Issue #26736: Used HTTPS for external links in the documentation if possible.

66 files changed, 140 insertions, 138 deletions

diff --git a/Doc/c-api/init.rst b/Doc/c-api/init.rst
index 465147c..d77836a 100644
--- a/Doc/c-api/init.rst
+++ b/Doc/c-api/init.rst
@@ -366,7 +366,7 @@ Process-wide parameters
       It is recommended that applications embedding the Python interpreter
       for purposes other than executing a single script pass 0 as *updatepath*,
       and update :data:`sys.path` themselves if desired.
-      See `CVE-2008-5983 <http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_.
+      See `CVE-2008-5983 <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_.
 
       On versions before 3.1.3, you can achieve the same effect by manually
       popping the first :data:`sys.path` element after having called
diff --git a/Doc/faq/design.rst b/Doc/faq/design.rst
index 8300954..c42cccb 100644
--- a/Doc/faq/design.rst
+++ b/Doc/faq/design.rst
@@ -368,7 +368,7 @@ Can Python be compiled to machine code, C or some other language?
 
 Practical answer:
 
-`Cython <http://cython.org/>`_ and `Pyrex <http://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/greg.ewing/python/Pyrex/>`_
+`Cython <http://cython.org/>`_ and `Pyrex <https://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/greg.ewing/python/Pyrex/>`_
 compile a modified version of Python with optional annotations into C
 extensions.  `Weave <https://scipy.github.io/devdocs/tutorial/weave.html>`_ makes it easy to
 intermingle Python and C code in various ways to increase performance.
diff --git a/Doc/faq/extending.rst b/Doc/faq/extending.rst
index 635f2c1..852e35f 100644
--- a/Doc/faq/extending.rst
+++ b/Doc/faq/extending.rst
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ on what you're trying to do.
 .. XXX make sure these all work
 
 `Cython <http://cython.org>`_ and its relative `Pyrex
-<http://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/greg.ewing/python/Pyrex/>`_ are compilers
+<https://www.cosc.canterbury.ac.nz/greg.ewing/python/Pyrex/>`_ are compilers
 that accept a slightly modified form of Python and generate the corresponding
 C code.  Cython and Pyrex make it possible to write an extension without having
 to learn Python's C API.
diff --git a/Doc/faq/general.rst b/Doc/faq/general.rst
index d1f2e3b..3f71529 100644
--- a/Doc/faq/general.rst
+++ b/Doc/faq/general.rst
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ Where in the world is www.python.org located?
 
 The Python project's infrastructure is located all over the world.
 `www.python.org <https://www.python.org>`_ is graciously hosted by `Rackspace
-<http://www.rackspace.com>`_, with CDN caching provided by `Fastly
+<https://www.rackspace.com>`_, with CDN caching provided by `Fastly
 <https://www.fastly.com>`_.  `Upfront Systems
 <http://www.upfrontsystems.co.za/>`_ hosts `bugs.python.org
 <https://bugs.python.org>`_.  Many other Python services like `the Wiki
diff --git a/Doc/faq/gui.rst b/Doc/faq/gui.rst
index 6c7edea..98a28c3 100644
--- a/Doc/faq/gui.rst
+++ b/Doc/faq/gui.rst
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ widget set, called :ref:`tkinter <Tkinter>`.  This is probably the easiest to
 install (since it comes included with most
 `binary distributions <https://www.python.org/downloads/>`_ of Python) and use.
 For more info about Tk, including pointers to the source, see the
-`Tcl/Tk home page <http://www.tcl.tk>`_.  Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the
+`Tcl/Tk home page <https://www.tcl.tk>`_.  Tcl/Tk is fully portable to the
 Mac OS X, Windows, and Unix platforms.
 
 wxWidgets
 ---------
 
-wxWidgets (http://www.wxwidgets.org) is a free, portable GUI class
+wxWidgets (https://www.wxwidgets.org) is a free, portable GUI class
 library written in C++ that provides a native look and feel on a
 number of platforms, with Windows, Mac OS X, GTK, X11, all listed as
 current stable targets.  Language bindings are available for a number
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ Gtk+
 
 The `GObject introspection bindings <https://wiki.gnome.org/Projects/PyGObject>`_
 for Python allow you to write GTK+ 3 applications.  There is also a
-`Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial <http://python-gtk-3-tutorial.readthedocs.org/en/latest/>`_.
+`Python GTK+ 3 Tutorial <https://python-gtk-3-tutorial.readthedocs.org/en/latest/>`_.
 
 The older PyGtk bindings for the `Gtk+ 2 toolkit <http://www.gtk.org>`_ have
 been implemented by James Henstridge; see <http://www.pygtk.org>.
diff --git a/Doc/faq/programming.rst b/Doc/faq/programming.rst
index ac3ba42..355dfd2 100644
--- a/Doc/faq/programming.rst
+++ b/Doc/faq/programming.rst
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ graphical debugger.
 PythonWin is a Python IDE that includes a GUI debugger based on pdb.  The
 Pythonwin debugger colors breakpoints and has quite a few cool features such as
 debugging non-Pythonwin programs.  Pythonwin is available as part of the `Python
-for Windows Extensions <http://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/>`__ project and
+for Windows Extensions <https://sourceforge.net/projects/pywin32/>`__ project and
 as a part of the ActivePython distribution (see
-http://www.activestate.com/activepython\ ).
+https://www.activestate.com/activepython\ ).
 
 `Boa Constructor <http://boa-constructor.sourceforge.net/>`_ is an IDE and GUI
 builder that uses wxWidgets.  It offers visual frame creation and manipulation,
@@ -44,13 +44,13 @@ and the Scintilla editing component.
 Pydb is a version of the standard Python debugger pdb, modified for use with DDD
 (Data Display Debugger), a popular graphical debugger front end.  Pydb can be
 found at http://bashdb.sourceforge.net/pydb/ and DDD can be found at
-http://www.gnu.org/software/ddd.
+https://www.gnu.org/software/ddd.
 
 There are a number of commercial Python IDEs that include graphical debuggers.
 They include:
 
-* Wing IDE (http://wingware.com/)
-* Komodo IDE (http://komodoide.com/)
+* Wing IDE (https://wingware.com/)
+* Komodo IDE (https://komodoide.com/)
 * PyCharm (https://www.jetbrains.com/pycharm/)
 
 
@@ -63,13 +63,13 @@ PyChecker is a static analysis tool that finds bugs in Python source code and
 warns about code complexity and style.  You can get PyChecker from
 http://pychecker.sourceforge.net/.
 
-`Pylint <http://www.pylint.org/>`_ is another tool that checks
+`Pylint <https://www.pylint.org/>`_ is another tool that checks
 if a module satisfies a coding standard, and also makes it possible to write
 plug-ins to add a custom feature.  In addition to the bug checking that
 PyChecker performs, Pylint offers some additional features such as checking line
 length, whether variable names are well-formed according to your coding
 standard, whether declared interfaces are fully implemented, and more.
-http://docs.pylint.org/ provides a full list of Pylint's features.
+https://docs.pylint.org/ provides a full list of Pylint's features.
 
 
 How can I create a stand-alone binary from a Python script?
@@ -1116,7 +1116,7 @@ How do you remove duplicates from a list?
 
 See the Python Cookbook for a long discussion of many ways to do this:
 
-   http://code.activestate.com/recipes/52560/
+   https://code.activestate.com/recipes/52560/
 
 If you don't mind reordering the list, sort it and then scan from the end of the
 list, deleting duplicates as you go::
diff --git a/Doc/faq/windows.rst b/Doc/faq/windows.rst
index 6db6637..d725343 100644
--- a/Doc/faq/windows.rst
+++ b/Doc/faq/windows.rst
@@ -340,5 +340,5 @@ This is a mistake; the extension should be .TGZ.
 
 Simply rename the downloaded file to have the .TGZ extension, and WinZip will be
 able to handle it.  (If your copy of WinZip doesn't, get a newer one from
-http://www.winzip.com.)
+https://www.winzip.com.)
 
diff --git a/Doc/howto/functional.rst b/Doc/howto/functional.rst
index 6330be5..80ff710 100644
--- a/Doc/howto/functional.rst
+++ b/Doc/howto/functional.rst
@@ -1225,9 +1225,9 @@ Text Processing".
 
 Mertz also wrote a 3-part series of articles on functional programming
 for IBM's DeveloperWorks site; see
-`part 1 <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog/index.html>`__,
-`part 2 <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog2/index.html>`__, and
-`part 3 <http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog3/index.html>`__,
+`part 1 <https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog/index.html>`__,
+`part 2 <https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog2/index.html>`__, and
+`part 3 <https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-prog3/index.html>`__,
 
 
 Python documentation
diff --git a/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst b/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst
index 5cde2c7..57b4333 100644
--- a/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst
+++ b/Doc/howto/logging-cookbook.rst
@@ -1634,11 +1634,11 @@ works::
 Inserting a BOM into messages sent to a SysLogHandler
 -----------------------------------------------------
 
-`RFC 5424 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5424>`_ requires that a
+`RFC 5424 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5424>`_ requires that a
 Unicode message be sent to a syslog daemon as a set of bytes which have the
 following structure: an optional pure-ASCII component, followed by a UTF-8 Byte
 Order Mark (BOM), followed by Unicode encoded using UTF-8. (See the `relevant
-section of the specification <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5424#section-6>`_.)
+section of the specification <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc5424#section-6>`_.)
 
 In Python 3.1, code was added to
 :class:`~logging.handlers.SysLogHandler` to insert a BOM into the message, but
diff --git a/Doc/howto/pyporting.rst b/Doc/howto/pyporting.rst
index 621d901..c6fc03e 100644
--- a/Doc/howto/pyporting.rst
+++ b/Doc/howto/pyporting.rst
@@ -427,10 +427,10 @@ supported by Python 2. You should also update the classifiers in your
 .. _Futurize: http://python-future.org/automatic_conversion.html
 .. _importlib: https://docs.python.org/3/library/importlib.html#module-importlib
 .. _importlib2: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/importlib2
-.. _Modernize: http://python-modernize.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
+.. _Modernize: https://python-modernize.readthedocs.org/en/latest/
 .. _Porting to Python 3: http://python3porting.com/
 .. _Pylint: https://pypi.python.org/pypi/pylint
-.. _Python 3 Q & A: http://ncoghlan-devs-python-notes.readthedocs.org/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html
+.. _Python 3 Q & A: https://ncoghlan-devs-python-notes.readthedocs.org/en/latest/python3/questions_and_answers.html
 
 .. _python-future: http://python-future.org/
 .. _python-porting: https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/python-porting
diff --git a/Doc/howto/unicode.rst b/Doc/howto/unicode.rst
index 8776e3c..24051bf 100644
--- a/Doc/howto/unicode.rst
+++ b/Doc/howto/unicode.rst
@@ -214,7 +214,7 @@ difficult reading.  `A chronology <http://www.unicode.org/history/>`_ of the
 origin and development of Unicode is also available on the site.
 
 To help understand the standard, Jukka Korpela has written `an introductory
-guide <http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/unicode/guide.html>`_ to reading the
+guide <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/unicode/guide.html>`_ to reading the
 Unicode character tables.
 
 Another `good introductory article <http://www.joelonsoftware.com/articles/Unicode.html>`_
diff --git a/Doc/howto/urllib2.rst b/Doc/howto/urllib2.rst
index 0d04c9f..b4e2157 100644
--- a/Doc/howto/urllib2.rst
+++ b/Doc/howto/urllib2.rst
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ library. ::
 
 Note that other encodings are sometimes required (e.g. for file upload from HTML
 forms - see `HTML Specification, Form Submission
-<http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#h-17.13>`_ for more
+<https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/interact/forms.html#h-17.13>`_ for more
 details).
 
 If you do not pass the ``data`` argument, urllib uses a **GET** request. One
@@ -403,7 +403,7 @@ fetched, particularly the headers sent by the server. It is currently an
 :class:`http.client.HTTPMessage` instance.
 
 Typical headers include 'Content-length', 'Content-type', and so on. See the
-`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_
+`Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_
 for a useful listing of HTTP headers with brief explanations of their meaning
 and use.
 
@@ -586,5 +586,5 @@ This document was reviewed and revised by John Lee.
        scripts with a localhost server, I have to prevent urllib from using
        the proxy.
 .. [#] urllib opener for SSL proxy (CONNECT method): `ASPN Cookbook Recipe
-       <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/456195/>`_.
+       <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/456195/>`_.
 
diff --git a/Doc/install/index.rst b/Doc/install/index.rst
index 5bc58cc..a408407 100644
--- a/Doc/install/index.rst
+++ b/Doc/install/index.rst
@@ -1012,7 +1012,7 @@ section :ref:`inst-config-files`.)
 
 .. seealso::
 
-   `C++Builder Compiler <http://www.embarcadero.com/downloads>`_
+   `C++Builder Compiler <https://www.embarcadero.com/products>`_
       Information about the free C++ compiler from Borland, including links to the
       download pages.
 
@@ -1055,7 +1055,7 @@ These compilers require some special libraries.  This task is more complex than
 for Borland's C++, because there is no program to convert the library.  First
 you have to create a list of symbols which the Python DLL exports. (You can find
 a good program for this task at
-http://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/files/MinGW/Extension/pexports/).
+https://sourceforge.net/projects/mingw/files/MinGW/Extension/pexports/).
 
 .. I don't understand what the next line means. --amk
 .. (inclusive the references on data structures.)
@@ -1093,7 +1093,7 @@ normal libraries do.
 .. [#] This also means you could replace all existing COFF-libraries with OMF-libraries
    of the same name.
 
-.. [#] Check http://www.sourceware.org/cygwin/ and http://www.mingw.org/ for more
+.. [#] Check https://www.sourceware.org/cygwin/ and http://www.mingw.org/ for more
    information
 
 .. [#] Then you have no POSIX emulation available, but you also don't need
diff --git a/Doc/library/array.rst b/Doc/library/array.rst
index f1ab959..419d584 100644
--- a/Doc/library/array.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/array.rst
@@ -271,7 +271,7 @@ Examples::
       Packing and unpacking of External Data Representation (XDR) data as used in some
       remote procedure call systems.
 
-   `The Numerical Python Documentation <http://docs.scipy.org/doc/>`_
+   `The Numerical Python Documentation <https://docs.scipy.org/doc/>`_
       The Numeric Python extension (NumPy) defines another array type; see
       http://www.numpy.org/ for further information about Numerical Python.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/bisect.rst b/Doc/library/bisect.rst
index 13b0147..6bf7814 100644
--- a/Doc/library/bisect.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/bisect.rst
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ The following functions are provided:
 .. seealso::
 
    `SortedCollection recipe
-   <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577197-sortedcollection/>`_ that uses
+   <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/577197-sortedcollection/>`_ that uses
    bisect to build a full-featured collection class with straight-forward search
    methods and support for a key-function.  The keys are precomputed to save
    unnecessary calls to the key function during searches.
diff --git a/Doc/library/codecs.rst b/Doc/library/codecs.rst
index 46d72b5..49068cb 100644
--- a/Doc/library/codecs.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/codecs.rst
@@ -1414,7 +1414,7 @@ parameters, such as :mod:`http.client` and :mod:`ftplib`, accept Unicode host
 names (:mod:`http.client` then also transparently sends an IDNA hostname in the
 :mailheader:`Host` field if it sends that field at all).
 
-.. _section 3.1: http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490#section-3.1
+.. _section 3.1: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc3490#section-3.1
 
 When receiving host names from the wire (such as in reverse name lookup), no
 automatic conversion to Unicode is performed: Applications wishing to present
diff --git a/Doc/library/collections.abc.rst b/Doc/library/collections.abc.rst
index bbd0eda..2385587 100644
--- a/Doc/library/collections.abc.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/collections.abc.rst
@@ -270,7 +270,7 @@ Notes on using :class:`Set` and :class:`MutableSet` as a mixin:
 
 .. seealso::
 
-   * `OrderedSet recipe <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576694/>`_ for an
+   * `OrderedSet recipe <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/576694/>`_ for an
      example built on :class:`MutableSet`.
 
    * For more about ABCs, see the :mod:`abc` module and :pep:`3119`.
diff --git a/Doc/library/collections.rst b/Doc/library/collections.rst
index 37d9e00..a410ed4 100644
--- a/Doc/library/collections.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/collections.rst
@@ -116,12 +116,12 @@ The class can be used to simulate nested scopes and is useful in templating.
       :meth:`~collections.ChainMap.parents` property.
 
     * The `Nested Contexts recipe
-      <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577434/>`_ has options to control
+      <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/577434/>`_ has options to control
       whether writes and other mutations apply only to the first mapping or to
       any mapping in the chain.
 
     * A `greatly simplified read-only version of Chainmap
-      <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/305268/>`_.
+      <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/305268/>`_.
 
 
 :class:`ChainMap` Examples and Recipes
@@ -957,7 +957,7 @@ customize a prototype instance:
 .. seealso::
 
     * `Recipe for named tuple abstract base class with a metaclass mix-in
-      <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577629-namedtupleabc-abstract-base-class-mix-in-for-named/>`_
+      <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/577629-namedtupleabc-abstract-base-class-mix-in-for-named/>`_
       by Jan Kaliszewski.  Besides providing an :term:`abstract base class` for
       named tuples, it also supports an alternate :term:`metaclass`-based
       constructor that is convenient for use cases where named tuples are being
diff --git a/Doc/library/colorsys.rst b/Doc/library/colorsys.rst
index 225306c..f1447e8 100644
--- a/Doc/library/colorsys.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/colorsys.rst
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ spaces, the coordinates are all between 0 and 1.
 
    More information about color spaces can be found at
    http://www.poynton.com/ColorFAQ.html and
-   http://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/color-spaces.htm.
+   https://www.cambridgeincolour.com/tutorials/color-spaces.htm.
 
 The :mod:`colorsys` module defines the following functions:
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/datetime.rst b/Doc/library/datetime.rst
index 778998d..b99017f 100644
--- a/Doc/library/datetime.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/datetime.rst
@@ -562,7 +562,7 @@ Instance methods:
    Return a 3-tuple, (ISO year, ISO week number, ISO weekday).
 
    The ISO calendar is a widely used variant of the Gregorian calendar. See
-   http://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/calendar/isocalendar.htm for a good
+   https://www.staff.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/calendar/isocalendar.htm for a good
    explanation.
 
    The ISO year consists of 52 or 53 full weeks, and where a week starts on a
@@ -1775,7 +1775,7 @@ only EST (fixed offset -5 hours), or only EDT (fixed offset -4 hours)).
       *pytz* library brings the *IANA timezone database* (also known as the
       Olson database) to Python and its usage is recommended.
 
-   `IANA timezone database <http://www.iana.org/time-zones>`_
+   `IANA timezone database <https://www.iana.org/time-zones>`_
       The Time Zone Database (often called tz or zoneinfo) contains code and
       data that represent the history of local time for many representative
       locations around the globe. It is updated periodically to reflect changes
diff --git a/Doc/library/difflib.rst b/Doc/library/difflib.rst
index 9a41f66..f161e2f 100644
--- a/Doc/library/difflib.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/difflib.rst
@@ -613,7 +613,7 @@ If you want to know how to change the first sequence into the second, use
      work.
 
    * `Simple version control recipe
-     <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/576729/>`_ for a small application
+     <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/576729/>`_ for a small application
      built with :class:`SequenceMatcher`.
 
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/hashlib.rst b/Doc/library/hashlib.rst
index 73a7555..8eb3fd5 100644
--- a/Doc/library/hashlib.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/hashlib.rst
@@ -232,5 +232,5 @@ include a `salt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_%28cryptography%29>`_.
       Wikipedia article with information on which algorithms have known issues and
       what that means regarding their use.
 
-   http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2898.txt
+   https://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2898.txt
       PKCS #5: Password-Based Cryptography Specification Version 2.0
diff --git a/Doc/library/html.entities.rst b/Doc/library/html.entities.rst
index e10e46e..7e29280 100644
--- a/Doc/library/html.entities.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/html.entities.rst
@@ -43,4 +43,4 @@ This module defines four dictionaries, :data:`html5`,
 
 .. rubric:: Footnotes
 
-.. [#] See http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/syntax.html#named-character-references
+.. [#] See https://www.w3.org/TR/html5/syntax.html#named-character-references
diff --git a/Doc/library/html.parser.rst b/Doc/library/html.parser.rst
index 824995e..a084d3d 100644
--- a/Doc/library/html.parser.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/html.parser.rst
@@ -131,8 +131,8 @@ implementations do nothing (except for :meth:`~HTMLParser.handle_startendtag`):
    and quotes in the *value* have been removed, and character and entity references
    have been replaced.
 
-   For instance, for the tag ``<A HREF="http://www.cwi.nl/">``, this method
-   would be called as ``handle_starttag('a', [('href', 'http://www.cwi.nl/')])``.
+   For instance, for the tag ``<A HREF="https://www.cwi.nl/">``, this method
+   would be called as ``handle_starttag('a', [('href', 'https://www.cwi.nl/')])``.
 
    All entity references from :mod:`html.entities` are replaced in the attribute
    values.
diff --git a/Doc/library/http.cookiejar.rst b/Doc/library/http.cookiejar.rst
index ca68aac..f2e1c69 100644
--- a/Doc/library/http.cookiejar.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/http.cookiejar.rst
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ The following classes are provided:
       :mod:`http.cookiejar` and :mod:`http.cookies` modules do not depend on each
       other.
 
-   http://curl.haxx.se/rfc/cookie_spec.html
+   https://curl.haxx.se/rfc/cookie_spec.html
       The specification of the original Netscape cookie protocol.  Though this is
       still the dominant protocol, the 'Netscape cookie protocol' implemented by all
       the major browsers (and :mod:`http.cookiejar`) only bears a passing resemblance to
diff --git a/Doc/library/http.rst b/Doc/library/http.rst
index b6f2c58..1fce9c9 100644
--- a/Doc/library/http.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/http.rst
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ HTTP status codes
 -----------------
 
 Supported,
-`IANA-registered <http://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml>`_
+`IANA-registered <https://www.iana.org/assignments/http-status-codes/http-status-codes.xhtml>`_
 status codes available in :class:`http.HTTPStatus` are:
 
 ======= =================================== ==================================================================
diff --git a/Doc/library/imaplib.rst b/Doc/library/imaplib.rst
index cd214ff..f604cfb 100644
--- a/Doc/library/imaplib.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/imaplib.rst
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ example of usage.
 
    Documents describing the protocol, and sources and binaries  for servers
    implementing it, can all be found at the University of Washington's *IMAP
-   Information Center* (http://www.washington.edu/imap/).
+   Information Center* (https://www.washington.edu/imap/).
 
 
 .. _imap4-objects:
diff --git a/Doc/library/ipaddress.rst b/Doc/library/ipaddress.rst
index 90fcc74..e2fc742 100644
--- a/Doc/library/ipaddress.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/ipaddress.rst
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ write code that handles both IP versions correctly.
       ``True`` if the address is reserved for link-local usage.  See
       :RFC:`3927`.
 
-.. _iana-ipv4-special-registry: http://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml
-.. _iana-ipv6-special-registry: http://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml
+.. _iana-ipv4-special-registry: https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv4-special-registry/iana-ipv4-special-registry.xhtml
+.. _iana-ipv6-special-registry: https://www.iana.org/assignments/iana-ipv6-special-registry/iana-ipv6-special-registry.xhtml
 
 
 .. class:: IPv6Address(address)
diff --git a/Doc/library/json.rst b/Doc/library/json.rst
index fc85cb6..c41b4a3 100644
--- a/Doc/library/json.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/json.rst
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ Command line options
 .. rubric:: Footnotes
 
 .. [#rfc-errata] As noted in `the errata for RFC 7159
-   <http://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=7159>`_,
+   <https://www.rfc-editor.org/errata_search.php?rfc=7159>`_,
    JSON permits literal U+2028 (LINE SEPARATOR) and
    U+2029 (PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR) characters in strings, whereas JavaScript
    (as of ECMAScript Edition 5.1) does not.
diff --git a/Doc/library/mailbox.rst b/Doc/library/mailbox.rst
index ef47e00..1082bf9 100644
--- a/Doc/library/mailbox.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/mailbox.rst
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ Supported mailbox formats are Maildir, mbox, MH, Babyl, and MMDF.
    `maildir man page from qmail <http://www.qmail.org/man/man5/maildir.html>`_
       The original specification of the format.
 
-   `Using maildir format <http://cr.yp.to/proto/maildir.html>`_
+   `Using maildir format <https://cr.yp.to/proto/maildir.html>`_
       Notes on Maildir by its inventor. Includes an updated name-creation scheme and
       details on "info" semantics.
 
@@ -690,10 +690,10 @@ Supported mailbox formats are Maildir, mbox, MH, Babyl, and MMDF.
 
 .. seealso::
 
-   `Format of Version 5 Babyl Files <http://quimby.gnus.org/notes/BABYL>`_
+   `Format of Version 5 Babyl Files <https://quimby.gnus.org/notes/BABYL>`_
       A specification of the Babyl format.
 
-   `Reading Mail with Rmail <http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Rmail.html>`_
+   `Reading Mail with Rmail <https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Rmail.html>`_
       The Rmail manual, with some information on Babyl semantics.
 
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/mimetypes.rst b/Doc/library/mimetypes.rst
index 8739ea3..9e91b8a 100644
--- a/Doc/library/mimetypes.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/mimetypes.rst
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ the information :func:`init` sets up.
 
    The optional *strict* argument is a flag specifying whether the list of known MIME types
    is limited to only the official types `registered with IANA
-   <http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml>`_.
+   <https://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/media-types.xhtml>`_.
    When *strict* is ``True`` (the default), only the IANA types are supported; when
    *strict* is ``False``, some additional non-standard but commonly used MIME types
    are also recognized.
diff --git a/Doc/library/othergui.rst b/Doc/library/othergui.rst
index cad8a78..ee1ce50 100644
--- a/Doc/library/othergui.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/othergui.rst
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ available for Python:
       book, `GUI Programming with Python: QT Edition
       <https://www.commandprompt.com/community/pyqt/>`_ by Boudewijn
       Rempt. The *PyQt4* bindings also have a book, `Rapid GUI Programming
-      with Python and Qt <http://www.qtrac.eu/pyqtbook.html>`_, by Mark
+      with Python and Qt <https://www.qtrac.eu/pyqtbook.html>`_, by Mark
       Summerfield.
 
    `PySide <https://wiki.qt.io/PySide>`_
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ available for Python:
 
    `wxPython <http://www.wxpython.org>`_
       wxPython is a cross-platform GUI toolkit for Python that is built around
-      the popular `wxWidgets <http://www.wxwidgets.org/>`_ (formerly wxWindows)
+      the popular `wxWidgets <https://www.wxwidgets.org/>`_ (formerly wxWindows)
       C++ toolkit.  It provides a native look and feel for applications on
       Windows, Mac OS X, and Unix systems by using each platform's native
       widgets where ever possible, (GTK+ on Unix-like systems).  In addition to
diff --git a/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst b/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst
index bb95431..3bc26ce 100644
--- a/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/pyexpat.rst
@@ -867,6 +867,6 @@ The ``errors`` module has the following attributes:
 
 .. [#] The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
    appropriate standards. For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but "UTF8" is
-   not. See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
-   and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
+   not. See https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
+   and https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/select.rst b/Doc/library/select.rst
index a62dc84..364b499 100644
--- a/Doc/library/select.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/select.rst
@@ -472,7 +472,7 @@ Kqueue Objects
 Kevent Objects
 --------------
 
-http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kqueue&sektion=2
+https://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kqueue&sektion=2
 
 .. attribute:: kevent.ident
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst b/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst
index b037b45..f6e5384 100644
--- a/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/sqlite3.rst
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ The data you've saved is persistent and is available in subsequent sessions::
 Usually your SQL operations will need to use values from Python variables.  You
 shouldn't assemble your query using Python's string operations because doing so
 is insecure; it makes your program vulnerable to an SQL injection attack
-(see http://xkcd.com/327/ for humorous example of what can go wrong).
+(see https://xkcd.com/327/ for humorous example of what can go wrong).
 
 Instead, use the DB-API's parameter substitution.  Put ``?`` as a placeholder
 wherever you want to use a value, and then provide a tuple of values as the
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ This example uses the iterator form::
       The pysqlite web page -- sqlite3 is developed externally under the name
       "pysqlite".
 
-   http://www.sqlite.org
+   https://www.sqlite.org
       The SQLite web page; the documentation describes the syntax and the
       available data types for the supported SQL dialect.
 
@@ -209,7 +209,7 @@ Module functions and constants
        db = sqlite3.connect('file:path/to/database?mode=ro', uri=True)
 
    More information about this feature, including a list of recognized options, can
-   be found in the `SQLite URI documentation <http://www.sqlite.org/uri.html>`_.
+   be found in the `SQLite URI documentation <https://www.sqlite.org/uri.html>`_.
 
    .. versionchanged:: 3.4
       Added the *uri* parameter.
diff --git a/Doc/library/ssl.rst b/Doc/library/ssl.rst
index 98e866f..0367569 100644
--- a/Doc/library/ssl.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/ssl.rst
@@ -206,7 +206,7 @@ instead.
 
    The *ciphers* parameter sets the available ciphers for this SSL object.
    It should be a string in the `OpenSSL cipher list format
-   <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
+   <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
 
    The parameter ``do_handshake_on_connect`` specifies whether to do the SSL
    handshake automatically after doing a :meth:`socket.connect`, or whether the
@@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ Constants
           ALERT_DESCRIPTION_*
 
    Alert Descriptions from :rfc:`5246` and others. The `IANA TLS Alert Registry
-   <http://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml#tls-parameters-6>`_
+   <https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml#tls-parameters-6>`_
    contains this list and references to the RFCs where their meaning is defined.
 
    Used as the return value of the callback function in
@@ -1174,7 +1174,7 @@ to speed up repeated connections from the same clients.
    The *capath* string, if present, is
    the path to a directory containing several CA certificates in PEM format,
    following an `OpenSSL specific layout
-   <http://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>`_.
+   <https://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations.html>`_.
 
    The *cadata* object, if present, is either an ASCII string of one or more
    PEM-encoded certificates or a :term:`bytes-like object` of DER-encoded
@@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ to speed up repeated connections from the same clients.
 
    Set the available ciphers for sockets created with this context.
    It should be a string in the `OpenSSL cipher list format
-   <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
+   <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
    If no cipher can be selected (because compile-time options or other
    configuration forbids use of all the specified ciphers), an
    :class:`SSLError` will be raised.
@@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ to speed up repeated connections from the same clients.
 
    Get statistics about the SSL sessions created or managed by this context.
    A dictionary is returned which maps the names of each `piece of information
-   <http://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_sess_number.html>`_ to their
+   <https://www.openssl.org/docs/ssl/SSL_CTX_sess_number.html>`_ to their
    numeric values.  For example, here is the total number of hits and misses
    in the session cache since the context was created::
 
@@ -2019,7 +2019,7 @@ enabled when negotiating a SSL session is possible through the
 :meth:`SSLContext.set_ciphers` method.  Starting from Python 3.2.3, the
 ssl module disables certain weak ciphers by default, but you may want
 to further restrict the cipher choice. Be sure to read OpenSSL's documentation
-about the `cipher list format <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
+about the `cipher list format <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`_.
 If you want to check which ciphers are enabled by a given cipher list, use the
 ``openssl ciphers`` command on your system.
 
@@ -2061,5 +2061,5 @@ successful call of :func:`~ssl.RAND_add`, :func:`~ssl.RAND_bytes` or
    `RFC 6066: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Extensions <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6066>`_
        D. Eastlake
 
-   `IANA TLS: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Parameters <http://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml>`_
+   `IANA TLS: Transport Layer Security (TLS) Parameters <https://www.iana.org/assignments/tls-parameters/tls-parameters.xml>`_
        IANA
diff --git a/Doc/library/statistics.rst b/Doc/library/statistics.rst
index 0c9d88c..1e1bd9b 100644
--- a/Doc/library/statistics.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/statistics.rst
@@ -223,7 +223,7 @@ However, for reading convenience, most of the examples show sorted sequences.
       * "Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences", Frederick J Gravetter and
         Larry B Wallnau (8th Edition).
 
-      * Calculating the `median <http://www.ualberta.ca/~opscan/median.html>`_.
+      * Calculating the `median <https://www.ualberta.ca/~opscan/median.html>`_.
 
       * The `SSMEDIAN
         <https://help.gnome.org/users/gnumeric/stable/gnumeric.html#gnumeric-function-SSMEDIAN>`_
diff --git a/Doc/library/sys.rst b/Doc/library/sys.rst
index 34947f8..c92ad6a 100644
--- a/Doc/library/sys.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/sys.rst
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ always available.
    additional garbage collector overhead if the object is managed by the garbage
    collector.
 
-   See `recursive sizeof recipe <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577504>`_
+   See `recursive sizeof recipe <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/577504>`_
    for an example of using :func:`getsizeof` recursively to find the size of
    containers and all their contents.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/tarfile.rst b/Doc/library/tarfile.rst
index bf90fc4..b49da47 100644
--- a/Doc/library/tarfile.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/tarfile.rst
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ details.
       Documentation of the higher-level archiving facilities provided by the
       standard :mod:`shutil` module.
 
-   `GNU tar manual, Basic Tar Format <http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/Standard.html>`_
+   `GNU tar manual, Basic Tar Format <https://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/Standard.html>`_
       Documentation for tar archive files, including GNU tar extensions.
 
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/tkinter.rst b/Doc/library/tkinter.rst
index f0fe9df..7b14d55 100644
--- a/Doc/library/tkinter.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/tkinter.rst
@@ -22,13 +22,13 @@ this should open a window demonstrating a simple Tk interface.
    `TKDocs <http://www.tkdocs.com/>`_
       Extensive tutorial plus friendlier widget pages for some of the widgets.
 
-   `Tkinter reference: a GUI for Python <http://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/web/index.html>`_
+   `Tkinter reference: a GUI for Python <https://infohost.nmt.edu/tcc/help/pubs/tkinter/web/index.html>`_
       On-line reference material.
 
    `Tkinter docs from effbot <http://effbot.org/tkinterbook/>`_
       Online reference for tkinter supported by effbot.org.
 
-   `Tcl/Tk manual <http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/>`_
+   `Tcl/Tk manual <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/>`_
       Official manual for the latest tcl/tk version.
 
    `Programming Python <http://learning-python.com/books/about-pp4e.html>`_
@@ -173,7 +173,7 @@ documentation that exists. Here are some hints:
 
 .. seealso::
 
-   `Tcl/Tk 8.6 man pages <http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/>`_
+   `Tcl/Tk 8.6 man pages <https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/>`_
       The Tcl/Tk manual on www.tcl.tk.
 
    `ActiveState Tcl Home Page <http://tcl.activestate.com/>`_
diff --git a/Doc/library/tkinter.ttk.rst b/Doc/library/tkinter.ttk.rst
index 7aebddc..7448525 100644
--- a/Doc/library/tkinter.ttk.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/tkinter.ttk.rst
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ appearance.
 
 .. seealso::
 
-   `Tk Widget Styling Support <http://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/48>`_
+   `Tk Widget Styling Support <https://www.tcl.tk/cgi-bin/tct/tip/48>`_
       A document introducing theming support for Tk
 
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-examples.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.mock-examples.rst
index 0bb52ef..05f33740 100644
--- a/Doc/library/unittest.mock-examples.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/unittest.mock-examples.rst
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ Calls to the date constructor are recorded in the ``mock_date`` attributes
 
 An alternative way of dealing with mocking dates, or other builtin classes,
 is discussed in `this blog entry
-<http://williambert.online/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/>`_.
+<https://williambert.online/2011/07/how-to-unit-testing-in-django-with-mocking-and-patching/>`_.
 
 
 Mocking a Generator Method
@@ -1010,7 +1010,7 @@ subclass.
 Sometimes this is inconvenient. For example, `one user
 <https://code.google.com/p/mock/issues/detail?id=105>`_ is subclassing mock to
 created a `Twisted adaptor
-<http://twistedmatrix.com/documents/11.0.0/api/twisted.python.components.html>`_.
+<https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/11.0.0/api/twisted.python.components.html>`_.
 Having this applied to attributes too actually causes errors.
 
 ``Mock`` (in all its flavours) uses a method called ``_get_child_mock`` to create
diff --git a/Doc/library/unittest.rst b/Doc/library/unittest.rst
index e076be6..2e260d1 100644
--- a/Doc/library/unittest.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/unittest.rst
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ test runner
    a GUI tool for test discovery and execution.  This is intended largely for ease of use
    for those new to unit testing.  For production environments it is
    recommended that tests be driven by a continuous integration system such as
-   `Buildbot <http://buildbot.net/>`_, `Jenkins <http://jenkins-ci.org/>`_
+   `Buildbot <https://buildbot.net/>`_, `Jenkins <https://jenkins.io/>`_
    or  `Hudson <http://hudson-ci.org/>`_.
 
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst b/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst
index 8aca0dd..39a42e4 100644
--- a/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/urllib.request.rst
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ The :mod:`urllib.request` module defines the following functions:
 
    * :meth:`~urllib.response.addinfourl.info` --- return the meta-information of the page, such as headers,
      in the form of an :func:`email.message_from_string` instance (see
-     `Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <http://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_)
+     `Quick Reference to HTTP Headers <https://www.cs.tut.fi/~jkorpela/http.html>`_)
 
    * :meth:`~urllib.response.addinfourl.getcode` -- return the HTTP status code of the response.
 
@@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@ it receives from the http server. In general, a program will decode
 the returned bytes object to string once it determines or guesses
 the appropriate encoding.
 
-The following W3C document, http://www.w3.org/International/O-charset\ , lists
+The following W3C document, https://www.w3.org/International/O-charset\ , lists
 the various ways in which a (X)HTML or a XML document could have specified its
 encoding information.
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/xml.dom.minidom.rst b/Doc/library/xml.dom.minidom.rst
index 6762e91..cb1c727 100644
--- a/Doc/library/xml.dom.minidom.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/xml.dom.minidom.rst
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ eventually take care of the objects in the tree.
 
 .. seealso::
 
-   `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/>`_
+   `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/>`_
       The W3C recommendation for the DOM supported by :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`.
 
 
@@ -251,5 +251,5 @@ utility to most DOM users.
    the appropriate standards. For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but
    "UTF8" is not valid in an XML document's declaration, even though
    Python accepts it as an encoding name.
-   See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
-   and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
+   See https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
+   and https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
diff --git a/Doc/library/xml.dom.rst b/Doc/library/xml.dom.rst
index a432202..13e0d1b 100644
--- a/Doc/library/xml.dom.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/xml.dom.rst
@@ -63,10 +63,10 @@ implementations are free to support the strict mapping from IDL).  See section
 
 .. seealso::
 
-   `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Specification <http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/>`_
+   `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 2 Specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/>`_
       The W3C recommendation upon which the Python DOM API is based.
 
-   `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/>`_
+   `Document Object Model (DOM) Level 1 Specification <https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-DOM-Level-1/>`_
       The W3C recommendation for the DOM supported by :mod:`xml.dom.minidom`.
 
    `Python Language Mapping Specification <http://www.omg.org/spec/PYTH/1.2/PDF>`_
@@ -115,20 +115,20 @@ Some convenience constants are also provided:
 .. data:: XML_NAMESPACE
 
    The namespace URI associated with the reserved prefix ``xml``, as defined by
-   `Namespaces in XML <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/>`_ (section 4).
+   `Namespaces in XML <https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/>`_ (section 4).
 
 
 .. data:: XMLNS_NAMESPACE
 
    The namespace URI for namespace declarations, as defined by `Document Object
    Model (DOM) Level 2 Core Specification
-   <http://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html>`_ (section 1.1.8).
+   <https://www.w3.org/TR/DOM-Level-2-Core/core.html>`_ (section 1.1.8).
 
 
 .. data:: XHTML_NAMESPACE
 
    The URI of the XHTML namespace as defined by `XHTML 1.0: The Extensible
-   HyperText Markup Language <http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/>`_ (section 3.1.1).
+   HyperText Markup Language <https://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/>`_ (section 3.1.1).
 
 
 In addition, :mod:`xml.dom` contains a base :class:`Node` class and the DOM
@@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ attribute.
 .. exception:: NamespaceErr
 
    If an attempt is made to change any object in a way that is not permitted with
-   regard to the `Namespaces in XML <http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/>`_
+   regard to the `Namespaces in XML <https://www.w3.org/TR/REC-xml-names/>`_
    recommendation, this exception is raised.
 
 
diff --git a/Doc/library/xml.etree.elementtree.rst b/Doc/library/xml.etree.elementtree.rst
index 01fccb3..488cf4e 100644
--- a/Doc/library/xml.etree.elementtree.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/xml.etree.elementtree.rst
@@ -292,7 +292,7 @@ If the XML input has `namespaces
 with prefixes in the form ``prefix:sometag`` get expanded to
 ``{uri}sometag`` where the *prefix* is replaced by the full *URI*.
 Also, if there is a `default namespace
-<http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-names-20060816/#defaulting>`__,
+<https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml-names-20060816/#defaulting>`__,
 that full URI gets prepended to all of the non-prefixed tags.
 
 Here is an XML example that incorporates two namespaces, one with the
@@ -363,7 +363,7 @@ XPath support
 -------------
 
 This module provides limited support for
-`XPath expressions <http://www.w3.org/TR/xpath>`_ for locating elements in a
+`XPath expressions <https://www.w3.org/TR/xpath>`_ for locating elements in a
 tree.  The goal is to support a small subset of the abbreviated syntax; a full
 XPath engine is outside the scope of the module.
 
@@ -1189,5 +1189,5 @@ Exceptions
 
 .. [#] The encoding string included in XML output should conform to the
    appropriate standards.  For example, "UTF-8" is valid, but "UTF8" is
-   not.  See http://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
-   and http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
+   not.  See https://www.w3.org/TR/2006/REC-xml11-20060816/#NT-EncodingDecl
+   and https://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets/character-sets.xhtml.
diff --git a/Doc/library/xmlrpc.client.rst b/Doc/library/xmlrpc.client.rst
index 37a7076..0edf010 100644
--- a/Doc/library/xmlrpc.client.rst
+++ b/Doc/library/xmlrpc.client.rst
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ Binary Objects
       Write the XML-RPC base 64 encoding of this binary item to the *out* stream object.
 
       The encoded data will have newlines every 76 characters as per
-      `RFC 2045 section 6.8 <http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045#section-6.8>`_,
+      `RFC 2045 section 6.8 <https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2045#section-6.8>`_,
       which was the de facto standard base64 specification when the
       XML-RPC spec was written.
 
@@ -590,7 +590,7 @@ See :ref:`simplexmlrpcserver-example`.
 .. rubric:: Footnotes
 
 .. [#] This approach has been first presented in `a discussion on xmlrpc.com
-   <http://web.archive.org/web/20060624230303/http://www.xmlrpc.com/discuss/msgReader$1208?mode=topic>`_.
+   <https://web.archive.org/web/20060624230303/http://www.xmlrpc.com/discuss/msgReader$1208?mode=topic>`_.
 .. the link now points to webarchive since the one at
 .. http://www.xmlrpc.com/discuss/msgReader%241208 is broken (and webadmin
 .. doesn't reply)
diff --git a/Doc/license.rst b/Doc/license.rst
index 453fd42..8843116 100644
--- a/Doc/license.rst
+++ b/Doc/license.rst
@@ -11,12 +11,12 @@ History of the software
 =======================
 
 Python was created in the early 1990s by Guido van Rossum at Stichting
-Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see http://www.cwi.nl/) in the Netherlands as a
+Mathematisch Centrum (CWI, see https://www.cwi.nl/) in the Netherlands as a
 successor of a language called ABC.  Guido remains Python's principal author,
 although it includes many contributions from others.
 
 In 1995, Guido continued his work on Python at the Corporation for National
-Research Initiatives (CNRI, see http://www.cnri.reston.va.us/) in Reston,
+Research Initiatives (CNRI, see https://www.cnri.reston.va.us/) in Reston,
 Virginia where he released several versions of the software.
 
 In May 2000, Guido and the Python core development team moved to BeOpen.com to
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ https://www.python.org/psf/) was formed, a non-profit organization created
 specifically to own Python-related Intellectual Property.  Zope Corporation is a
 sponsoring member of the PSF.
 
-All Python releases are Open Source (see http://opensource.org/ for the Open
+All Python releases are Open Source (see https://opensource.org/ for the Open
 Source Definition). Historically, most, but not all, Python releases have also
 been GPL-compatible; the table below summarizes the various releases.
 
diff --git a/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst b/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst
index 44dbda9..fa65c0c 100644
--- a/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst
+++ b/Doc/reference/lexical_analysis.rst
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ of identifiers is based on NFKC.
 
 A non-normative HTML file listing all valid identifier characters for Unicode
 4.1 can be found at
-http://www.dcl.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/home/loewis/table-3131.html.
+https://www.dcl.hpi.uni-potsdam.de/home/loewis/table-3131.html.
 
 
 .. _keywords:
diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/floatingpoint.rst b/Doc/tutorial/floatingpoint.rst
index 9c3c143..d440e53 100644
--- a/Doc/tutorial/floatingpoint.rst
+++ b/Doc/tutorial/floatingpoint.rst
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ which implements arithmetic based on rational numbers (so the numbers like
 
 If you are a heavy user of floating point operations you should take a look
 at the Numerical Python package and many other packages for mathematical and
-statistical operations supplied by the SciPy project. See <http://scipy.org>.
+statistical operations supplied by the SciPy project. See <https://scipy.org>.
 
 Python provides tools that may help on those rare occasions when you really
 *do* want to know the exact value of a float.  The
diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/interactive.rst b/Doc/tutorial/interactive.rst
index abf30f0..38d0212 100644
--- a/Doc/tutorial/interactive.rst
+++ b/Doc/tutorial/interactive.rst
@@ -49,6 +49,6 @@ into other applications.  Another similar enhanced interactive environment is
 bpython_.
 
 
-.. _GNU Readline: http://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html
+.. _GNU Readline: https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/readline/rltop.html
 .. _IPython: http://ipython.scipy.org/
 .. _bpython: http://www.bpython-interpreter.org/
diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/stdlib.rst b/Doc/tutorial/stdlib.rst
index f9ed46d..7288873 100644
--- a/Doc/tutorial/stdlib.rst
+++ b/Doc/tutorial/stdlib.rst
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ The :mod:`statistics` module calculates basic statistical properties
     >>> statistics.variance(data)
     1.3720238095238095
 
-The SciPy project <http://scipy.org> has many other modules for numerical
+The SciPy project <https://scipy.org> has many other modules for numerical
 computations.
 
 .. _tut-internet-access:
diff --git a/Doc/tutorial/whatnow.rst b/Doc/tutorial/whatnow.rst
index 479542c..1ea22ae 100644
--- a/Doc/tutorial/whatnow.rst
+++ b/Doc/tutorial/whatnow.rst
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ More Python resources:
   for download.  Once you begin releasing code, you can register it here so that
   others can find it.
 
-* http://code.activestate.com/recipes/langs/python/: The Python Cookbook is a
+* https://code.activestate.com/recipes/langs/python/: The Python Cookbook is a
   sizable collection of code examples, larger modules, and useful scripts.
   Particularly notable contributions are collected in a book also titled Python
   Cookbook (O'Reilly & Associates, ISBN 0-596-00797-3.)
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ More Python resources:
 * http://www.pyvideo.org collects links to Python-related videos from
   conferences and user-group meetings.
 
-* http://scipy.org: The Scientific Python project includes modules for fast
+* https://scipy.org: The Scientific Python project includes modules for fast
   array computations and manipulations plus a host of packages for such
   things as linear algebra, Fourier transforms, non-linear solvers,
   random number distributions, statistical analysis and the like.
diff --git a/Doc/using/mac.rst b/Doc/using/mac.rst
index 35d5240..8f1ac3f 100644
--- a/Doc/using/mac.rst
+++ b/Doc/using/mac.rst
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ number of standard Unix command line editors, :program:`vim` and
 :program:`emacs` among them. If you want a more Mac-like editor,
 :program:`BBEdit` or :program:`TextWrangler` from Bare Bones Software (see
 http://www.barebones.com/products/bbedit/index.html) are good choices, as is
-:program:`TextMate` (see http://macromates.com/). Other editors include
+:program:`TextMate` (see https://macromates.com/). Other editors include
 :program:`Gvim` (http://macvim.org) and :program:`Aquamacs`
 (http://aquamacs.org/).
 
@@ -144,9 +144,9 @@ the foundation of most modern Mac development. Information on PyObjC is
 available from https://pythonhosted.org/pyobjc/.
 
 The standard Python GUI toolkit is :mod:`tkinter`, based on the cross-platform
-Tk toolkit (http://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OS
+Tk toolkit (https://www.tcl.tk). An Aqua-native version of Tk is bundled with OS
 X by Apple, and the latest version can be downloaded and installed from
-http://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
+https://www.activestate.com; it can also be built from source.
 
 *wxPython* is another popular cross-platform GUI toolkit that runs natively on
 Mac OS X. Packages and documentation are available from http://www.wxpython.org.
diff --git a/Doc/using/unix.rst b/Doc/using/unix.rst
index 40e7291..4449d4f 100644
--- a/Doc/using/unix.rst
+++ b/Doc/using/unix.rst
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ On FreeBSD and OpenBSD
 On OpenSolaris
 --------------
 
-You can get Python from `OpenCSW <http://www.opencsw.org/>`_.  Various versions
+You can get Python from `OpenCSW <https://www.opencsw.org/>`_.  Various versions
 of Python are available and can be installed with e.g. ``pkgutil -i python27``.
 
 
@@ -139,10 +139,10 @@ Vim and Emacs are excellent editors which support Python very well.  For more
 information on how to code in Python in these editors, look at:
 
 * http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=790
-* http://sourceforge.net/projects/python-mode
+* https://sourceforge.net/projects/python-mode
 
 Geany is an excellent IDE with support for a lot of languages. For more
-information, read: http://www.geany.org/
+information, read: https://www.geany.org/
 
 Komodo edit is another extremely good IDE.  It also has support for a lot of
-languages. For more information, read http://komodoide.com/.
+languages. For more information, read https://komodoide.com/.
diff --git a/Doc/using/windows.rst b/Doc/using/windows.rst
index 230fd59..7520d60 100644
--- a/Doc/using/windows.rst
+++ b/Doc/using/windows.rst
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ earlier are no longer supported (due to the lack of users or developers).
 Check :pep:`11` for details on all unsupported platforms.
 
 * `Windows CE <http://pythonce.sourceforge.net/>`_ is still supported.
-* The `Cygwin <http://cygwin.com/>`_ installer offers to install the Python
+* The `Cygwin <https://cygwin.com/>`_ installer offers to install the Python
   interpreter as well (cf. `Cygwin package source
   <ftp://ftp.uni-erlangen.de/pub/pc/gnuwin32/cygwin/mirrors/cygnus/
   release/python>`_, `Maintainer releases
@@ -364,7 +364,7 @@ System variables, you need non-restricted access to your machine
     https://support.microsoft.com/kb/310519
       How To Manage Environment Variables in Windows XP
 
-    http://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~louis/software/faq/q1.html
+    https://www.chem.gla.ac.uk/~louis/software/faq/q1.html
       Setting Environment variables, Louis J. Farrugia
 
 .. _windows-path-mod:
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.0.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.0.rst
index d857053..87462f3 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.0.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.0.rst
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ how Python is developed: in May 2000 the Python developers began using the tools
 made available by SourceForge for storing  source code, tracking bug reports,
 and managing the queue of patch submissions.  To report bugs or submit patches
 for Python 2.0, use the bug tracking and patch manager tools available from
-Python's project page, located at http://sourceforge.net/projects/python/.
+Python's project page, located at https://sourceforge.net/projects/python/.
 
 The most important of the services now hosted at SourceForge is the Python CVS
 tree, the version-controlled repository containing the source code for Python.
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.2.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.2.rst
index 38751ea..885fd60 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.2.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.2.rst
@@ -632,10 +632,10 @@ queen threatens another) and the Knight's Tour (a route that takes a knight to
 every square of an $NxN$ chessboard without visiting any square twice).
 
 The idea of generators comes from other programming languages, especially Icon
-(http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/), where the idea of generators is central.  In
+(https://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/), where the idea of generators is central.  In
 Icon, every expression and function call behaves like a generator.  One example
 from "An Overview of the Icon Programming Language" at
-http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/docs/ipd266.htm gives an idea of what this looks
+https://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/docs/ipd266.htm gives an idea of what this looks
 like::
 
    sentence := "Store it in the neighboring harbor"
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst
index 6e33922..b8cdcf1 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.3.rst
@@ -218,10 +218,10 @@ queen threatens another) and the Knight's Tour (a route that takes a knight to
 every square of an $NxN$ chessboard without visiting any square twice).
 
 The idea of generators comes from other programming languages, especially Icon
-(http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/), where the idea of generators is central.  In
+(https://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/), where the idea of generators is central.  In
 Icon, every expression and function call behaves like a generator.  One example
 from "An Overview of the Icon Programming Language" at
-http://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/docs/ipd266.htm gives an idea of what this looks
+https://www.cs.arizona.edu/icon/docs/ipd266.htm gives an idea of what this looks
 like::
 
    sentence := "Store it in the neighboring harbor"
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.5.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.5.rst
index 29d61f2..093189e 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.5.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.5.rst
@@ -1528,7 +1528,7 @@ complete list of changes, or look through the SVN logs for all the details.
 * The :mod:`socket` module now supports :const:`AF_NETLINK` sockets on Linux,
   thanks to a patch from Philippe Biondi.   Netlink sockets are a Linux-specific
   mechanism for communications between a user-space process and kernel code; an
-  introductory  article about them is at http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7356.
+  introductory  article about them is at https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/7356.
   In Python code, netlink addresses are represented as a tuple of 2 integers,
   ``(pid, group_mask)``.
 
@@ -2013,7 +2013,7 @@ This example uses the iterator form::
    >>>
 
 For more information about the SQL dialect supported by SQLite, see
-http://www.sqlite.org.
+https://www.sqlite.org.
 
 
 .. seealso::
@@ -2021,7 +2021,7 @@ http://www.sqlite.org.
    http://www.pysqlite.org
       The pysqlite web page.
 
-   http://www.sqlite.org
+   https://www.sqlite.org
       The SQLite web page; the documentation describes the syntax and the available
       data types for the supported SQL dialect.
 
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst
index 7bbe09a..6aadcf0 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.6.rst
@@ -154,9 +154,9 @@ therefore posted a call for issue trackers, asking volunteers to set
 up different products and import some of the bugs and patches from
 SourceForge.  Four different trackers were examined: `Jira
 <https://www.atlassian.com/software/jira/>`__,
-`Launchpad <https://www.launchpad.net>`__,
+`Launchpad <https://launchpad.net/>`__,
 `Roundup <http://roundup.sourceforge.net/>`__, and
-`Trac <http://trac.edgewall.org/>`__.
+`Trac <https://trac.edgewall.org/>`__.
 The committee eventually settled on Jira
 and Roundup as the two candidates.  Jira is a commercial product that
 offers no-cost hosted instances to free-software projects; Roundup
@@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ one, :func:`math.trunc`, that's been backported to Python 2.6.
    :pep:`3141` - A Type Hierarchy for Numbers
       PEP written by Jeffrey Yasskin.
 
-   `Scheme's numerical tower <http://www.gnu.org/software/guile/manual/html_node/Numerical-Tower.html#Numerical-Tower>`__, from the Guile manual.
+   `Scheme's numerical tower <https://www.gnu.org/software/guile/manual/html_node/Numerical-Tower.html#Numerical-Tower>`__, from the Guile manual.
 
    `Scheme's number datatypes <http://schemers.org/Documents/Standards/R5RS/HTML/r5rs-Z-H-9.html#%_sec_6.2>`__ from the R5RS Scheme specification.
 
@@ -2889,7 +2889,7 @@ Improved SSL Support
 
 Bill Janssen made extensive improvements to Python 2.6's support for
 the Secure Sockets Layer by adding a new module, :mod:`ssl`, that's
-built atop the `OpenSSL <http://www.openssl.org/>`__ library.
+built atop the `OpenSSL <https://www.openssl.org/>`__ library.
 This new module provides more control over the protocol negotiated,
 the X.509 certificates used, and has better support for writing SSL
 servers (as opposed to clients) in Python.  The existing SSL support
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst
index d42b842..af5e67e 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/2.7.rst
@@ -1157,7 +1157,7 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
 * The :mod:`ctypes` module now always converts ``None`` to a C NULL
   pointer for arguments declared as pointers.  (Changed by Thomas
   Heller; :issue:`4606`.)  The underlying `libffi library
-  <http://sourceware.org/libffi/>`__ has been updated to version
+  <https://sourceware.org/libffi/>`__ has been updated to version
   3.0.9, containing various fixes for different platforms.  (Updated
   by Matthias Klose; :issue:`8142`.)
 
@@ -1530,7 +1530,7 @@ changes, or look through the Subversion logs for all the details.
   *ciphers* argument that's a string listing the encryption algorithms
   to be allowed; the format of the string is described
   `in the OpenSSL documentation
-  <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
+  <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
   (Added by Antoine Pitrou; :issue:`8322`.)
 
   Another change makes the extension load all of OpenSSL's ciphers and
@@ -1783,7 +1783,7 @@ on being added to Tcl/Tck release 8.5.
 To learn more, read the :mod:`ttk` module documentation.  You may also
 wish to read the Tcl/Tk manual page describing the
 Ttk theme engine, available at
-http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TkCmd/ttk_intro.htm. Some
+https://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.5/TkCmd/ttk_intro.htm. Some
 screenshots of the Python/Ttk code in use are at
 http://code.google.com/p/python-ttk/wiki/Screenshots.
 
@@ -2079,7 +2079,7 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
 
 * The latest release of the GNU Debugger, GDB 7, can be `scripted
   using Python
-  <http://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/Python.html>`__.
+  <https://sourceware.org/gdb/current/onlinedocs/gdb/Python.html>`__.
   When you begin debugging an executable program P, GDB will look for
   a file named ``P-gdb.py`` and automatically read it.  Dave Malcolm
   contributed a :file:`python-gdb.py` that adds a number of
@@ -2149,7 +2149,7 @@ Changes to Python's build process and to the C API include:
   with *updatepath* set to false.
 
   Security issue reported as `CVE-2008-5983
-  <http://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_;
+  <https://cve.mitre.org/cgi-bin/cvename.cgi?name=CVE-2008-5983>`_;
   discussed in :issue:`5753`, and fixed by Antoine Pitrou.
 
 * New macros: the Python header files now define the following macros:
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.2.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.2.rst
index f4c4799..aa41b29 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.2.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.2.rst
@@ -769,8 +769,8 @@ functools
 
   (Contributed by Raymond Hettinger and incorporating design ideas from Jim
   Baker, Miki Tebeka, and Nick Coghlan; see `recipe 498245
-  <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/498245>`_\, `recipe 577479
-  <http://code.activestate.com/recipes/577479>`_\, :issue:`10586`, and
+  <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/498245>`_\, `recipe 577479
+  <https://code.activestate.com/recipes/577479>`_\, :issue:`10586`, and
   :issue:`10593`.)
 
 * The :func:`functools.wraps` decorator now adds a :attr:`__wrapped__` attribute
@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ sites do not finish before midnight, the barrier times-out and the ballots are
 sealed and deposited in a queue for later handling.
 
 See `Barrier Synchronization Patterns
-<http://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/_media/patterns/paraplop_g1_3.pdf>`_ for
+<https://parlab.eecs.berkeley.edu/wiki/_media/patterns/paraplop_g1_3.pdf>`_ for
 more examples of how barriers can be used in parallel computing.  Also, there is
 a simple but thorough explanation of barriers in `The Little Book of Semaphores
 <http://greenteapress.com/semaphores/downey08semaphores.pdf>`_, *section 3.6*.
@@ -1618,7 +1618,7 @@ for secure (encrypted, authenticated) internet connections:
 * The :func:`ssl.wrap_socket` constructor function now takes a *ciphers*
   argument.  The *ciphers* string lists the allowed encryption algorithms using
   the format described in the `OpenSSL documentation
-  <http://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
+  <https://www.openssl.org/docs/apps/ciphers.html#CIPHER-LIST-FORMAT>`__.
 
 * When linked against recent versions of OpenSSL, the :mod:`ssl` module now
   supports the Server Name Indication extension to the TLS protocol, allowing
@@ -2559,7 +2559,7 @@ Also, there were a number of updates to the Mac OS X build, see
 :source:`Mac/BuildScript/README.txt` for details.  For users running a 32/64-bit
 build, there is a known problem with the default Tcl/Tk on Mac OS X 10.6.
 Accordingly, we recommend installing an updated alternative such as
-`ActiveState Tcl/Tk 8.5.9 <http://www.activestate.com/activetcl/downloads>`_\.
+`ActiveState Tcl/Tk 8.5.9 <https://www.activestate.com/activetcl/downloads>`_\.
 See https://www.python.org/download/mac/tcltk/ for additional details.
 
 Porting to Python 3.2
diff --git a/Doc/whatsnew/3.4.rst b/Doc/whatsnew/3.4.rst
index fdca922..339b586 100644
--- a/Doc/whatsnew/3.4.rst
+++ b/Doc/whatsnew/3.4.rst
@@ -1410,7 +1410,7 @@ sqlite3
 
 A new boolean parameter to the :func:`~sqlite3.connect` function, *uri*, can be
 used to indicate that the *database* parameter is a ``uri`` (see the `SQLite
-URI documentation <http://www.sqlite.org/uri.html>`_).  (Contributed by poq in
+URI documentation <https://www.sqlite.org/uri.html>`_).  (Contributed by poq in
 :issue:`13773`.)
 
 
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS b/Misc/NEWS
index 875c113..8edfc5b 100644
--- a/Misc/NEWS
+++ b/Misc/NEWS
@@ -1010,6 +1010,8 @@ IDLE
 Documentation
 -------------
 
+- Issue #26736: Used HTTPS for external links in the documentation if possible.
+
 - Issue #6953: Rework the Readline module documentation to group related
   functions together, and add more details such as what underlying Readline
   functions and variables are accessed.