() accept that the DES operation is
	triple DES.  As usual, there is a macro for
	des_ede2_cfb64_encrypt() which reuses ks1.

void des_ofb_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
int numbits,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *ivec);
	This is a implementation of Output Feed Back mode of DES.  It is
	the same as des_cfb_encrypt() in that numbits is the size of the
	units dealt with during input and output (in bits).
	
void des_ofb64_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *ivec,
int *num);
	The same as des_cfb64_encrypt() except that it is Output Feed Back
	mode.

void des_ede3_ofb64_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks1,
des_key_schedule ks2,
des_key_schedule ks3,
des_cblock *ivec,
int *num);
	Same as des_ofb64_encrypt() accept that the DES operation is
	triple DES.  As usual, there is a macro for
	des_ede2_ofb64_encrypt() which reuses ks1.

int des_read_pw_string(
char *buf,
int length,
char *prompt,
int verify);
	This routine is used to get a password from the terminal with echo
	turned off.  Buf is where the string will end up and length is the
	size of buf.  Prompt is a string presented to the 'user' and if
	verify is set, the key is asked for twice and unless the 2 copies
	match, an error is returned.  A return code of -1 indicates a
	system error, 1 failure due to use interaction, and 0 is success.

unsigned long des_cbc_cksum(
des_cblock *input,
des_cblock *output,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *ivec);
	This function produces an 8 byte checksum from input that it puts in
	output and returns the last 4 bytes as a long.  The checksum is
	generated via cbc mode of DES in which only the last 8 byes are
	kept.  I would recommend not using this function but instead using
	the EVP_Digest routines, or at least using MD5 or SHA.  This
	function is used by Kerberos v4 so that is why it stays in the
	library.
	
char *des_fcrypt(
const char *buf,
const char *salt
char *ret);
	This is my fast version of the unix crypt(3) function.  This version
	takes only a small amount of space relative to other fast
	crypt() implementations.  This is different to the normal crypt
	in that the third parameter is the buffer that the return value
	is written into.  It needs to be at least 14 bytes long.  This
	function is thread safe, unlike the normal crypt.

char *crypt(
const char *buf,
const char *salt);
	This function calls des_fcrypt() with a static array passed as the
	third parameter.  This emulates the normal non-thread safe semantics
	of crypt(3).

void des_string_to_key(
char *str,
des_cblock *key);
	This function takes str and converts it into a DES key.  I would
	recommend using MD5 instead and use the first 8 bytes of output.
	When I wrote the first version of these routines back in 1990, MD5
	did not exist but I feel these routines are still sound.  This
	routines is compatible with the one in MIT's libdes.
	
void des_string_to_2keys(
char *str,
des_cblock *key1,
des_cblock *key2);
	This function takes str and converts it into 2 DES keys.
	I would recommend using MD5 and using the 16 bytes as the 2 keys.
	I have nothing against these 2 'string_to_key' routines, it's just
	that if you say that your encryption key is generated by using the
	16 bytes of an MD5 hash, every-one knows how you generated your
	keys.

int des_read_password(
des_cblock *key,
char *prompt,
int verify);
	This routine combines des_read_pw_string() with des_string_to_key().

int des_read_2passwords(
des_cblock *key1,
des_cblock *key2,
char *prompt,
int verify);
	This routine combines des_read_pw_string() with des_string_to_2key().

void des_random_seed(
des_cblock key);
	This routine sets a starting point for des_random_key().
	
void des_random_key(
des_cblock ret);
	This function return a random key.  Make sure to 'seed' the random
	number generator (with des_random_seed()) before using this function.
	I personally now use a MD5 based random number system.

int des_enc_read(
int fd,
char *buf,
int len,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *iv);
	This function will write to a file descriptor the encrypted data
	from buf.  This data will be preceded by a 4 byte 'byte count' and
	will be padded out to 8 bytes.  The encryption is either CBC of
	PCBC depending on the value of des_rw_mode.  If it is DES_PCBC_MODE,
	pcbc is used, if DES_CBC_MODE, cbc is used.  The default is to use
	DES_PCBC_MODE.

int des_enc_write(
int fd,
char *buf,
int len,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *iv);
	This routines read stuff written by des_enc_read() and decrypts it.
	I have used these routines quite a lot but I don't believe they are
	suitable for non-blocking io.  If you are after a full
	authentication/encryption over networks, have a look at SSL instead.

unsigned long des_quad_cksum(
des_cblock *input,
des_cblock *output,
long length,
int out_count,
des_cblock *seed);
	This is a function from Kerberos v4 that is not anything to do with
	DES but was needed.  It is a cksum that is quicker to generate than
	des_cbc_cksum();  I personally would use MD5 routines now.
=====
Modes of DES
Quite a bit of the following information has been taken from
	AS 2805.5.2
	Australian Standard
	Electronic funds transfer - Requirements for interfaces,
	Part 5.2: Modes of operation for an n-bit block cipher algorithm
	Appendix A

There are several different modes in which DES can be used, they are
as follows.

Electronic Codebook Mode (ECB) (des_ecb_encrypt())
- 64 bits are enciphered at a time.
- The order of the blocks can be rearranged without detection.
- The same plaintext block always produces the same ciphertext block
  (for the same key) making it vulnerable to a 'dictionary attack'.
- An error will only affect one ciphertext block.

Cipher Block Chaining Mode (CBC) (des_cbc_encrypt())
- a multiple of 64 bits are enciphered at a time.
- The CBC mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same
  plaintext is encrypted using the same key and starting variable.
- The chaining operation makes the ciphertext blocks dependent on the
  current and all preceding plaintext blocks and therefore blocks can not
  be rearranged.
- The use of different starting variables prevents the same plaintext
  enciphering to the same ciphertext.
- An error will affect the current and the following ciphertext blocks.

Cipher Feedback Mode (CFB) (des_cfb_encrypt())
- a number of bits (j) <= 64 are enciphered at a time.
- The CFB mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same
  plaintext is encrypted using the same key and starting variable.
- The chaining operation makes the ciphertext variables dependent on the
  current and all preceding variables and therefore j-bit variables are
  chained together and can not be rearranged.
- The use of different starting variables prevents the same plaintext
  enciphering to the same ciphertext.
- The strength of the CFB mode depends on the size of k (maximal if
  j == k).  In my implementation this is always the case.
- Selection of a small value for j will require more cycles through
  the encipherment algorithm per unit of plaintext and thus cause
  greater processing overheads.
- Only multiples of j bits can be enciphered.
- An error will affect the current and the following ciphertext variables.

Output Feedback Mode (OFB) (des_ofb_encrypt())
- a number of bits (j) <= 64 are enciphered at a time.
- The OFB mode produces the same ciphertext whenever the same
  plaintext enciphered using the same key and starting variable.  More
  over, in the OFB mode the same key stream is produced when the same
  key and start variable are used.  Consequently, for security reasons
  a specific start variable should be used only once for a given key.
- The absence of chaining makes the OFB more vulnerable to specific attacks.
- The use of different start variables values prevents the same
  plaintext enciphering to the same ciphertext, by producing different
  key streams.
- Selection of a small value for j will require more cycles through
  the encipherment algorithm per unit of plaintext and thus cause
  greater processing overheads.
- Only multiples of j bits can be enciphered.
- OFB mode of operation does not extend ciphertext errors in the
  resultant plaintext output.  Every bit error in the ciphertext causes
  only one bit to be in error in the deciphered plaintext.
- OFB mode is not self-synchronising.  If the two operation of
  encipherment and decipherment get out of synchronism, the system needs
  to be re-initialised.
- Each re-initialisation should use a value of the start variable
 different from the start variable values used before with the same
 key.  The reason for this is that an identical bit stream would be
 produced each time from the same parameters.  This would be
 susceptible to a ' known plaintext' attack.

Triple ECB Mode (des_ecb3_encrypt())
- Encrypt with key1, decrypt with key2 and encrypt with key3 again.
- As for ECB encryption but increases the key length to 168 bits.
  There are theoretic attacks that can be used that make the effective
  key length 112 bits, but this attack also requires 2^56 blocks of
  memory, not very likely, even for the NSA.
- If both keys are the same it is equivalent to encrypting once with
  just one key.
- If the first and last key are the same, the key length is 112 bits.
  There are attacks that could reduce the key space to 55 bit's but it
  requires 2^56 blocks of memory.
- If all 3 keys are the same, this is effectively the same as normal
  ecb mode.

Triple CBC Mode (des_ede3_cbc_encrypt())
- Encrypt with key1, decrypt with key2 and then encrypt with key3.
- As for CBC encryption but increases the key length to 168 bits with
  the same restrictions as for triple ecb mode.

==== digest.doc ========================================================


The Message Digest subroutines.

These routines require "evp.h" to be included.

These functions are a higher level interface to the various message digest
routines found in this library.  As such, they allow the same code to be
used to digest via different algorithms with only a change in an initial
parameter.  They are basically just a front-end to the MD2, MD5, SHA
and SHA1
routines.

These routines all take a pointer to the following structure to specify
which message digest algorithm to use.
typedef struct evp_md_st
	{
	int type;
	int pkey_type;
	int md_size;
	void (*init)();
	void (*update)();
	void (*final)();

	int required_pkey_type; /*EVP_PKEY_xxx */
	int (*sign)();
	int (*verify)();
	} EVP_MD;

If additional message digest algorithms are to be supported, a structure of
this type needs to be declared and populated and then the Digest routines
can be used with that algorithm.  The type field is the object NID of the
digest type (read the section on Objects for an explanation).  The pkey_type
is the Object type to use when the a message digest is generated by there
routines and then is to be signed with the pkey algorithm.  Md_size is
the size of the message digest returned.  Init, update
and final are the relevant functions to perform the message digest function
by parts.  One reason for specifying the message digest to use via this
mechanism is that if you only use md5, only the md5 routines will
be included in you linked program.  If you passed an integer
that specified which message digest to use, the routine that mapped that
integer to a set of message digest functions would cause all the message
digests functions to be link into the code.  This setup also allows new
message digest functions to be added by the application.

The six message digests defined in this library are

EVP_MD *EVP_md2(void);	/* RSA sign/verify */
EVP_MD *EVP_md5(void);	/* RSA sign/verify */
EVP_MD *EVP_sha(void);	/* RSA sign/verify */
EVP_MD *EVP_sha1(void);	/* RSA sign/verify */
EVP_MD *EVP_dss(void);	/* DSA sign/verify */
EVP_MD *EVP_dss1(void);	/* DSA sign/verify */

All the message digest routines take a EVP_MD_CTX pointer as an argument.
The state of the message digest is kept in this structure.

typedef struct pem_md_ctx_st
	{
	EVP_MD *digest;
	union	{
		unsigned char base[4]; /* this is used in my library as a
					* 'pointer' to all union elements
					* structures. */
		MD2_CTX md2;
		MD5_CTX md5;
		SHA_CTX sha;
		} md;
	} EVP_MD_CTX;

The Digest functions are as follows.

void EVP_DigestInit(
EVP_MD_CTX *ctx,
EVP_MD *type);
	This function is used to initialise the EVP_MD_CTX.  The message
	digest that will associated with 'ctx' is specified by 'type'.

void EVP_DigestUpdate(
EVP_MD_CTX *ctx,
unsigned char *data,
unsigned int cnt);
	This function is used to pass more data to the message digest
	function.  'cnt' bytes are digested from 'data'.

void EVP_DigestFinal(
EVP_MD_CTX *ctx,
unsigned char *md,
unsigned int *len);
	This function finishes the digestion and puts the message digest
	into 'md'.  The length of the message digest is put into len;
	EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE is the size of the largest message digest that
	can be returned from this function.  Len can be NULL if the
	size of the digest is not required.
	

==== encode.doc ========================================================


void    EVP_EncodeInit(EVP_ENCODE_CTX *ctx);
void    EVP_EncodeUpdate(EVP_ENCODE_CTX *ctx,unsigned char *out,
		int *outl,unsigned char *in,int inl);
void    EVP_EncodeFinal(EVP_ENCODE_CTX *ctx,unsigned char *out,int *outl);
int     EVP_EncodeBlock(unsigned char *t, unsigned char *f, int n);

void    EVP_DecodeInit(EVP_ENCODE_CTX *ctx);
int     EVP_DecodeUpdate(EVP_ENCODE_CTX *ctx,unsigned char *out,int *outl,
		unsigned char *in, int inl);
int     EVP_DecodeFinal(EVP_ENCODE_CTX *ctx, unsigned
		char *out, int *outl);
int     EVP_DecodeBlock(unsigned char *t, unsigned
		char *f, int n);


==== envelope.doc ========================================================

The following routines are use to create 'digital' envelopes.
By this I mean that they perform various 'higher' level cryptographic
functions.  Have a read of 'cipher.doc' and 'digest.doc' since those
routines are used by these functions.
cipher.doc contains documentation about the cipher part of the
envelope library and digest.doc contatins the description of the
message digests supported.

To 'sign' a document involves generating a message digest and then encrypting
the digest with an private key.

#define EVP_SignInit(a,b)		EVP_DigestInit(a,b)
#define EVP_SignUpdate(a,b,c)		EVP_DigestUpdate(a,b,c)
Due to the fact this operation is basically just an extended message
digest, the first 2 functions are macro calls to Digest generating
functions.

int     EVP_SignFinal(
EVP_MD_CTX *ctx,
unsigned char *md,
unsigned int *s,
EVP_PKEY *pkey);
	This finalisation function finishes the generation of the message
digest and then encrypts the digest (with the correct message digest 
object identifier) with the EVP_PKEY private key.  'ctx' is the message digest
context.  'md' will end up containing the encrypted message digest.  This
array needs to be EVP_PKEY_size(pkey) bytes long.  's' will actually
contain the exact length.  'pkey' of course is the private key.  It is
one of EVP_PKEY_RSA or EVP_PKEY_DSA type.
If there is an error, 0 is returned, otherwise 1.
		
Verify is used to check an signed message digest.

#define EVP_VerifyInit(a,b)		EVP_DigestInit(a,b)
#define EVP_VerifyUpdate(a,b,c)		EVP_DigestUpdate(a,b,c)
Since the first step is to generate a message digest, the first 2 functions
are macros.

int EVP_VerifyFinal(
EVP_MD_CTX *ctx,
unsigned char *md,
unsigned int s,
EVP_PKEY *pkey);
	This function finishes the generation of the message digest and then
compares it with the supplied encrypted message digest.  'md' contains the
's' bytes of encrypted message digest.  'pkey' is used to public key decrypt
the digest.  It is then compared with the message digest just generated.
If they match, 1 is returned else 0.

int	EVP_SealInit(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx, EVP_CIPHER *type, unsigned char **ek,
		int *ekl, unsigned char *iv, EVP_PKEY **pubk, int npubk);
Must have at least one public key, error is 0.  I should also mention that
the buffers pointed to by 'ek' need to be EVP_PKEY_size(pubk[n]) is size.

#define EVP_SealUpdate(a,b,c,d,e)	EVP_EncryptUpdate(a,b,c,d,e)	
void	EVP_SealFinal(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,unsigned char *out,int *outl);


int	EVP_OpenInit(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx,EVP_CIPHER *type,unsigned char *ek,
		int ekl,unsigned char *iv,EVP_PKEY *priv);
0 on failure

#define EVP_OpenUpdate(a,b,c,d,e)	EVP_DecryptUpdate(a,b,c,d,e)

int	EVP_OpenFinal(EVP_CIPHER_CTX *ctx, unsigned char *out, int *outl);
Decrypt final return code


==== error.doc ========================================================

The error routines.

The 'error' system I've implemented is intended to server 2 purpose, to
record the reason why a command failed and to record where in the libraries
the failure occurred.  It is more or less setup to record a 'trace' of which
library components were being traversed when the error occurred.

When an error is recorded, it is done so a as single unsigned long which is
composed of three parts.  The top byte is the 'library' number, the middle
12 bytes is the function code, and the bottom 12 bits is the 'reason' code.

Each 'library', or should a say, 'section' of the SSLeay library has a
different unique 'library' error number.  Each function in the library has
a number that is unique for that library.  Each 'library' also has a number
for each 'error reason' that is only unique for that 'library'.

Due to the way these error routines record a 'error trace', there is an
array per thread that is used to store the error codes.
The various functions in this library are used to access
and manipulate this array.

void ERR_put_error(int lib, int func,int reason);
	This routine records an error in library 'lib', function 'func'
and reason 'reason'.  As errors get 'put' into the buffer, they wrap
around and overwrite old errors if too many are written.  It is assumed
that the last errors are the most important.

unsigned long ERR_get_error(void );
	This function returns the last error added to the error buffer.
In effect it is popping the value off the buffer so repeated calls will
continue to return values until there are no more errors to return in which
case 0 is returned.

unsigned long ERR_peek_error(void );
	This function returns the value of the last error added to the
error buffer but does not 'pop' it from the buffer.

void ERR_clear_error(void );
	This function clears the error buffer, discarding all unread
errors.

While the above described error system obviously produces lots of different
error number, a method for 'reporting' these errors in a human readable
form is required.  To achieve this, each library has the option of
'registering' error strings.

typedef struct ERR_string_data_st
	{
	unsigned long error;
	char *string;
	} ERR_STRING_DATA;

The 'ERR_STRING_DATA' contains an error code and the corresponding text
string.  To add new function error strings for a library, the
ERR_STRING_DATA needs to be 'registered' with the library.

void ERR_load_strings(unsigned long lib,ERR_STRING_DATA *err);
	This function 'registers' the array of ERR_STRING_DATA pointed to by
'err' as error text strings for the error library 'lib'.

void ERR_free_strings(void);
	This function free()s all the loaded error strings.

char *ERR_error_string(unsigned long error,char *buf);
	This function returns a text string that is a human readable
version of the error represented by 'error'.  Buff should be at least 120
bytes long and if it is NULL, the return value is a pointer to a static
variable that will contain the error string, otherwise 'buf' is returned.
If there is not a text string registered for a particular error, a text
string containing the error number is returned instead.

void ERR_print_errors(BIO *bp);
void ERR_print_errors_fp(FILE *fp);
	This function is a convenience routine that prints the error string
for each error until all errors have been accounted for.

char *ERR_lib_error_string(unsigned long e);
char *ERR_func_error_string(unsigned long e);
char *ERR_reason_error_string(unsigned long e);
The above three functions return the 3 different components strings for the
error 'e'.  ERR_error_string() uses these functions.

void ERR_load_ERR_strings(void );
	This function 'registers' the error strings for the 'ERR' module.

void ERR_load_crypto_strings(void );
	This function 'register' the error strings for just about every
library in the SSLeay package except for the SSL routines.  There is no
need to ever register any error text strings and you will probably save in
program size.  If on the other hand you do 'register' all errors, it is
quite easy to determine why a particular routine failed.

As a final footnote as to why the error system is designed as it is.
1) I did not want a single 'global' error code.
2) I wanted to know which subroutine a failure occurred in.
3) For Windows NT etc, it should be simple to replace the 'key' routines
   with code to pass error codes back to the application.
4) I wanted the option of meaningful error text strings.

Late breaking news - the changes to support threads.

Each 'thread' has an 'ERR_STATE' state associated with it.
ERR_STATE *ERR_get_state(void ) will return the 'state' for the calling
thread/process.

ERR_remove_state(unsigned long pid); will 'free()' this state.  If pid == 0
the current 'thread/process' will have it's error state removed.
If you do not remove the error state of a thread, this could be considered a
form of memory leak, so just after 'reaping' a thread that has died,
call ERR_remove_state(pid).

Have a read of thread.doc for more details for what is required for
multi-threading support.  All the other error routines will
work correctly when using threads.


==== idea.doc ========================================================

The IDEA library.
IDEA is a block cipher that operates on 64bit (8 byte) quantities.  It
uses a 128bit (16 byte) key.  It can be used in all the modes that DES can
be used.  This library implements the ecb, cbc, cfb64 and ofb64 modes.

For all calls that have an 'input' and 'output' variables, they can be the
same.

This library requires the inclusion of 'idea.h'.

All of the encryption functions take what is called an IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE as an 
argument.  An IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE is an expanded form of the idea key.
For all modes of the IDEA algorithm, the IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE used for
decryption is different to the one used for encryption.

The define IDEA_ENCRYPT is passed to specify encryption for the functions
that require an encryption/decryption flag. IDEA_DECRYPT is passed to
specify decryption.  For some mode there is no encryption/decryption
flag since this is determined by the IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE.

So to encrypt you would do the following
idea_set_encrypt_key(key,encrypt_ks);
idea_ecb_encrypt(...,encrypt_ks);
idea_cbc_encrypt(....,encrypt_ks,...,IDEA_ENCRYPT);

To Decrypt
idea_set_encrypt_key(key,encrypt_ks);
idea_set_decrypt_key(encrypt_ks,decrypt_ks);
idea_ecb_encrypt(...,decrypt_ks);
idea_cbc_encrypt(....,decrypt_ks,...,IDEA_DECRYPT);

Please note that any of the encryption modes specified in my DES library
could be used with IDEA.  I have only implemented ecb, cbc, cfb64 and
ofb64 for the following reasons.
- ecb is the basic IDEA encryption.
- cbc is the normal 'chaining' form for block ciphers.
- cfb64 can be used to encrypt single characters, therefore input and output
  do not need to be a multiple of 8.
- ofb64 is similar to cfb64 but is more like a stream cipher, not as
  secure (not cipher feedback) but it does not have an encrypt/decrypt mode.
- If you want triple IDEA, thats 384 bits of key and you must be totally
  obsessed with security.  Still, if you want it, it is simple enough to
  copy the function from the DES library and change the des_encrypt to
  idea_encrypt; an exercise left for the paranoid reader :-).

The functions are as follows:

void idea_set_encrypt_key(
unsigned char *key;
IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE *ks);
	idea_set_encrypt_key converts a 16 byte IDEA key into an
	IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE.  The IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE is an expanded form of
	the key which can be used to perform IDEA encryption.
	An IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE is an expanded form of the key which is used to
	perform actual encryption.  It can be regenerated from the IDEA key
	so it only needs to be kept when encryption is about
	to occur.  Don't save or pass around IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE's since they
	are CPU architecture dependent, IDEA keys are not.
	
void idea_set_decrypt_key(
IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE *encrypt_ks,
IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE *decrypt_ks);
	This functions converts an encryption IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE into a
	decryption IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE.  For all decryption, this conversion
	of the key must be done.  In some modes of IDEA, an
	encryption/decryption flag is also required, this is because these
	functions involve block chaining and the way this is done changes
	depending on which of encryption of decryption is being done.
	Please note that there is no quick way to generate the decryption
	key schedule other than generating the encryption key schedule and
	then converting it.

void idea_encrypt(
unsigned long *data,
IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE *ks);
	This is the IDEA encryption function that gets called by just about
	every other IDEA routine in the library.  You should not use this
	function except to implement 'modes' of IDEA.  I say this because the
	functions that call this routine do the conversion from 'char *' to
	long, and this needs to be done to make sure 'non-aligned' memory
	access do not occur.
	Data is a pointer to 2 unsigned long's and ks is the
	IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE to use.  Encryption or decryption depends on the
	IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE.

void idea_ecb_encrypt(
unsigned char *input,
unsigned char *output,
IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE *ks);
	This is the basic Electronic Code Book form of IDEA (in DES this
	mode is called Electronic Code Book so I'm going to use the term
	for idea as well :-).
	Input is encrypted into output using the key represented by
	ks.  Depending on the IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE, encryption or
	decryption occurs.  Input is 8 bytes long and output is 8 bytes.
	
void idea_cbc_encrypt(
unsigned char *input,
unsigned char *output,
long length,
IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE *ks,
unsigned char *ivec,
int enc);
	This routine implements IDEA in Cipher Block Chaining mode.
	Input, which should be a multiple of 8 bytes is encrypted
	(or decrypted) to output which will also be a multiple of 8 bytes.
	The number of bytes is in length (and from what I've said above,
	should be a multiple of 8).  If length is not a multiple of 8, bad 
	things will probably happen.  ivec is the initialisation vector.
	This function updates iv after each call so that it can be passed to
	the next call to idea_cbc_encrypt().
	
void idea_cfb64_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *ivec,
int *num,
int enc);
	This is one of the more useful functions in this IDEA library, it
	implements CFB mode of IDEA with 64bit feedback.
	This allows you to encrypt an arbitrary number of bytes,
	you do not require 8 byte padding.  Each call to this
	routine will encrypt the input bytes to output and then update ivec
	and num.  Num contains 'how far' we are though ivec.
	Enc is used to indicate encryption or decryption.
	One very important thing to remember is that when decrypting, use
	the encryption form of the key.
	CFB64 mode operates by using the cipher to
	generate a stream of bytes which is used to encrypt the plain text.
	The cipher text is then encrypted to generate the next 64 bits to
	be xored (incrementally) with the next 64 bits of plain
	text.  As can be seen from this, to encrypt or decrypt,
	the same 'cipher stream' needs to be generated but the way the next
	block of data is gathered for encryption is different for
	encryption and decryption.  What this means is that to encrypt
	idea_set_encrypt_key(key,ks);
	idea_cfb64_encrypt(...,ks,..,IDEA_ENCRYPT)
	do decrypt
	idea_set_encrypt_key(key,ks)
	idea_cfb64_encrypt(...,ks,...,IDEA_DECRYPT)
	Note: The same IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE but different encryption flags.
	For idea_cbc or idea_ecb, idea_set_decrypt_key() would need to be
	used to generate the IDEA_KEY_SCHEDULE for decryption.
	The reason I'm stressing this point is that I just wasted 3 hours
	today trying to decrypt using this mode and the decryption form of
	the key :-(.
	
void idea_ofb64_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
des_key_schedule ks,
des_cblock *ivec,
int *num);
	This functions implements OFB mode of IDEA with 64bit feedback.
	This allows you to encrypt an arbitrary number of bytes,
	you do not require 8 byte padding.  Each call to this
	routine will encrypt the input bytes to output and then update ivec
	and num.  Num contains 'how far' we are though ivec.
	This is in effect a stream cipher, there is no encryption or
	decryption mode.  The same key and iv should be used to
	encrypt and decrypt.
	
For reading passwords, I suggest using des_read_pw_string() from my DES library.
To generate a password from a text string, I suggest using MD5 (or MD2) to
produce a 16 byte message digest that can then be passed directly to
idea_set_encrypt_key().

=====
For more information about the specific IDEA modes in this library
(ecb, cbc, cfb and ofb), read the section entitled 'Modes of DES' from the
documentation on my DES library.  What is said about DES is directly
applicable for IDEA.


==== legal.doc ========================================================

From eay@mincom.com Thu Jun 27 00:25:45 1996
Received: by orb.mincom.oz.au id AA15821
  (5.65c/IDA-1.4.4 for eay); Wed, 26 Jun 1996 14:25:45 +1000
Date: Wed, 26 Jun 1996 14:25:45 +1000 (EST)
From: Eric Young <eay@mincom.oz.au>
X-Sender: eay@orb
To: Ken Toll <ktoll@ren.digitalage.com>
Cc: Eric Young <eay@mincom.oz.au>, ssl-talk@netscape.com
Subject: Re: Unidentified subject!
In-Reply-To: <9606261950.ZM28943@ren.digitalage.com>
Message-Id: <Pine.SOL.3.91.960626131156.28573K-100000@orb>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Status: O
X-Status: 


This is a little off topic but since SSLeay is a free implementation of
the SSLv2 protocol, I feel it is worth responding on the topic of if it 
is actually legal for Americans to use free cryptographic software.

On Wed, 26 Jun 1996, Ken Toll wrote:
> Is the U.S the only country that SSLeay cannot be used commercially 
> (because of RSAref) or is that going to be an issue with every country 
> that a client/server application (non-web browser/server) is deployed 
> and sold?

>From what I understand, the software patents that apply to algorithms 
like RSA and DH only apply in the USA.  The IDEA algorithm I believe is 
patened in europe (USA?), but considing how little it is used by other SSL 
implementations, it quite easily be left out of the SSLeay build
(this can be done with a compile flag).

Actually if the RSA patent did apply outside the USA, it could be rather
interesting since RSA is not alowed to let RSA toolkits outside of the USA
[1], and since these are the only forms that they will alow the algorithm
to be used in, it would mean that non-one outside of the USA could produce
public key software which would be a very strong statment for
international patent law to make :-).  This logic is a little flawed but
it still points out some of the more interesting permutations of USA
patent law and ITAR restrictions. 

Inside the USA there is also the unresolved issue of RC4/RC2 which were
made public on sci.crypt in Sep 1994 (RC4) and Feb 1996 (RC2).  I have
copies of the origional postings if people are interested.  RSA I believe 
claim that they were 'trade-secrets' and that some-one broke an NDA in 
revealing them.  Other claim they reverse engineered the algorithms from 
compiled binaries.  If the algorithms were reverse engineered, I believe 
RSA had no legal leg to stand on.  If an NDA was broken, I don't know.
Regardless, RSA, I believe, is willing to go to court over the issue so 
licencing is probably the best idea, or at least talk to them.
If there are people who actually know more about this, pease let me know, I 
don't want to vilify or spread miss-information if I can help it.

If you are not producing a web browser, it is easy to build SSLeay with
RC2/RC4 removed. Since RC4 is the defacto standard cipher in 
all web software (and it is damn fast) it is more or less required for 
www use. For non www use of SSL, especially for an application where 
interoperability with other vendors is not critical just leave it out.

Removing IDEA, RC2 and RC4 would only leave DES and Triple DES but 
they should be ok.  Considing that Triple DES can encrypt at rates of
410k/sec on a pentium 100, and 940k/sec on a P6/200, this is quite 
reasonable performance.  Single DES clocks in at 1160k/s and 2467k/s
respectivly is actually quite fast for those not so paranoid (56 bit key).[1]

> Is it possible to get a certificate for commercial use outside of the U.S.?
yes.

Thawte Consulting issues certificates (they are the people who sell the
	Sioux httpd server and are based in South Africa)
Verisign will issue certificates for Sioux (sold from South Africa), so this
	proves that they will issue certificate for OS use if they are
	happy with the quality of the software.

(The above mentioned companies just the ones that I know for sure are issuing
 certificates outside the USA).

There is always the point that if you are using SSL for an intra net, 
SSLeay provides programs that can be used so you can issue your own 
certificates.  They need polishing but at least it is a good starting point.

I am not doing anything outside Australian law by implementing these
algorithms (to the best of my knowedge).  It is another example of how 
the world legal system does not cope with the internet very well.

I may start making shared libraries available (I have now got DLL's for 
Windows).  This will mean that distributions into the usa could be 
shipped with a version with a reduced cipher set and the versions outside 
could use the DLL/shared library with all the ciphers (and without RSAref).

This could be completly hidden from the application, so this would not 
even require a re-linking.

This is the reverse of what people were talking about doing to get around 
USA export regulations :-)

eric

[1]:	The RSAref2.0 tookit is available on at least 3 ftp sites in Europe
	and one in South Africa.

[2]:	Since I always get questions when I post benchmark numbers :-),
	DES performace figures are in 1000's of bytes per second in cbc 
	mode using an 8192 byte buffer.  The pentium 100 was running Windows NT 
	3.51 DLLs and the 686/200 was running NextStep.
	I quote pentium 100 benchmarks because it is basically the
	'entry level' computer that most people buy for personal use.
	Windows 95 is the OS shipping on those boxes, so I'll give
	NT numbers (the same Win32 runtime environment).  The 686
	numbers are present as an indication of where we will be in a
	few years.
--
Eric Young                  | BOOL is tri-state according to Bill Gates.
AARNet: eay@mincom.oz.au    | RTFM Win32 GetMessage().



==== lhash.doc ========================================================

The LHASH library.

I wrote this library in 1991 and have since forgotten why I called it lhash.
It implements a hash table from an article I read at the
time from 'Communications of the ACM'.  What makes this hash
table different is that as the table fills, the hash table is
increased (or decreased) in size via realloc().
When a 'resize' is done, instead of all hashes being redistributed over
twice as many 'buckets', one bucket is split.  So when an 'expand' is done,
there is only a minimal cost to redistribute some values.  Subsequent
inserts will cause more single 'bucket' redistributions but there will
never be a sudden large cost due to redistributing all the 'buckets'.

The state for a particular hash table is kept in the LHASH structure.
The LHASH structure also records statistics about most aspects of accessing
the hash table.  This is mostly a legacy of my writing this library for
the reasons of implementing what looked like a nice algorithm rather than
for a particular software product.

Internal stuff you probably don't want to know about.
The decision to increase or decrease the hash table size is made depending
on the 'load' of the hash table.  The load is the number of items in the
hash table divided by the size of the hash table.  The default values are
as follows.  If (hash->up_load < load) => expand.
if (hash->down_load > load) =>  contract.  The 'up_load' has a default value of
1 and 'down_load' has a default value of 2.  These numbers can be modified
by the application by just playing with the 'up_load' and 'down_load'
variables.  The 'load' is kept in a form which is multiplied by 256.  So
hash->up_load=8*256; will cause a load of 8 to be set.

If you are interested in performance the field to watch is
num_comp_calls.  The hash library keeps track of the 'hash' value for
each item so when a lookup is done, the 'hashes' are compared, if
there is a match, then a full compare is done, and
hash->num_comp_calls is incremented.  If num_comp_calls is not equal
to num_delete plus num_retrieve it means that your hash function is
generating hashes that are the same for different values.  It is
probably worth changing your hash function if this is the case because
even if your hash table has 10 items in a 'bucked', it can be searched
with 10 'unsigned long' compares and 10 linked list traverses.  This
will be much less expensive that 10 calls to you compare function.

LHASH *lh_new(
unsigned long (*hash)(),
int (*cmp)());
	This function is used to create a new LHASH structure.  It is passed
	function pointers that are used to store and retrieve values passed
	into the hash table.  The 'hash'
	function is a hashing function that will return a hashed value of
	it's passed structure.  'cmp' is passed 2 parameters, it returns 0
	is they are equal, otherwise, non zero.
	If there are any problems (usually malloc failures), NULL is
	returned, otherwise a new LHASH structure is returned.  The
	hash value is normally truncated to a power of 2, so make sure
	that your hash function returns well mixed low order bits.
	
void lh_free(
LHASH *lh);
	This function free()s a LHASH structure.  If there is malloced
	data in the hash table, it will not be freed.  Consider using the
	lh_doall function to deallocate any remaining entries in the hash
	table.
	
char *lh_insert(
LHASH *lh,
char *data);
	This function inserts the data pointed to by data into the lh hash
	table.  If there is already and entry in the hash table entry, the
	value being replaced is returned.  A NULL is returned if the new
	entry does not clash with an entry already in the table (the normal
	case) or on a malloc() failure (perhaps I should change this....).
	The 'char *data' is exactly what is passed to the hash and
	comparison functions specified in lh_new().
	
char *lh_delete(
LHASH *lh,
char *data);
	This routine deletes an entry from the hash table.  The value being
	deleted is returned.  NULL is returned if there is no such value in
	the hash table.

char *lh_retrieve(
LHASH *lh,
char *data);
	If 'data' is in the hash table it is returned, else NULL is
	returned.  The way these routines would normally be uses is that a
	dummy structure would have key fields populated and then
	ret=lh_retrieve(hash,&dummy);.  Ret would now be a pointer to a fully
	populated structure.

void lh_doall(
LHASH *lh,
void (*func)(char *a));
	This function will, for every entry in the hash table, call function
	'func' with the data item as parameters.
	This function can be quite useful when used as follows.
	void cleanup(STUFF *a)
		{ STUFF_free(a); }
	lh_doall(hash,cleanup);
	lh_free(hash);
	This can be used to free all the entries, lh_free() then
	cleans up the 'buckets' that point to nothing.  Be careful
	when doing this.  If you delete entries from the hash table,
	in the call back function, the table may decrease in size,
	moving item that you are
	currently on down lower in the hash table.  This could cause
	some entries to be skipped.  The best solution to this problem
	is to set lh->down_load=0 before you start.  This will stop
	the hash table ever being decreased in size.

void lh_doall_arg(
LHASH *lh;
void(*func)(char *a,char *arg));
char *arg;
	This function is the same as lh_doall except that the function
	called will be passed 'arg' as the second argument.
	
unsigned long lh_strhash(
char *c);
	This function is a demo string hashing function.  Since the LHASH
	routines would normally be passed structures, this routine would
	not normally be passed to lh_new(), rather it would be used in the
	function passed to lh_new().

The next three routines print out various statistics about the state of the
passed hash table.  These numbers are all kept in the lhash structure.

void lh_stats(
LHASH *lh,
FILE *out);
	This function prints out statistics on the size of the hash table,
	how many entries are in it, and the number and result of calls to
	the routines in this library.

void lh_node_stats(
LHASH *lh,
FILE *out);
	For each 'bucket' in the hash table, the number of entries is
	printed.
	
void lh_node_usage_stats(
LHASH *lh,
FILE *out);
	This function prints out a short summary of the state of the hash
	table.  It prints what I call the 'load' and the 'actual load'.
	The load is the average number of data items per 'bucket' in the
	hash table.  The 'actual load' is the average number of items per
	'bucket', but only for buckets which contain entries.  So the
	'actual load' is the average number of searches that will need to
	find an item in the hash table, while the 'load' is the average number
	that will be done to record a miss.

==== md2.doc ========================================================

The MD2 library.
MD2 is a message digest algorithm that can be used to condense an arbitrary
length message down to a 16 byte hash.  The functions all need to be passed
a MD2_CTX which is used to hold the MD2 context during multiple MD2_Update()
function calls.  The normal method of use for this library is as follows

MD2_Init(...);
MD2_Update(...);
...
MD2_Update(...);
MD2_Final(...);

This library requires the inclusion of 'md2.h'.

The main negative about MD2 is that it is slow, especially when compared
to MD5.

The functions are as follows:

void MD2_Init(
MD2_CTX *c);
	This function needs to be called to initiate a MD2_CTX structure for
	use.
	
void MD2_Update(
MD2_CTX *c;
unsigned char *data;
unsigned long len);
	This updates the message digest context being generated with 'len'
	bytes from the 'data' pointer.  The number of bytes can be any
	length.

void MD2_Final(
unsigned char *md;
MD2_CTX *c;
	This function is called when a message digest of the data digested
	with MD2_Update() is wanted.  The message digest is put in the 'md'
	array and is MD2_DIGEST_LENGTH (16) bytes long.

unsigned char *MD2(
unsigned long n;
unsigned char *d;
unsigned char *md;
	This function performs a MD2_Init(), followed by a MD2_Update()
	followed by a MD2_Final() (using a local MD2_CTX).
	The resulting digest is put into 'md' if it is not NULL.
	Regardless of the value of 'md', the message
	digest is returned from the function.  If 'md' was NULL, the message
	digest returned is being stored in a static structure.

==== md5.doc ========================================================

The MD5 library.
MD5 is a message digest algorithm that can be used to condense an arbitrary
length message down to a 16 byte hash.  The functions all need to be passed
a MD5_CTX which is used to hold the MD5 context during multiple MD5_Update()
function calls.  This library also contains random number routines that are
based on MD5

The normal method of use for this library is as follows

MD5_Init(...);
MD5_Update(...);
...
MD5_Update(...);
MD5_Final(...);

This library requires the inclusion of 'md5.h'.

The functions are as follows:

void MD5_Init(
MD5_CTX *c);
	This function needs to be called to initiate a MD5_CTX structure for
	use.
	
void MD5_Update(
MD5_CTX *c;
unsigned char *data;
unsigned long len);
	This updates the message digest context being generated with 'len'
	bytes from the 'data' pointer.  The number of bytes can be any
	length.

void MD5_Final(
unsigned char *md;
MD5_CTX *c;
	This function is called when a message digest of the data digested
	with MD5_Update() is wanted.  The message digest is put in the 'md'
	array and is MD5_DIGEST_LENGTH (16) bytes long.

unsigned char *MD5(
unsigned char *d;
unsigned long n;
unsigned char *md;
	This function performs a MD5_Init(), followed by a MD5_Update()
	followed by a MD5_Final() (using a local MD5_CTX).
	The resulting digest is put into 'md' if it is not NULL.
	Regardless of the value of 'md', the message
	digest is returned from the function.  If 'md' was NULL, the message
	digest returned is being stored in a static structure.


==== memory.doc ========================================================

In the interests of debugging SSLeay, there is an option to compile
using some simple memory leak checking.

All malloc(), free() and realloc() calls in SSLeay now go via
Malloc(), Free() and Realloc() (except those in crypto/lhash).

If CRYPTO_MDEBUG is defined, these calls are #defined to
CRYPTO_malloc(), CRYPTO_free() and CRYPTO_realloc().
If it is not defined, they are #defined to malloc(), free() and realloc().

the CRYPTO_malloc() routines by default just call the underlying library
functons.

If CRYPTO_mem_ctrl(CRYPTO_MEM_CHECK_ON) is called, memory leak detection is
turned on.  CRYPTO_mem_ctrl(CRYPTO_MEM_CHECK_OFF) turns it off.

When turned on, each Malloc() or Realloc() call is recored along with the file
and line number from where the call was made.   (This is done using the
lhash library which always uses normal system malloc(3) routines).

void CRYPTO_mem_leaks(BIO *b);
void CRYPTO_mem_leaks_fp(FILE *fp);
These both print out the list of memory that has not been free()ed.
This will probably be rather hard to read, but if you look for the 'top level'
structure allocation, this will often give an idea as to what is not being
free()ed.  I don't expect people to use this stuff normally.

==== ca.1 ========================================================

From eay@orb.mincom.oz.au Thu Dec 28 23:56:45 1995
Received: by orb.mincom.oz.au id AA07374
  (5.65c/IDA-1.4.4 for eay); Thu, 28 Dec 1995 13:56:45 +1000
Date: Thu, 28 Dec 1995 13:56:45 +1000 (EST)
From: Eric Young <eay@mincom.oz.au>
X-Sender: eay@orb
To: sameer <sameer@c2.org>
Cc: ssleay@mincom.oz.au
Subject: Re: 'ca'
In-Reply-To: <199512230440.UAA23410@infinity.c2.org>
Message-Id: <Pine.SOL.3.91.951228133525.7269A-100000@orb>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Status: RO
X-Status: 

On Fri, 22 Dec 1995, sameer wrote:
> 	I could use documentation on 'ca'. Thanks.

Very quickly.
The ca program uses the ssleay.conf file for most of its configuration

./ca -help

 -verbose        - Talk alot while doing things
 -config file    - A config file. If you don't want to use the
		   default config file
 -name arg       - The particular CA definition to use
	In the config file, the section to use for parameters.  This lets 
	multiple setups to be contained in the one file.  By default, the 
	default_ca variable is looked up in the [ ca ] section.  So in the 
	shipped ssleay.conf, the CA definition used is CA_default.  It could be 
	any other name.
 -gencrl days    - Generate a new CRL, days is when the next CRL is due
	This will generate a new certificate revocion list.
 -days arg       - number of days to certify the certificate for
	When certifiying certificates, this is the number of days to use.
 -md arg         - md to use, one of md2, md5, sha or sha1
 -policy arg     - The CA 'policy' to support
	I'll describe this later, but there are 2 policies definied in the 
	shipped ssleay.conf
 -keyfile arg    - PEM RSA private key file
 -key arg        - key to decode the RSA private key if it is encrypted
	since we need to keep the CA's RSA key encrypted
 -cert           - The CA certificate
 -in file        - The input PEM encoded certificate request(s)
 -out file       - Where to put the output file(s)
 -outdir dir     - Where to put output certificates
	The -out options concatinates all the output certificied
	certificates to one file, -outdir puts them in a directory,
	named by serial number.
 -infiles ....   - The last argument, requests to process
	The certificate requests to process, -in is the same.

Just about all the above have default values defined in ssleay.conf.

The key variables in ssleay.conf are (for the pariticular '-name' being 
used, in the default, it is CA_default).

dir is where all the CA database stuff is kept.
certs is where all the previously issued certificates are kept.
The database is a simple text database containing the following tab separated 
fields.
status: a value of 'R' - revoked, 'E' -expired or 'V' valid.
issued date:  When the certificate was certified.
revoked date:  When it was revoked, blank if not revoked.
serial number:  The certificate serial number.
certificate:	Where the certificate is located.
CN:	The name of the certificate.

The demo file has quite a few made up values it it.  The last 2 were 
added by the ca program and are acurate.
The CA program does not update the 'certificate' file correctly right now.
The serial field should be unique as should the CN/status combination.
The ca program checks these at startup.  What still needs to be 
wrtten is a program to 'regenerate' the data base file from the issued 
certificate list (and a CRL list).

Back to the CA_default variables.

Most of the variables are commented.

policy is the default policy.

Ok for policies, they define the order and which fields must be present 
in the certificate request and what gets filled in.

So a value of
countryName             = match
means that the country name must match the CA certificate.
organizationalUnitName  = optional
The org.Unit,Name does not have to be present and
commonName              = supplied
commonName must be supplied in the certificate request.

For the 'policy_match' polocy, the order of the attributes in the 
generated certiticate would be
countryName
stateOrProvinceName
organizationName
organizationalUnitName
commonName
emailAddress

Have a play, it sort of makes sense.  If you think about how the persona 
requests operate, it is similar to the 'policy_match' policy and the
'policy_anything' is similar to what versign is doing.

I hope this helps a bit.  Some backend scripts are definitly needed to 
update the database and to make certificate revocion easy.  All 
certificates issued should also be kept forever (or until they expire?)

hope this helps
eric (who has to run off an buy some cheap knee pads for the caving in 4 
days time :-)

--
Eric Young                  | Signature removed since it was generating
AARNet: eay@mincom.oz.au    | more followups than the message contents :-)


==== ms3-ca.doc ========================================================

Date: Mon, 9 Jun 97 08:00:33 +0200
From: Holger.Reif@PrakInf.TU-Ilmenau.DE (Holger Reif)
Subject: ms3-ca.doc
Organization: TU Ilmenau, Fak. IA, FG Telematik
Content-Length: 14575
Status: RO
X-Status: 

Loading client certs into MSIE 3.01
===================================

This document contains all the information necessary to successfully set up 
some scripts to issue client certs to Microsoft Internet Explorer. It 
includes the required knowledge about the model MSIE uses for client 
certification and includes complete sample scripts ready to play with. The 
scripts were tested against a modified ca program of SSLeay 0.6.6 and should 
work with the regular ca program that comes with version 0.8.0. I haven't 
tested against MSIE 4.0

You can use the information contained in this document in either way you 
want. However if you feel it saved you a lot of time I ask you to be as fair 
as to mention my name: Holger Reif <reif@prakinf.tu-ilmenau.de>.

1.) The model used by MSIE
--------------------------

The Internet Explorer doesn't come with a embedded engine for installing 
client certs like Netscape's Navigator. It rather uses the CryptoAPI (CAPI) 
defined by Microsoft. CAPI comes with WindowsNT 4.0 or is installed together 
with Internet Explorer since 3.01. The advantage of this approach is a higher 
flexibility because the certificates in the (per user) system open 
certificate store may be used by other applications as well. The drawback 
however is that you need to do a bit more work to get a client cert issued.

CAPI defines functions which will handle basic cryptographic work, eg. 
generating keys, encrypting some data, signing text or building a certificate 
request. The procedure is as follows: A CAPI function generates you a key 
pair and saves it into the certificate store. After that one builds a 
Distinguished Name. Together with that key pair another CAPI function forms a 
PKCS#10 request which you somehow need to submit to a CA. Finally the issued 
cert is given to a yet another CAPI function which saves it into the 
certificate store.

The certificate store with the user's keys and certs is in the registry. You 
will find it under HKEY_CURRENT_USER/Software/Microsoft/Cryptography/ (I 
leave it to you as a little exercise to figure out what all the entries mean 
;-). Note that the keys are protected only with the user's usual Windows 
login password.

2.) The practical usage
-----------------------

Unfortunatly since CAPI is a system API you can't access its functions from 
HTML code directly. For this purpose Microsoft provides a wrapper called 
certenr3.dll. This DLL accesses the CAPI functions and provides an interface 
usable from Visual Basic Script. One needs to install that library on the 
computer which wants to have client cert. The easiest way is to load it as an 
ActiveX control (certenr3.dll is properly authenticode signed by MS ;-). If 
you have ever enrolled e cert request at a CA you will have installed it.

At time of writing certenr3.dll is contained in 
http://www.microsoft.com/workshop/prog/security/csa/certenr3.exe. It comes 
with an README file which explains the available functions. It is labeled 
beta but every CA seems to use it anyway. The license.txt allows you the 
usage for your own purposes (as far as I understood) and a somehow limited 
distribution. 

The two functions of main interest are GenerateKeyPair and AcceptCredentials. 
For complete explanation of all possible parameters see the README file. Here 
are only minimal required parameters and their values.

GenerateKeyPair(sessionID, FASLE, szName, 0, "ClientAuth", TRUE, FALSE, 1)
- sessionID is a (locally to that computer) unique string to correlate the 
generated key pair with a cert installed later.
- szName is the DN of the form "C=DE; S=Thueringen; L=Ilmenau; CN=Holger 
Reif; 1.2.840.113549.1.9.1=reif@prakinf.tu-ilmenau.de". Note that S is the 
abreviation for StateOrProvince. The recognized abreviation include CN, O, C, 
OU, G, I, L, S, T. If the abreviation is unknown (eg. for PKCS#9 email addr) 
you need to use the full object identifier. The starting point for searching 
them could be crypto/objects.h since all OIDs know to SSLeay are listed 
there.
- note: the possible ninth parameter which should give a default name to the 
certificate storage location doesn't seem to work. Changes to the constant 
values in the call above doesn't seem to make sense. You can't generate 
PKCS#10 extensions with that function.

The result of GenerateKeyPair is the base64 encoded PKCS#10 request. However 
it has a little strange format that SSLeay doesn't accept. (BTW I feel the 
decision of rejecting that format as standard conforming.) It looks like 
follows:
	1st line with 76 chars
	2nd line with 76 chars
	...
	(n-2)th line with 76 chars
	(n-1)th line contains a multiple of 4 chars less then 76 (possible 
empty)
	(n)th line has zero or 4 chars (then with 1 or 2 equal signs - the 
		original text's lenght wasn'T a multiple of 3) 
	The line separator has two chars: 0x0d 0x0a

AcceptCredentials(sessionID, credentials, 0, FALSE)
- sessionID needs to be the same as while generating the key pair
- credentials is the base64 encoded PKCS#7 object containing the cert. 

CRL's and CA certs are not required simply just the client cert. (It seems to 
me that both are not even checked somehow.) The only format of the base64 
encoded object I succesfully used was all characters in a very long string 
without line feeds or carriage returns. (Hey, it doesn't matter, only a 
computer reads it!)

The result should be S_OK. For error handling see the example that comes with 
certenr3.dll.

A note about ASN.1 character encodings. certenr3.dll seems to know only about 
2 of them: UniversalString and PrintableString. First it is definitely wrong 
for an email address which is IA5STRING (checked by ssleay's ca). Second 
unfortunately MSIE (at least until version 3.02) can't handle UniversalString 
correctly - they just blow up you cert store! Therefore ssleay's ca (starting 
from version 0.8.0) tries to convert the encodings automatically to IA5STRING 
or TeletexString. The beef is it will work only for the latin-1 (western) 
charset. Microsoft still has to do abit of homework...

3.) An example
--------------

At least you need two steps: generating the key & request and then installing 
the certificate. A real world CA would have some more steps involved, eg. 
accepting some license. Note that both scripts shown below are just 
experimental state without any warrenty!

First how to generate a request. Note that we can't use a static page because 
of the sessionID. I generate it from system time plus pid and hope it is 
unique enough. Your are free to feed it through md5 to get more impressive 
ID's ;-) Then the intended text is read in with sed which inserts the 
sessionID. 

-----BEGIN ms-enroll.cgi-----
#!/bin/sh
SESSION_ID=`date '+%y%m%d%H%M%S'`$$
echo Content-type: text/html
echo
sed s/template_for_sessId/$SESSION_ID/ <<EOF
<HTML><HEAD>
<TITLE>Certificate Enrollment Test Page</TITLE>
</HEAD><BODY>

<OBJECT
    classid="clsid:33BEC9E0-F78F-11cf-B782-00C04FD7BF43"
    codebase=certenr3.dll
    id=certHelper
    >
</OBJECT>

<CENTER>
<H2>enrollment for a personal cert</H2>
<BR><HR WIDTH=50%><BR><P>
<FORM NAME="MSIE_Enrollment" ACTION="ms-gencert.cgi" ENCTYPE=x-www-form-
encoded METHOD=POST>
<TABLE>
    <TR><TD>Country</TD><TD><INPUT NAME="Country" VALUE=""></TD></TR>
    <TR><TD>State</TD><TD><INPUT NAME="StateOrProvince" VALUE=""></TD></TR>
    <TR><TD>Location</TD><TD><INPUT NAME="Location" VALUE=""></TD></TR>
    <TR><TD>Organization</TD><TD><INPUT NAME="Organization" 
VALUE=""></TD></TR>
    <TR><TD>Organizational Unit</TD>
        <TD><INPUT NAME="OrganizationalUnit" VALUE=""></TD></TR>
    <TR><TD>Name</TD><TD><INPUT NAME="CommonName" VALUE=""></TD></TR>
    <TR><TD>eMail Address</TD>
        <TD><INPUT NAME="EmailAddress" VALUE=""></TD></TR>
    <TR><TD></TD>
        <TD><INPUT TYPE="BUTTON" NAME="submit" VALUE="Beantragen"></TD></TR>
</TABLE>
	<INPUT TYPE="hidden" NAME="SessionId" VALUE="template_for_sessId">
	<INPUT TYPE="hidden" NAME="Request" VALUE="">
</FORM>
<BR><HR WIDTH=50%><BR><P>
</CENTER>

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE=VBS>
    Dim DN

    Sub Submit_OnClick
	Dim TheForm
	Set TheForm = Document.MSIE_Enrollment
	sessionId	= TheForm.SessionId.value
	reqHardware     = FALSE
	C		= TheForm.Country.value
	SP		= TheForm.StateOrProvince.value
	L		= TheForm.Location.value
	O		= TheForm.Organization.value
	OU		= TheForm.OrganizationalUnit.value
	CN              = TheForm.CommonName.value
	Email		= TheForm.EmailAddress.value
        szPurpose       = "ClientAuth"
        doAcceptanceUINow   = FALSE
        doOnline        = TRUE

	DN = ""

	Call Add_RDN("C", C)
	Call Add_RDN("S", SP)
	Call Add_RDN("L", L)
	Call Add_RDN("O", O)
	Call Add_RDN("OU", OU)
	Call Add_RDN("CN", CN)
	Call Add_RDN("1.2.840.113549.1.9.1", Email)
		      ' rsadsi
				     ' pkcs
				       ' pkcs9
					 ' eMailAddress
        On Error Resume Next
        sz10 = certHelper.GenerateKeyPair(sessionId, _
                FALSE, DN, 0, ClientAuth, FASLE, TRUE, 1)_
        theError = Err.Number
        On Error Goto 0
        if (sz10 = Empty OR theError <> 0) Then
            sz = "The error '" & Hex(theError) & "' occurred." & chr(13) & _
                chr(10) & "Your credentials could not be generated."
            result = MsgBox(sz, 0, "Credentials Enrollment")
            Exit Sub
	else 
	    TheForm.Request.value = sz10
	    TheForm.Submit
        end if
    End Sub

    Sub Add_RDN(sn, value)
	if (value <> "") then
	    if (DN <> "") then
		DN = DN & "; "
	    end if
	    DN = DN & sn & "=" & value
	end if
    End Sub
</SCRIPT>
</BODY>
</HTML>
EOF
-----END ms-enroll.cgi-----

Second, how to extract the request and feed the certificate back? We need to 
"normalize" the base64 encoding of the PKCS#10 format which means 
regenerating the lines and wrapping with BEGIN and END line. This is done by 
gawk. The request is taken by ca the normal way. Then the cert needs to be 
packed into a PKCS#7 structure (note: the use of a CRL is necessary for 
crl2pkcs7 as of version 0.6.6. Starting with 0.8.0 it it might probably be 
ommited). Finally we need to format the PKCS#7 object and generate the HTML 
text. I use two templates to have a clearer script.

1st note: postit2 is slightly modified from a program I found at ncsa's ftp 
site. Grab it from http://www.easterngraphics.com/certs/IX9704/postit2.c. You 
need utils.c from there too.

2nd note: I'm note quite sure wether the gawk script really handles all 
possible inputs for the request right! Today I don't use this construction 
anymore myself.

3d note: the cert must be of version 3! This could be done with the nsComment 
line in ssleay.cnf...

------BEGIN ms-gencert.cgi-----
#!/bin/sh
FILE="/tmp/"`date '+%y%m%d%H%M%S'-`$$
rm -f "$FILE".*

HOME=`pwd`; export HOME  # as ssleay.cnf insists on having such an env var
cd /usr/local/ssl #where demoCA (as named in ssleay.conf) is located

postit2 -s " " -i 0x0d > "$FILE".inp  # process the FORM vars

SESSION_ID=`gawk '$1 == "SessionId" { print $2; exit }' "$FILE".inp`

gawk \
	'BEGIN { \
		OFS = ""; \
		print "-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----"; \
		req_seen=0 \
	} \
	$1 == "Request" { \
		req_seen=1; \
		if (length($2) == 72) print($2); \
		lastline=$2; \
		next; \
	} \
	{ \
		if (req_seen == 1) { \
			if (length($1) >= 72) print($1); \
			else if (length(lastline) < 72) { \
				req_seen=0; \
				print (lastline,$1); \
			} \
		lastline=$1; \
		} \
	} \
	END { \
		print "-----END CERTIFICATE REQUEST-----"; \
	}' > "$FILE".pem < "$FILE".inp 

ssleay ca -batch -in "$FILE".pem -key passwd -out "$FILE".out
ssleay crl2pkcs7 -certfile "$FILE".out -out "$FILE".pkcs7 -in demoCA/crl.pem

sed s/template_for_sessId/$SESSION_ID/ <ms-enroll2a.html >"$FILE".cert
/usr/local/bin/gawk \
	'BEGIN	{ \
		OFS = ""; \
		dq = sprintf("%c",34); \
	} \
	$0 ~ "PKCS7" { next; } \
	{ \
		print dq$0dq" & _"; \
	}' <"$FILE".pkcs7 >> "$FILE".cert
cat  ms-enroll2b.html >>"$FILE".cert

echo Content-type: text/html
echo Content-length: `wc -c "$FILE".cert`
echo
cat "$FILE".cert
rm -f "$FILE".*
-----END ms-gencert.cgi-----

----BEGIN ms-enroll2a.html----
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Certificate Acceptance Test Page</TITLE></HEAD><BODY>

<OBJECT
    classid="clsid:33BEC9E0-F78F-11cf-B782-00C04FD7BF43"
    codebase=certenr3.dll
    id=certHelper
    >
</OBJECT>

<CENTER>
<H2>Your personal certificate</H2>
<BR><HR WIDTH=50%><BR><P>
Press the button!
<P><INPUT TYPE=BUTTON VALUE="Nimm mich!" NAME="InstallCert">
</CENTER>
<BR><HR WIDTH=50%><BR>

<SCRIPT LANGUAGE=VBS>
    Sub InstallCert_OnClick

	sessionId	= "template_for_sessId"
credentials = "" & _
----END ms-enroll2a.html----

----BEGIN ms-enroll2b.html----
""
        On Error Resume Next
        result = certHelper.AcceptCredentials(sessionId, credentials, 0, 
FALSE)
        if (IsEmpty(result)) Then
           sz = "The error '" & Err.Number & "' occurred." & chr(13) & 
chr(10) & "This Digital ID could not be registered."
           msgOut = MsgBox(sz, 0, "Credentials Registration Error")
           navigate "error.html"
        else
           sz = "Digital ID successfully registered."
           msgOut = MsgBox(sz, 0, "Credentials Registration")
           navigate "success.html"
        end if
	Exit Sub
    End Sub
</SCRIPT>
</BODY>
</HTML>
----END ms-enroll2b.html----

4.) What do do with the cert?
-----------------------------

The cert is visible (without restarting MSIE) under the following menu:
View->Options->Security->Personal certs. You can examine it's contents at 
least partially.

To use it for client authentication you need to use SSL3.0 (fortunately 
SSLeay supports it with 0.8.0). Furthermore MSIE is told to only supports a 
kind of automatic selection of certs (I personally wasn't able to test it 
myself). But there is a requirement that the issuer of the server cert and 
the issuer of the client cert needs to be the same (according to a developer 
from MS). Which means: you need may more then one cert to talk to all 
servers...

I'm sure we will get a bit more experience after ApacheSSL is available for 
SSLeay 0.8.8.


I hope you enjoyed reading and that in future questions on this topic will 
rarely appear on ssl-users@moncom.com ;-)

Ilmenau, 9th of June 1997
Holger Reif <reif@prakinf.tu-ilmenau.de>
-- 
read you later  -  Holger Reif
----------------------------------------  Signaturprojekt Deutsche Einheit
TU Ilmenau - Informatik - Telematik                      (Verdamp lang her)
Holger.Reif@PrakInf.TU-Ilmenau.DE         Alt wie ein Baum werden, um ueber
http://Remus.PrakInf.TU-Ilmenau.DE/Reif/  alle 7 Bruecken gehen zu koennen


==== ns-ca.doc ========================================================

The following documentation was supplied by Jeff Barber, who provided the
patch to the CA program to add this functionality.

eric
--
Jeff Barber                                Email: jeffb@issl.atl.hp.com

Hewlett Packard                            Phone: (404) 648-9503
Internet and System Security Lab           Fax:   (404) 648-9516

                         oo
---------------------cut /\ here for ns-ca.doc ------------------------------

This document briefly describes how to use SSLeay to implement a 
certificate authority capable of dynamically serving up client
certificates for version 3.0 beta 5 (and presumably later) versions of
the Netscape Navigator.  Before describing how this is done, it's
important to understand a little about how the browser implements its
client certificate support.  This is documented in some detail in the
URLs based at <URL:http://home.netscape.com/eng/security/certs.html>.
Here's a brief overview:

-	The Navigator supports a new HTML tag "KEYGEN" which will cause
	the browser to generate an RSA key pair when you submit a form
	containing the tag.  The public key, along with an optional
	challenge (supposedly provided for use in certificate revocation
	but I don't use it) is signed, DER-encoded, base-64 encoded
	and sent to the web server as the value of the variable
	whose NAME is provided in the KEYGEN tag.  The private key is
	stored by the browser in a local key database.

	This "Signed Public Key And Challenge" (SPKAC) arrives formatted
	into 64 character lines (which are of course URL-encoded when 
	sent via HTTP -- i.e. spaces, newlines and most punctuatation are
	encoded as "%HH" where HH is the hex equivalent of the ASCII code).
	Note that the SPKAC does not contain the other usual attributes
	of a certificate request, especially the subject name fields.
	These must be otherwise encoded in the form for submission along
	with the SPKAC.

-	Either immediately (in response to this form submission), or at
	some later date (a real CA will probably verify your identity in
	some way before issuing the certificate), a web server can send a
	certificate based on the public key and other attributes back to
	the browser by encoding it in DER (the binary form) and sending it
	to the browser as MIME type:
	"Content-type: application/x-x509-user-cert"

	The browser uses the public key encoded in the certificate to
	associate the certificate with the appropriate private key in
	its local key database.  Now, the certificate is "installed".

-	When a server wants to require authentication based on client
	certificates, it uses the right signals via the SSL protocol to
	trigger the Navigator to ask you which certificate you want to
	send.  Whether the certificate is accepted is dependent on CA
	certificates and so forth installed in the server and is beyond
	the scope of this document.


Now, here's how the SSLeay package can be used to provide client 
certficates:

-	You prepare a file for input to the SSLeay ca application.
	The file contains a number of "name = value" pairs that identify
	the subject.  The names here are the same subject name component
	identifiers used in the CA section of the lib/ssleay.conf file,
	such as "emailAddress", "commonName" "organizationName" and so
	forth.  Both the long version and the short version (e.g. "Email",
	"CN", "O") can be used.

	One more name is supported: this one is "SPKAC".  Its value
	is simply the value of the base-64 encoded SPKAC sent by the
	browser (with all the newlines and other space charaters
	removed -- and newline escapes are NOT supported).

	[ As of SSLeay 0.6.4, multiple lines are supported.
	  Put a \ at the end of each line and it will be joined with the
	  previous line with the '\n' removed - eay ]
	
	Here's a sample input file:

C = US
SP = Georgia
O = Some Organization, Inc.
OU = Netscape Compatibility Group
CN = John X. Doe
Email = jxdoe@someorg.com
SPKAC = MIG0MGAwXDANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAANLADBIAkEAwmk6FMJ4uAVIYbcvIOx5+bDGTfvL8X5gE+R67ccMk6rCSGbVQz2cetyQtnI+VIs0NwdD6wjuSuVtVFbLoHonowIDAQABFgAwDQYJKoZIhvcNAQEEBQADQQBFZDUWFl6BJdomtN1Bi53mwijy1rRgJ4YirF15yBEDM3DjAQkKXHYOIX+qpz4KXKnl6EYxTnGSFL5wWt8X2iyx

-	You execute the ca command (either from a CGI program run out of
	the web server, or as a later manual task) giving it the above
	file as input.  For example, if the file were named /tmp/cert.req,
	you'd run:
	$SSLDIR/bin/ca -spkac /tmp/cert.req -out /tmp/cert

	The output is in DER format (binary) if a -out argument is 
	provided, as above; otherwise, it's in the PEM format (base-64
	encoded DER).  Also, the "-batch" switch is implied by the
	"-spkac" so you don't get asked whether to complete the signing
	(probably it shouldn't work this way but I was only interested
	in hacking together an online CA that could be used for issuing
	test certificates).

	The "-spkac" capability doesn't support multiple files (I think).

	Any CHALLENGE provided in the SPKAC is simply ignored.

	The interactions between the identification fields you provide
	and those identified in your lib/ssleay.conf are the same as if
	you did an ordinary "ca -in infile -out outfile" -- that is, if
	something is marked as required in the ssleay.conf file and it
	isn't found in the -spkac file, the certificate won't be issued.

-	Now, you pick up the output from /tmp/cert and pass it back to
	the Navigator prepending the Content-type string described earlier.

-	In order to run the ca command out of a CGI program, you must
	provide a password to decrypt the CA's private key.  You can
	do this by using "echo MyKeyPassword | $SSLDIR/bin/ca ..."
	I think there's a way to not encrypt the key file in the first
	place, but I didn't see how to do that, so I made a small change
	to the library that allows the password to be accepted from a pipe.
	Either way is UTTERLY INSECURE and a real CA would never do that.

	[ You can use the 'ssleay rsa' command to remove the password
	  from the private key, or you can use the '-key' option to the
	  ca command to specify the decryption key on the command line
	  or use the -nodes option when generating the key.
	  ca will try to clear the command line version of the password
	  but for quite a few operating systems, this is not possible.
	  - eric ]

So, what do you have to do to make use of this stuff to create an online 
demo CA capability with SSLeay?

1	Create an HTML form for your users.  The form should contain
	fields for all of the required or optional fields in ssleay.conf.
	The form must contain a KEYGEN tag somewhere with at least a NAME
	attribute.

2	Create a CGI program to process the form input submitted by the
	browser.  The CGI program must URL-decode the variables and create
	the file described above, containing subject identification info
	as well as the SPKAC block.  It should then run the the ca program
	with the -spkac option.  If it works (check the exit status),
	return the new certificate with the appropriate MIME type.  If not,
	return the output of the ca command with MIME type "text/plain".

3	Set up your web server to accept connections signed by your demo
	CA.  This probably involves obtaining the PEM-encoded CA certificate
	(ordinarily in $SSLDIR/CA/cacert.pem) and installing it into a
	server database.  See your server manual for instructions.


==== obj.doc ========================================================

The Object library.

As part of my Crypto library, I found I required a method of identifying various
objects.  These objects normally had 3 different values associated with
them, a short text name, a long (or lower case) text name, and an
ASN.1 Object Identifier (which is a sequence of numbers).
This library contains a static list of objects and functions to lookup
according to one type and to return the other types.

To use these routines, 'Object.h' needs to be included.

For each supported object, #define entries are defined as follows
#define SN_Algorithm			"Algorithm"
#define LN_algorithm			"algorithm"
#define NID_algorithm			38
#define OBJ_algorithm			1L,3L,14L,3L,2L

SN_  stands for short name.
LN_  stands for either long name or lowercase name.
NID_ stands for Numeric ID.  I each object has a unique NID and this
     should be used internally to identify objects.
OBJ_ stands for ASN.1 Object Identifier or ASN1_OBJECT as defined in the
     ASN1 routines.  These values are used in ASN1 encoding.

The following functions are to be used to return pointers into a static
definition of these types.  What this means is "don't try to free() any
pointers returned from these functions.

ASN1_OBJECT *OBJ_nid2obj(
int n);
	Return the ASN1_OBJECT that corresponds to a NID of n.
	
char *OBJ_nid2ln(
int n);
	Return the long/lower case name of the object represented by the
	NID of n.
	
char *OBJ_nid2sn(
int n);
	Return the short name for the object represented by the NID of n.

ASN1_OBJECT *OBJ_dup(
ASN1_OBJECT *o);
	Duplicate and return a new ASN1_OBJECT that is the same as the
	passed parameter.
	
int OBJ_obj2nid(
ASN1_OBJECT *o);
	Given ASN1_OBJECT o, return the NID that corresponds.
	
int OBJ_ln2nid(
char *s);
	Given the long/lower case name 's', return the NID of the object.
	
int OBJ_sn2nid(
char *s);
	Given the short name 's', return the NID of the object.
	
char *OBJ_bsearch(
char *key,
char *base,
int num,
int size,
int (*cmp)());
	Since I have come across a few platforms that do not have the
	bsearch() function, OBJ_bsearch is my version of that function.
	Feel free to use this function, but you may as well just use the
	normal system bsearch(3) if it is present.  This version also
	has tolerance of being passed NULL pointers.

==== keys ===========================================================

EVP_PKEY_DSA
EVP_PKEY_DSA2
EVP_PKEY_DSA3
EVP_PKEY_DSA4

EVP_PKEY_RSA
EVP_PKEY_RSA2

valid DSA pkey types
	NID_dsa
	NID_dsaWithSHA
	NID_dsaWithSHA1
	NID_dsaWithSHA1_2

valid RSA pkey types
	NID_rsaEncryption
	NID_rsa

NID_dsaWithSHA	NID_dsaWithSHA			DSA		SHA
NID_dsa		NID_dsaWithSHA1			DSA		SHA1
NID_md2		NID_md2WithRSAEncryption	RSA-pkcs1	MD2
NID_md5		NID_md5WithRSAEncryption	RSA-pkcs1	MD5
NID_mdc2	NID_mdc2WithRSA			RSA-none	MDC2
NID_ripemd160	NID_ripemd160WithRSA		RSA-pkcs1	RIPEMD160
NID_sha		NID_shaWithRSAEncryption	RSA-pkcs1	SHA
NID_sha1	NID_sha1WithRSAEncryption	RSA-pkcs1	SHA1

==== rand.doc ========================================================

My Random number library.

These routines can be used to generate pseudo random numbers and can be
used to 'seed' the pseudo random number generator (RNG).  The RNG make no
effort to reproduce the same random number stream with each execution.
Various other routines in the SSLeay library 'seed' the RNG when suitable
'random' input data is available.  Read the section at the end for details
on the design of the RNG.

void RAND_bytes(
unsigned char *buf,
int num);
	This routine puts 'num' random bytes into 'buf'.  One should make
	sure RAND_seed() has been called before using this routine.
	
void RAND_seed(
unsigned char *buf,
int num);
	This routine adds more 'seed' data the RNG state.  'num' bytes
	are added to the RNG state, they are taken from 'buf'.  This
	routine can be called with sensitive data such as user entered
	passwords.  This sensitive data is in no way recoverable from
	the RAND library routines or state.  Try to pass as much data
	from 'random' sources as possible into the RNG via this function.
	Also strongly consider using the RAND_load_file() and
	RAND_write_file() routines.

void RAND_cleanup();
	When a program has finished with the RAND library, if it so
	desires, it can 'zero' all RNG state.
	
The following 3 routines are convenience routines that can be used to
'save' and 'restore' data from/to the RNG and it's state.
Since the more 'random' data that is feed as seed data the better, why not
keep it around between executions of the program?  Of course the
application should pass more 'random' data in via RAND_seed() and 
make sure no-one can read the 'random' data file.
	
char *RAND_file_name(
char *buf,
int size);
	This routine returns a 'default' name for the location of a 'rand'
	file.  The 'rand' file should keep a sequence of random bytes used
	to initialise the RNG.  The filename is put in 'buf'.  Buf is 'size'
	bytes long.  Buf is returned if things go well, if they do not,
	NULL is returned.  The 'rand' file name is generated in the
	following way.  First, if there is a 'RANDFILE' environment
	variable, it is returned.  Second, if there is a 'HOME' environment
	variable, $HOME/.rand is returned.  Third, NULL is returned.  NULL
	is also returned if a buf would overflow.

int RAND_load_file(
char *file,
long number);
	This function 'adds' the 'file' into the RNG state.  It does this by
	doing a RAND_seed() on the value returned from a stat() system call
	on the file and if 'number' is non-zero, upto 'number' bytes read
	from the file.  The number of bytes passed to RAND_seed() is returned.

int RAND_write_file(
char *file),
	RAND_write_file() writes N random bytes to the file 'file', where
	N is the size of the internal RND state (currently 1k).
	This is a suitable method of saving RNG state for reloading via
	RAND_load_file().

What follows is a description of this RNG and a description of the rational
behind it's design.

It should be noted that this RNG is intended to be used to generate
'random' keys for various ciphers including generation of DH and RSA keys.  

It should also be noted that I have just created a system that I am happy with.
It may be overkill but that does not worry me.  I have not spent that much
time on this algorithm so if there are glaring errors, please let me know.
Speed has not been a consideration in the design of these routines.

First up I will state the things I believe I need for a good RNG.
1) A good hashing algorithm to mix things up and to convert the RNG 'state'
   to random numbers.
2) An initial source of random 'state'.
3) The state should be very large.  If the RNG is being used to generate
   4096 bit RSA keys, 2 2048 bit random strings are required (at a minimum).
   If your RNG state only has 128 bits, you are obviously limiting the
   search space to 128 bits, not 2048.  I'm probably getting a little
   carried away on this last point but it does indicate that it may not be
   a bad idea to keep quite a lot of RNG state.  It should be easier to
   break a cipher than guess the RNG seed data.
4) Any RNG seed data should influence all subsequent random numbers
   generated.  This implies that any random seed data entered will have
   an influence on all subsequent random numbers generated.
5) When using data to seed the RNG state, the data used should not be
   extractable from the RNG state.  I believe this should be a
   requirement because one possible source of 'secret' semi random
   data would be a private key or a password.  This data must
   not be disclosed by either subsequent random numbers or a
   'core' dump left by a program crash.
6) Given the same initial 'state', 2 systems should deviate in their RNG state
   (and hence the random numbers generated) over time if at all possible.
7) Given the random number output stream, it should not be possible to determine
   the RNG state or the next random number.


The algorithm is as follows.

There is global state made up of a 1023 byte buffer (the 'state'), a
working message digest ('md') and a counter ('count').

Whenever seed data is added, it is inserted into the 'state' as
follows.
	The input is chopped up into units of 16 bytes (or less for
	the last block).  Each of these blocks is run through the MD5
	message digest.  The data passed to the MD5 digest is the
	current 'md', the same number of bytes from the 'state'
	(the location determined by in incremented looping index) as
	the current 'block' and the new key data 'block'.  The result
	of this is kept in 'md' and also xored into the 'state' at the
	same locations that were used as input into the MD5.
	I believe this system addresses points 1 (MD5), 3 (the 'state'),
	4 (via the 'md'), 5 (by the use of MD5 and xor).

When bytes are extracted from the RNG, the following process is used.
For each group of 8 bytes (or less), we do the following,
	Input into MD5, the top 8 bytes from 'md', the byte that are
	to be overwritten by the random bytes and bytes from the
	'state' (incrementing looping index).  From this digest output
	(which is kept in 'md'), the top (upto) 8 bytes are
	returned to the caller and the bottom (upto) 8 bytes are xored
	into the 'state'.
	Finally, after we have finished 'generation' random bytes for the
	called, 'count' (which is incremented) and 'md' are fed into MD5 and
	the results are kept in 'md'.
	I believe the above addressed points 1 (use of MD5), 6 (by
	hashing into the 'state' the 'old' data from the caller that
	is about to be overwritten) and 7 (by not using the 8 bytes
	given to the caller to update the 'state', but they are used
	to update 'md').

So of the points raised, only 2 is not addressed, but sources of
random data will always be a problem.
	

==== rc2.doc ========================================================

The RC2 library.

RC2 is a block cipher that operates on 64bit (8 byte) quantities.  It
uses variable size key, but 128bit (16 byte) key would normally be considered
good.  It can be used in all the modes that DES can be used.  This
library implements the ecb, cbc, cfb64, ofb64 modes.

I have implemented this library from an article posted to sci.crypt on
11-Feb-1996.  I personally don't know how far to trust the RC2 cipher.
While it is capable of having a key of any size, not much reseach has
publically been done on it at this point in time (Apr-1996)
since the cipher has only been public for a few months :-)
It is of a similar speed to DES and IDEA, so unless it is required for
meeting some standard (SSLv2, perhaps S/MIME), it would probably be advisable
to stick to IDEA, or for the paranoid, Tripple DES.

Mind you, having said all that, I should mention that I just read alot and
implement ciphers, I'm a 'babe in the woods' when it comes to evaluating
ciphers :-).

For all calls that have an 'input' and 'output' variables, they can be the
same.

This library requires the inclusion of 'rc2.h'.

All of the encryption functions take what is called an RC2_KEY as an 
argument.  An RC2_KEY is an expanded form of the RC2 key.
For all modes of the RC2 algorithm, the RC2_KEY used for
decryption is the same one that was used for encryption.

The define RC2_ENCRYPT is passed to specify encryption for the functions
that require an encryption/decryption flag. RC2_DECRYPT is passed to
specify decryption.

Please note that any of the encryption modes specified in my DES library
could be used with RC2.  I have only implemented ecb, cbc, cfb64 and
ofb64 for the following reasons.
- ecb is the basic RC2 encryption.
- cbc is the normal 'chaining' form for block ciphers.
- cfb64 can be used to encrypt single characters, therefore input and output
  do not need to be a multiple of 8.
- ofb64 is similar to cfb64 but is more like a stream cipher, not as
  secure (not cipher feedback) but it does not have an encrypt/decrypt mode.
- If you want triple RC2, thats 384 bits of key and you must be totally
  obsessed with security.  Still, if you want it, it is simple enough to
  copy the function from the DES library and change the des_encrypt to
  RC2_encrypt; an exercise left for the paranoid reader :-).

The functions are as follows:

void RC2_set_key(
RC2_KEY *ks;
int len;
unsigned char *key;
int bits;
        RC2_set_key converts an 'len' byte key into a RC2_KEY.
        A 'ks' is an expanded form of the 'key' which is used to
        perform actual encryption.  It can be regenerated from the RC2 key
        so it only needs to be kept when encryption or decryption is about
        to occur.  Don't save or pass around RC2_KEY's since they
        are CPU architecture dependent, 'key's are not.  RC2 is an
	interesting cipher in that it can be used with a variable length
	key.  'len' is the length of 'key' to be used as the key.
	A 'len' of 16 is recomended.  The 'bits' argument is an
	interesting addition which I only found out about in Aug 96.
	BSAFE uses this parameter to 'limit' the number of bits used
	for the key.  To use the 'key' unmodified, set bits to 1024.
	This is what old versions of my RC2 library did (SSLeay 0.6.3).
	RSAs BSAFE library sets this parameter to be 128 if 128 bit
	keys are being used.  So to be compatable with BSAFE, set it
	to 128, if you don't want to reduce RC2's key length, leave it
	at 1024.
	
void RC2_encrypt(
unsigned long *data,
RC2_KEY *key,
int encrypt);
	This is the RC2 encryption function that gets called by just about
	every other RC2 routine in the library.  You should not use this
	function except to implement 'modes' of RC2.  I say this because the
	functions that call this routine do the conversion from 'char *' to
	long, and this needs to be done to make sure 'non-aligned' memory
	access do not occur.
	Data is a pointer to 2 unsigned long's and key is the
	RC2_KEY to use.  Encryption or decryption is indicated by 'encrypt'.
	which can have the values RC2_ENCRYPT or RC2_DECRYPT.

void RC2_ecb_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
RC2_KEY *key,
int encrypt);
	This is the basic Electronic Code Book form of RC2 (in DES this
	mode is called Electronic Code Book so I'm going to use the term
	for rc2 as well.
	Input is encrypted into output using the key represented by
	key.  Depending on the encrypt, encryption or
	decryption occurs.  Input is 8 bytes long and output is 8 bytes.
	
void RC2_cbc_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
RC2_KEY *ks,
unsigned char *ivec,
int encrypt);
	This routine implements RC2 in Cipher Block Chaining mode.
	Input, which should be a multiple of 8 bytes is encrypted
	(or decrypted) to output which will also be a multiple of 8 bytes.
	The number of bytes is in length (and from what I've said above,
	should be a multiple of 8).  If length is not a multiple of 8, bad 
	things will probably happen.  ivec is the initialisation vector.
	This function updates iv after each call so that it can be passed to
	the next call to RC2_cbc_encrypt().
	
void RC2_cfb64_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
RC2_KEY *schedule,
unsigned char *ivec,
int *num,
int encrypt);
	This is one of the more useful functions in this RC2 library, it
	implements CFB mode of RC2 with 64bit feedback.
	This allows you to encrypt an arbitrary number of bytes,
	you do not require 8 byte padding.  Each call to this
	routine will encrypt the input bytes to output and then update ivec
	and num.  Num contains 'how far' we are though ivec.
	'Encrypt' is used to indicate encryption or decryption.
	CFB64 mode operates by using the cipher to generate a stream
	of bytes which is used to encrypt the plain text.
	The cipher text is then encrypted to generate the next 64 bits to
	be xored (incrementally) with the next 64 bits of plain
	text.  As can be seen from this, to encrypt or decrypt,
	the same 'cipher stream' needs to be generated but the way the next
	block of data is gathered for encryption is different for
	encryption and decryption.
	
void RC2_ofb64_encrypt(
unsigned char *in,
unsigned char *out,
long length,
RC2_KEY *schedule,
unsigned char *ivec,
int *num);
	This functions implements OFB mode of RC2 with 64bit feedback.
	This allows you to encrypt an arbitrary number of bytes,
	you do not require 8 byte padding.  Each call to this
	routine will encrypt the input bytes to output and then update ivec
	and num.  Num contains 'how far' we are though ivec.
	This is in effect a stream cipher, there is no encryption or
	decryption mode.
	
For reading passwords, I suggest using des_read_pw_string() from my DES library.
To generate a password from a text string, I suggest using MD5 (or MD2) to
produce a 16 byte message digest that can then be passed directly to
RC2_set_key().

=====
For more information about the specific RC2 modes in this library
(ecb, cbc, cfb and ofb), read the section entitled 'Modes of DES' from the
documentation on my DES library.  What is said about DES is directly
applicable for RC2.


==== rc4.doc ========================================================

The RC4 library.
RC4 is a stream cipher that operates on a byte stream.  It can be used with
any length key but I would recommend normally using 16 bytes.

This library requires the inclusion of 'rc4.h'.

The RC4 encryption function takes what is called an RC4_KEY as an argument.
The RC4_KEY is generated by the RC4_set_key function from the key bytes.

RC4, being a stream cipher, does not have an encryption or decryption mode.
It produces a stream of bytes that the input stream is xor'ed against and
so decryption is just a case of 'encrypting' again with the same key.

I have only put in one 'mode' for RC4 which is the normal one.  This means
there is no initialisation vector and there is no feedback of the cipher
text into the cipher.  This implies that you should not ever use the
same key twice if you can help it.  If you do, you leave yourself open to
known plain text attacks; if you know the plain text and
corresponding cipher text in one message, all messages that used the same
key can have the cipher text decoded for the corresponding positions in the
cipher stream.

The main positive feature of RC4 is that it is a very fast cipher; about 4
times faster that DES.  This makes it ideally suited to protocols where the
key is randomly chosen, like SSL.

The functions are as follows:

void RC4_set_key(
RC4_KEY *key;
int len;
unsigned char *data);
	This function initialises the RC4_KEY structure with the key passed
	in 'data', which is 'len' bytes long.  The key data can be any
	length but 16 bytes seems to be a good number.

void RC4(
RC4_KEY *key;
unsigned long len;
unsigned char *in;
unsigned char *out);
	Do the actual RC4 encryption/decryption.  Using the 'key', 'len'
	bytes are transformed from 'in' to 'out'.  As mentioned above,
	decryption is the operation as encryption.

==== ref.doc ========================================================

I have lots more references etc, and will update this list in the future,
30 Aug 1996 - eay


SSL	The SSL Protocol - from Netscapes.

RC4	Newsgroups: sci.crypt
	From: sterndark@netcom.com (David Sterndark)
	Subject: RC4 Algorithm revealed.
	Message-ID: <sternCvKL4B.Hyy@netcom.com>

RC2	Newsgroups: sci.crypt
	From: pgut01@cs.auckland.ac.nz (Peter Gutmann)
	Subject: Specification for Ron Rivests Cipher No.2
	Message-ID: <4fk39f$f70@net.auckland.ac.nz>

MD2	RFC1319 The MD2 Message-Digest Algorithm
MD5	RFC1321 The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm

X509 Certificates
	RFC1421 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part I
	RFC1422 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part II
	RFC1423 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part III
	RFC1424 Privacy Enhancement for Internet Electronic Mail: Part IV

RSA and various standard encoding
	PKCS#1 RSA Encryption Standard
	PKCS#5 Password-Based Encryption Standard
	PKCS#7 Cryptographic Message Syntax Standard
	A Layman's Guide to a Subset of ASN.1, BER, and DER
	An Overview of the PKCS Standards
	Some Examples of the PKCS Standards

IDEA	Chapter 3 The Block Cipher IDEA

RSA, prime number generation and bignum algorithms
	Introduction To Algorithms,
	Thomas Cormen, Charles Leiserson, Ronald Rivest,
	Section 29 Arithmetic Circuits
	Section 33 Number-Theoretic Algorithms

Fast Private Key algorithm
	Fast Decipherment Algorithm for RSA Public-Key Cryptosystem
	J.-J. Quisquater and C. Couvreur, Electronics Letters,
	14th October 1982, Vol. 18 No. 21

Prime number generation and bignum algorithms.
	PGP-2.3a

==== rsa.doc ========================================================

The RSA encryption and utility routines.

The RSA routines are built on top of a big number library (the BN library).
There are support routines in the X509 library for loading and manipulating
the various objects in the RSA library.  When errors are returned, read
about the ERR library for how to access the error codes.

All RSA encryption is done according to the PKCS-1 standard which is
compatible with PEM and RSAref.  This means that any values being encrypted
must be less than the size of the modulus in bytes, minus 10, bytes long.

This library uses RAND_bytes()() for it's random data, make sure to feed
RAND_seed() with lots of interesting and varied data before using these
routines.

The RSA library has one specific data type, the RSA structure.
It is composed of 8 BIGNUM variables (see the BN library for details) and
can hold either a private RSA key or a public RSA key.
Some RSA libraries have different structures for public and private keys, I
don't.  For my libraries, a public key is determined by the fact that the
RSA->d value is NULL.  These routines will operate on any size RSA keys.
While I'm sure 4096 bit keys are very very secure, they take a lot longer
to process that 1024 bit keys :-).

The function in the RSA library are as follows.

RSA *RSA_new();
	This function creates a new RSA object.  The sub-fields of the RSA
	type are also malloced so you should always use this routine to
	create RSA variables.
	
void RSA_free(
RSA *rsa);
	This function 'frees' an RSA structure.  This routine should always
	be used to free the RSA structure since it will also 'free' any
	sub-fields of the RSA type that need freeing.
	
int RSA_size(
RSA *rsa);	
	This function returns the size of the RSA modulus in bytes.  Why do
	I need this you may ask, well the reason is that when you encrypt
	with RSA, the output string will be the size of the RSA modulus.
	So the output for the RSA_encrypt and the input for the RSA_decrypt
	routines need to be RSA_size() bytes long, because this is how many
	bytes are expected.
	
For the following 4 RSA encryption routines, it should be noted that
RSA_private_decrypt() should be used on the output from 
RSA_public_encrypt() and RSA_public_decrypt() should be used on
the output from RSA_private_encrypt().
	
int RSA_public_encrypt(
int from_len;
unsigned char *from	
unsigned char *to	
RSA *rsa);
	This function implements RSA public encryption, the rsa variable
	should be a public key (but can be a private key).  'from_len'
	bytes taken from 'from' and encrypted and put into 'to'.  'to' needs
	to be at least RSA_size(rsa) bytes long.  The number of bytes
	written into 'to' is returned.  -1 is returned on an error.  The
	operation performed is
	to = from^rsa->e mod rsa->n.
	
int RSA_private_encrypt(
int from_len;
unsigned char *from	
unsigned char *to	
RSA *rsa);
	This function implements RSA private encryption, the rsa variable
	should be a private key.  'from_len' bytes taken from
	'from' and encrypted and put into 'to'.  'to' needs
	to be at least RSA_size(rsa) bytes long.  The number of bytes
	written into 'to' is returned.  -1 is returned on an error.  The
	operation performed is
	to = from^rsa->d mod rsa->n.

int RSA_public_decrypt(
int from_len;
unsigned char *from	
unsigned char *to	
RSA *rsa);
	This function implements RSA public decryption, the rsa variable
	should be a public key (but can be a private key).  'from_len'
	bytes are taken from 'from' and decrypted.  The decrypted data is
	put into 'to'.  The number of bytes encrypted is returned.  -1 is
	returned to indicate an error. The operation performed is
	to = from^rsa->e mod rsa->n.

int RSA_private_decrypt(
int from_len;
unsigned char *from	
unsigned char *to	
RSA *rsa);
	This function implements RSA private decryption, the rsa variable
	should be a private key.  'from_len' bytes are taken
	from 'from' and decrypted.  The decrypted data is
	put into 'to'.  The number of bytes encrypted is returned.  -1 is
	returned to indicate an error. The operation performed is
	to = from^rsa->d mod rsa->n.

int RSA_mod_exp(
BIGNUM *n;
BIGNUM *p;
RSA *rsa);
	Normally you will never use this routine.
	This is really an internal function which is called by
	RSA_private_encrypt() and RSA_private_decrypt().  It performs
	n=n^p mod rsa->n except that it uses the 5 extra variables in the
	RSA structure to make this more efficient.
	
RSA *RSA_generate_key(
int bits;
unsigned long e;
void (*callback)();
char *cb_arg;
	This routine is used to generate RSA private keys.  It takes
	quite a period of time to run and should only be used to
	generate initial private keys that should then be stored
	for later use.  The passed callback function 
	will be called periodically so that feedback can be given
	as to how this function is progressing.
	'bits' is the length desired for the modulus, so it would be 1024
	to generate a 1024 bit private key.
	'e' is the value to use for the public exponent 'e'.  Traditionally
	it is set to either 3 or 0x10001.
	The callback function (if not NULL) is called in the following
	situations.
	when we have generated a suspected prime number to test,
	callback(0,num1++,cb_arg).  When it passes a prime number test,
	callback(1,num2++,cb_arg).  When it is rejected as one of
	the 2 primes required due to gcd(prime,e value) != 0,
	callback(2,num3++,cb_arg).  When finally accepted as one
	of the 2 primes, callback(3,num4++,cb_arg).


==== rsaref.doc ========================================================

This package can be compiled to use the RSAref library.
This library is not allowed outside of the USA but inside the USA it is
claimed by RSA to be the only RSA public key library that can be used
besides BSAFE..

There are 2 files, rsaref/rsaref.c and rsaref/rsaref.h that contain the glue
code to use RSAref.  These files were written by looking at the PGP
source code and seeing which routines it used to access RSAref.
I have also been sent by some-one a copy of the RSAref header file that
contains the library error codes.

[ Jun 1996 update - I have recently gotten hold of RSAref 2.0 from
  South Africa and have been doing some performace tests. ]
	
They have now been tested against the recently announced RSAEURO
library.

There are 2 ways to use SSLeay and RSAref.  First, to build so that
the programs must be linked with RSAref, add '-DRSAref' to CFLAG in the top
level makefile and -lrsaref (or where ever you are keeping RSAref) to
EX_LIBS.

To build a makefile via util/mk1mf.pl to do this, use the 'rsaref' option.

The second method is to build as per normal and link applications with
the RSAglue library.  The correct library order would be
cc -o cmd cmd.o -lssl -lRSAglue -lcrypto -lrsaref -ldes
The RSAglue library is built in the rsa directory and is NOT
automatically installed.

Be warned that the RSAEURO library, that is claimed to be compatible
with RSAref contains a different value for the maximum number of bits
supported.  This changes structure sizes and so if you are using
RSAEURO, change the value of RSAref_MAX_BITS in rsa/rsaref.h


==== s_mult.doc ========================================================

s_mult is a test program I hacked up on a Sunday for testing non-blocking
IO.  It has a select loop at it's centre that handles multiple readers
and writers.

Try the following command
ssleay s_mult -echo -nbio -ssl -v
echo - sends any sent text back to the sender
nbio - turns on non-blocking IO
ssl  - accept SSL connections, default is normal text
v    - print lots
	type Q<cr> to quit

In another window, run the following
ssleay s_client -pause </etc/termcap

The pause option puts in a 1 second pause in each read(2)/write(2) call
so the other end will have read()s fail.

==== session.doc ========================================================

I have just checked over and re-worked the session stuff.
The following brief example will ignore all setup information to do with
authentication.

Things operate as follows.

The SSL environment has a 'context', a SSL_CTX structure.  This holds the
cached SSL_SESSIONS (which can be reused) and the certificate lookup
information.  Each SSL structure needs to be associated with a SSL_CTX.
Normally only one SSL_CTX structure is needed per program.

SSL_CTX *SSL_CTX_new(void ); 
void    SSL_CTX_free(SSL_CTX *);
These 2 functions create and destroy SSL_CTX structures

The SSL_CTX has a session_cache_mode which is by default,
in SSL_SESS_CACHE_SERVER mode.  What this means is that the library
will automatically add new session-id's to the cache upon successful
SSL_accept() calls.
If SSL_SESS_CACHE_CLIENT is set, then client certificates are also added
to the cache.
SSL_set_session_cache_mode(ctx,mode)  will set the 'mode' and
SSL_get_session_cache_mode(ctx) will get the cache 'mode'.
The modes can be
SSL_SESS_CACHE_OFF	- no caching
SSL_SESS_CACHE_CLIENT	- only SSL_connect()
SSL_SESS_CACHE_SERVER	- only SSL_accept()
SSL_SESS_NO_CACHE_BOTH	- Either SSL_accept() or SSL_connect().
If SSL_SESS_CACHE_NO_AUTO_CLEAR is set, old timed out sessions are
not automatically removed each 255, SSL_connect()s or SSL_accept()s.

By default, upon every 255 successful SSL_connect() or SSL_accept()s,
the cache is flush.  Please note that this could be expensive on
a heavily loaded SSL server, in which case, turn this off and
clear the cache of old entries 'manually' (with one of the functions
listed below) every few hours.  Perhaps I should up this number, it is hard
to say.  Remember, the '255' new calls is just a mechanism to get called
every now and then, in theory at most 255 new session-id's will have been
added but if 100 are added every minute, you would still have
500 in the cache before any would start being flushed (assuming a 3 minute
timeout)..

int SSL_CTX_sess_hits(SSL_CTX *ctx);
int SSL_CTX_sess_misses(SSL_CTX *ctx);
int SSL_CTX_sess_timeouts(SSL_CTX *ctx);
These 3 functions return statistics about the SSL_CTX.  These 3 are the
number of session id reuses.  hits is the number of reuses, misses are the
number of lookups that failed, and timeouts is the number of cached
entries ignored because they had timeouted.

ctx->new_session_cb is a function pointer to a function of type
int new_session_callback(SSL *ssl,SSL_SESSION *new);
This function, if set in the SSL_CTX structure is called whenever a new
SSL_SESSION is added to the cache.  If the callback returns non-zero, it
means that the application will have to do a SSL_SESSION_free()
on the structure (this is
to do with the cache keeping the reference counts correct, without the
application needing to know about it.
The 'active' parameter is the current SSL session for which this connection
was created.

void SSL_CTX_sess_set_new_cb(SSL_CTX *ctx,int (*cb)());
to set the callback,
int (*cb)() SSL_CTX_sess_get_new_cb(SSL_CTX *ctx)
to get the callback.

If the 'get session' callback is set, when a session id is looked up and
it is not in the session-id cache, this callback is called.  The callback is
of the form
SSL_SESSION *get_session_callback(unsigned char *sess_id,int sess_id_len,
	int *copy);

The get_session_callback is intended to return null if no session id is found.
The reference count on the SSL_SESSION in incremented by the SSL library,
if copy is 1.  Otherwise, the reference count is not modified.

void SSL_CTX_sess_set_get_cb(ctx,cb) sets the callback and
int (*cb)()SSL_CTX_sess_get_get_cb(ctx) returns the callback.

These callbacks are basically intended to be used by processes to
send their session-id's to other processes.  I currently have not implemented
non-blocking semantics for these callbacks, it is upto the application
to make the callbacks efficient if they require blocking (perhaps
by 'saving' them and then 'posting them' when control returns from
the SSL_accept().

LHASH *SSL_CTX_sessions(SSL_CTX *ctx)
This returns the session cache.  The lhash strucutre can be accessed for
statistics about the cache.

void lh_stats(LHASH *lh, FILE *out);
void lh_node_stats(LHASH *lh, FILE *out);
void lh_node_usage_stats(LHASH *lh, FILE *out);

can be used to print details about it's activity and current state.
You can also delve directly into the lhash structure for 14 different
counters that are kept against the structure.  When I wrote the lhash library,
I was interested in gathering statistics :-).
Have a read of doc/lhash.doc in the SSLeay distribution area for more details
on the lhash library.

Now as mentioned ealier, when a SSL is created, it needs a SSL_CTX.
SSL *   SSL_new(SSL_CTX *);

This stores a session.  A session is secret information shared between 2
SSL contexts.  It will only be created if both ends of the connection have
authenticated their peer to their satisfaction.  It basically contains
the information required to use a particular secret key cipher.

To retrieve the SSL_CTX being used by a SSL,
SSL_CTX *SSL_get_SSL_CTX(SSL *s);

Now when a SSL session is established between to programs, the 'session'
information that is cached in the SSL_CTX can me manipulated by the
following functions.
int SSL_set_session(SSL *s, SSL_SESSION *session);
This will set the SSL_SESSION to use for the next SSL_connect().  If you use
this function on an already 'open' established SSL connection, 'bad things
will happen'.  This function is meaning-less when used on a ssl strucutre
that is just about to be used in a SSL_accept() call since the
SSL_accept() will either create a new session or retrieve one from the
cache.

SSL_SESSION *SSL_get_session(SSL *s);
This will return the SSL_SESSION for the current SSL, NULL if there is
no session associated with the SSL structure.

The SSL sessions are kept in the SSL_CTX in a hash table, to remove a
session
void    SSL_CTX_remove_session(SSL_CTX *,SSL_SESSION *c);
and to add one
int    SSL_CTX_add_session(SSL_CTX *s, SSL_SESSION *c);
SSL_CTX_add_session() returns 1 if the session was already in the cache (so it
was not added).
Whenever a new session is created via SSL_connect()/SSL_accept(),
they are automatically added to the cache, depending on the session_cache_mode
settings.  SSL_set_session()
does not add it to the cache.  Just call SSL_CTX_add_session() if you do want the
session added.  For a 'client' this would not normally be the case.
SSL_CTX_add_session() is not normally ever used, except for doing 'evil' things
which the next 2 funtions help you do.

int     i2d_SSL_SESSION(SSL_SESSION *in,unsigned char **pp);
SSL_SESSION *d2i_SSL_SESSION(SSL_SESSION **a,unsigned char **pp,long length);
These 2 functions are in the standard ASN1 library form and can be used to
load and save to a byte format, the SSL_SESSION structure.
With these functions, you can save and read these structures to a files or
arbitary byte string.
The PEM_write_SSL_SESSION(fp,x) and PEM_read_SSL_SESSION(fp,x,cb) will
write to a file pointer in base64 encoding.

What you can do with this, is pass session information between separate
processes.  Please note, that you will probably also need to modify the
timeout information on the SSL_SESSIONs.

long SSL_get_time(SSL_SESSION *s)
will return the 'time' that the session
was loaded.  The timeout is relative to this time.  This information is
saved when the SSL_SESSION is converted to binarary but it is stored
in as a unix long, which is rather OS dependant, but easy to convert back.

long SSL_set_time(SSL_SESSION *s,long t) will set the above mentioned time.
The time value is just the value returned from time(3), and should really
be defined by be to be time_t.

long SSL_get_timeout(SSL_SESSION *s);
long SSL_set_timeout(SSL_SESSION *s,long t);
These 2 retrieve and set the timeout which is just a number of secconds
from the 'SSL_get_time()' value.  When this time period has elapesed,
the session will no longer be in the cache (well it will actually be removed
the next time it is attempted to be retrieved, so you could 'bump'
the timeout so it remains valid).
The 'time' and 'timeout' are set on a session when it is created, not reset
each time it is reused.  If you did wish to 'bump it', just after establishing
a connection, do a
SSL_set_time(ssl,time(NULL));

You can also use
SSL_CTX_set_timeout(SSL_CTX *ctx,unsigned long t) and
SSL_CTX_get_timeout(SSL_CTX *ctx) to manipulate the default timeouts for
all SSL connections created against a SSL_CTX.  If you set a timeout in
an SSL_CTX, all new SSL's created will inherit the timeout.  It can be over
written by the SSL_set_timeout(SSL *s,unsigned long t) function call.
If you 'set' the timeout back to 0, the system default will be used.

SSL_SESSION *SSL_SESSION_new();
void SSL_SESSION_free(SSL_SESSION *ses);
These 2 functions are used to create and dispose of SSL_SESSION functions.
You should not ever normally need to use them unless you are using 
i2d_SSL_SESSION() and/or d2i_SSL_SESSION().  If you 'load' a SSL_SESSION
via d2i_SSL_SESSION(), you will need to SSL_SESSION_free() it.
Both SSL_set_session() and SSL_CTX_add_session() will 'take copies' of the
structure (via reference counts) when it is passed to them.

SSL_CTX_flush_sessions(ctx,time);
The first function will clear all sessions from the cache, which have expired
relative to 'time' (which could just be time(NULL)).

SSL_CTX_flush_sessions(ctx,0);
This is a special case that clears everything.

As a final comment, a 'session' is not enough to establish a new
connection.  If a session has timed out, a certificate and private key
need to have been associated with the SSL structure.
SSL_copy_session_id(SSL *to,SSL *from); will copy not only the session
strucutre but also the private key and certificate associated with
'from'.

EXAMPLES.

So lets play at being a weird SSL server.

/* setup a context */
ctx=SSL_CTX_new();

/* Lets load some session from binary into the cache, why one would do
 * this is not toally clear, but passing between programs does make sense
 * Perhaps you are using 4096 bit keys and are happy to keep them
 * valid for a week, to avoid the RSA overhead of 15 seconds, I'm not toally
 * sure, perhaps this is a process called from an SSL inetd and this is being 
 * passed to the application. */
session=d2i_SSL_SESSION(....)
SSL_CTX_add_session(ctx,session);

/* Lets even add a session from a file */
session=PEM_read_SSL_SESSION(....)
SSL_CTX_add_session(ctx,session);

/* create a new SSL structure */
ssl=SSL_new(ctx);

/* At this point we want to be able to 'create' new session if
 * required, so we need a certificate and RSAkey. */
SSL_use_RSAPrivateKey_file(ssl,...)
SSL_use_certificate_file(ssl,...)

/* Now since we are a server, it make little sence to load a session against
 * the ssl strucutre since a SSL_accept() will either create a new session or
 * grab an existing one from the cache. */

/* grab a socket descriptor */
fd=accept(...);

/* associated it with the ssl strucutre */
SSL_set_fd(ssl,fd);

SSL_accept(ssl); /* 'do' SSL using out cert and RSA key */

/* Lets print out the session details or lets save it to a file,
 * perhaps with a secret key cipher, so that we can pass it to the FBI
 * when they want to decode the session :-).  While we have RSA
 * this does not matter much but when I do SSLv3, this will allow a mechanism
 * for the server/client to record the information needed to decode
 * the traffic that went over the wire, even when using Diffie-Hellman */
PEM_write_SSL_SESSION(SSL_get_session(ssl),stdout,....)

Lets 'connect' back to the caller using the same session id.

ssl2=SSL_new(ctx);
fd2=connect(them);
SSL_set_fd(ssl2,fd2);
SSL_set_session(ssl2,SSL_get_session(ssl));
SSL_connect(ssl2);

/* what the hell, lets accept no more connections using this session */
SSL_CTX_remove_session(SSL_get_SSL_CTX(ssl),SSL_get_session(ssl));

/* we could have just as easily used ssl2 since they both are using the
 * same session.
 * You will note that both ssl and ssl2 are still using the session, and
 * the SSL_SESSION structure will be free()ed when both ssl and ssl2
 * finish using the session.  Also note that you could continue to initiate
 * connections using this session by doing SSL_get_session(ssl) to get the
 * existing session, but SSL_accept() will not be able to find it to
 * use for incoming connections.
 * Of corse, the session will timeout at the far end and it will no
 * longer be accepted after a while.  The time and timeout are ignored except
 * by SSL_accept(). */

/* Since we have had our server running for 10 weeks, and memory is getting
 * short, perhaps we should clear the session cache to remove those
 * 100000 session entries that have expired.  Some may consider this
 * a memory leak :-) */

SSL_CTX_flush_sessions(ctx,time(NULL));

/* Ok, after a bit more time we wish to flush all sessions from the cache
 * so that all new connections will be authenticated and incure the
 * public key operation overhead */

SSL_CTX_flush_sessions(ctx,0);

/* As a final note, to copy everything to do with a SSL, use */
SSL_copy_session_id(SSL *to,SSL *from);
/* as this also copies the certificate and RSA key so new session can
 * be established using the same details */


==== sha.doc ========================================================

The SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) library.
SHA is a message digest algorithm that can be used to condense an arbitrary
length message down to a 20 byte hash.  The functions all need to be passed
a SHA_CTX which is used to hold the SHA context during multiple SHA_Update()
function calls.  The normal method of use for this library is as follows
This library contains both SHA and SHA-1 digest algorithms.  SHA-1 is
an update to SHA (which should really be called SHA-0 now) which
tweaks the algorithm slightly.  The SHA-1 algorithm is used by simply
using SHA1_Init(), SHA1_Update(), SHA1_Final() and SHA1() instead of the
SHA*() calls

SHA_Init(...);
SHA_Update(...);
...
SHA_Update(...);
SHA_Final(...);

This library requires the inclusion of 'sha.h'.

The functions are as follows:

void SHA_Init(
SHA_CTX *c);
	This function needs to be called to initiate a SHA_CTX structure for
	use.
	
void SHA_Update(
SHA_CTX *c;
unsigned char *data;
unsigned long len);
	This updates the message digest context being generated with 'len'
	bytes from the 'data' pointer.  The number of bytes can be any
	length.

void SHA_Final(
unsigned char *md;
SHA_CTX *c;
	This function is called when a message digest of the data digested
	with SHA_Update() is wanted.  The message digest is put in the 'md'
	array and is SHA_DIGEST_LENGTH (20) bytes long.

unsigned char *SHA(
unsigned char *d;
unsigned long n;
unsigned char *md;
	This function performs a SHA_Init(), followed by a SHA_Update()
	followed by a SHA_Final() (using a local SHA_CTX).
	The resulting digest is put into 'md' if it is not NULL.
	Regardless of the value of 'md', the message
	digest is returned from the function.  If 'md' was NULL, the message
	digest returned is being stored in a static structure.
	

==== speed.doc ========================================================

To get an idea of the performance of this library, use
ssleay speed

perl util/sp-diff.pl file1 file2

will print out the relative differences between the 2 files which are
expected to be the output from the speed program.

The performace of the library is very dependant on the Compiler
quality and various flags used to build.

---

These are some numbers I did comparing RSAref and SSLeay on a Pentium 100.
[ These numbers are all out of date, as of SSL - 0.6.1 the RSA
operations are about 2 times faster, so check the version number ]

RSA performance.

SSLeay 0.6.0
Pentium 100, 32meg, Windows NT Workstation 3.51
linux - gcc v 2.7.0 -O3 -fomit-frame-pointer -m486
and
Windows NT  - Windows NT 3.51 - Visual C++ 4.1   - 586 code + 32bit assember
Windows 3.1 - Windows NT 3.51 - Visual C++ 1.52c - 286 code + 32bit assember
NT Dos Shell- Windows NT 3.51 - Visual C++ 1.52c - 286 code + 16bit assember

Times are how long it takes to do an RSA private key operation.

	       512bits 1024bits
-------------------------------
SSLeay NT dll	0.042s   0.202s see above
SSLeay linux	0.046s   0.218s	Assember inner loops (normal build) 
SSLeay linux	0.067s   0.380s Pure C code with BN_LLONG defined
SSLeay W3.1 dll	0.108s 	 0.478s see above
SSLeay linux	0.109s   0.713s C without BN_LLONG.
RSAref2.0 linux	0.149s   0.936s
SSLeay MS-DOS	0.197s   1.049s see above

486DX66, 32meg, Windows NT Server 3.51
	       512bits 1024bits
-------------------------------
SSLeay NT dll   0.084s	 0.495s	<- SSLeay 0.6.3
SSLeay NT dll   0.154s   0.882s
SSLeay W3.1 dll 0.335s   1.538s
SSLeay MS-DOS	0.490s   2.790s

What I find cute is that I'm still faster than RSAref when using standard C,
without using the 'long long' data type :-), %35 faster for 512bit and we
scale up to 3.2 times faster for the 'default linux' build.  I should mention
that people should 'try' to use either x86-lnx.s (elf), x86-lnxa.s or
x86-sol.s for any x86 based unix they are building on.  The only problems
with be with syntax but the performance gain is quite large, especially for
servers.  The code is very simple, you just need to modify the 'header'.

The message is, if you are stuck using RSAref, the RSA performance will be
bad. Considering the code was compiled for a pentium, the 486DX66 number
would indicate 'Use RSAref and turn you Pentium 100 into a 486DX66' :-). 
[ As of verson 0.6.1, it would be correct to say 'turn you pentium 100
 into a 486DX33' :-) ]

I won't tell people if the DLL's are using RSAref or my stuff if no-one
asks :-).

eric

PS while I know I could speed things up further, I will probably not do
   so due to the effort involved.  I did do some timings on the
   SSLeay bignum format -> RSAref number format conversion that occurs
   each time RSAref is used by SSLeay, and the numbers are trivial.
   0.00012s a call for 512bit vs 0.149s for the time spent in the function.
   0.00018s for 1024bit vs 0.938s.  Insignificant.
   So the 'way to go', to support faster RSA libraries, if people are keen,
   is to write 'glue' code in a similar way that I do for RSAref and send it
   to me :-).
   My base library still has the advantage of being able to operate on 
   any size numbers, and is not that far from the performance from the
   leaders in the field. (-%30?)
   [ Well as of 0.6.1 I am now the leader in the filed on x86 (we at
     least very close :-) ]

   I suppose I should also mention some other numbers RSAref numbers, again
   on my Pentium.
		DES CBC		EDE-DES		MD5
   RSAref linux	 830k/s		 302k/s		4390k/s
   SSLeay linux  855k/s          319k/s        10025k/s
   SSLeay NT	1158k/s		 410k/s	       10470k/s
   SSLeay w31	 378k/s		 143k/s         2383k/s (fully 16bit)

   Got to admit that Visual C++ 4.[01] is a damn fine compiler :-)
--
Eric Young                  | BOOL is tri-state according to Bill Gates.
AARNet: eay@cryptsoft.com   | RTFM Win32 GetMessage().




==== ssl-ciph.doc ========================================================

This is a quick high level summery of how things work now.

Each SSLv2 and SSLv3 cipher is composed of 4 major attributes plus a few extra
minor ones.

They are 'The key exchange algorithm', which is RSA for SSLv2 but can also
be Diffle-Hellman for SSLv3.

An 'Authenticion algorithm', which can be RSA, Diffle-Helman, DSS or
none.

The cipher

The MAC digest.

A cipher can also be an export cipher and is either an SSLv2 or a
SSLv3 ciphers.

To specify which ciphers to use, one can either specify all the ciphers,
one at a time, or use 'aliases' to specify the preference and order for
the ciphers.

There are a large number of aliases, but the most importaint are
kRSA, kDHr, kDHd and kDHE for key exchange types.

aRSA, aDSS, aNULL and aDH for authentication
DES, 3DES, RC4, RC2, IDEA and eNULL for ciphers
MD5, SHA0 and SHA1 digests

Now where this becomes interesting is that these can be put together to
specify the order and ciphers you wish to use.

To speed this up there are also aliases for certian groups of ciphers.
The main ones are
SSLv2	- all SSLv2 ciphers
SSLv3	- all SSLv3 ciphers
EXP	- all export ciphers
LOW	- all low strngth ciphers (no export ciphers, normally single DES)
MEDIUM	- 128 bit encryption
HIGH	- Triple DES

These aliases can be joined in a : separated list which specifies to
add ciphers, move them to the current location and delete them.

A simpler way to look at all of this is to use the 'ssleay ciphers -v' command.
The default library cipher spec is
!ADH:RC4+RSA:HIGH:MEDIUM:LOW:EXP:+SSLv2:+EXP
which means, first, remove from consideration any ciphers that do not
authenticate.  Next up, use ciphers using RC4 and RSA.  Next include the HIGH,
MEDIUM and the LOW security ciphers.  Finish up by adding all the export
ciphers on the end, then 'pull' all the SSLv2 and export ciphers to
the end of the list.

The results are
$ ssleay ciphers -v '!ADH:RC4+RSA:HIGH:MEDIUM:LOW:EXP:+SSLv2:+EXP'

RC4-SHA                 SSLv3 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=RC4(128)  Mac=SHA1
RC4-MD5                 SSLv3 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=RC4(128)  Mac=MD5 
EDH-RSA-DES-CBC3-SHA    SSLv3 Kx=DH       Au=RSA  Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1
EDH-DSS-DES-CBC3-SHA    SSLv3 Kx=DH       Au=DSS  Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1
DES-CBC3-SHA            SSLv3 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=3DES(168) Mac=SHA1
IDEA-CBC-MD5            SSLv3 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=IDEA(128) Mac=SHA1
EDH-RSA-DES-CBC-SHA     SSLv3 Kx=DH       Au=RSA  Enc=DES(56)   Mac=SHA1
EDH-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA     SSLv3 Kx=DH       Au=DSS  Enc=DES(56)   Mac=SHA1
DES-CBC-SHA             SSLv3 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=DES(56)   Mac=SHA1
DES-CBC3-MD5            SSLv2 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=3DES(168) Mac=MD5 
DES-CBC-MD5             SSLv2 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=DES(56)   Mac=MD5 
IDEA-CBC-MD5            SSLv2 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=IDEA(128) Mac=MD5 
RC2-CBC-MD5             SSLv2 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=RC2(128)  Mac=MD5 
RC4-MD5                 SSLv2 Kx=RSA      Au=RSA  Enc=RC4(128)  Mac=MD5 
EXP-EDH-RSA-DES-CBC     SSLv3 Kx=DH(512)  Au=RSA  Enc=DES(40)   Mac=SHA1 export
EXP-EDH-DSS-DES-CBC-SHA SSLv3 Kx=DH(512)  Au=DSS  Enc=DES(40)   Mac=SHA1 export
EXP-DES-CBC-SHA         SSLv3 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA  Enc=DES(40)   Mac=SHA1 export
EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5         SSLv3 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA  Enc=RC2(40)   Mac=MD5  export
EXP-RC4-MD5             SSLv3 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA  Enc=RC4(40)   Mac=MD5  export
EXP-RC2-CBC-MD5         SSLv2 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA  Enc=RC2(40)   Mac=MD5  export
EXP-RC4-MD5             SSLv2 Kx=RSA(512) Au=RSA  Enc=RC4(40)   Mac=MD5  export

I would recoment people use the 'ssleay ciphers -v "text"'
command to check what they are going to use.

Anyway, I'm falling asleep here so I'll do some more tomorrow.

eric

==== ssl.doc ========================================================

SSL_CTX_sessions(SSL_CTX *ctx) - the session-id hash table.

/* Session-id cache stats */
SSL_CTX_sess_number
SSL_CTX_sess_connect
SSL_CTX_sess_connect_good
SSL_CTX_sess_accept
SSL_CTX_sess_accept_good
SSL_CTX_sess_hits
SSL_CTX_sess_cb_hits
SSL_CTX_sess_misses
SSL_CTX_sess_timeouts

/* Session-id application notification callbacks */
SSL_CTX_sess_set_new_cb
SSL_CTX_sess_get_new_cb
SSL_CTX_sess_set_get_cb
SSL_CTX_sess_get_get_cb

/* Session-id cache operation mode */
SSL_CTX_set_session_cache_mode
SSL_CTX_get_session_cache_mode

/* Set default timeout values to use. */
SSL_CTX_set_timeout
SSL_CTX_get_timeout

/* Global  SSL initalisation informational callback */
SSL_CTX_set_info_callback
SSL_CTX_get_info_callback
SSL_set_info_callback
SSL_get_info_callback

/* If the SSL_accept/SSL_connect returned with -1, these indicate when
 * we should re-call *.
SSL_want
SSL_want_nothing
SSL_want_read
SSL_want_write
SSL_want_x509_lookup

/* Where we are in SSL initalisation, used in non-blocking, perhaps
 * have a look at ssl/bio_ssl.c */
SSL_state
SSL_is_init_finished
SSL_in_init
SSL_in_connect_init
SSL_in_accept_init

/* Used to set the 'inital' state so SSL_in_connect_init and SSL_in_accept_init
 * can be used to work out which function to call. */
SSL_set_connect_state
SSL_set_accept_state

/* Where to look for certificates for authentication */
SSL_set_default_verify_paths /* calles SSL_load_verify_locations */
SSL_load_verify_locations

/* get info from an established connection */
SSL_get_session
SSL_get_certificate
SSL_get_SSL_CTX

SSL_CTX_new
SSL_CTX_free
SSL_new
SSL_clear
SSL_free

SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list
SSL_get_cipher
SSL_set_cipher_list
SSL_get_cipher_list
SSL_get_shared_ciphers

SSL_accept
SSL_connect
SSL_read
SSL_write

SSL_debug

SSL_get_read_ahead
SSL_set_read_ahead
SSL_set_verify

SSL_pending

SSL_set_fd
SSL_set_rfd
SSL_set_wfd
SSL_set_bio
SSL_get_fd
SSL_get_rbio
SSL_get_wbio

SSL_use_RSAPrivateKey
SSL_use_RSAPrivateKey_ASN1
SSL_use_RSAPrivateKey_file
SSL_use_PrivateKey
SSL_use_PrivateKey_ASN1
SSL_use_PrivateKey_file
SSL_use_certificate
SSL_use_certificate_ASN1
SSL_use_certificate_file

ERR_load_SSL_strings
SSL_load_error_strings

/* human readable version of the 'state' of the SSL connection. */
SSL_state_string
SSL_state_string_long
/* These 2 report what kind of IO operation the library was trying to
 * perform last.  Probably not very usefull. */
SSL_rstate_string
SSL_rstate_string_long

SSL_get_peer_certificate

SSL_SESSION_new
SSL_SESSION_print_fp
SSL_SESSION_print
SSL_SESSION_free
i2d_SSL_SESSION
d2i_SSL_SESSION

SSL_get_time
SSL_set_time
SSL_get_timeout
SSL_set_timeout
SSL_copy_session_id
SSL_set_session
SSL_CTX_add_session
SSL_CTX_remove_session
SSL_CTX_flush_sessions

BIO_f_ssl

/* used to hold information as to why a certificate verification failed */
SSL_set_verify_result
SSL_get_verify_result

/* can be used by the application to associate data with an SSL structure.
 * It needs to be 'free()ed' by the application */
SSL_set_app_data
SSL_get_app_data

/* The following all set values that are kept in the SSL_CTX but
 * are used as the default values when an SSL session is created.
 * They are over writen by the relevent SSL_xxxx functions */

/* SSL_set_verify */
void SSL_CTX_set_default_verify

/* This callback, if set, totaly overrides the normal SSLeay verification
 * functions and should return 1 on success and 0 on failure */
void SSL_CTX_set_cert_verify_callback

/* The following are the same as the equivilent SSL_xxx functions.
 * Only one copy of this information is kept and if a particular
 * SSL structure has a local override, it is totally separate structure.
 */
int SSL_CTX_use_RSAPrivateKey
int SSL_CTX_use_RSAPrivateKey_ASN1
int SSL_CTX_use_RSAPrivateKey_file
int SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey
int SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_ASN1
int SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file
int SSL_CTX_use_certificate
int SSL_CTX_use_certificate_ASN1
int SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file


==== ssl_ctx.doc ========================================================

This is now a bit dated, quite a few of the SSL_ functions could be
SSL_CTX_ functions.  I will update this in the future. 30 Aug 1996

From eay@orb.mincom.oz.au Mon Dec 11 21:37:08 1995
Received: by orb.mincom.oz.au id AA00696
  (5.65c/IDA-1.4.4 for eay); Mon, 11 Dec 1995 11:37:08 +1000
Date: Mon, 11 Dec 1995 11:37:08 +1000 (EST)
From: Eric Young <eay@mincom.oz.au>
X-Sender: eay@orb
To: sameer <sameer@c2.org>
Cc: Eric Young <eay@mincom.oz.au>
Subject: Re: PEM_readX509 oesn't seem to be working
In-Reply-To: <199512110102.RAA12521@infinity.c2.org>
Message-Id: <Pine.SOL.3.91.951211112115.28608D-100000@orb>
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII
Status: RO
X-Status: 

On Sun, 10 Dec 1995, sameer wrote:
> 	OK, that's solved. I've found out that it is saying "no
> certificate set" in SSL_accept because s->conn == NULL
> so there is some place I need to initialize s->conn that I am
> not initializing it.

The full order of things for a server should be.

ctx=SSL_CTX_new();

/* The next line should not really be using ctx->cert but I'll leave it 
 * this way right now... I don't want a X509_ routine to know about an SSL
 * structure, there should be an SSL_load_verify_locations... hmm, I may 
 * add it tonight.
 */
X509_load_verify_locations(ctx->cert,CAfile,CApath);

/* Ok now for each new connection we do the following */
con=SSL_new(ctx);
SSL_set_fd(con,s);
SSL_set_verify(con,verify,verify_callback);

/* set the certificate and private key to use. */
SSL_use_certificate_ASN1(con,X509_certificate);
SSL_use_RSAPrivateKey_ASN1(con,RSA_private_key);

SSL_accept(con);

SSL_read(con)/SSL_write(con);

There is a bit more than that but that is basically the structure.

Create a context and specify where to lookup certificates.

foreach connection
	{
	create a SSL structure
	set the certificate and private key
	do a SSL_accept
	
	we should now be ok
	}

eric
--
Eric Young                  | Signature removed since it was generating
AARNet: eay@mincom.oz.au    | more followups than the message contents :-)



==== ssleay.doc ========================================================

SSLeay: a cryptographic kitchen sink.

1st December 1995
Way back at the start of April 1995, I was looking for a mindless
programming project.  A friend of mine (Tim Hudson) said "why don't you do SSL,
it has DES encryption in it and I would not mind using it in a SSL telnet".
While it was true I had written a DES library in previous years, litle
did I know what an expansive task SSL would turn into.

First of all, the SSL protocol contains DES encryption.  Well and good.  My
DES library was fast and portable.  It also contained the RSA's RC4 stream
cipher.  Again, not a problem, some-one had just posted to sci.crypt
something that was claimed to be RC4.  It also contained IDEA, I had the
specifications, not a problem to implement.  MD5, an RFC, trivial, at most
I could spend a week or so trying to see if I could speed up the
implementation.  All in all a nice set of ciphers.
Then the first 'expantion of the scope', RSA public key
encryption.  Since I did not knowing a thing about public key encryption
or number theory, this appeared quite a daunting task.  Just writing a
big number library would be problomatic in itself, let alone making it fast.
At this point the scope of 'implementing SSL' expands eponentialy.
First of all, the RSA private keys  were being kept in ASN.1 format.
Thankfully the RSA PKCS series of documents explains this format.  So I now
needed to be able to encode and decode arbitary ASN.1 objects.  The Public
keys were embeded in X509 certificates.  Hmm... these are not only
ASN.1 objects but they make up a heirachy of authentication.  To
authenticate a X509 certificate one needs to retrieve it's issuers
certificate etc etc.  Hmm..., so I also need to implement some kind
of certificate management software.  I would also have to implement
software to authenticate certificates.  At this point the support code made
the SSL part of my library look quite small.
Around this time, the first version of SSLeay was released.

Ah, but here was the problem, I was not happy with the code so far.  As may
have become obvious, I had been treating all of this as a learning
exersize, so I have completely written the library myself.  As such, due
to the way it had grown like a fungus, much of the library was not
'elagent' or neat.  There were global and static variables all over the
place, the SSL part did not even handle non-blocking IO.
The Great rewrite began.

As of this point in time, the 'Great rewrite' has almost finished.  So what
follows is an approximate list of what is actually SSLeay 0.5.0

/********* This needs to be updated for 0.6.0+ *************/

---
The library contains the following routines.  Please note that most of these
functions are not specfic for SSL or any other particular cipher
implementation.  I have tried to make all the routines as general purpose
as possible.  So you should not think of this library as an SSL
implemtation, but rather as a library of cryptographic functions
that also contains SSL.  I refer to each of these function groupings as
libraries since they are often capable of functioning as independant
libraries

First up, the general ciphers and message digests supported by the library.

MD2	rfc???, a standard 'by parts' interface to this algorithm.
MD5	rfc???, the same type of interface as for the MD2 library except a
	different algorithm.
SHA	THe Secure Hash Algorithm.  Again the same type of interface as
	MD2/MD5 except the digest is 20 bytes.
SHA1	The 'revised' version of SHA.  Just about identical to SHA except
	for one tweak of an inner loop.
DES	This is my libdes library that has been floating around for the last
	few years.  It has been enhanced for no other reason than completeness.
	It now supports ecb, cbc, cfb, ofb, cfb64, ofb64 in normal mode and
	triple DES modes of ecb, cbc, cfb64 and ofb64.  cfb64 and ofb64 are
	functional interfaces to the 64 bit modes of cfb and ofb used in
	such a way thay they function as single character interfaces.
RC4	The RSA Inc. stream cipher.
RC2	The RSA Inc. block cipher.
IDEA	An implmentation of the IDEA cipher, the library supports ecb, cbc,
	cfb64 and ofb64 modes of operation.

Now all the above mentioned ciphers and digests libraries support high
speed, minimal 'crap in the way' type interfaces.  For fastest and
lowest level access, these routines should be used directly.

Now there was also the matter of public key crypto systems.  These are
based on large integer arithmatic.

BN	This is my large integer library.  It supports all the normal
	arithmentic operations.  It uses malloc extensivly and as such has
	no limits of the size of the numbers being manipulated.  If you
	wish to use 4000 bit RSA moduli, these routines will handle it.
	This library also contains routines to 'generate' prime numbers and
	to test for primality.  The RSA and DH libraries sit on top of this
	library.  As of this point in time, I don't support SHA, but
	when I do add it, it will just sit on top of the routines contained
	in this library.
RSA	This implements the RSA public key algorithm.  It also contains
	routines that will generate a new private/public key pair.
	All the RSA functions conform to the PKCS#1 standard.
DH	This is an implementation of the
	Diffie-Hellman protocol.  There are all the require routines for
	the protocol, plus extra routines that can be used to generate a
	strong prime for use with a specified generator.  While this last
	routine is not generally required by applications implementing DH,
	It is present for completeness and because I thing it is much
	better to be able to 'generate' your own 'magic' numbers as oposed
	to using numbers suplied by others.  I conform to the PKCS#3
	standard where required.

You may have noticed the preceeding section mentions the 'generation' of
prime numbers.  Now this requries the use of 'random numbers'. 

RAND	This psuedo-random number library is based on MD5 at it's core
	and a large internal state (2k bytes).  Once you have entered enough
	seed data into this random number algorithm I don't feel
	you will ever need to worry about it generating predictable output.
	Due to the way I am writing a portable library, I have left the
	issue of how to get good initial random seed data upto the
	application but I do have support routines for saving and loading a
	persistant random number state for use between program runs.
	
Now to make all these ciphers easier to use, a higher level
interface was required.  In this form, the same function would be used to
encrypt 'by parts', via any one of the above mentioned ciphers.

EVP	The Digital EnVeloPe library is quite large.  At it's core are
	function to perform encryption and decryption by parts while using
	an initial parameter to specify which of the 17 different ciphers
	or 4 different message digests to use.  On top of these are implmented
	the digital signature functions, sign, verify, seal and open.
	Base64 encoding of binary data is also done in this library.

PEM	rfc???? describe the format for Privacy Enhanced eMail.
	As part of this standard, methods of encoding digital enveloped
	data is an ascii format are defined.  As such, I use a form of these
	to encode enveloped data.  While at this point in time full support
	for PEM has not been built into the library, a minimal subset of
	the secret key and Base64 encoding is present.  These reoutines are
	mostly used to Ascii encode binary data with a 'type' associated
	with it and perhaps details of private key encryption used to
	encrypt the data.
	
PKCS7	This is another Digital Envelope encoding standard which uses ASN.1
	to encode the data.  At this point in time, while there are some
	routines to encode and decode this binary format, full support is
	not present.
	
As Mentioned, above, there are several different ways to encode
data structures.

ASN1	This library is more a set of primatives used to encode the packing
	and unpacking of data structures.  It is used by the X509
	certificate standard and by the PKCS standards which are used by
	this library.  It also contains routines for duplicating and signing
	the structures asocisated with X509.
	
X509	The X509 library contains routines for packing and unpacking,
	verifying and just about every thing else you would want to do with
	X509 certificates.

PKCS7	PKCS-7 is a standard for encoding digital envelope data
	structures.  At this point in time the routines will load and save
	DER forms of these structees.  They need to be re-worked to support
	the BER form which is the normal way PKCS-7 is encoded.  If the
	previous 2 sentances don't make much sense, don't worry, this
	library is not used by this version of SSLeay anyway.

OBJ	ASN.1 uses 'object identifiers' to identify objects.  A set of
	functions were requred to translate from ASN.1 to an intenger, to a
	character string.  This library provieds these translations
	
Now I mentioned an X509 library.  X509 specified a hieachy of certificates
which needs to be traversed to authenticate particular certificates.

METH	This library is used to push 'methods' of retrieving certificates
	into the library.  There are some supplied 'methods' with SSLeay
	but applications can add new methods if they so desire.
	This library has not been finished and is not being used in this
	version.
	
Now all the above are required for use in the initial point of this project.

SSL	The SSL protocol.  This is a full implmentation of SSL v 2.  It
	support both server and client authentication.  SSL v 3 support
	will be added when the SSL v 3 specification is released in it's
	final form.

Now quite a few of the above mentioned libraries rely on a few 'complex'
data structures.  For each of these I have a library.

Lhash	This is a hash table library which is used extensivly.

STACK	An implemetation of a Stack data structure.

BUF	A simple character array structure that also support a function to
	check that the array is greater that a certain size, if it is not,
	it is realloced so that is it.
	
TXT_DB	A simple memory based text file data base.  The application can specify
	unique indexes that will be enforced at update time.

CONF	Most of the programs written for this library require a configuration
	file.  Instead of letting programs constantly re-implment this
	subsystem, the CONF library provides a consistant and flexable
	interface to not only configuration files but also environment
	variables.

But what about when something goes wrong?
The one advantage (and perhaps disadvantage) of all of these
functions being in one library was the ability to implement a
single error reporting system.
	
ERR	This library is used to report errors.  The error system records
	library number, function number (in the library) and reason
	number.  Multiple errors can be reported so that an 'error' trace
	is created.  The errors can be printed in numeric or textual form.


==== ssluse.doc ========================================================

We have an SSL_CTX which contains global information for lots of
SSL connections.  The session-id cache and the certificate verificate cache.
It also contains default values for use when certificates are used.

SSL_CTX
	default cipher list
	session-id cache
	certificate cache
	default session-id timeout period
	New session-id callback
	Required session-id callback
	session-id stats
	Informational callback
	Callback that is set, overrides the SSLeay X509 certificate
	  verification
	The default Certificate/Private Key pair
	Default read ahead mode.
	Default verify mode and verify callback.  These are not used
	  if the over ride callback mentioned above is used.
	
Each SSL can have the following defined for it before a connection is made.

Certificate
Private key
Ciphers to use
Certificate verify mode and callback
IO object to use in the comunication.
Some 'read-ahead' mode information.
A previous session-id to re-use.

A connection is made by using SSL_connect or SSL_accept.
When non-blocking IO is being used, there are functions that can be used
to determin where and why the SSL_connect or SSL_accept did not complete.
This information can be used to recall the functions when the 'error'
condition has dissapeared.

After the connection has been made, information can be retrived about the
SSL session and the session-id values that have been decided upon.
The 'peer' certificate can be retrieved.

The session-id values include
'start time'
'timeout length'



==== stack.doc ========================================================

The stack data structure is used to store an ordered list of objects.
It is basically misnamed to call it a stack but it can function that way
and that is what I originally used it for.  Due to the way element
pointers are kept in a malloc()ed array, the most efficient way to use this
structure is to add and delete elements from the end via sk_pop() and
sk_push().  If you wish to do 'lookups' sk_find() is quite efficient since
it will sort the stack (if required) and then do a binary search to lookup 
the requested item.  This sorting occurs automatically so just sk_push()
elements on the stack and don't worry about the order.  Do remember that if
you do a sk_find(), the order of the elements will change.

You should never need to 'touch' this structure directly.
typedef struct stack_st
	{
	unsigned int num;
	char **data;
	int sorted;

	unsigned int num_alloc;
	int (*comp)();
	} STACK;

'num' holds the number of elements in the stack, 'data' is the array of
elements.  'sorted' is 1 is the list has been sorted, 0 if not.

num_alloc is the number of 'nodes' allocated in 'data'.  When num becomes
larger than num_alloc, data is realloced to a larger size.
If 'comp' is set, it is a function that is used to compare 2 of the items
in the stack.  The function should return -1, 0 or 1, depending on the
ordering.

#define sk_num(sk)	((sk)->num)
#define sk_value(sk,n)	((sk)->data[n])

These 2 macros should be used to access the number of elements in the
'stack' and to access a pointer to one of the values.

STACK *sk_new(int (*c)());
	This creates a new stack.  If 'c', the comparison function, is not
specified, the various functions that operate on a sorted 'stack' will not
work (sk_find()).  NULL is returned on failure.

void sk_free(STACK *);
	This function free()'s a stack structure.  The elements in the
stack will not be freed so one should 'pop' and free all elements from the
stack before calling this function or call sk_pop_free() instead.

void sk_pop_free(STACK *st; void (*func)());
	This function calls 'func' for each element on the stack, passing
the element as the argument.  sk_free() is then called to free the 'stack'
structure.

int sk_insert(STACK *sk,char *data,int where);
	This function inserts 'data' into stack 'sk' at location 'where'.
If 'where' is larger that the number of elements in the stack, the element
is put at the end.  This function tends to be used by other 'stack'
functions.  Returns 0 on failure, otherwise the number of elements in the
new stack.

char *sk_delete(STACK *st,int loc);
	Remove the item a location 'loc' from the stack and returns it.
Returns NULL if the 'loc' is out of range.

char *sk_delete_ptr(STACK *st, char *p);
	If the data item pointed to by 'p' is in the stack, it is deleted
from the stack and returned.  NULL is returned if the element is not in the
stack.

int sk_find(STACK *st,char *data);
	Returns the location that contains a value that is equal to 
the 'data' item.  If the comparison function was not set, this function
does a linear search.  This function actually qsort()s the stack if it is not
in order and then uses bsearch() to do the initial search.  If the
search fails,, -1 is returned.  For mutliple items with the same
value, the index of the first in the array is returned.

int sk_push(STACK *st,char *data);
	Append 'data' to the stack.  0 is returned if there is a failure
(due to a malloc failure), else 1.  This is 
sk_insert(st,data,sk_num(st));

int sk_unshift(STACK *st,char *data);
	Prepend 'data' to the front (location 0) of the stack.  This is
sk_insert(st,data,0);

char *sk_shift(STACK *st);
	Return and delete from the stack the first element in the stack.
This is sk_delete(st,0);

char *sk_pop(STACK *st);
	Return and delete the last element on the stack.  This is
sk_delete(st,sk_num(sk)-1);

void sk_zero(STACK *st);
	Removes all items from the stack.  It does not 'free'
pointers but is a quick way to clear a 'stack of references'.

==== threads.doc ========================================================

How to compile SSLeay for multi-threading.

Well basically it is quite simple, set the compiler flags and build.
I have only really done much testing under Solaris and Windows NT.
If you library supports localtime_r() and gmtime_r() add,
-DTHREADS to the makefile parameters.  You can probably survive with out
this define unless you are going to have multiple threads generating
certificates at once.  It will not affect the SSL side of things.

The approach I have taken to doing locking is to make the application provide
callbacks to perform locking and so that the SSLeay library can distinguish
between threads (for the error state).

To have a look at an example program, 'cd mt; vi mttest.c'.
To build under solaris, sh solaris.sh, for Windows NT or Windows 95,
win32.bat

This will build mttest which will fire up 10 threads that talk SSL
to each other 10 times.
To enable everything to work, the application needs to call

CRYPTO_set_id_callback(id_function);
CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(locking_function);

before any multithreading is started.
id_function does not need to be defined under Windows NT or 95, the
correct function will be called if it is not.  Under unix, getpid()
is call if the id_callback is not defined, for Solaris this is wrong
(since threads id's are not pid's) but under Linux it is correct
(threads are just processes sharing the data segement).

The locking_callback is used to perform locking by the SSLeay library.
eg.

void solaris_locking_callback(mode,type,file,line)
int mode;
int type;
char *file;
int line;
	{
	if (mode & CRYPTO_LOCK)
		mutex_lock(&(lock_cs[type]));
	else
		mutex_unlock(&(lock_cs[type]));
	}

Now in this case I have used mutexes instead of read/write locks, since they
are faster and there are not many read locks in SSLeay, you may as well
always use write locks.  file and line are __FILE__ and __LINE__ from
the compile and can be usefull when debugging.

Now as you can see, 'type' can be one of a range of values, these values are
defined in crypto/crypto.h
CRYPTO_get_lock_name(type) will return a text version of what the lock is.
There are CRYPTO_NUM_LOCKS locks required, so under solaris, the setup
for multi-threading can be

static mutex_t lock_cs[CRYPTO_NUM_LOCKS];

void thread_setup()
	{
	int i;

	for (i=0; i<CRYPTO_NUM_LOCKS; i++)
		mutex_init(&(lock_cs[i]),USYNC_THREAD,NULL);
	CRYPTO_set_id_callback((unsigned long (*)())solaris_thread_id);
	CRYPTO_set_locking_callback((void (*)())solaris_locking_callback);
	}

As a final note, under Windows NT or Windows 95, you have to be careful
not to mix the various threaded, unthreaded and debug libraries.
Normally if they are mixed incorrectly, mttest will crash just after printing
out some usage statistics at the end.  This is because the
different system libraries use different malloc routines and if
data is malloc()ed inside crypt32.dll or ssl32.dll and then free()ed by a
different library malloc, things get very confused.

The default SSLeay DLL builds use /MD, so if you use this on your
application, things will work as expected.  If you use /MDd,
you will probably have to rebuild SSLeay using this flag.
I should modify util/mk1mf.pl so it does all this correctly, but 
this has not been done yet.

One last warning.  Because locking overheads are actually quite large, the
statistics collected against the SSL_CTX for successfull connections etc
are not locked when updated.  This does make it possible for these
values to be slightly lower than they should be, if you are
running multithreaded on a multi-processor box, but this does not really
matter much.


==== txt_db.doc ========================================================

TXT_DB, a simple text based in memory database.

It holds rows of ascii data, for which the only special character is '\0'.
The rows can be of an unlimited length.

==== why.doc ========================================================

This file is more of a note for other people who wish to understand why
the build environment is the way it is :-).

The include files 'depend' as follows.
Each of 
crypto/*/*.c includes crypto/cryptlib.h
ssl/*.c include ssl/ssl_locl.h
apps/*.c include apps/apps.h
crypto/cryptlib.h, ssl/ssl_locl.h and apps/apps.h
all include e_os.h which contains OS/environment specific information.
If you need to add something todo with a particular environment,
add it to this file.  It is worth remembering that quite a few libraries,
like lhash, des, md, sha etc etc do not include crypto/cryptlib.h.  This
is because these libraries should be 'independantly compilable' and so I
try to keep them this way.
e_os.h is not so much a part of SSLeay, as the placing in one spot all the
evil OS dependant muck.

I wanted to automate as many things as possible.  This includes
error number generation.  A
make errors
will scan the source files for error codes, append them to the correct
header files, and generate the functions to print the text version
of the error numbers.  So don't even think about adding error numbers by
hand, put them in the form
XXXerr(XXXX_F_XXXX,YYYY_R_YYYY);
on line and it will be automatically picked up my a make errors.

In a similar vein, programs to be added into ssleay in the apps directory
just need to have an entry added to E_EXE in makefile.ssl and
everthing will work as expected.  Don't edit progs.h by hand.

make links re-generates the symbolic links that are used.  The reason why
I keep everything in its own directory, and don't put all the
test programs and header files in 'test' and 'include' is because I want
to keep the 'sub-libraries' independant.  I still 'pull' out
indervidual libraries for use in specific projects where the code is
required.  I have used the 'lhash' library in just about every software
project I have worked on :-).

make depend generates dependancies and
make dclean removes them.

You will notice that I use perl quite a bit when I could be using 'sed'.
The reason I decided to do this was to just stick to one 'extra' program.
For Windows NT, I have perl and no sed.

The util/mk1mf.pl program can be used to generate a single makefile.
I use this because makefiles under Microsoft are horrific.
Each C compiler seems to have different linker formats, which have
to be used because the retarted C compilers explode when you do
cl -o file *.o.

Now some would argue that I should just use the single makefile.  I don't
like it during develoment for 2 reasons.  First, the actuall make
command takes a long time.  For my current setup, if I'm in
crypto/bn and I type make, only the crypto/bn directory gets rebuilt,
which is nice when you are modifying prototypes in bn.h which
half the SSLeay depends on.  The second is that to add a new souce file
I just plonk it in at the required spot in the local makefile.  This
then alows me to keep things local, I don't need to modify a 'global'
tables (the make for unix, the make for NT, the make for w31...).
When I am ripping apart a library structure, it is nice to only
have to worry about one directory :-).

Having said all this, for the hell of it I put together 2 files that
#include all the souce code (generated by doing a ls */*.o after a build).
crypto.c takes only 30 seconds to build under NT and 2 minutes under linux
for my pentium100.  Much faster that the normal build :-).
Again, the problem is that when using libraries, every program linked
to libcrypto.a would suddenly get 330k of library when it may only need
1k.  This technique does look like a nice way to do shared libraries though.

Oh yes, as a final note, to 'build' a distribution, I just type
make dist.
This cleans and packages everything.  The directory needs to be called
SSLeay since the make does a 'cd ..' and renames and tars things up.

==== req.1 ========================================================

The 'req' command is used to manipulate and deal with pkcs#10
certificate requests.

It's default mode of operation is to load a certificate and then
write it out again.

By default the 'req' is read from stdin in 'PEM' format.
The -inform option can be used to specify 'pem' format or 'der'
format.  PEM format is the base64 encoding of the DER format.

By default 'req' then writes the request back out. -outform can be used
to indicate the desired output format, be it 'pem' or 'der'.

To specify an input file, use the '-in' option and the '-out' option
can be used to specify the output file.

If you wish to perform a command and not output the certificate
request afterwards, use the '-noout' option.

When a certificate is loaded, it can be printed in a human readable
ascii format via the '-text' option.

To check that the signature on a certificate request is correct, use
the '-verify' option to make sure that the private key contained in the
certificate request corresponds to the signature.

Besides the default mode, there is also the 'generate a certificate
request' mode.  There are several flags that trigger this mode.

-new will generate a new RSA key (if required) and then prompts
the user for details for the certificate request.
-newkey has an argument that is the number of bits to make the new
key.  This function also triggers '-new'.

The '-new' option can have a key to use specified instead of having to
load one, '-key' is used to specify the file containg the key.
-keyform can be used to specify the format of the key.  Only
'pem' and 'der' formats are supported, later, 'netscape' format may be added.

Finally there is the '-x509' options which makes req output a self
signed x509 certificate instead of a certificate request.

Now as you may have noticed, there are lots of default options that
cannot be specified via the command line.  They are held in a 'template'
or 'configuration file'.  The -config option specifies which configuration
file to use.  See conf.doc for details on the syntax of this file.

The req command uses the 'req' section of the config file.

---
# The following variables are defined.  For this example I will populate
# the various values
[ req ]
default_bits	= 512		# default number of bits to use.
default_keyfile	= testkey.pem	# Where to write the generated keyfile
				# if not specified.
distinguished_name= req_dn	# The section that contains the
				# information about which 'object' we
				# want to put in the DN.
attributes	= req_attr	# The objects we want for the
				# attributes field.
encrypt_rsa_key	= no		# Should we encrypt newly generated
				# keys.  I strongly recommend 'yes'.

# The distinguished name section.  For the following entries, the
# object names must exist in the SSLeay header file objects.h.  If they
# do not, they will be silently ignored.  The entries have the following
# format.
# <object_name>		=> string to prompt with
# <object_name>_default	=> default value for people
# <object_name>_value	=> Automatically use this value for this field.
# <object_name>_min	=> minimum number of characters for data (def. 0)
# <object_name>_max	=> maximum number of characters for data (def. inf.)
# All of these entries are optional except for the first one.
[ req_dn ]
countryName			= Country Name (2 letter code)
countryName_default		= AU

stateOrProvinceName		= State or Province Name (full name)
stateOrProvinceName_default	= Queensland

localityName			= Locality Name (eg, city)

organizationName		= Organization Name (eg, company)
organizationName_default	= Mincom Pty Ltd

organizationalUnitName		= Organizational Unit Name (eg, section)
organizationalUnitName_default	= MTR

commonName			= Common Name (eg, YOUR name)
commonName_max			= 64

emailAddress			= Email Address
emailAddress_max		= 40

# The next section is the attributes section.  This is exactly the
# same as for the previous section except that the resulting objects are
# put in the attributes field. 
[ req_attr ]
challengePassword		= A challenge password
challengePassword_min		= 4
challengePassword_max		= 20

unstructuredName		= An optional company name

----
Also note that the order that attributes appear in this file is the
order they will be put into the distinguished name.

Once this request has been generated, it can be sent to a CA for
certifying.

----
A few quick examples....

To generate a new request and a new key
req -new

To generate a new request and a 1058 bit key
req -newkey 1058

To generate a new request using a pre-existing key
req -new -key key.pem

To generate a self signed x509 certificate from a certificate
request using a supplied key, and we want to see the text form of the
output certificate (which we will put in the file selfSign.pem
req -x509 -in req.pem -key key.pem -text -out selfSign.pem

Verify that the signature is correct on a certificate request.
req -verify -in req.pem

Verify that the signature was made using a specified public key.
req -verify -in req.pem -key key.pem

Print the contents of a certificate request
req -text -in req.pem

==== danger ========================================================

If you specify a SSLv2 cipher, and the mode is SSLv23 and the server
can talk SSLv3, it will claim there is no cipher since you should be
using SSLv3.

When tracing debug stuff, remember BIO_s_socket() is different to
BIO_s_connect().

BSD/OS assember is not working