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authorFred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>1999-07-02 14:25:03 (GMT)
committerFred Drake <fdrake@acm.org>1999-07-02 14:25:03 (GMT)
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New documentation from Chris Petrilli <petrilli@amber.org>.
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+\section{\module{asyncore} ---
+ Asyncronous socket handler}
+
+\declaremodule{builtin}{asyncore}
+\modulesynopsis{A base class for developing asyncronous socket
+ handling services.}
+\moduleauthor{Sam Rushing}{rushing@nightmare.com}
+\sectionauthor{Christopher Petrilli}{petrilli@amber.org}
+% Heavily adapted from original documentation by Sam Rushing.
+
+This module provides the basic infrastructure for writing asyncronous
+socket service clients and servers.
+
+%\subsection{Why Asyncronous?}
+
+There are only two ways to have a program on a single processor do
+``more than one thing at a time.'' Multi-threaded programming is the
+simplest and most popular way to do it, but there is another very
+different technique, that lets youhave nearly all the advantages of
+multi-threading, without actually using multiple threads. it's really
+only practical if your program is largely I/O bound. If your program
+is CPU bound, then pre-emtpive scheduled threads are probably what
+you really need. Network servers are rarely CPU-bound, however.
+
+If your operating system supports the \cfunction{select()} system call
+in its I/O library (and nearly all do), then you can use it to juggle
+multiple communication channels at once; doing other work while your
+I/O is taking place in the ``background.'' Although this strategy can
+seem strange and complex, especially at first, it is in many ways
+easier to understand and control than multi-threaded programming.
+The module documented here solves manyof the difficult problems for
+you, making the task of building sophisticated high-performance
+network servers and clients a snap.
+
+\begin{classdesc}{dispatcher}{}
+ The first class we will introduce is the \class{dispatcher} class.
+ This is a thin wrapper around a low-level socket object. To make
+ it more useful, it has a few methods for event-handling on it.
+ Otherwise, it can be treated as a normal non-blocking socket object.
+
+ The direct interface between the select loop and the socket object
+ are the \method{handle_read_event()} and
+ \method{handle_write_event()} methods. These are called whenever an
+ object `fires' that event.
+
+ The firing of these low-level events can tell us whether certain
+ higher-level events have taken place, depending on the timing and
+ the state of the connection. For example, if we have asked for a
+ socket to connect to another host, we know that the connection has
+ been made when the socket fires a write event (at this point you
+ know that you may write to it with the expectation of success).
+ The implied higher-level events are:
+
+ \begin{tableii}{l|l}{code}{Event}{Description}
+ \lineii{handle_connect()}{Implied by a write event}
+ \lineii{handle_close()}{Implied by a read event with no data available}
+ \lineii{handle_accept()}{Implied by a read event on a listening socket}
+ \end{tableii}
+\end{classdesc}
+
+This set of user-level events is larger than the basics. The
+full set of methods that can be overridden in your subclass are:
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{handle_read}{}
+ Called when there is new data to be read from a socket.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{handle_write}{}
+ Called when there is an attempt to write data to the object.
+ Often this method will implement the necessary buffering for
+ performance. For example:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+def handle_write(self):
+ sent = self.send(self.buffer)
+ self.buffer = self.buffer[sent:]
+\end{verbatim}
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{handle_expt}{}
+ Called when there is out of band (OOB) data for a socket
+ connection. This will almost never happen, as OOB is
+ tenuously supported and rarely used.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{handle_connect}{}
+ Called when the socket actually makes a connection. This
+ might be used to send a ``welcome'' banner, or something
+ similar.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{handle_close}{}
+ Called when the socket is closed.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{handle_accept}{}
+ Called on listening sockets when they actually accept a new
+ connection.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{readable}{}
+ Each time through the \method{select()} loop, the set of sockets
+ is scanned, and this method is called to see if there is any
+ interest in reading. The default method simply returns \code{1},
+ indicating that by default, all channels will be interested.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{writeable}{}
+ Each time through the \method{select()} loop, the set of sockets
+ is scanned, and this method is called to see if there is any
+ interest in writing. The default method simply returns \code{1},
+ indiciating that by default, all channels will be interested.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+In addition, there are the basic methods needed to construct and
+manipulate ``channels,'' which are what we will call the socket
+connections in this context. Note that most of these are nearly
+identical to their \class{socket} partners.
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{create_socket}{family, type}
+ This is identical to the creation of a normal socket, and
+ will use the same options for creation. This means you will
+ need to reference the \refmodule{socket} module.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{connect}{address}
+ As with the normal \class{socket} object, \var{address} is a
+ tuple with the first element the host to connect to, and the
+ second the port.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{send}{data}
+ Send \var{data} out the socket.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{recv}{buffer_size}
+ Read at most \var{buffer_size} bytes from the socket.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{listen}{\optional{backlog}}
+ Listen for connections made to the socket. The \var{backlog}
+ argument specifies the maximum number of queued connections
+ and should be at least 1; the maximum value is
+ system-dependent (usually 5).
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{bind}{address}
+ Bind the socket to \var{address}. The socket must not already
+ be bound. (The format of \var{address} depends on the address
+ family --- see above.)
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{accept}{}
+ Accept a connection. The socket must be bound to an address
+ and listening for connections. The return value is a pair
+ \code{(\var{conn}, \var{address})} where \var{conn} is a
+ \emph{new} socket object usable to send and receive data on
+ the connection, and \var{address} is the address bound to the
+ socket on the other end of the connection.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+\begin{methoddesc}{close}{}
+ Close the socket. All future operations on the socket object
+ will fail. The remote end will receive no more data (after
+ queued data is flushed). Sockets are automatically closed
+ when they are garbage-collected.
+\end{methoddesc}
+
+
+\subsection{Example basic HTTP client \label{asyncore-example}}
+
+As a basic example, below is a very basic HTTP client that uses the
+\class{dispatcher} class to implement its socket handling:
+
+\begin{verbatim}
+class http_client(asyncore.dispatcher):
+ def __init__(self, host,path):
+ asyncore.dispatcher.__init__(self)
+ self.path = path
+ self.create_socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+ self.connect( (host, 80) )
+ self.buffer = 'GET %s HTTP/1.0\r\b\r\n' % self.path
+
+ def handle_connect(self):
+ pass
+
+ def handle_read(self):
+ data = self.recv(8192)
+ print data
+
+ def writeable(self):
+ return (len(self.buffer) > 0)
+
+ def handle_write(self):
+ sent = self.send(self.buffer)
+ self.buffer = self.buffer[sent:]
+\end{verbatim}