checking in initial weekend's work

compile.py: ASTVisitor framework plus bits of a code generator that
    should be bug-for-buf compatible with compile.c

misc.py: Set and Stack helpers

test.py: a bit of simple sample code that compile.py will work on

4 files changed, 848 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Lib/compiler/misc.py b/Lib/compiler/misc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a3e261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/compiler/misc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+class Set:
+    def __init__(self):
+	self.elts = {}
+    def add(self, elt):
+	self.elts[elt] = elt
+    def items(self):
+	return self.elts.keys()
+    def has_elt(self, elt):
+	return self.elts.has_key(elt)
+
+class Stack:
+    def __init__(self):
+	self.stack = []
+	self.pop = self.stack.pop
+    def push(self, elt):
+	self.stack.append(elt)
+    def top(self):
+	return self.stack[-1]
diff --git a/Lib/compiler/pycodegen.py b/Lib/compiler/pycodegen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b7b3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/compiler/pycodegen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+"""Python bytecode generator
+
+Currently contains generic ASTVisitor code, a LocalNameFinder, and a
+CodeGenerator.  Eventually, this will get split into the ASTVisitor as
+a generic tool and CodeGenerator as a specific tool.
+"""
+
+from p2c import transformer, ast
+import dis
+import misc
+
+def parse(path):
+    f = open(path)
+    src = f.read()
+    f.close()
+    t = transformer.Transformer()
+    return t.parsesuite(src)
+
+def walk(tree, visitor):
+    w = ASTVisitor()
+    w.preorder(tree, visitor)
+    return w.visitor
+
+class ASTVisitor:
+    """Performs a depth-first walk of the AST
+
+    The ASTVisitor will walk the AST, performing either a preorder or
+    postorder traversal depending on which method is called.
+
+    methods:
+    preorder(tree, visitor)
+    postorder(tree, visitor)
+        tree: an instance of ast.Node
+        visitor: an instance with visitXXX methods
+
+    The ASTVisitor is responsible for walking over the tree in the
+    correct order.  For each node, it checks the visitor argument for
+    a method named 'visitNodeType' where NodeType is the name of the
+    node's class, e.g. Classdef.  If the method exists, it is called
+    with the node as its sole argument.
+
+    The visitor method for a particular node type can control how
+    child nodes are visited during a preorder walk.  (It can't control
+    the order during a postorder walk, because it is called _after_
+    the walk has occurred.)  The ASTVisitor modifies the visitor
+    argument by adding a visit method to the visitor; this method can
+    be used to visit a particular child node.  If the visitor method
+    returns a true value, the ASTVisitor will not traverse the child
+    nodes.
+
+    XXX The interface for controlling the preorder walk needs to be
+    re-considered.  The current interface is convenient for visitors
+    that mostly let the ASTVisitor do everything.  For something like
+    a code generator, where you want to walk to occur in a specific
+    order, it's a pain to add "return 1" to the end of each method.
+
+    XXX Perhaps I can use a postorder walk for the code generator?
+    """
+
+    VERBOSE = 0
+
+    def __init__(self):
+	self.node = None
+
+    def preorder(self, tree, visitor):
+        """Do preorder walk of tree using visitor"""
+        self.visitor = visitor
+        visitor.visit = self._preorder
+        self._preorder(tree)
+
+    def _preorder(self, node):
+        stop = self.dispatch(node)
+        if stop:
+            return
+        for child in node.getChildren():
+            if isinstance(child, ast.Node):
+                self._preorder(child)
+
+    def postorder(self, tree, visitor):
+        """Do preorder walk of tree using visitor"""
+        self.visitor = visitor
+        visitor.visit = self._postorder
+        self._postorder(tree)
+
+    def _postorder(self, tree):
+        for child in node.getChildren():
+            if isinstance(child, ast.Node):
+                self._preorder(child)
+        self.dispatch(node)
+
+    def dispatch(self, node):
+        self.node = node
+        className = node.__class__.__name__
+        meth = getattr(self.visitor, 'visit' + className, None)
+        if self.VERBOSE:
+            print "dispatch", className, (meth and meth.__name__ or '')
+        if meth:
+            return meth(node)
+
+
+class CodeGenerator:
+    def __init__(self):
+	self.code = PythonVMCode()
+	self.locals = misc.Stack()
+
+    def visitDiscard(self, node):
+        return 1
+
+    def visitModule(self, node):
+	lnf = walk(node.node, LocalNameFinder())
+	self.locals.push(lnf.getLocals())
+
+    def visitFunction(self, node):
+	lnf = walk(node.code, LocalNameFinder(node.argnames))
+	self.locals.push(lnf.getLocals())
+	self.code.setLineNo(node.lineno)
+        print node.code
+        self.visit(node.code)
+        self.code.emit('LOAD_CONST', 'None')
+        self.code.emit('RETURN_VALUE')
+
+    def visitCallFunc(self, node):
+	self.visit(node.node)
+	for arg in node.args:
+	    self.visit(arg)
+	self.code.callFunction(len(node.args))
+	return 1
+
+    def visitIf(self, node):
+	after = ForwardRef()
+	for test, suite in node.tests:
+	    self.code.setLineNo(test.lineno)
+	    self.visit(test)
+	    dest = ForwardRef()
+	    self.code.jumpIfFalse(dest)
+	    self.code.popTop()
+	    self.visit(suite)
+	    self.code.jumpForward(after)
+	    dest.bind(self.code.getCurInst())
+	    self.code.popTop()
+	if node.else_:
+	    self.visit(node.else_)
+	after.bind(self.code.getCurInst())
+	return 1
+
+    def visitCompare(self, node):
+	"""Comment from compile.c follows:
+
+	The following code is generated for all but the last
+	comparison in a chain:
+	   
+	label:	on stack:	opcode:		jump to:
+	   
+		a		<code to load b>
+		a, b		DUP_TOP
+		a, b, b		ROT_THREE
+		b, a, b		COMPARE_OP
+		b, 0-or-1	JUMP_IF_FALSE	L1
+		b, 1		POP_TOP
+		b		
+	
+	We are now ready to repeat this sequence for the next
+	comparison in the chain.
+	   
+	For the last we generate:
+	   
+	   	b		<code to load c>
+	   	b, c		COMPARE_OP
+	   	0-or-1		
+	   
+	If there were any jumps to L1 (i.e., there was more than one
+	comparison), we generate:
+	   
+	   	0-or-1		JUMP_FORWARD	L2
+	   L1:	b, 0		ROT_TWO
+	   	0, b		POP_TOP
+	   	0
+	   L2:	0-or-1
+	"""
+	self.visit(node.expr)
+	# if refs are never emitted, subsequent bind call has no effect
+	l1 = ForwardRef()
+	l2 = ForwardRef()
+	for op, code in node.ops[:-1]:
+	    # emit every comparison except the last
+	    self.visit(code)
+	    self.code.dupTop()
+	    self.code.rotThree()
+	    self.code.compareOp(op)
+	    self.code.jumpIfFalse(l1)
+	    self.code.popTop()
+	if node.ops:
+	    # emit the last comparison
+	    op, code = node.ops[-1]
+	    self.visit(code)
+	    self.code.compareOp(op)
+	if len(node.ops) > 1:
+	    self.code.jumpForward(l2)
+	    l1.bind(self.code.getCurInst())
+	    self.code.rotTwo()
+	    self.code.popTop()
+	    l2.bind(self.code.getCurInst())
+	return 1
+
+    def binaryOp(self, node, op):
+	self.visit(node.left)
+	self.visit(node.right)
+	self.code.emit(op)
+	return 1
+
+    def visitAdd(self, node):
+	return self.binaryOp(node, 'BINARY_ADD')
+
+    def visitSub(self, node):
+	return self.binaryOp(node, 'BINARY_SUBTRACT')
+
+    def visitMul(self, node):
+	return self.binaryOp(node, 'BINARY_MULTIPLY')
+
+    def visitDiv(self, node):
+	return self.binaryOp(node, 'BINARY_DIVIDE')
+
+    def visitName(self, node):
+	locals = self.locals.top()
+	if locals.has_elt(node.name):
+	    self.code.loadFast(node.name)
+	else:
+	    self.code.loadGlobal(node.name)
+
+    def visitConst(self, node):
+	self.code.loadConst(node.value)
+
+    def visitReturn(self, node):
+	self.code.setLineNo(node.lineno)
+	self.visit(node.value)
+	self.code.returnValue()
+	return 1
+
+    def visitRaise(self, node):
+	self.code.setLineNo(node.lineno)
+	n = 0
+	if node.expr1:
+	    self.visit(node.expr1)
+	    n = n + 1
+	if node.expr2:
+	    self.visit(node.expr2)
+	    n = n + 1
+	if node.expr3:
+	    self.visit(node.expr3)
+	    n = n + 1
+	self.code.raiseVarargs(n)
+	return 1
+
+    def visitPrint(self, node):
+	self.code.setLineNo(node.lineno)
+	for child in node.nodes:
+	    self.visit(child)
+	    self.code.emit('PRINT_ITEM')
+	return 1
+
+    def visitPrintnl(self, node):
+	self.visitPrint(node)
+	self.code.emit('PRINT_NEWLINE')
+	return 1
+	
+
+class LocalNameFinder:
+    def __init__(self, names=()):
+	self.names = misc.Set()
+	for name in names:
+	    self.names.add(name)
+
+    def getLocals(self):
+	return self.names
+
+    def visitFunction(self, node):
+        self.names.add(node.name)
+	return 1
+
+    def visitImport(self, node):
+	for name in node.names:
+	    self.names.add(name)
+
+    def visitFrom(self, node):
+	for name in node.names:
+	    self.names.add(name)
+
+    def visitClassdef(self, node):
+	self.names.add(node.name)
+	return 1
+
+    def visitAssName(self, node):
+	self.names.add(node.name)
+
+class Label:
+    def __init__(self, num):
+	self.num = num
+    def __repr__(self):
+	return "Label(%d)" % self.num
+
+class ForwardRef:
+    count = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, id=None, val=None):
+	if id is None:
+	    id = ForwardRef.count
+	    ForwardRef.count = ForwardRef.count + 1
+	self.id = id
+	self.val = val
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+	if self.val:
+	    return "ForwardRef(val=%d)" % self.val
+	else:
+	    return "ForwardRef(id=%d)" % self.id
+
+    def bind(self, inst):
+	self.val = inst
+
+    def resolve(self):
+	return self.val
+	
+class PythonVMCode:
+    def __init__(self):
+	self.insts = []  
+
+    def emit(self, *args):
+	print "emit", args
+	self.insts.append(args)
+
+    def getCurInst(self):
+	return len(self.insts)
+
+    def getNextInst(self):
+	return len(self.insts) + 1
+
+    def convert(self):
+	"""Convert human-readable names to real bytecode"""
+	pass
+	
+    opnum = {}
+    for num in range(len(dis.opname)):
+	opnum[dis.opname[num]] = num
+
+    # the interface below here seemed good at first.  upon real use,
+    # it seems redundant to add a function for each opcode,
+    # particularly because the method and opcode basically have the
+    # same name.
+
+    def setLineNo(self, num):
+	self.emit('SET_LINENO', num)
+
+    def popTop(self):
+	self.emit('POP_TOP')
+
+    def dupTop(self):
+	self.emit('DUP_TOP')
+
+    def rotTwo(self):
+	self.emit('ROT_TWO')
+
+    def rotThree(self):
+	self.emit('ROT_THREE')
+
+    def jumpIfFalse(self, dest):
+	self.emit('JUMP_IF_FALSE', dest)
+
+    def loadFast(self, name):
+	self.emit('LOAD_FAST', name)
+
+    def loadGlobal(self, name):
+	self.emit('LOAD_GLOBAL', name)
+
+    def binaryAdd(self):
+	self.emit('BINARY_ADD')
+
+    def compareOp(self, op):
+	self.emit('COMPARE_OP', op)
+
+    def loadConst(self, val):
+	self.emit('LOAD_CONST', val)
+
+    def returnValue(self):
+	self.emit('RETURN_VALUE')
+
+    def jumpForward(self, dest):
+	self.emit('JUMP_FORWARD', dest)
+
+    def raiseVarargs(self, num):
+	self.emit('RAISE_VARARGS', num)
+
+    def callFunction(self, num):
+	self.emit('CALL_FUNCTION', num)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    tree = parse('test.py')
+    cg = CodeGenerator()
+    ASTVisitor.VERBOSE = 1
+    w = walk(tree, cg)
+    w.VERBOSE = 1
+    for i in range(len(cg.code.insts)):
+	inst = cg.code.insts[i]
+	if inst[0] == 'SET_LINENO':
+	    print
+	print "%4d" % i, inst
+
diff --git a/Tools/compiler/compiler/misc.py b/Tools/compiler/compiler/misc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5a3e261
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tools/compiler/compiler/misc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+class Set:
+    def __init__(self):
+	self.elts = {}
+    def add(self, elt):
+	self.elts[elt] = elt
+    def items(self):
+	return self.elts.keys()
+    def has_elt(self, elt):
+	return self.elts.has_key(elt)
+
+class Stack:
+    def __init__(self):
+	self.stack = []
+	self.pop = self.stack.pop
+    def push(self, elt):
+	self.stack.append(elt)
+    def top(self):
+	return self.stack[-1]
diff --git a/Tools/compiler/compiler/pycodegen.py b/Tools/compiler/compiler/pycodegen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b7b3fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Tools/compiler/compiler/pycodegen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,406 @@
+"""Python bytecode generator
+
+Currently contains generic ASTVisitor code, a LocalNameFinder, and a
+CodeGenerator.  Eventually, this will get split into the ASTVisitor as
+a generic tool and CodeGenerator as a specific tool.
+"""
+
+from p2c import transformer, ast
+import dis
+import misc
+
+def parse(path):
+    f = open(path)
+    src = f.read()
+    f.close()
+    t = transformer.Transformer()
+    return t.parsesuite(src)
+
+def walk(tree, visitor):
+    w = ASTVisitor()
+    w.preorder(tree, visitor)
+    return w.visitor
+
+class ASTVisitor:
+    """Performs a depth-first walk of the AST
+
+    The ASTVisitor will walk the AST, performing either a preorder or
+    postorder traversal depending on which method is called.
+
+    methods:
+    preorder(tree, visitor)
+    postorder(tree, visitor)
+        tree: an instance of ast.Node
+        visitor: an instance with visitXXX methods
+
+    The ASTVisitor is responsible for walking over the tree in the
+    correct order.  For each node, it checks the visitor argument for
+    a method named 'visitNodeType' where NodeType is the name of the
+    node's class, e.g. Classdef.  If the method exists, it is called
+    with the node as its sole argument.
+
+    The visitor method for a particular node type can control how
+    child nodes are visited during a preorder walk.  (It can't control
+    the order during a postorder walk, because it is called _after_
+    the walk has occurred.)  The ASTVisitor modifies the visitor
+    argument by adding a visit method to the visitor; this method can
+    be used to visit a particular child node.  If the visitor method
+    returns a true value, the ASTVisitor will not traverse the child
+    nodes.
+
+    XXX The interface for controlling the preorder walk needs to be
+    re-considered.  The current interface is convenient for visitors
+    that mostly let the ASTVisitor do everything.  For something like
+    a code generator, where you want to walk to occur in a specific
+    order, it's a pain to add "return 1" to the end of each method.
+
+    XXX Perhaps I can use a postorder walk for the code generator?
+    """
+
+    VERBOSE = 0
+
+    def __init__(self):
+	self.node = None
+
+    def preorder(self, tree, visitor):
+        """Do preorder walk of tree using visitor"""
+        self.visitor = visitor
+        visitor.visit = self._preorder
+        self._preorder(tree)
+
+    def _preorder(self, node):
+        stop = self.dispatch(node)
+        if stop:
+            return
+        for child in node.getChildren():
+            if isinstance(child, ast.Node):
+                self._preorder(child)
+
+    def postorder(self, tree, visitor):
+        """Do preorder walk of tree using visitor"""
+        self.visitor = visitor
+        visitor.visit = self._postorder
+        self._postorder(tree)
+
+    def _postorder(self, tree):
+        for child in node.getChildren():
+            if isinstance(child, ast.Node):
+                self._preorder(child)
+        self.dispatch(node)
+
+    def dispatch(self, node):
+        self.node = node
+        className = node.__class__.__name__
+        meth = getattr(self.visitor, 'visit' + className, None)
+        if self.VERBOSE:
+            print "dispatch", className, (meth and meth.__name__ or '')
+        if meth:
+            return meth(node)
+
+
+class CodeGenerator:
+    def __init__(self):
+	self.code = PythonVMCode()
+	self.locals = misc.Stack()
+
+    def visitDiscard(self, node):
+        return 1
+
+    def visitModule(self, node):
+	lnf = walk(node.node, LocalNameFinder())
+	self.locals.push(lnf.getLocals())
+
+    def visitFunction(self, node):
+	lnf = walk(node.code, LocalNameFinder(node.argnames))
+	self.locals.push(lnf.getLocals())
+	self.code.setLineNo(node.lineno)
+        print node.code
+        self.visit(node.code)
+        self.code.emit('LOAD_CONST', 'None')
+        self.code.emit('RETURN_VALUE')
+
+    def visitCallFunc(self, node):
+	self.visit(node.node)
+	for arg in node.args:
+	    self.visit(arg)
+	self.code.callFunction(len(node.args))
+	return 1
+
+    def visitIf(self, node):
+	after = ForwardRef()
+	for test, suite in node.tests:
+	    self.code.setLineNo(test.lineno)
+	    self.visit(test)
+	    dest = ForwardRef()
+	    self.code.jumpIfFalse(dest)
+	    self.code.popTop()
+	    self.visit(suite)
+	    self.code.jumpForward(after)
+	    dest.bind(self.code.getCurInst())
+	    self.code.popTop()
+	if node.else_:
+	    self.visit(node.else_)
+	after.bind(self.code.getCurInst())
+	return 1
+
+    def visitCompare(self, node):
+	"""Comment from compile.c follows:
+
+	The following code is generated for all but the last
+	comparison in a chain:
+	   
+	label:	on stack:	opcode:		jump to:
+	   
+		a		<code to load b>
+		a, b		DUP_TOP
+		a, b, b		ROT_THREE
+		b, a, b		COMPARE_OP
+		b, 0-or-1	JUMP_IF_FALSE	L1
+		b, 1		POP_TOP
+		b		
+	
+	We are now ready to repeat this sequence for the next
+	comparison in the chain.
+	   
+	For the last we generate:
+	   
+	   	b		<code to load c>
+	   	b, c		COMPARE_OP
+	   	0-or-1		
+	   
+	If there were any jumps to L1 (i.e., there was more than one
+	comparison), we generate:
+	   
+	   	0-or-1		JUMP_FORWARD	L2
+	   L1:	b, 0		ROT_TWO
+	   	0, b		POP_TOP
+	   	0
+	   L2:	0-or-1
+	"""
+	self.visit(node.expr)
+	# if refs are never emitted, subsequent bind call has no effect
+	l1 = ForwardRef()
+	l2 = ForwardRef()
+	for op, code in node.ops[:-1]:
+	    # emit every comparison except the last
+	    self.visit(code)
+	    self.code.dupTop()
+	    self.code.rotThree()
+	    self.code.compareOp(op)
+	    self.code.jumpIfFalse(l1)
+	    self.code.popTop()
+	if node.ops:
+	    # emit the last comparison
+	    op, code = node.ops[-1]
+	    self.visit(code)
+	    self.code.compareOp(op)
+	if len(node.ops) > 1:
+	    self.code.jumpForward(l2)
+	    l1.bind(self.code.getCurInst())
+	    self.code.rotTwo()
+	    self.code.popTop()
+	    l2.bind(self.code.getCurInst())
+	return 1
+
+    def binaryOp(self, node, op):
+	self.visit(node.left)
+	self.visit(node.right)
+	self.code.emit(op)
+	return 1
+
+    def visitAdd(self, node):
+	return self.binaryOp(node, 'BINARY_ADD')
+
+    def visitSub(self, node):
+	return self.binaryOp(node, 'BINARY_SUBTRACT')
+
+    def visitMul(self, node):
+	return self.binaryOp(node, 'BINARY_MULTIPLY')
+
+    def visitDiv(self, node):
+	return self.binaryOp(node, 'BINARY_DIVIDE')
+
+    def visitName(self, node):
+	locals = self.locals.top()
+	if locals.has_elt(node.name):
+	    self.code.loadFast(node.name)
+	else:
+	    self.code.loadGlobal(node.name)
+
+    def visitConst(self, node):
+	self.code.loadConst(node.value)
+
+    def visitReturn(self, node):
+	self.code.setLineNo(node.lineno)
+	self.visit(node.value)
+	self.code.returnValue()
+	return 1
+
+    def visitRaise(self, node):
+	self.code.setLineNo(node.lineno)
+	n = 0
+	if node.expr1:
+	    self.visit(node.expr1)
+	    n = n + 1
+	if node.expr2:
+	    self.visit(node.expr2)
+	    n = n + 1
+	if node.expr3:
+	    self.visit(node.expr3)
+	    n = n + 1
+	self.code.raiseVarargs(n)
+	return 1
+
+    def visitPrint(self, node):
+	self.code.setLineNo(node.lineno)
+	for child in node.nodes:
+	    self.visit(child)
+	    self.code.emit('PRINT_ITEM')
+	return 1
+
+    def visitPrintnl(self, node):
+	self.visitPrint(node)
+	self.code.emit('PRINT_NEWLINE')
+	return 1
+	
+
+class LocalNameFinder:
+    def __init__(self, names=()):
+	self.names = misc.Set()
+	for name in names:
+	    self.names.add(name)
+
+    def getLocals(self):
+	return self.names
+
+    def visitFunction(self, node):
+        self.names.add(node.name)
+	return 1
+
+    def visitImport(self, node):
+	for name in node.names:
+	    self.names.add(name)
+
+    def visitFrom(self, node):
+	for name in node.names:
+	    self.names.add(name)
+
+    def visitClassdef(self, node):
+	self.names.add(node.name)
+	return 1
+
+    def visitAssName(self, node):
+	self.names.add(node.name)
+
+class Label:
+    def __init__(self, num):
+	self.num = num
+    def __repr__(self):
+	return "Label(%d)" % self.num
+
+class ForwardRef:
+    count = 0
+
+    def __init__(self, id=None, val=None):
+	if id is None:
+	    id = ForwardRef.count
+	    ForwardRef.count = ForwardRef.count + 1
+	self.id = id
+	self.val = val
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+	if self.val:
+	    return "ForwardRef(val=%d)" % self.val
+	else:
+	    return "ForwardRef(id=%d)" % self.id
+
+    def bind(self, inst):
+	self.val = inst
+
+    def resolve(self):
+	return self.val
+	
+class PythonVMCode:
+    def __init__(self):
+	self.insts = []  
+
+    def emit(self, *args):
+	print "emit", args
+	self.insts.append(args)
+
+    def getCurInst(self):
+	return len(self.insts)
+
+    def getNextInst(self):
+	return len(self.insts) + 1
+
+    def convert(self):
+	"""Convert human-readable names to real bytecode"""
+	pass
+	
+    opnum = {}
+    for num in range(len(dis.opname)):
+	opnum[dis.opname[num]] = num
+
+    # the interface below here seemed good at first.  upon real use,
+    # it seems redundant to add a function for each opcode,
+    # particularly because the method and opcode basically have the
+    # same name.
+
+    def setLineNo(self, num):
+	self.emit('SET_LINENO', num)
+
+    def popTop(self):
+	self.emit('POP_TOP')
+
+    def dupTop(self):
+	self.emit('DUP_TOP')
+
+    def rotTwo(self):
+	self.emit('ROT_TWO')
+
+    def rotThree(self):
+	self.emit('ROT_THREE')
+
+    def jumpIfFalse(self, dest):
+	self.emit('JUMP_IF_FALSE', dest)
+
+    def loadFast(self, name):
+	self.emit('LOAD_FAST', name)
+
+    def loadGlobal(self, name):
+	self.emit('LOAD_GLOBAL', name)
+
+    def binaryAdd(self):
+	self.emit('BINARY_ADD')
+
+    def compareOp(self, op):
+	self.emit('COMPARE_OP', op)
+
+    def loadConst(self, val):
+	self.emit('LOAD_CONST', val)
+
+    def returnValue(self):
+	self.emit('RETURN_VALUE')
+
+    def jumpForward(self, dest):
+	self.emit('JUMP_FORWARD', dest)
+
+    def raiseVarargs(self, num):
+	self.emit('RAISE_VARARGS', num)
+
+    def callFunction(self, num):
+	self.emit('CALL_FUNCTION', num)
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    tree = parse('test.py')
+    cg = CodeGenerator()
+    ASTVisitor.VERBOSE = 1
+    w = walk(tree, cg)
+    w.VERBOSE = 1
+    for i in range(len(cg.code.insts)):
+	inst = cg.code.insts[i]
+	if inst[0] == 'SET_LINENO':
+	    print
+	print "%4d" % i, inst
+