copy lib2to3 from the trunk

96 files changed, 18147 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/Grammar.txt b/Lib/lib2to3/Grammar.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..be034e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/Grammar.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# Grammar for Python
+
+# Note:  Changing the grammar specified in this file will most likely
+#        require corresponding changes in the parser module
+#        (../Modules/parsermodule.c).  If you can't make the changes to
+#        that module yourself, please co-ordinate the required changes
+#        with someone who can; ask around on python-dev for help.  Fred
+#        Drake <fdrake@acm.org> will probably be listening there.
+
+# NOTE WELL: You should also follow all the steps listed in PEP 306,
+# "How to Change Python's Grammar"
+
+# Commands for Kees Blom's railroad program
+#diagram:token NAME
+#diagram:token NUMBER
+#diagram:token STRING
+#diagram:token NEWLINE
+#diagram:token ENDMARKER
+#diagram:token INDENT
+#diagram:output\input python.bla
+#diagram:token DEDENT
+#diagram:output\textwidth 20.04cm\oddsidemargin  0.0cm\evensidemargin 0.0cm
+#diagram:rules
+
+# Start symbols for the grammar:
+#	file_input is a module or sequence of commands read from an input file;
+#	single_input is a single interactive statement;
+#	eval_input is the input for the eval() and input() functions.
+# NB: compound_stmt in single_input is followed by extra NEWLINE!
+file_input: (NEWLINE | stmt)* ENDMARKER
+single_input: NEWLINE | simple_stmt | compound_stmt NEWLINE
+eval_input: testlist NEWLINE* ENDMARKER
+
+decorator: '@' dotted_name [ '(' [arglist] ')' ] NEWLINE
+decorators: decorator+
+decorated: decorators (classdef | funcdef)
+funcdef: 'def' NAME parameters ['->' test] ':' suite
+parameters: '(' [typedargslist] ')'
+typedargslist: ((tfpdef ['=' test] ',')*
+                ('*' [tname] (',' tname ['=' test])* [',' '**' tname] | '**' tname)
+                | tfpdef ['=' test] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [','])
+tname: NAME [':' test]
+tfpdef: tname | '(' tfplist ')'
+tfplist: tfpdef (',' tfpdef)* [',']
+varargslist: ((vfpdef ['=' test] ',')*
+              ('*' [vname] (',' vname ['=' test])*  [',' '**' vname] | '**' vname)
+              | vfpdef ['=' test] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [','])
+vname: NAME
+vfpdef: vname | '(' vfplist ')'
+vfplist: vfpdef (',' vfpdef)* [',']
+
+stmt: simple_stmt | compound_stmt
+simple_stmt: small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* [';'] NEWLINE
+small_stmt: (expr_stmt | print_stmt  | del_stmt | pass_stmt | flow_stmt |
+             import_stmt | global_stmt | exec_stmt | assert_stmt)
+expr_stmt: testlist_star_expr (augassign (yield_expr|testlist) |
+                     ('=' (yield_expr|testlist_star_expr))*)
+testlist_star_expr: (test|star_expr) (',' (test|star_expr))* [',']
+augassign: ('+=' | '-=' | '*=' | '/=' | '%=' | '&=' | '|=' | '^=' |
+            '<<=' | '>>=' | '**=' | '//=')
+# For normal assignments, additional restrictions enforced by the interpreter
+print_stmt: 'print' ( [ test (',' test)* [','] ] |
+                      '>>' test [ (',' test)+ [','] ] )
+del_stmt: 'del' exprlist
+pass_stmt: 'pass'
+flow_stmt: break_stmt | continue_stmt | return_stmt | raise_stmt | yield_stmt
+break_stmt: 'break'
+continue_stmt: 'continue'
+return_stmt: 'return' [testlist]
+yield_stmt: yield_expr
+raise_stmt: 'raise' [test ['from' test | ',' test [',' test]]]
+import_stmt: import_name | import_from
+import_name: 'import' dotted_as_names
+import_from: ('from' ('.'* dotted_name | '.'+)
+              'import' ('*' | '(' import_as_names ')' | import_as_names))
+import_as_name: NAME ['as' NAME]
+dotted_as_name: dotted_name ['as' NAME]
+import_as_names: import_as_name (',' import_as_name)* [',']
+dotted_as_names: dotted_as_name (',' dotted_as_name)*
+dotted_name: NAME ('.' NAME)*
+global_stmt: ('global' | 'nonlocal') NAME (',' NAME)*
+exec_stmt: 'exec' expr ['in' test [',' test]]
+assert_stmt: 'assert' test [',' test]
+
+compound_stmt: if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt | try_stmt | with_stmt | funcdef | classdef | decorated
+if_stmt: 'if' test ':' suite ('elif' test ':' suite)* ['else' ':' suite]
+while_stmt: 'while' test ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
+for_stmt: 'for' exprlist 'in' testlist ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
+try_stmt: ('try' ':' suite
+           ((except_clause ':' suite)+
+	    ['else' ':' suite]
+	    ['finally' ':' suite] |
+	   'finally' ':' suite))
+with_stmt: 'with' with_item (',' with_item)*  ':' suite
+with_item: test ['as' expr]
+with_var: 'as' expr
+# NB compile.c makes sure that the default except clause is last
+except_clause: 'except' [test [(',' | 'as') test]]
+suite: simple_stmt | NEWLINE INDENT stmt+ DEDENT
+
+# Backward compatibility cruft to support:
+# [ x for x in lambda: True, lambda: False if x() ]
+# even while also allowing:
+# lambda x: 5 if x else 2
+# (But not a mix of the two)
+testlist_safe: old_test [(',' old_test)+ [',']]
+old_test: or_test | old_lambdef
+old_lambdef: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' old_test
+
+test: or_test ['if' or_test 'else' test] | lambdef
+or_test: and_test ('or' and_test)*
+and_test: not_test ('and' not_test)*
+not_test: 'not' not_test | comparison
+comparison: expr (comp_op expr)*
+comp_op: '<'|'>'|'=='|'>='|'<='|'<>'|'!='|'in'|'not' 'in'|'is'|'is' 'not'
+star_expr: '*' expr
+expr: xor_expr ('|' xor_expr)*
+xor_expr: and_expr ('^' and_expr)*
+and_expr: shift_expr ('&' shift_expr)*
+shift_expr: arith_expr (('<<'|'>>') arith_expr)*
+arith_expr: term (('+'|'-') term)*
+term: factor (('*'|'/'|'%'|'//') factor)*
+factor: ('+'|'-'|'~') factor | power
+power: atom trailer* ['**' factor]
+atom: ('(' [yield_expr|testlist_gexp] ')' |
+       '[' [listmaker] ']' |
+       '{' [dictsetmaker] '}' |
+       '`' testlist1 '`' |
+       NAME | NUMBER | STRING+ | '.' '.' '.')
+listmaker: (test|star_expr) ( comp_for | (',' (test|star_expr))* [','] )
+testlist_gexp: test ( comp_for | (',' (test|star_expr))* [','] )
+lambdef: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' test
+trailer: '(' [arglist] ')' | '[' subscriptlist ']' | '.' NAME
+subscriptlist: subscript (',' subscript)* [',']
+subscript: test | [test] ':' [test] [sliceop]
+sliceop: ':' [test]
+exprlist: (expr|star_expr) (',' (expr|star_expr))* [',']
+testlist: test (',' test)* [',']
+dictsetmaker: ( (test ':' test (comp_for | (',' test ':' test)* [','])) |
+                (test (comp_for | (',' test)* [','])) )
+
+classdef: 'class' NAME ['(' [arglist] ')'] ':' suite
+
+arglist: (argument ',')* (argument [',']
+                         |'*' test (',' argument)* [',' '**' test] 
+                         |'**' test)
+argument: test [comp_for] | test '=' test  # Really [keyword '='] test
+
+comp_iter: comp_for | comp_if
+comp_for: 'for' exprlist 'in' testlist_safe [comp_iter]
+comp_if: 'if' old_test [comp_iter]
+
+testlist1: test (',' test)*
+
+# not used in grammar, but may appear in "node" passed from Parser to Compiler
+encoding_decl: NAME
+
+yield_expr: 'yield' [testlist]
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/PatternGrammar.txt b/Lib/lib2to3/PatternGrammar.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..36bf814
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/PatternGrammar.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+# A grammar to describe tree matching patterns.
+# Not shown here:
+# - 'TOKEN' stands for any token (leaf node)
+# - 'any' stands for any node (leaf or interior)
+# With 'any' we can still specify the sub-structure.
+
+# The start symbol is 'Matcher'.
+
+Matcher: Alternatives ENDMARKER
+
+Alternatives: Alternative ('|' Alternative)*
+
+Alternative: (Unit | NegatedUnit)+
+
+Unit: [NAME '='] ( STRING [Repeater]
+                 | NAME [Details] [Repeater]
+                 | '(' Alternatives ')' [Repeater]
+                 | '[' Alternatives ']'
+		 )
+
+NegatedUnit: 'not' (STRING | NAME [Details] | '(' Alternatives ')')
+
+Repeater: '*' | '+' | '{' NUMBER [',' NUMBER] '}'
+
+Details: '<' Alternatives '>'
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/__init__.py b/Lib/lib2to3/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ea30561
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+#empty
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixer_base.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixer_base.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..16887aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixer_base.py
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Base class for fixers (optional, but recommended)."""
+
+# Python imports
+import logging
+import itertools
+
+# Local imports
+from .patcomp import PatternCompiler
+from . import pygram
+from .fixer_util import does_tree_import
+
+class BaseFix(object):
+
+    """Optional base class for fixers.
+
+    The subclass name must be FixFooBar where FooBar is the result of
+    removing underscores and capitalizing the words of the fix name.
+    For example, the class name for a fixer named 'has_key' should be
+    FixHasKey.
+    """
+
+    PATTERN = None  # Most subclasses should override with a string literal
+    pattern = None  # Compiled pattern, set by compile_pattern()
+    options = None  # Options object passed to initializer
+    filename = None # The filename (set by set_filename)
+    logger = None   # A logger (set by set_filename)
+    numbers = itertools.count(1) # For new_name()
+    used_names = set() # A set of all used NAMEs
+    order = "post" # Does the fixer prefer pre- or post-order traversal
+    explicit = False # Is this ignored by refactor.py -f all?
+    run_order = 5   # Fixers will be sorted by run order before execution
+                    # Lower numbers will be run first.
+    _accept_type = None # [Advanced and not public] This tells RefactoringTool
+                        # which node type to accept when there's not a pattern.
+
+    # Shortcut for access to Python grammar symbols
+    syms = pygram.python_symbols
+
+    def __init__(self, options, log):
+        """Initializer.  Subclass may override.
+
+        Args:
+            options: an dict containing the options passed to RefactoringTool
+            that could be used to customize the fixer through the command line.
+            log: a list to append warnings and other messages to.
+        """
+        self.options = options
+        self.log = log
+        self.compile_pattern()
+
+    def compile_pattern(self):
+        """Compiles self.PATTERN into self.pattern.
+
+        Subclass may override if it doesn't want to use
+        self.{pattern,PATTERN} in .match().
+        """
+        if self.PATTERN is not None:
+            self.pattern = PatternCompiler().compile_pattern(self.PATTERN)
+
+    def set_filename(self, filename):
+        """Set the filename, and a logger derived from it.
+
+        The main refactoring tool should call this.
+        """
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger(filename)
+
+    def match(self, node):
+        """Returns match for a given parse tree node.
+
+        Should return a true or false object (not necessarily a bool).
+        It may return a non-empty dict of matching sub-nodes as
+        returned by a matching pattern.
+
+        Subclass may override.
+        """
+        results = {"node": node}
+        return self.pattern.match(node, results) and results
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        """Returns the transformation for a given parse tree node.
+
+        Args:
+          node: the root of the parse tree that matched the fixer.
+          results: a dict mapping symbolic names to part of the match.
+
+        Returns:
+          None, or a node that is a modified copy of the
+          argument node.  The node argument may also be modified in-place to
+          effect the same change.
+
+        Subclass *must* override.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError()
+
+    def new_name(self, template=u"xxx_todo_changeme"):
+        """Return a string suitable for use as an identifier
+
+        The new name is guaranteed not to conflict with other identifiers.
+        """
+        name = template
+        while name in self.used_names:
+            name = template + unicode(self.numbers.next())
+        self.used_names.add(name)
+        return name
+
+    def log_message(self, message):
+        if self.first_log:
+            self.first_log = False
+            self.log.append("### In file %s ###" % self.filename)
+        self.log.append(message)
+
+    def cannot_convert(self, node, reason=None):
+        """Warn the user that a given chunk of code is not valid Python 3,
+        but that it cannot be converted automatically.
+
+        First argument is the top-level node for the code in question.
+        Optional second argument is why it can't be converted.
+        """
+        lineno = node.get_lineno()
+        for_output = node.clone()
+        for_output.prefix = u""
+        msg = "Line %d: could not convert: %s"
+        self.log_message(msg % (lineno, for_output))
+        if reason:
+            self.log_message(reason)
+
+    def warning(self, node, reason):
+        """Used for warning the user about possible uncertainty in the
+        translation.
+
+        First argument is the top-level node for the code in question.
+        Optional second argument is why it can't be converted.
+        """
+        lineno = node.get_lineno()
+        self.log_message("Line %d: %s" % (lineno, reason))
+
+    def start_tree(self, tree, filename):
+        """Some fixers need to maintain tree-wide state.
+        This method is called once, at the start of tree fix-up.
+
+        tree - the root node of the tree to be processed.
+        filename - the name of the file the tree came from.
+        """
+        self.used_names = tree.used_names
+        self.set_filename(filename)
+        self.numbers = itertools.count(1)
+        self.first_log = True
+
+    def finish_tree(self, tree, filename):
+        """Some fixers need to maintain tree-wide state.
+        This method is called once, at the conclusion of tree fix-up.
+
+        tree - the root node of the tree to be processed.
+        filename - the name of the file the tree came from.
+        """
+        pass
+
+
+class ConditionalFix(BaseFix):
+    """ Base class for fixers which not execute if an import is found. """
+
+    # This is the name of the import which, if found, will cause the test to be skipped
+    skip_on = None
+
+    def start_tree(self, *args):
+        super(ConditionalFix, self).start_tree(*args)
+        self._should_skip = None
+
+    def should_skip(self, node):
+        if self._should_skip is not None:
+            return self._should_skip
+        pkg = self.skip_on.split(".")
+        name = pkg[-1]
+        pkg = ".".join(pkg[:-1])
+        self._should_skip = does_tree_import(pkg, name, node)
+        return self._should_skip
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixer_util.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixer_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b13669
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixer_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+"""Utility functions, node construction macros, etc."""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Local imports
+from .pgen2 import token
+from .pytree import Leaf, Node
+from .pygram import python_symbols as syms
+from . import patcomp
+
+
+###########################################################
+### Common node-construction "macros"
+###########################################################
+
+def KeywordArg(keyword, value):
+    return Node(syms.argument,
+                [keyword, Leaf(token.EQUAL, u'='), value])
+
+def LParen():
+    return Leaf(token.LPAR, u"(")
+
+def RParen():
+    return Leaf(token.RPAR, u")")
+
+def Assign(target, source):
+    """Build an assignment statement"""
+    if not isinstance(target, list):
+        target = [target]
+    if not isinstance(source, list):
+        source.prefix = u" "
+        source = [source]
+
+    return Node(syms.atom,
+                target + [Leaf(token.EQUAL, u"=", prefix=u" ")] + source)
+
+def Name(name, prefix=None):
+    """Return a NAME leaf"""
+    return Leaf(token.NAME, name, prefix=prefix)
+
+def Attr(obj, attr):
+    """A node tuple for obj.attr"""
+    return [obj, Node(syms.trailer, [Dot(), attr])]
+
+def Comma():
+    """A comma leaf"""
+    return Leaf(token.COMMA, u",")
+
+def Dot():
+    """A period (.) leaf"""
+    return Leaf(token.DOT, u".")
+
+def ArgList(args, lparen=LParen(), rparen=RParen()):
+    """A parenthesised argument list, used by Call()"""
+    node = Node(syms.trailer, [lparen.clone(), rparen.clone()])
+    if args:
+        node.insert_child(1, Node(syms.arglist, args))
+    return node
+
+def Call(func_name, args=None, prefix=None):
+    """A function call"""
+    node = Node(syms.power, [func_name, ArgList(args)])
+    if prefix is not None:
+        node.prefix = prefix
+    return node
+
+def Newline():
+    """A newline literal"""
+    return Leaf(token.NEWLINE, u"\n")
+
+def BlankLine():
+    """A blank line"""
+    return Leaf(token.NEWLINE, u"")
+
+def Number(n, prefix=None):
+    return Leaf(token.NUMBER, n, prefix=prefix)
+
+def Subscript(index_node):
+    """A numeric or string subscript"""
+    return Node(syms.trailer, [Leaf(token.LBRACE, u'['),
+                               index_node,
+                               Leaf(token.RBRACE, u']')])
+
+def String(string, prefix=None):
+    """A string leaf"""
+    return Leaf(token.STRING, string, prefix=prefix)
+
+def ListComp(xp, fp, it, test=None):
+    """A list comprehension of the form [xp for fp in it if test].
+
+    If test is None, the "if test" part is omitted.
+    """
+    xp.prefix = u""
+    fp.prefix = u" "
+    it.prefix = u" "
+    for_leaf = Leaf(token.NAME, u"for")
+    for_leaf.prefix = u" "
+    in_leaf = Leaf(token.NAME, u"in")
+    in_leaf.prefix = u" "
+    inner_args = [for_leaf, fp, in_leaf, it]
+    if test:
+        test.prefix = u" "
+        if_leaf = Leaf(token.NAME, u"if")
+        if_leaf.prefix = u" "
+        inner_args.append(Node(syms.comp_if, [if_leaf, test]))
+    inner = Node(syms.listmaker, [xp, Node(syms.comp_for, inner_args)])
+    return Node(syms.atom,
+                       [Leaf(token.LBRACE, u"["),
+                        inner,
+                        Leaf(token.RBRACE, u"]")])
+
+def FromImport(package_name, name_leafs):
+    """ Return an import statement in the form:
+        from package import name_leafs"""
+    # XXX: May not handle dotted imports properly (eg, package_name='foo.bar')
+    #assert package_name == '.' or '.' not in package_name, "FromImport has "\
+    #       "not been tested with dotted package names -- use at your own "\
+    #       "peril!"
+
+    for leaf in name_leafs:
+        # Pull the leaves out of their old tree
+        leaf.remove()
+
+    children = [Leaf(token.NAME, u'from'),
+                Leaf(token.NAME, package_name, prefix=u" "),
+                Leaf(token.NAME, u'import', prefix=u" "),
+                Node(syms.import_as_names, name_leafs)]
+    imp = Node(syms.import_from, children)
+    return imp
+
+
+###########################################################
+### Determine whether a node represents a given literal
+###########################################################
+
+def is_tuple(node):
+    """Does the node represent a tuple literal?"""
+    if isinstance(node, Node) and node.children == [LParen(), RParen()]:
+        return True
+    return (isinstance(node, Node)
+            and len(node.children) == 3
+            and isinstance(node.children[0], Leaf)
+            and isinstance(node.children[1], Node)
+            and isinstance(node.children[2], Leaf)
+            and node.children[0].value == u"("
+            and node.children[2].value == u")")
+
+def is_list(node):
+    """Does the node represent a list literal?"""
+    return (isinstance(node, Node)
+            and len(node.children) > 1
+            and isinstance(node.children[0], Leaf)
+            and isinstance(node.children[-1], Leaf)
+            and node.children[0].value == u"["
+            and node.children[-1].value == u"]")
+
+
+###########################################################
+### Misc
+###########################################################
+
+def parenthesize(node):
+    return Node(syms.atom, [LParen(), node, RParen()])
+
+
+consuming_calls = set(["sorted", "list", "set", "any", "all", "tuple", "sum",
+                       "min", "max"])
+
+def attr_chain(obj, attr):
+    """Follow an attribute chain.
+
+    If you have a chain of objects where a.foo -> b, b.foo-> c, etc,
+    use this to iterate over all objects in the chain. Iteration is
+    terminated by getattr(x, attr) is None.
+
+    Args:
+        obj: the starting object
+        attr: the name of the chaining attribute
+
+    Yields:
+        Each successive object in the chain.
+    """
+    next = getattr(obj, attr)
+    while next:
+        yield next
+        next = getattr(next, attr)
+
+p0 = """for_stmt< 'for' any 'in' node=any ':' any* >
+        | comp_for< 'for' any 'in' node=any any* >
+     """
+p1 = """
+power<
+    ( 'iter' | 'list' | 'tuple' | 'sorted' | 'set' | 'sum' |
+      'any' | 'all' | (any* trailer< '.' 'join' >) )
+    trailer< '(' node=any ')' >
+    any*
+>
+"""
+p2 = """
+power<
+    'sorted'
+    trailer< '(' arglist<node=any any*> ')' >
+    any*
+>
+"""
+pats_built = False
+def in_special_context(node):
+    """ Returns true if node is in an environment where all that is required
+        of it is being itterable (ie, it doesn't matter if it returns a list
+        or an itterator).
+        See test_map_nochange in test_fixers.py for some examples and tests.
+        """
+    global p0, p1, p2, pats_built
+    if not pats_built:
+        p1 = patcomp.compile_pattern(p1)
+        p0 = patcomp.compile_pattern(p0)
+        p2 = patcomp.compile_pattern(p2)
+        pats_built = True
+    patterns = [p0, p1, p2]
+    for pattern, parent in zip(patterns, attr_chain(node, "parent")):
+        results = {}
+        if pattern.match(parent, results) and results["node"] is node:
+            return True
+    return False
+
+def is_probably_builtin(node):
+    """
+    Check that something isn't an attribute or function name etc.
+    """
+    prev = node.prev_sibling
+    if prev is not None and prev.type == token.DOT:
+        # Attribute lookup.
+        return False
+    parent = node.parent
+    if parent.type in (syms.funcdef, syms.classdef):
+        return False
+    if parent.type == syms.expr_stmt and parent.children[0] is node:
+        # Assignment.
+        return False
+    if parent.type == syms.parameters or \
+            (parent.type == syms.typedargslist and (
+            (prev is not None and prev.type == token.COMMA) or
+            parent.children[0] is node
+            )):
+        # The name of an argument.
+        return False
+    return True
+
+###########################################################
+### The following functions are to find bindings in a suite
+###########################################################
+
+def make_suite(node):
+    if node.type == syms.suite:
+        return node
+    node = node.clone()
+    parent, node.parent = node.parent, None
+    suite = Node(syms.suite, [node])
+    suite.parent = parent
+    return suite
+
+def find_root(node):
+    """Find the top level namespace."""
+    # Scamper up to the top level namespace
+    while node.type != syms.file_input:
+        assert node.parent, "Tree is insane! root found before "\
+                           "file_input node was found."
+        node = node.parent
+    return node
+
+def does_tree_import(package, name, node):
+    """ Returns true if name is imported from package at the
+        top level of the tree which node belongs to.
+        To cover the case of an import like 'import foo', use
+        None for the package and 'foo' for the name. """
+    binding = find_binding(name, find_root(node), package)
+    return bool(binding)
+
+def is_import(node):
+    """Returns true if the node is an import statement."""
+    return node.type in (syms.import_name, syms.import_from)
+
+def touch_import(package, name, node):
+    """ Works like `does_tree_import` but adds an import statement
+        if it was not imported. """
+    def is_import_stmt(node):
+        return node.type == syms.simple_stmt and node.children and \
+               is_import(node.children[0])
+
+    root = find_root(node)
+
+    if does_tree_import(package, name, root):
+        return
+
+    # figure out where to insert the new import.  First try to find
+    # the first import and then skip to the last one.
+    insert_pos = offset = 0
+    for idx, node in enumerate(root.children):
+        if not is_import_stmt(node):
+            continue
+        for offset, node2 in enumerate(root.children[idx:]):
+            if not is_import_stmt(node2):
+                break
+        insert_pos = idx + offset
+        break
+
+    # if there are no imports where we can insert, find the docstring.
+    # if that also fails, we stick to the beginning of the file
+    if insert_pos == 0:
+        for idx, node in enumerate(root.children):
+            if node.type == syms.simple_stmt and node.children and \
+               node.children[0].type == token.STRING:
+                insert_pos = idx + 1
+                break
+
+    if package is None:
+        import_ = Node(syms.import_name, [
+            Leaf(token.NAME, u'import'),
+            Leaf(token.NAME, name, prefix=u' ')
+        ])
+    else:
+        import_ = FromImport(package, [Leaf(token.NAME, name, prefix=u' ')])
+
+    children = [import_, Newline()]
+    root.insert_child(insert_pos, Node(syms.simple_stmt, children))
+
+
+_def_syms = set([syms.classdef, syms.funcdef])
+def find_binding(name, node, package=None):
+    """ Returns the node which binds variable name, otherwise None.
+        If optional argument package is supplied, only imports will
+        be returned.
+        See test cases for examples."""
+    for child in node.children:
+        ret = None
+        if child.type == syms.for_stmt:
+            if _find(name, child.children[1]):
+                return child
+            n = find_binding(name, make_suite(child.children[-1]), package)
+            if n: ret = n
+        elif child.type in (syms.if_stmt, syms.while_stmt):
+            n = find_binding(name, make_suite(child.children[-1]), package)
+            if n: ret = n
+        elif child.type == syms.try_stmt:
+            n = find_binding(name, make_suite(child.children[2]), package)
+            if n:
+                ret = n
+            else:
+                for i, kid in enumerate(child.children[3:]):
+                    if kid.type == token.COLON and kid.value == ":":
+                        # i+3 is the colon, i+4 is the suite
+                        n = find_binding(name, make_suite(child.children[i+4]), package)
+                        if n: ret = n
+        elif child.type in _def_syms and child.children[1].value == name:
+            ret = child
+        elif _is_import_binding(child, name, package):
+            ret = child
+        elif child.type == syms.simple_stmt:
+            ret = find_binding(name, child, package)
+        elif child.type == syms.expr_stmt:
+            if _find(name, child.children[0]):
+                ret = child
+
+        if ret:
+            if not package:
+                return ret
+            if is_import(ret):
+                return ret
+    return None
+
+_block_syms = set([syms.funcdef, syms.classdef, syms.trailer])
+def _find(name, node):
+    nodes = [node]
+    while nodes:
+        node = nodes.pop()
+        if node.type > 256 and node.type not in _block_syms:
+            nodes.extend(node.children)
+        elif node.type == token.NAME and node.value == name:
+            return node
+    return None
+
+def _is_import_binding(node, name, package=None):
+    """ Will reuturn node if node will import name, or node
+        will import * from package.  None is returned otherwise.
+        See test cases for examples. """
+
+    if node.type == syms.import_name and not package:
+        imp = node.children[1]
+        if imp.type == syms.dotted_as_names:
+            for child in imp.children:
+                if child.type == syms.dotted_as_name:
+                    if child.children[2].value == name:
+                        return node
+                elif child.type == token.NAME and child.value == name:
+                    return node
+        elif imp.type == syms.dotted_as_name:
+            last = imp.children[-1]
+            if last.type == token.NAME and last.value == name:
+                return node
+        elif imp.type == token.NAME and imp.value == name:
+            return node
+    elif node.type == syms.import_from:
+        # unicode(...) is used to make life easier here, because
+        # from a.b import parses to ['import', ['a', '.', 'b'], ...]
+        if package and unicode(node.children[1]).strip() != package:
+            return None
+        n = node.children[3]
+        if package and _find(u'as', n):
+            # See test_from_import_as for explanation
+            return None
+        elif n.type == syms.import_as_names and _find(name, n):
+            return node
+        elif n.type == syms.import_as_name:
+            child = n.children[2]
+            if child.type == token.NAME and child.value == name:
+                return node
+        elif n.type == token.NAME and n.value == name:
+            return node
+        elif package and n.type == token.STAR:
+            return node
+    return None
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/__init__.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b93054b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# Dummy file to make this directory a package.
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_apply.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_apply.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d1c5d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_apply.py
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for apply().
+
+This converts apply(func, v, k) into (func)(*v, **k)."""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Call, Comma, parenthesize
+
+class FixApply(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< 'apply'
+        trailer<
+            '('
+            arglist<
+                (not argument<NAME '=' any>) func=any ','
+                (not argument<NAME '=' any>) args=any [','
+                (not argument<NAME '=' any>) kwds=any] [',']
+            >
+            ')'
+        >
+    >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        syms = self.syms
+        assert results
+        func = results["func"]
+        args = results["args"]
+        kwds = results.get("kwds")
+        prefix = node.prefix
+        func = func.clone()
+        if (func.type not in (token.NAME, syms.atom) and
+            (func.type != syms.power or
+             func.children[-2].type == token.DOUBLESTAR)):
+            # Need to parenthesize
+            func = parenthesize(func)
+        func.prefix = ""
+        args = args.clone()
+        args.prefix = ""
+        if kwds is not None:
+            kwds = kwds.clone()
+            kwds.prefix = ""
+        l_newargs = [pytree.Leaf(token.STAR, u"*"), args]
+        if kwds is not None:
+            l_newargs.extend([Comma(),
+                              pytree.Leaf(token.DOUBLESTAR, u"**"),
+                              kwds])
+            l_newargs[-2].prefix = u" " # that's the ** token
+        # XXX Sometimes we could be cleverer, e.g. apply(f, (x, y) + t)
+        # can be translated into f(x, y, *t) instead of f(*(x, y) + t)
+        #new = pytree.Node(syms.power, (func, ArgList(l_newargs)))
+        return Call(func, l_newargs, prefix=prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_basestring.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_basestring.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0de6c26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_basestring.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+"""Fixer for basestring -> str."""
+# Author: Christian Heimes
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name
+
+class FixBasestring(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = "'basestring'"
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        return Name(u"str", prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_buffer.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_buffer.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c1c4a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_buffer.py
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+# Copyright 2007 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer that changes buffer(...) into memoryview(...)."""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name
+
+
+class FixBuffer(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    explicit = True # The user must ask for this fixer
+
+    PATTERN = """
+              power< name='buffer' trailer< '(' [any] ')' > any* >
+              """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        name = results["name"]
+        name.replace(Name(u"memoryview", prefix=name.prefix))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_callable.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_callable.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca5d20b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_callable.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Copyright 2007 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for callable().
+
+This converts callable(obj) into isinstance(obj, collections.Callable), adding a
+collections import if needed."""
+
+# Local imports
+from lib2to3 import fixer_base
+from lib2to3.fixer_util import Call, Name, String, Attr, touch_import
+
+class FixCallable(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    # Ignore callable(*args) or use of keywords.
+    # Either could be a hint that the builtin callable() is not being used.
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< 'callable'
+           trailer< lpar='('
+                    ( not(arglist | argument<any '=' any>) func=any
+                      | func=arglist<(not argument<any '=' any>) any ','> )
+                    rpar=')' >
+           after=any*
+    >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        func = results['func']
+
+        touch_import(None, u'collections', node=node)
+
+        args = [func.clone(), String(u', ')]
+        args.extend(Attr(Name(u'collections'), Name(u'Callable')))
+        return Call(Name(u'isinstance'), args, prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_dict.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_dict.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5912cbf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_dict.py
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+# Copyright 2007 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for dict methods.
+
+d.keys() -> list(d.keys())
+d.items() -> list(d.items())
+d.values() -> list(d.values())
+
+d.iterkeys() -> iter(d.keys())
+d.iteritems() -> iter(d.items())
+d.itervalues() -> iter(d.values())
+
+d.viewkeys() -> d.keys()
+d.viewitems() -> d.items()
+d.viewvalues() -> d.values()
+
+Except in certain very specific contexts: the iter() can be dropped
+when the context is list(), sorted(), iter() or for...in; the list()
+can be dropped when the context is list() or sorted() (but not iter()
+or for...in!). Special contexts that apply to both: list(), sorted(), tuple()
+set(), any(), all(), sum().
+
+Note: iter(d.keys()) could be written as iter(d) but since the
+original d.iterkeys() was also redundant we don't fix this.  And there
+are (rare) contexts where it makes a difference (e.g. when passing it
+as an argument to a function that introspects the argument).
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+from .. import patcomp
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Call, LParen, RParen, ArgList, Dot
+from .. import fixer_util
+
+
+iter_exempt = fixer_util.consuming_calls | set(["iter"])
+
+
+class FixDict(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< head=any+
+         trailer< '.' method=('keys'|'items'|'values'|
+                              'iterkeys'|'iteritems'|'itervalues'|
+                              'viewkeys'|'viewitems'|'viewvalues') >
+         parens=trailer< '(' ')' >
+         tail=any*
+    >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        head = results["head"]
+        method = results["method"][0] # Extract node for method name
+        tail = results["tail"]
+        syms = self.syms
+        method_name = method.value
+        isiter = method_name.startswith(u"iter")
+        isview = method_name.startswith(u"view")
+        if isiter or isview:
+            method_name = method_name[4:]
+        assert method_name in (u"keys", u"items", u"values"), repr(method)
+        head = [n.clone() for n in head]
+        tail = [n.clone() for n in tail]
+        special = not tail and self.in_special_context(node, isiter)
+        args = head + [pytree.Node(syms.trailer,
+                                   [Dot(),
+                                    Name(method_name,
+                                         prefix=method.prefix)]),
+                       results["parens"].clone()]
+        new = pytree.Node(syms.power, args)
+        if not (special or isview):
+            new.prefix = u""
+            new = Call(Name(u"iter" if isiter else u"list"), [new])
+        if tail:
+            new = pytree.Node(syms.power, [new] + tail)
+        new.prefix = node.prefix
+        return new
+
+    P1 = "power< func=NAME trailer< '(' node=any ')' > any* >"
+    p1 = patcomp.compile_pattern(P1)
+
+    P2 = """for_stmt< 'for' any 'in' node=any ':' any* >
+            | comp_for< 'for' any 'in' node=any any* >
+         """
+    p2 = patcomp.compile_pattern(P2)
+
+    def in_special_context(self, node, isiter):
+        if node.parent is None:
+            return False
+        results = {}
+        if (node.parent.parent is not None and
+               self.p1.match(node.parent.parent, results) and
+               results["node"] is node):
+            if isiter:
+                # iter(d.iterkeys()) -> iter(d.keys()), etc.
+                return results["func"].value in iter_exempt
+            else:
+                # list(d.keys()) -> list(d.keys()), etc.
+                return results["func"].value in fixer_util.consuming_calls
+        if not isiter:
+            return False
+        # for ... in d.iterkeys() -> for ... in d.keys(), etc.
+        return self.p2.match(node.parent, results) and results["node"] is node
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_except.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_except.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8118058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_except.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+"""Fixer for except statements with named exceptions.
+
+The following cases will be converted:
+
+- "except E, T:" where T is a name:
+
+    except E as T:
+
+- "except E, T:" where T is not a name, tuple or list:
+
+        except E as t:
+            T = t
+
+    This is done because the target of an "except" clause must be a
+    name.
+
+- "except E, T:" where T is a tuple or list literal:
+
+        except E as t:
+            T = t.args
+"""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Assign, Attr, Name, is_tuple, is_list, syms
+
+def find_excepts(nodes):
+    for i, n in enumerate(nodes):
+        if n.type == syms.except_clause:
+            if n.children[0].value == u'except':
+                yield (n, nodes[i+2])
+
+class FixExcept(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    try_stmt< 'try' ':' (simple_stmt | suite)
+                  cleanup=(except_clause ':' (simple_stmt | suite))+
+                  tail=(['except' ':' (simple_stmt | suite)]
+                        ['else' ':' (simple_stmt | suite)]
+                        ['finally' ':' (simple_stmt | suite)]) >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        syms = self.syms
+
+        tail = [n.clone() for n in results["tail"]]
+
+        try_cleanup = [ch.clone() for ch in results["cleanup"]]
+        for except_clause, e_suite in find_excepts(try_cleanup):
+            if len(except_clause.children) == 4:
+                (E, comma, N) = except_clause.children[1:4]
+                comma.replace(Name(u"as", prefix=u" "))
+
+                if N.type != token.NAME:
+                    # Generate a new N for the except clause
+                    new_N = Name(self.new_name(), prefix=u" ")
+                    target = N.clone()
+                    target.prefix = u""
+                    N.replace(new_N)
+                    new_N = new_N.clone()
+
+                    # Insert "old_N = new_N" as the first statement in
+                    #  the except body. This loop skips leading whitespace
+                    #  and indents
+                    #TODO(cwinter) suite-cleanup
+                    suite_stmts = e_suite.children
+                    for i, stmt in enumerate(suite_stmts):
+                        if isinstance(stmt, pytree.Node):
+                            break
+
+                    # The assignment is different if old_N is a tuple or list
+                    # In that case, the assignment is old_N = new_N.args
+                    if is_tuple(N) or is_list(N):
+                        assign = Assign(target, Attr(new_N, Name(u'args')))
+                    else:
+                        assign = Assign(target, new_N)
+
+                    #TODO(cwinter) stopgap until children becomes a smart list
+                    for child in reversed(suite_stmts[:i]):
+                        e_suite.insert_child(0, child)
+                    e_suite.insert_child(i, assign)
+                elif N.prefix == u"":
+                    # No space after a comma is legal; no space after "as",
+                    # not so much.
+                    N.prefix = u" "
+
+        #TODO(cwinter) fix this when children becomes a smart list
+        children = [c.clone() for c in node.children[:3]] + try_cleanup + tail
+        return pytree.Node(node.type, children)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_exec.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_exec.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..121431c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_exec.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for exec.
+
+This converts usages of the exec statement into calls to a built-in
+exec() function.
+
+exec code in ns1, ns2 -> exec(code, ns1, ns2)
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Comma, Name, Call
+
+
+class FixExec(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    exec_stmt< 'exec' a=any 'in' b=any [',' c=any] >
+    |
+    exec_stmt< 'exec' (not atom<'(' [any] ')'>) a=any >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        assert results
+        syms = self.syms
+        a = results["a"]
+        b = results.get("b")
+        c = results.get("c")
+        args = [a.clone()]
+        args[0].prefix = ""
+        if b is not None:
+            args.extend([Comma(), b.clone()])
+        if c is not None:
+            args.extend([Comma(), c.clone()])
+
+        return Call(Name(u"exec"), args, prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_execfile.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_execfile.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..38d6abc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_execfile.py
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for execfile.
+
+This converts usages of the execfile function into calls to the built-in
+exec() function.
+"""
+
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import (Comma, Name, Call, LParen, RParen, Dot, Node,
+                          ArgList, String, syms)
+
+
+class FixExecfile(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< 'execfile' trailer< '(' arglist< filename=any [',' globals=any [',' locals=any ] ] > ')' > >
+    |
+    power< 'execfile' trailer< '(' filename=any ')' > >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        assert results
+        filename = results["filename"]
+        globals = results.get("globals")
+        locals = results.get("locals")
+
+        # Copy over the prefix from the right parentheses end of the execfile
+        # call.
+        execfile_paren = node.children[-1].children[-1].clone()
+        # Construct open().read().
+        open_args = ArgList([filename.clone()], rparen=execfile_paren)
+        open_call = Node(syms.power, [Name(u"open"), open_args])
+        read = [Node(syms.trailer, [Dot(), Name(u'read')]),
+                Node(syms.trailer, [LParen(), RParen()])]
+        open_expr = [open_call] + read
+        # Wrap the open call in a compile call. This is so the filename will be
+        # preserved in the execed code.
+        filename_arg = filename.clone()
+        filename_arg.prefix = u" "
+        exec_str = String(u"'exec'", u" ")
+        compile_args = open_expr + [Comma(), filename_arg, Comma(), exec_str]
+        compile_call = Call(Name(u"compile"), compile_args, u"")
+        # Finally, replace the execfile call with an exec call.
+        args = [compile_call]
+        if globals is not None:
+            args.extend([Comma(), globals.clone()])
+        if locals is not None:
+            args.extend([Comma(), locals.clone()])
+        return Call(Name(u"exec"), args, prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_filter.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_filter.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e92b14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_filter.py
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# Copyright 2007 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer that changes filter(F, X) into list(filter(F, X)).
+
+We avoid the transformation if the filter() call is directly contained
+in iter(<>), list(<>), tuple(<>), sorted(<>), ...join(<>), or
+for V in <>:.
+
+NOTE: This is still not correct if the original code was depending on
+filter(F, X) to return a string if X is a string and a tuple if X is a
+tuple.  That would require type inference, which we don't do.  Let
+Python 2.6 figure it out.
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Call, ListComp, in_special_context
+
+class FixFilter(fixer_base.ConditionalFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    filter_lambda=power<
+        'filter'
+        trailer<
+            '('
+            arglist<
+                lambdef< 'lambda'
+                         (fp=NAME | vfpdef< '(' fp=NAME ')'> ) ':' xp=any
+                >
+                ','
+                it=any
+            >
+            ')'
+        >
+    >
+    |
+    power<
+        'filter'
+        trailer< '(' arglist< none='None' ',' seq=any > ')' >
+    >
+    |
+    power<
+        'filter'
+        args=trailer< '(' [any] ')' >
+    >
+    """
+
+    skip_on = "future_builtins.filter"
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        if self.should_skip(node):
+            return
+
+        if "filter_lambda" in results:
+            new = ListComp(results.get("fp").clone(),
+                           results.get("fp").clone(),
+                           results.get("it").clone(),
+                           results.get("xp").clone())
+
+        elif "none" in results:
+            new = ListComp(Name(u"_f"),
+                           Name(u"_f"),
+                           results["seq"].clone(),
+                           Name(u"_f"))
+
+        else:
+            if in_special_context(node):
+                return None
+            new = node.clone()
+            new.prefix = u""
+            new = Call(Name(u"list"), [new])
+        new.prefix = node.prefix
+        return new
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_funcattrs.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_funcattrs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d1ba8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_funcattrs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+"""Fix function attribute names (f.func_x -> f.__x__)."""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name
+
+
+class FixFuncattrs(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< any+ trailer< '.' attr=('func_closure' | 'func_doc' | 'func_globals'
+                                  | 'func_name' | 'func_defaults' | 'func_code'
+                                  | 'func_dict') > any* >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        attr = results["attr"][0]
+        attr.replace(Name((u"__%s__" % attr.value[5:]),
+                          prefix=attr.prefix))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_future.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_future.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..861e13c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_future.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+"""Remove __future__ imports
+
+from __future__ import foo is replaced with an empty line.
+"""
+# Author: Christian Heimes
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import BlankLine
+
+class FixFuture(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = """import_from< 'from' module_name="__future__" 'import' any >"""
+
+    # This should be run last -- some things check for the import
+    run_order = 10
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        new = BlankLine()
+        new.prefix = node.prefix
+        return new
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_getcwdu.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_getcwdu.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5b5aa3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_getcwdu.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+"""
+Fixer that changes os.getcwdu() to os.getcwd().
+"""
+# Author: Victor Stinner
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name
+
+class FixGetcwdu(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+              power< 'os' trailer< dot='.' name='getcwdu' > any* >
+              """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        name = results["name"]
+        name.replace(Name(u"getcwd", prefix=name.prefix))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_has_key.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_has_key.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0915a36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_has_key.py
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for has_key().
+
+Calls to .has_key() methods are expressed in terms of the 'in'
+operator:
+
+    d.has_key(k) -> k in d
+
+CAVEATS:
+1) While the primary target of this fixer is dict.has_key(), the
+   fixer will change any has_key() method call, regardless of its
+   class.
+
+2) Cases like this will not be converted:
+
+    m = d.has_key
+    if m(k):
+        ...
+
+   Only *calls* to has_key() are converted. While it is possible to
+   convert the above to something like
+
+    m = d.__contains__
+    if m(k):
+        ...
+
+   this is currently not done.
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, parenthesize
+
+
+class FixHasKey(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    anchor=power<
+        before=any+
+        trailer< '.' 'has_key' >
+        trailer<
+            '('
+            ( not(arglist | argument<any '=' any>) arg=any
+            | arglist<(not argument<any '=' any>) arg=any ','>
+            )
+            ')'
+        >
+        after=any*
+    >
+    |
+    negation=not_test<
+        'not'
+        anchor=power<
+            before=any+
+            trailer< '.' 'has_key' >
+            trailer<
+                '('
+                ( not(arglist | argument<any '=' any>) arg=any
+                | arglist<(not argument<any '=' any>) arg=any ','>
+                )
+                ')'
+            >
+        >
+    >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        assert results
+        syms = self.syms
+        if (node.parent.type == syms.not_test and
+            self.pattern.match(node.parent)):
+            # Don't transform a node matching the first alternative of the
+            # pattern when its parent matches the second alternative
+            return None
+        negation = results.get("negation")
+        anchor = results["anchor"]
+        prefix = node.prefix
+        before = [n.clone() for n in results["before"]]
+        arg = results["arg"].clone()
+        after = results.get("after")
+        if after:
+            after = [n.clone() for n in after]
+        if arg.type in (syms.comparison, syms.not_test, syms.and_test,
+                        syms.or_test, syms.test, syms.lambdef, syms.argument):
+            arg = parenthesize(arg)
+        if len(before) == 1:
+            before = before[0]
+        else:
+            before = pytree.Node(syms.power, before)
+        before.prefix = u" "
+        n_op = Name(u"in", prefix=u" ")
+        if negation:
+            n_not = Name(u"not", prefix=u" ")
+            n_op = pytree.Node(syms.comp_op, (n_not, n_op))
+        new = pytree.Node(syms.comparison, (arg, n_op, before))
+        if after:
+            new = parenthesize(new)
+            new = pytree.Node(syms.power, (new,) + tuple(after))
+        if node.parent.type in (syms.comparison, syms.expr, syms.xor_expr,
+                                syms.and_expr, syms.shift_expr,
+                                syms.arith_expr, syms.term,
+                                syms.factor, syms.power):
+            new = parenthesize(new)
+        new.prefix = prefix
+        return new
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_idioms.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_idioms.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c07b77e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_idioms.py
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+"""Adjust some old Python 2 idioms to their modern counterparts.
+
+* Change some type comparisons to isinstance() calls:
+    type(x) == T -> isinstance(x, T)
+    type(x) is T -> isinstance(x, T)
+    type(x) != T -> not isinstance(x, T)
+    type(x) is not T -> not isinstance(x, T)
+
+* Change "while 1:" into "while True:".
+
+* Change both
+
+    v = list(EXPR)
+    v.sort()
+    foo(v)
+
+and the more general
+
+    v = EXPR
+    v.sort()
+    foo(v)
+
+into
+
+    v = sorted(EXPR)
+    foo(v)
+"""
+# Author: Jacques Frechet, Collin Winter
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Call, Comma, Name, Node, BlankLine, syms
+
+CMP = "(n='!=' | '==' | 'is' | n=comp_op< 'is' 'not' >)"
+TYPE = "power< 'type' trailer< '(' x=any ')' > >"
+
+class FixIdioms(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    explicit = True # The user must ask for this fixer
+
+    PATTERN = r"""
+        isinstance=comparison< %s %s T=any >
+        |
+        isinstance=comparison< T=any %s %s >
+        |
+        while_stmt< 'while' while='1' ':' any+ >
+        |
+        sorted=any<
+            any*
+            simple_stmt<
+              expr_stmt< id1=any '='
+                         power< list='list' trailer< '(' (not arglist<any+>) any ')' > >
+              >
+              '\n'
+            >
+            sort=
+            simple_stmt<
+              power< id2=any
+                     trailer< '.' 'sort' > trailer< '(' ')' >
+              >
+              '\n'
+            >
+            next=any*
+        >
+        |
+        sorted=any<
+            any*
+            simple_stmt< expr_stmt< id1=any '=' expr=any > '\n' >
+            sort=
+            simple_stmt<
+              power< id2=any
+                     trailer< '.' 'sort' > trailer< '(' ')' >
+              >
+              '\n'
+            >
+            next=any*
+        >
+    """ % (TYPE, CMP, CMP, TYPE)
+
+    def match(self, node):
+        r = super(FixIdioms, self).match(node)
+        # If we've matched one of the sort/sorted subpatterns above, we
+        # want to reject matches where the initial assignment and the
+        # subsequent .sort() call involve different identifiers.
+        if r and "sorted" in r:
+            if r["id1"] == r["id2"]:
+                return r
+            return None
+        return r
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        if "isinstance" in results:
+            return self.transform_isinstance(node, results)
+        elif "while" in results:
+            return self.transform_while(node, results)
+        elif "sorted" in results:
+            return self.transform_sort(node, results)
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("Invalid match")
+
+    def transform_isinstance(self, node, results):
+        x = results["x"].clone() # The thing inside of type()
+        T = results["T"].clone() # The type being compared against
+        x.prefix = u""
+        T.prefix = u" "
+        test = Call(Name(u"isinstance"), [x, Comma(), T])
+        if "n" in results:
+            test.prefix = u" "
+            test = Node(syms.not_test, [Name(u"not"), test])
+        test.prefix = node.prefix
+        return test
+
+    def transform_while(self, node, results):
+        one = results["while"]
+        one.replace(Name(u"True", prefix=one.prefix))
+
+    def transform_sort(self, node, results):
+        sort_stmt = results["sort"]
+        next_stmt = results["next"]
+        list_call = results.get("list")
+        simple_expr = results.get("expr")
+
+        if list_call:
+            list_call.replace(Name(u"sorted", prefix=list_call.prefix))
+        elif simple_expr:
+            new = simple_expr.clone()
+            new.prefix = u""
+            simple_expr.replace(Call(Name(u"sorted"), [new],
+                                     prefix=simple_expr.prefix))
+        else:
+            raise RuntimeError("should not have reached here")
+        sort_stmt.remove()
+
+        btwn = sort_stmt.prefix
+        # Keep any prefix lines between the sort_stmt and the list_call and
+        # shove them right after the sorted() call.
+        if u"\n" in btwn:
+            if next_stmt:
+                # The new prefix should be everything from the sort_stmt's
+                # prefix up to the last newline, then the old prefix after a new
+                # line.
+                prefix_lines = (btwn.rpartition(u"\n")[0], next_stmt[0].prefix)
+                next_stmt[0].prefix = u"\n".join(prefix_lines)
+            else:
+                assert list_call.parent
+                assert list_call.next_sibling is None
+                # Put a blank line after list_call and set its prefix.
+                end_line = BlankLine()
+                list_call.parent.append_child(end_line)
+                assert list_call.next_sibling is end_line
+                # The new prefix should be everything up to the first new line
+                # of sort_stmt's prefix.
+                end_line.prefix = btwn.rpartition(u"\n")[0]
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_import.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_import.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c81ff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_import.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+"""Fixer for import statements.
+If spam is being imported from the local directory, this import:
+    from spam import eggs
+Becomes:
+    from .spam import eggs
+
+And this import:
+    import spam
+Becomes:
+    from . import spam
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from os.path import dirname, join, exists, sep
+from ..fixer_util import FromImport, syms, token
+
+
+def traverse_imports(names):
+    """
+    Walks over all the names imported in a dotted_as_names node.
+    """
+    pending = [names]
+    while pending:
+        node = pending.pop()
+        if node.type == token.NAME:
+            yield node.value
+        elif node.type == syms.dotted_name:
+            yield "".join([ch.value for ch in node.children])
+        elif node.type == syms.dotted_as_name:
+            pending.append(node.children[0])
+        elif node.type == syms.dotted_as_names:
+            pending.extend(node.children[::-2])
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("unkown node type")
+
+
+class FixImport(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    import_from< 'from' imp=any 'import' ['('] any [')'] >
+    |
+    import_name< 'import' imp=any >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        imp = results['imp']
+
+        if node.type == syms.import_from:
+            # Some imps are top-level (eg: 'import ham')
+            # some are first level (eg: 'import ham.eggs')
+            # some are third level (eg: 'import ham.eggs as spam')
+            # Hence, the loop
+            while not hasattr(imp, 'value'):
+                imp = imp.children[0]
+            if self.probably_a_local_import(imp.value):
+                imp.value = u"." + imp.value
+                imp.changed()
+        else:
+            have_local = False
+            have_absolute = False
+            for mod_name in traverse_imports(imp):
+                if self.probably_a_local_import(mod_name):
+                    have_local = True
+                else:
+                    have_absolute = True
+            if have_absolute:
+                if have_local:
+                    # We won't handle both sibling and absolute imports in the
+                    # same statement at the moment.
+                    self.warning(node, "absolute and local imports together")
+                return
+
+            new = FromImport('.', [imp])
+            new.prefix = node.prefix
+            return new
+
+    def probably_a_local_import(self, imp_name):
+        imp_name = imp_name.split('.', 1)[0]
+        base_path = dirname(self.filename)
+        base_path = join(base_path, imp_name)
+        # If there is no __init__.py next to the file its not in a package
+        # so can't be a relative import.
+        if not exists(join(dirname(base_path), '__init__.py')):
+            return False
+        for ext in ['.py', sep, '.pyc', '.so', '.sl', '.pyd']:
+            if exists(base_path + ext):
+                return True
+        return False
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_imports.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_imports.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1ad667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_imports.py
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+"""Fix incompatible imports and module references."""
+# Authors: Collin Winter, Nick Edds
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, attr_chain
+
+MAPPING = {'StringIO':  'io',
+           'cStringIO': 'io',
+           'cPickle': 'pickle',
+           '__builtin__' : 'builtins',
+           'copy_reg': 'copyreg',
+           'Queue': 'queue',
+           'SocketServer': 'socketserver',
+           'ConfigParser': 'configparser',
+           'repr': 'reprlib',
+           'FileDialog': 'tkinter.filedialog',
+           'tkFileDialog': 'tkinter.filedialog',
+           'SimpleDialog': 'tkinter.simpledialog',
+           'tkSimpleDialog': 'tkinter.simpledialog',
+           'tkColorChooser': 'tkinter.colorchooser',
+           'tkCommonDialog': 'tkinter.commondialog',
+           'Dialog': 'tkinter.dialog',
+           'Tkdnd': 'tkinter.dnd',
+           'tkFont': 'tkinter.font',
+           'tkMessageBox': 'tkinter.messagebox',
+           'ScrolledText': 'tkinter.scrolledtext',
+           'Tkconstants': 'tkinter.constants',
+           'Tix': 'tkinter.tix',
+           'ttk': 'tkinter.ttk',
+           'Tkinter': 'tkinter',
+           'markupbase': '_markupbase',
+           '_winreg': 'winreg',
+           'thread': '_thread',
+           'dummy_thread': '_dummy_thread',
+           # anydbm and whichdb are handled by fix_imports2
+           'dbhash': 'dbm.bsd',
+           'dumbdbm': 'dbm.dumb',
+           'dbm': 'dbm.ndbm',
+           'gdbm': 'dbm.gnu',
+           'xmlrpclib': 'xmlrpc.client',
+           'DocXMLRPCServer': 'xmlrpc.server',
+           'SimpleXMLRPCServer': 'xmlrpc.server',
+           'httplib': 'http.client',
+           'htmlentitydefs' : 'html.entities',
+           'HTMLParser' : 'html.parser',
+           'Cookie': 'http.cookies',
+           'cookielib': 'http.cookiejar',
+           'BaseHTTPServer': 'http.server',
+           'SimpleHTTPServer': 'http.server',
+           'CGIHTTPServer': 'http.server',
+           #'test.test_support': 'test.support',
+           'commands': 'subprocess',
+           'UserString' : 'collections',
+           'UserList' : 'collections',
+           'urlparse' : 'urllib.parse',
+           'robotparser' : 'urllib.robotparser',
+}
+
+
+def alternates(members):
+    return "(" + "|".join(map(repr, members)) + ")"
+
+
+def build_pattern(mapping=MAPPING):
+    mod_list = ' | '.join(["module_name='%s'" % key for key in mapping])
+    bare_names = alternates(mapping.keys())
+
+    yield """name_import=import_name< 'import' ((%s) |
+               multiple_imports=dotted_as_names< any* (%s) any* >) >
+          """ % (mod_list, mod_list)
+    yield """import_from< 'from' (%s) 'import' ['(']
+              ( any | import_as_name< any 'as' any > |
+                import_as_names< any* >)  [')'] >
+          """ % mod_list
+    yield """import_name< 'import' (dotted_as_name< (%s) 'as' any > |
+               multiple_imports=dotted_as_names<
+                 any* dotted_as_name< (%s) 'as' any > any* >) >
+          """ % (mod_list, mod_list)
+
+    # Find usages of module members in code e.g. thread.foo(bar)
+    yield "power< bare_with_attr=(%s) trailer<'.' any > any* >" % bare_names
+
+
+class FixImports(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    # This is overridden in fix_imports2.
+    mapping = MAPPING
+
+    # We want to run this fixer late, so fix_import doesn't try to make stdlib
+    # renames into relative imports.
+    run_order = 6
+
+    def build_pattern(self):
+        return "|".join(build_pattern(self.mapping))
+
+    def compile_pattern(self):
+        # We override this, so MAPPING can be pragmatically altered and the
+        # changes will be reflected in PATTERN.
+        self.PATTERN = self.build_pattern()
+        super(FixImports, self).compile_pattern()
+
+    # Don't match the node if it's within another match.
+    def match(self, node):
+        match = super(FixImports, self).match
+        results = match(node)
+        if results:
+            # Module usage could be in the trailer of an attribute lookup, so we
+            # might have nested matches when "bare_with_attr" is present.
+            if "bare_with_attr" not in results and \
+                    any(match(obj) for obj in attr_chain(node, "parent")):
+                return False
+            return results
+        return False
+
+    def start_tree(self, tree, filename):
+        super(FixImports, self).start_tree(tree, filename)
+        self.replace = {}
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        import_mod = results.get("module_name")
+        if import_mod:
+            mod_name = import_mod.value
+            new_name = unicode(self.mapping[mod_name])
+            import_mod.replace(Name(new_name, prefix=import_mod.prefix))
+            if "name_import" in results:
+                # If it's not a "from x import x, y" or "import x as y" import,
+                # marked its usage to be replaced.
+                self.replace[mod_name] = new_name
+            if "multiple_imports" in results:
+                # This is a nasty hack to fix multiple imports on a line (e.g.,
+                # "import StringIO, urlparse"). The problem is that I can't
+                # figure out an easy way to make a pattern recognize the keys of
+                # MAPPING randomly sprinkled in an import statement.
+                results = self.match(node)
+                if results:
+                    self.transform(node, results)
+        else:
+            # Replace usage of the module.
+            bare_name = results["bare_with_attr"][0]
+            new_name = self.replace.get(bare_name.value)
+            if new_name:
+                bare_name.replace(Name(new_name, prefix=bare_name.prefix))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_imports2.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_imports2.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a33c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_imports2.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+"""Fix incompatible imports and module references that must be fixed after
+fix_imports."""
+from . import fix_imports
+
+
+MAPPING = {
+            'whichdb': 'dbm',
+            'anydbm': 'dbm',
+          }
+
+
+class FixImports2(fix_imports.FixImports):
+
+    run_order = 7
+
+    mapping = MAPPING
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_input.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_input.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..291cadf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_input.py
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""Fixer that changes input(...) into eval(input(...))."""
+# Author: Andre Roberge
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Call, Name
+from .. import patcomp
+
+
+context = patcomp.compile_pattern("power< 'eval' trailer< '(' any ')' > >")
+
+
+class FixInput(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+              power< 'input' args=trailer< '(' [any] ')' > >
+              """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        # If we're already wrapped in a eval() call, we're done.
+        if context.match(node.parent.parent):
+            return
+
+        new = node.clone()
+        new.prefix = u""
+        return Call(Name(u"eval"), [new], prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_intern.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_intern.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67f98ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_intern.py
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Georg Brandl.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for intern().
+
+intern(s) -> sys.intern(s)"""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Attr, touch_import
+
+
+class FixIntern(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< 'intern'
+           trailer< lpar='('
+                    ( not(arglist | argument<any '=' any>) obj=any
+                      | obj=arglist<(not argument<any '=' any>) any ','> )
+                    rpar=')' >
+           after=any*
+    >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        syms = self.syms
+        obj = results["obj"].clone()
+        if obj.type == syms.arglist:
+            newarglist = obj.clone()
+        else:
+            newarglist = pytree.Node(syms.arglist, [obj.clone()])
+        after = results["after"]
+        if after:
+            after = [n.clone() for n in after]
+        new = pytree.Node(syms.power,
+                          Attr(Name(u"sys"), Name(u"intern")) +
+                          [pytree.Node(syms.trailer,
+                                       [results["lpar"].clone(),
+                                        newarglist,
+                                        results["rpar"].clone()])] + after)
+        new.prefix = node.prefix
+        touch_import(None, u'sys', node)
+        return new
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_isinstance.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_isinstance.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c720a83
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_isinstance.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+# Copyright 2008 Armin Ronacher.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer that cleans up a tuple argument to isinstance after the tokens
+in it were fixed.  This is mainly used to remove double occurrences of
+tokens as a leftover of the long -> int / unicode -> str conversion.
+
+eg.  isinstance(x, (int, long)) -> isinstance(x, (int, int))
+       -> isinstance(x, int)
+"""
+
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import token
+
+
+class FixIsinstance(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    power<
+        'isinstance'
+        trailer< '(' arglist< any ',' atom< '('
+            args=testlist_gexp< any+ >
+        ')' > > ')' >
+    >
+    """
+
+    run_order = 6
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        names_inserted = set()
+        testlist = results["args"]
+        args = testlist.children
+        new_args = []
+        iterator = enumerate(args)
+        for idx, arg in iterator:
+            if arg.type == token.NAME and arg.value in names_inserted:
+                if idx < len(args) - 1 and args[idx + 1].type == token.COMMA:
+                    iterator.next()
+                    continue
+            else:
+                new_args.append(arg)
+                if arg.type == token.NAME:
+                    names_inserted.add(arg.value)
+        if new_args and new_args[-1].type == token.COMMA:
+            del new_args[-1]
+        if len(new_args) == 1:
+            atom = testlist.parent
+            new_args[0].prefix = atom.prefix
+            atom.replace(new_args[0])
+        else:
+            args[:] = new_args
+            node.changed()
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_itertools.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_itertools.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..77b3a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_itertools.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+""" Fixer for itertools.(imap|ifilter|izip) --> (map|filter|zip) and
+    itertools.ifilterfalse --> itertools.filterfalse (bugs 2360-2363)
+
+    imports from itertools are fixed in fix_itertools_import.py
+
+    If itertools is imported as something else (ie: import itertools as it;
+    it.izip(spam, eggs)) method calls will not get fixed.
+    """
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name
+
+class FixItertools(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    it_funcs = "('imap'|'ifilter'|'izip'|'ifilterfalse')"
+    PATTERN = """
+              power< it='itertools'
+                  trailer<
+                     dot='.' func=%(it_funcs)s > trailer< '(' [any] ')' > >
+              |
+              power< func=%(it_funcs)s trailer< '(' [any] ')' > >
+              """ %(locals())
+
+    # Needs to be run after fix_(map|zip|filter)
+    run_order = 6
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        prefix = None
+        func = results['func'][0]
+        if 'it' in results and func.value != u'ifilterfalse':
+            dot, it = (results['dot'], results['it'])
+            # Remove the 'itertools'
+            prefix = it.prefix
+            it.remove()
+            # Replace the node wich contains ('.', 'function') with the
+            # function (to be consistant with the second part of the pattern)
+            dot.remove()
+            func.parent.replace(func)
+
+        prefix = prefix or func.prefix
+        func.replace(Name(func.value[1:], prefix=prefix))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_itertools_imports.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_itertools_imports.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c7223de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_itertools_imports.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+""" Fixer for imports of itertools.(imap|ifilter|izip|ifilterfalse) """
+
+# Local imports
+from lib2to3 import fixer_base
+from lib2to3.fixer_util import BlankLine, syms, token
+
+
+class FixItertoolsImports(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = """
+              import_from< 'from' 'itertools' 'import' imports=any >
+              """ %(locals())
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        imports = results['imports']
+        if imports.type == syms.import_as_name or not imports.children:
+            children = [imports]
+        else:
+            children = imports.children
+        for child in children[::2]:
+            if child.type == token.NAME:
+                member = child.value
+                name_node = child
+            else:
+                assert child.type == syms.import_as_name
+                name_node = child.children[0]
+            member_name = name_node.value
+            if member_name in (u'imap', u'izip', u'ifilter'):
+                child.value = None
+                child.remove()
+            elif member_name == u'ifilterfalse':
+                node.changed()
+                name_node.value = u'filterfalse'
+
+        # Make sure the import statement is still sane
+        children = imports.children[:] or [imports]
+        remove_comma = True
+        for child in children:
+            if remove_comma and child.type == token.COMMA:
+                child.remove()
+            else:
+                remove_comma ^= True
+
+        if children[-1].type == token.COMMA:
+            children[-1].remove()
+
+        # If there are no imports left, just get rid of the entire statement
+        if not (imports.children or getattr(imports, 'value', None)) or \
+                imports.parent is None:
+            p = node.prefix
+            node = BlankLine()
+            node.prefix = p
+            return node
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_long.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_long.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6f3661c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_long.py
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer that turns 'long' into 'int' everywhere.
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from lib2to3 import fixer_base
+from lib2to3.fixer_util import is_probably_builtin
+
+
+class FixLong(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = "'long'"
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        if is_probably_builtin(node):
+            node.value = u"int"
+            node.changed()
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_map.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_map.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d26957
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_map.py
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# Copyright 2007 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer that changes map(F, ...) into list(map(F, ...)) unless there
+exists a 'from future_builtins import map' statement in the top-level
+namespace.
+
+As a special case, map(None, X) is changed into list(X).  (This is
+necessary because the semantics are changed in this case -- the new
+map(None, X) is equivalent to [(x,) for x in X].)
+
+We avoid the transformation (except for the special case mentioned
+above) if the map() call is directly contained in iter(<>), list(<>),
+tuple(<>), sorted(<>), ...join(<>), or for V in <>:.
+
+NOTE: This is still not correct if the original code was depending on
+map(F, X, Y, ...) to go on until the longest argument is exhausted,
+substituting None for missing values -- like zip(), it now stops as
+soon as the shortest argument is exhausted.
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Call, ListComp, in_special_context
+from ..pygram import python_symbols as syms
+
+class FixMap(fixer_base.ConditionalFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    map_none=power<
+        'map'
+        trailer< '(' arglist< 'None' ',' arg=any [','] > ')' >
+    >
+    |
+    map_lambda=power<
+        'map'
+        trailer<
+            '('
+            arglist<
+                lambdef< 'lambda'
+                         (fp=NAME | vfpdef< '(' fp=NAME ')'> ) ':' xp=any
+                >
+                ','
+                it=any
+            >
+            ')'
+        >
+    >
+    |
+    power<
+        'map' trailer< '(' [arglist=any] ')' >
+    >
+    """
+
+    skip_on = 'future_builtins.map'
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        if self.should_skip(node):
+            return
+
+        if node.parent.type == syms.simple_stmt:
+            self.warning(node, "You should use a for loop here")
+            new = node.clone()
+            new.prefix = u""
+            new = Call(Name(u"list"), [new])
+        elif "map_lambda" in results:
+            new = ListComp(results["xp"].clone(),
+                           results["fp"].clone(),
+                           results["it"].clone())
+        else:
+            if "map_none" in results:
+                new = results["arg"].clone()
+            else:
+                if "arglist" in results:
+                    args = results["arglist"]
+                    if args.type == syms.arglist and \
+                       args.children[0].type == token.NAME and \
+                       args.children[0].value == "None":
+                        self.warning(node, "cannot convert map(None, ...) "
+                                     "with multiple arguments because map() "
+                                     "now truncates to the shortest sequence")
+                        return
+                if in_special_context(node):
+                    return None
+                new = node.clone()
+            new.prefix = u""
+            new = Call(Name(u"list"), [new])
+        new.prefix = node.prefix
+        return new
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_metaclass.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_metaclass.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..789cb16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_metaclass.py
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+"""Fixer for __metaclass__ = X -> (metaclass=X) methods.
+
+   The various forms of classef (inherits nothing, inherits once, inherints
+   many) don't parse the same in the CST so we look at ALL classes for
+   a __metaclass__ and if we find one normalize the inherits to all be
+   an arglist.
+
+   For one-liner classes ('class X: pass') there is no indent/dedent so
+   we normalize those into having a suite.
+
+   Moving the __metaclass__ into the classdef can also cause the class
+   body to be empty so there is some special casing for that as well.
+
+   This fixer also tries very hard to keep original indenting and spacing
+   in all those corner cases.
+
+"""
+# Author: Jack Diederich
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..pygram import token
+from ..fixer_util import Name, syms, Node, Leaf
+
+
+def has_metaclass(parent):
+    """ we have to check the cls_node without changing it.
+        There are two possiblities:
+          1)  clsdef => suite => simple_stmt => expr_stmt => Leaf('__meta')
+          2)  clsdef => simple_stmt => expr_stmt => Leaf('__meta')
+    """
+    for node in parent.children:
+        if node.type == syms.suite:
+            return has_metaclass(node)
+        elif node.type == syms.simple_stmt and node.children:
+            expr_node = node.children[0]
+            if expr_node.type == syms.expr_stmt and expr_node.children:
+                left_side = expr_node.children[0]
+                if isinstance(left_side, Leaf) and \
+                        left_side.value == '__metaclass__':
+                    return True
+    return False
+
+
+def fixup_parse_tree(cls_node):
+    """ one-line classes don't get a suite in the parse tree so we add
+        one to normalize the tree
+    """
+    for node in cls_node.children:
+        if node.type == syms.suite:
+            # already in the prefered format, do nothing
+            return
+
+    # !%@#! oneliners have no suite node, we have to fake one up
+    for i, node in enumerate(cls_node.children):
+        if node.type == token.COLON:
+            break
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("No class suite and no ':'!")
+
+    # move everything into a suite node
+    suite = Node(syms.suite, [])
+    while cls_node.children[i+1:]:
+        move_node = cls_node.children[i+1]
+        suite.append_child(move_node.clone())
+        move_node.remove()
+    cls_node.append_child(suite)
+    node = suite
+
+
+def fixup_simple_stmt(parent, i, stmt_node):
+    """ if there is a semi-colon all the parts count as part of the same
+        simple_stmt.  We just want the __metaclass__ part so we move
+        everything efter the semi-colon into its own simple_stmt node
+    """
+    for semi_ind, node in enumerate(stmt_node.children):
+        if node.type == token.SEMI: # *sigh*
+            break
+    else:
+        return
+
+    node.remove() # kill the semicolon
+    new_expr = Node(syms.expr_stmt, [])
+    new_stmt = Node(syms.simple_stmt, [new_expr])
+    while stmt_node.children[semi_ind:]:
+        move_node = stmt_node.children[semi_ind]
+        new_expr.append_child(move_node.clone())
+        move_node.remove()
+    parent.insert_child(i, new_stmt)
+    new_leaf1 = new_stmt.children[0].children[0]
+    old_leaf1 = stmt_node.children[0].children[0]
+    new_leaf1.prefix = old_leaf1.prefix
+
+
+def remove_trailing_newline(node):
+    if node.children and node.children[-1].type == token.NEWLINE:
+        node.children[-1].remove()
+
+
+def find_metas(cls_node):
+    # find the suite node (Mmm, sweet nodes)
+    for node in cls_node.children:
+        if node.type == syms.suite:
+            break
+    else:
+        raise ValueError("No class suite!")
+
+    # look for simple_stmt[ expr_stmt[ Leaf('__metaclass__') ] ]
+    for i, simple_node in list(enumerate(node.children)):
+        if simple_node.type == syms.simple_stmt and simple_node.children:
+            expr_node = simple_node.children[0]
+            if expr_node.type == syms.expr_stmt and expr_node.children:
+                # Check if the expr_node is a simple assignment.
+                left_node = expr_node.children[0]
+                if isinstance(left_node, Leaf) and \
+                        left_node.value == u'__metaclass__':
+                    # We found a assignment to __metaclass__.
+                    fixup_simple_stmt(node, i, simple_node)
+                    remove_trailing_newline(simple_node)
+                    yield (node, i, simple_node)
+
+
+def fixup_indent(suite):
+    """ If an INDENT is followed by a thing with a prefix then nuke the prefix
+        Otherwise we get in trouble when removing __metaclass__ at suite start
+    """
+    kids = suite.children[::-1]
+    # find the first indent
+    while kids:
+        node = kids.pop()
+        if node.type == token.INDENT:
+            break
+
+    # find the first Leaf
+    while kids:
+        node = kids.pop()
+        if isinstance(node, Leaf) and node.type != token.DEDENT:
+            if node.prefix:
+                node.prefix = u''
+            return
+        else:
+            kids.extend(node.children[::-1])
+
+
+class FixMetaclass(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    classdef<any*>
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        if not has_metaclass(node):
+            return
+
+        fixup_parse_tree(node)
+
+        # find metaclasses, keep the last one
+        last_metaclass = None
+        for suite, i, stmt in find_metas(node):
+            last_metaclass = stmt
+            stmt.remove()
+
+        text_type = node.children[0].type # always Leaf(nnn, 'class')
+
+        # figure out what kind of classdef we have
+        if len(node.children) == 7:
+            # Node(classdef, ['class', 'name', '(', arglist, ')', ':', suite])
+            #                 0        1       2    3        4    5    6
+            if node.children[3].type == syms.arglist:
+                arglist = node.children[3]
+            # Node(classdef, ['class', 'name', '(', 'Parent', ')', ':', suite])
+            else:
+                parent = node.children[3].clone()
+                arglist = Node(syms.arglist, [parent])
+                node.set_child(3, arglist)
+        elif len(node.children) == 6:
+            # Node(classdef, ['class', 'name', '(',  ')', ':', suite])
+            #                 0        1       2     3    4    5
+            arglist = Node(syms.arglist, [])
+            node.insert_child(3, arglist)
+        elif len(node.children) == 4:
+            # Node(classdef, ['class', 'name', ':', suite])
+            #                 0        1       2    3
+            arglist = Node(syms.arglist, [])
+            node.insert_child(2, Leaf(token.RPAR, u')'))
+            node.insert_child(2, arglist)
+            node.insert_child(2, Leaf(token.LPAR, u'('))
+        else:
+            raise ValueError("Unexpected class definition")
+
+        # now stick the metaclass in the arglist
+        meta_txt = last_metaclass.children[0].children[0]
+        meta_txt.value = 'metaclass'
+        orig_meta_prefix = meta_txt.prefix
+
+        if arglist.children:
+            arglist.append_child(Leaf(token.COMMA, u','))
+            meta_txt.prefix = u' '
+        else:
+            meta_txt.prefix = u''
+
+        # compact the expression "metaclass = Meta" -> "metaclass=Meta"
+        expr_stmt = last_metaclass.children[0]
+        assert expr_stmt.type == syms.expr_stmt
+        expr_stmt.children[1].prefix = u''
+        expr_stmt.children[2].prefix = u''
+
+        arglist.append_child(last_metaclass)
+
+        fixup_indent(suite)
+
+        # check for empty suite
+        if not suite.children:
+            # one-liner that was just __metaclass_
+            suite.remove()
+            pass_leaf = Leaf(text_type, u'pass')
+            pass_leaf.prefix = orig_meta_prefix
+            node.append_child(pass_leaf)
+            node.append_child(Leaf(token.NEWLINE, u'\n'))
+
+        elif len(suite.children) > 1 and \
+                 (suite.children[-2].type == token.INDENT and
+                  suite.children[-1].type == token.DEDENT):
+            # there was only one line in the class body and it was __metaclass__
+            pass_leaf = Leaf(text_type, u'pass')
+            suite.insert_child(-1, pass_leaf)
+            suite.insert_child(-1, Leaf(token.NEWLINE, u'\n'))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_methodattrs.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_methodattrs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e94a9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_methodattrs.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""Fix bound method attributes (method.im_? -> method.__?__).
+"""
+# Author: Christian Heimes
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name
+
+MAP = {
+    "im_func" : "__func__",
+    "im_self" : "__self__",
+    "im_class" : "__self__.__class__"
+    }
+
+class FixMethodattrs(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< any+ trailer< '.' attr=('im_func' | 'im_self' | 'im_class') > any* >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        attr = results["attr"][0]
+        new = unicode(MAP[attr.value])
+        attr.replace(Name(new, prefix=attr.prefix))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_ne.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_ne.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7025980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_ne.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer that turns <> into !=."""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+
+
+class FixNe(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    # This is so simple that we don't need the pattern compiler.
+
+    _accept_type = token.NOTEQUAL
+
+    def match(self, node):
+        # Override
+        return node.value == u"<>"
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        new = pytree.Leaf(token.NOTEQUAL, u"!=", prefix=node.prefix)
+        return new
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_next.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_next.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9514798
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_next.py
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+"""Fixer for it.next() -> next(it), per PEP 3114."""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Things that currently aren't covered:
+#   - listcomp "next" names aren't warned
+#   - "with" statement targets aren't checked
+
+# Local imports
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from ..pygram import python_symbols as syms
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Call, find_binding
+
+bind_warning = "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed by global binding"
+
+
+class FixNext(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< base=any+ trailer< '.' attr='next' > trailer< '(' ')' > >
+    |
+    power< head=any+ trailer< '.' attr='next' > not trailer< '(' ')' > >
+    |
+    classdef< 'class' any+ ':'
+              suite< any*
+                     funcdef< 'def'
+                              name='next'
+                              parameters< '(' NAME ')' > any+ >
+                     any* > >
+    |
+    global=global_stmt< 'global' any* 'next' any* >
+    """
+
+    order = "pre" # Pre-order tree traversal
+
+    def start_tree(self, tree, filename):
+        super(FixNext, self).start_tree(tree, filename)
+
+        n = find_binding(u'next', tree)
+        if n:
+            self.warning(n, bind_warning)
+            self.shadowed_next = True
+        else:
+            self.shadowed_next = False
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        assert results
+
+        base = results.get("base")
+        attr = results.get("attr")
+        name = results.get("name")
+
+        if base:
+            if self.shadowed_next:
+                attr.replace(Name(u"__next__", prefix=attr.prefix))
+            else:
+                base = [n.clone() for n in base]
+                base[0].prefix = u""
+                node.replace(Call(Name(u"next", prefix=node.prefix), base))
+        elif name:
+            n = Name(u"__next__", prefix=name.prefix)
+            name.replace(n)
+        elif attr:
+            # We don't do this transformation if we're assigning to "x.next".
+            # Unfortunately, it doesn't seem possible to do this in PATTERN,
+            #  so it's being done here.
+            if is_assign_target(node):
+                head = results["head"]
+                if "".join([str(n) for n in head]).strip() == u'__builtin__':
+                    self.warning(node, bind_warning)
+                return
+            attr.replace(Name(u"__next__"))
+        elif "global" in results:
+            self.warning(node, bind_warning)
+            self.shadowed_next = True
+
+
+### The following functions help test if node is part of an assignment
+###  target.
+
+def is_assign_target(node):
+    assign = find_assign(node)
+    if assign is None:
+        return False
+
+    for child in assign.children:
+        if child.type == token.EQUAL:
+            return False
+        elif is_subtree(child, node):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+def find_assign(node):
+    if node.type == syms.expr_stmt:
+        return node
+    if node.type == syms.simple_stmt or node.parent is None:
+        return None
+    return find_assign(node.parent)
+
+def is_subtree(root, node):
+    if root == node:
+        return True
+    return any(is_subtree(c, node) for c in root.children)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_nonzero.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_nonzero.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17be377
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_nonzero.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+"""Fixer for __nonzero__ -> __bool__ methods."""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, syms
+
+class FixNonzero(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = """
+    classdef< 'class' any+ ':'
+              suite< any*
+                     funcdef< 'def' name='__nonzero__'
+                              parameters< '(' NAME ')' > any+ >
+                     any* > >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        name = results["name"]
+        new = Name(u"__bool__", prefix=name.prefix)
+        name.replace(new)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_numliterals.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_numliterals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b0c23f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_numliterals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+"""Fixer that turns 1L into 1, 0755 into 0o755.
+"""
+# Copyright 2007 Georg Brandl.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+# Local imports
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Number
+
+
+class FixNumliterals(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    # This is so simple that we don't need the pattern compiler.
+
+    _accept_type = token.NUMBER
+
+    def match(self, node):
+        # Override
+        return (node.value.startswith(u"0") or node.value[-1] in u"Ll")
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        val = node.value
+        if val[-1] in u'Ll':
+            val = val[:-1]
+        elif val.startswith(u'0') and val.isdigit() and len(set(val)) > 1:
+            val = u"0o" + val[1:]
+
+        return Number(val, prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_operator.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_operator.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9591667
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_operator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+"""Fixer for operator.{isCallable,sequenceIncludes}
+
+operator.isCallable(obj) -> hasattr(obj, '__call__')
+operator.sequenceIncludes(obj) -> operator.contains(obj)
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Call, Name, String
+
+class FixOperator(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    methods = "method=('isCallable'|'sequenceIncludes')"
+    func = "'(' func=any ')'"
+    PATTERN = """
+              power< module='operator'
+                trailer< '.' {methods} > trailer< {func} > >
+              |
+              power< {methods} trailer< {func} > >
+              """.format(methods=methods, func=func)
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        method = results["method"][0]
+
+        if method.value == u"sequenceIncludes":
+            if "module" not in results:
+                # operator may not be in scope, so we can't make a change.
+                self.warning(node, "You should use operator.contains here.")
+            else:
+                method.value = u"contains"
+                method.changed()
+        elif method.value == u"isCallable":
+            if "module" not in results:
+                self.warning(node,
+                             "You should use hasattr(%s, '__call__') here." %
+                             results["func"].value)
+            else:
+                func = results["func"]
+                args = [func.clone(), String(u", "), String(u"'__call__'")]
+                return Call(Name(u"hasattr"), args, prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_paren.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_paren.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eeb0d40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_paren.py
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+"""Fixer that addes parentheses where they are required
+
+This converts ``[x for x in 1, 2]`` to ``[x for x in (1, 2)]``."""
+
+# By Taek Joo Kim and Benjamin Peterson
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import LParen, RParen
+
+# XXX This doesn't support nested for loops like [x for x in 1, 2 for x in 1, 2]
+class FixParen(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = """
+        atom< ('[' | '(')
+            (listmaker< any
+                comp_for<
+                    'for' NAME 'in'
+                    target=testlist_safe< any (',' any)+ [',']
+                     >
+                    [any]
+                >
+            >
+            |
+            testlist_gexp< any
+                comp_for<
+                    'for' NAME 'in'
+                    target=testlist_safe< any (',' any)+ [',']
+                     >
+                    [any]
+                >
+            >)
+        (']' | ')') >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        target = results["target"]
+
+        lparen = LParen()
+        lparen.prefix = target.prefix
+        target.prefix = u"" # Make it hug the parentheses
+        target.insert_child(0, lparen)
+        target.append_child(RParen())
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_print.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_print.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6cad8ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_print.py
@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for print.
+
+Change:
+    'print'          into 'print()'
+    'print ...'      into 'print(...)'
+    'print ... ,'    into 'print(..., end=" ")'
+    'print >>x, ...' into 'print(..., file=x)'
+
+No changes are applied if print_function is imported from __future__
+
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import patcomp
+from .. import pytree
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Call, Comma, String, is_tuple
+
+
+parend_expr = patcomp.compile_pattern(
+              """atom< '(' [atom|STRING|NAME] ')' >"""
+              )
+
+
+class FixPrint(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+              simple_stmt< any* bare='print' any* > | print_stmt
+              """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        assert results
+
+        bare_print = results.get("bare")
+
+        if bare_print:
+            # Special-case print all by itself
+            bare_print.replace(Call(Name(u"print"), [],
+                               prefix=bare_print.prefix))
+            return
+        assert node.children[0] == Name(u"print")
+        args = node.children[1:]
+        if len(args) == 1 and parend_expr.match(args[0]):
+            # We don't want to keep sticking parens around an
+            # already-parenthesised expression.
+            return
+
+        sep = end = file = None
+        if args and args[-1] == Comma():
+            args = args[:-1]
+            end = " "
+        if args and args[0] == pytree.Leaf(token.RIGHTSHIFT, u">>"):
+            assert len(args) >= 2
+            file = args[1].clone()
+            args = args[3:] # Strip a possible comma after the file expression
+        # Now synthesize a print(args, sep=..., end=..., file=...) node.
+        l_args = [arg.clone() for arg in args]
+        if l_args:
+            l_args[0].prefix = u""
+        if sep is not None or end is not None or file is not None:
+            if sep is not None:
+                self.add_kwarg(l_args, u"sep", String(repr(sep)))
+            if end is not None:
+                self.add_kwarg(l_args, u"end", String(repr(end)))
+            if file is not None:
+                self.add_kwarg(l_args, u"file", file)
+        n_stmt = Call(Name(u"print"), l_args)
+        n_stmt.prefix = node.prefix
+        return n_stmt
+
+    def add_kwarg(self, l_nodes, s_kwd, n_expr):
+        # XXX All this prefix-setting may lose comments (though rarely)
+        n_expr.prefix = u""
+        n_argument = pytree.Node(self.syms.argument,
+                                 (Name(s_kwd),
+                                  pytree.Leaf(token.EQUAL, u"="),
+                                  n_expr))
+        if l_nodes:
+            l_nodes.append(Comma())
+            n_argument.prefix = u" "
+        l_nodes.append(n_argument)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_raise.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_raise.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..24e123c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_raise.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+"""Fixer for 'raise E, V, T'
+
+raise         -> raise
+raise E       -> raise E
+raise E, V    -> raise E(V)
+raise E, V, T -> raise E(V).with_traceback(T)
+
+raise (((E, E'), E''), E'''), V -> raise E(V)
+raise "foo", V, T               -> warns about string exceptions
+
+
+CAVEATS:
+1) "raise E, V" will be incorrectly translated if V is an exception
+   instance. The correct Python 3 idiom is
+
+        raise E from V
+
+   but since we can't detect instance-hood by syntax alone and since
+   any client code would have to be changed as well, we don't automate
+   this.
+"""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Call, Attr, ArgList, is_tuple
+
+class FixRaise(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    raise_stmt< 'raise' exc=any [',' val=any [',' tb=any]] >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        syms = self.syms
+
+        exc = results["exc"].clone()
+        if exc.type is token.STRING:
+            self.cannot_convert(node, "Python 3 does not support string exceptions")
+            return
+
+        # Python 2 supports
+        #  raise ((((E1, E2), E3), E4), E5), V
+        # as a synonym for
+        #  raise E1, V
+        # Since Python 3 will not support this, we recurse down any tuple
+        # literals, always taking the first element.
+        if is_tuple(exc):
+            while is_tuple(exc):
+                # exc.children[1:-1] is the unparenthesized tuple
+                # exc.children[1].children[0] is the first element of the tuple
+                exc = exc.children[1].children[0].clone()
+            exc.prefix = " "
+
+        if "val" not in results:
+            # One-argument raise
+            new = pytree.Node(syms.raise_stmt, [Name(u"raise"), exc])
+            new.prefix = node.prefix
+            return new
+
+        val = results["val"].clone()
+        if is_tuple(val):
+            args = [c.clone() for c in val.children[1:-1]]
+        else:
+            val.prefix = u""
+            args = [val]
+
+        if "tb" in results:
+            tb = results["tb"].clone()
+            tb.prefix = u""
+
+            e = Call(exc, args)
+            with_tb = Attr(e, Name(u'with_traceback')) + [ArgList([tb])]
+            new = pytree.Node(syms.simple_stmt, [Name(u"raise")] + with_tb)
+            new.prefix = node.prefix
+            return new
+        else:
+            return pytree.Node(syms.raise_stmt,
+                               [Name(u"raise"), Call(exc, args)],
+                               prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_raw_input.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_raw_input.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba045d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_raw_input.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+"""Fixer that changes raw_input(...) into input(...)."""
+# Author: Andre Roberge
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name
+
+class FixRawInput(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+              power< name='raw_input' trailer< '(' [any] ')' > any* >
+              """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        name = results["name"]
+        name.replace(Name(u"input", prefix=name.prefix))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_reduce.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_reduce.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98037f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_reduce.py
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Copyright 2008 Armin Ronacher.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for reduce().
+
+Makes sure reduce() is imported from the functools module if reduce is
+used in that module.
+"""
+
+from .. import pytree
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Attr, touch_import
+
+
+
+class FixReduce(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< 'reduce'
+        trailer< '('
+            arglist< (
+                (not(argument<any '=' any>) any ','
+                 not(argument<any '=' any>) any) |
+                (not(argument<any '=' any>) any ','
+                 not(argument<any '=' any>) any ','
+                 not(argument<any '=' any>) any)
+            ) >
+        ')' >
+    >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        touch_import(u'functools', u'reduce', node)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_renames.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_renames.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a45345a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_renames.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+"""Fix incompatible renames
+
+Fixes:
+  * sys.maxint -> sys.maxsize
+"""
+# Author: Christian Heimes
+# based on Collin Winter's fix_import
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, attr_chain
+
+MAPPING = {"sys":  {"maxint" : "maxsize"},
+          }
+LOOKUP = {}
+
+def alternates(members):
+    return "(" + "|".join(map(repr, members)) + ")"
+
+
+def build_pattern():
+    #bare = set()
+    for module, replace in MAPPING.items():
+        for old_attr, new_attr in replace.items():
+            LOOKUP[(module, old_attr)] = new_attr
+            #bare.add(module)
+            #bare.add(old_attr)
+            #yield """
+            #      import_name< 'import' (module=%r
+            #          | dotted_as_names< any* module=%r any* >) >
+            #      """ % (module, module)
+            yield """
+                  import_from< 'from' module_name=%r 'import'
+                      ( attr_name=%r | import_as_name< attr_name=%r 'as' any >) >
+                  """ % (module, old_attr, old_attr)
+            yield """
+                  power< module_name=%r trailer< '.' attr_name=%r > any* >
+                  """ % (module, old_attr)
+    #yield """bare_name=%s""" % alternates(bare)
+
+
+class FixRenames(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = "|".join(build_pattern())
+
+    order = "pre" # Pre-order tree traversal
+
+    # Don't match the node if it's within another match
+    def match(self, node):
+        match = super(FixRenames, self).match
+        results = match(node)
+        if results:
+            if any(match(obj) for obj in attr_chain(node, "parent")):
+                return False
+            return results
+        return False
+
+    #def start_tree(self, tree, filename):
+    #    super(FixRenames, self).start_tree(tree, filename)
+    #    self.replace = {}
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        mod_name = results.get("module_name")
+        attr_name = results.get("attr_name")
+        #bare_name = results.get("bare_name")
+        #import_mod = results.get("module")
+
+        if mod_name and attr_name:
+            new_attr = unicode(LOOKUP[(mod_name.value, attr_name.value)])
+            attr_name.replace(Name(new_attr, prefix=attr_name.prefix))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_repr.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_repr.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b37e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_repr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer that transforms `xyzzy` into repr(xyzzy)."""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Call, Name, parenthesize
+
+
+class FixRepr(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+              atom < '`' expr=any '`' >
+              """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        expr = results["expr"].clone()
+
+        if expr.type == self.syms.testlist1:
+            expr = parenthesize(expr)
+        return Call(Name(u"repr"), [expr], prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_set_literal.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_set_literal.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfc522c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_set_literal.py
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+"""
+Optional fixer to transform set() calls to set literals.
+"""
+
+# Author: Benjamin Peterson
+
+from lib2to3 import fixer_base, pytree
+from lib2to3.fixer_util import token, syms
+
+
+
+class FixSetLiteral(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    explicit = True
+
+    PATTERN = """power< 'set' trailer< '('
+                     (atom=atom< '[' (items=listmaker< any ((',' any)* [',']) >
+                                |
+                                single=any) ']' >
+                     |
+                     atom< '(' items=testlist_gexp< any ((',' any)* [',']) > ')' >
+                     )
+                     ')' > >
+              """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        single = results.get("single")
+        if single:
+            # Make a fake listmaker
+            fake = pytree.Node(syms.listmaker, [single.clone()])
+            single.replace(fake)
+            items = fake
+        else:
+            items = results["items"]
+
+        # Build the contents of the literal
+        literal = [pytree.Leaf(token.LBRACE, u"{")]
+        literal.extend(n.clone() for n in items.children)
+        literal.append(pytree.Leaf(token.RBRACE, u"}"))
+        # Set the prefix of the right brace to that of the ')' or ']'
+        literal[-1].prefix = items.next_sibling.prefix
+        maker = pytree.Node(syms.dictsetmaker, literal)
+        maker.prefix = node.prefix
+
+        # If the original was a one tuple, we need to remove the extra comma.
+        if len(maker.children) == 4:
+            n = maker.children[2]
+            n.remove()
+            maker.children[-1].prefix = n.prefix
+
+        # Finally, replace the set call with our shiny new literal.
+        return maker
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_standarderror.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_standarderror.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5789ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_standarderror.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# Copyright 2007 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for StandardError -> Exception."""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name
+
+
+class FixStandarderror(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+              'StandardError'
+              """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        return Name(u"Exception", prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_sys_exc.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_sys_exc.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..608de18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_sys_exc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+"""Fixer for sys.exc_{type, value, traceback}
+
+sys.exc_type -> sys.exc_info()[0]
+sys.exc_value -> sys.exc_info()[1]
+sys.exc_traceback -> sys.exc_info()[2]
+"""
+
+# By Jeff Balogh and Benjamin Peterson
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Attr, Call, Name, Number, Subscript, Node, syms
+
+class FixSysExc(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    # This order matches the ordering of sys.exc_info().
+    exc_info = ["exc_type", "exc_value", "exc_traceback"]
+    PATTERN = """
+              power< 'sys' trailer< dot='.' attribute=(%s) > >
+              """ % '|'.join("'%s'" % e for e in exc_info)
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        sys_attr = results["attribute"][0]
+        index = Number(self.exc_info.index(sys_attr.value))
+
+        call = Call(Name(u"exc_info"), prefix=sys_attr.prefix)
+        attr = Attr(Name(u"sys"), call)
+        attr[1].children[0].prefix = results["dot"].prefix
+        attr.append(Subscript(index))
+        return Node(syms.power, attr, prefix=node.prefix)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_throw.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_throw.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63271cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_throw.py
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+"""Fixer for generator.throw(E, V, T).
+
+g.throw(E)       -> g.throw(E)
+g.throw(E, V)    -> g.throw(E(V))
+g.throw(E, V, T) -> g.throw(E(V).with_traceback(T))
+
+g.throw("foo"[, V[, T]]) will warn about string exceptions."""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Call, ArgList, Attr, is_tuple
+
+class FixThrow(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< any trailer< '.' 'throw' >
+           trailer< '(' args=arglist< exc=any ',' val=any [',' tb=any] > ')' >
+    >
+    |
+    power< any trailer< '.' 'throw' > trailer< '(' exc=any ')' > >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        syms = self.syms
+
+        exc = results["exc"].clone()
+        if exc.type is token.STRING:
+            self.cannot_convert(node, "Python 3 does not support string exceptions")
+            return
+
+        # Leave "g.throw(E)" alone
+        val = results.get(u"val")
+        if val is None:
+            return
+
+        val = val.clone()
+        if is_tuple(val):
+            args = [c.clone() for c in val.children[1:-1]]
+        else:
+            val.prefix = u""
+            args = [val]
+
+        throw_args = results["args"]
+
+        if "tb" in results:
+            tb = results["tb"].clone()
+            tb.prefix = u""
+
+            e = Call(exc, args)
+            with_tb = Attr(e, Name(u'with_traceback')) + [ArgList([tb])]
+            throw_args.replace(pytree.Node(syms.power, with_tb))
+        else:
+            throw_args.replace(Call(exc, args))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_tuple_params.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_tuple_params.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2876a67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_tuple_params.py
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+"""Fixer for function definitions with tuple parameters.
+
+def func(((a, b), c), d):
+    ...
+
+    ->
+
+def func(x, d):
+    ((a, b), c) = x
+    ...
+
+It will also support lambdas:
+
+    lambda (x, y): x + y -> lambda t: t[0] + t[1]
+
+    # The parens are a syntax error in Python 3
+    lambda (x): x + y -> lambda x: x + y
+"""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Assign, Name, Newline, Number, Subscript, syms
+
+def is_docstring(stmt):
+    return isinstance(stmt, pytree.Node) and \
+           stmt.children[0].type == token.STRING
+
+class FixTupleParams(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = """
+              funcdef< 'def' any parameters< '(' args=any ')' >
+                       ['->' any] ':' suite=any+ >
+              |
+              lambda=
+              lambdef< 'lambda' args=vfpdef< '(' inner=any ')' >
+                       ':' body=any
+              >
+              """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        if "lambda" in results:
+            return self.transform_lambda(node, results)
+
+        new_lines = []
+        suite = results["suite"]
+        args = results["args"]
+        # This crap is so "def foo(...): x = 5; y = 7" is handled correctly.
+        # TODO(cwinter): suite-cleanup
+        if suite[0].children[1].type == token.INDENT:
+            start = 2
+            indent = suite[0].children[1].value
+            end = Newline()
+        else:
+            start = 0
+            indent = "; "
+            end = pytree.Leaf(token.INDENT, u"")
+
+        # We need access to self for new_name(), and making this a method
+        #  doesn't feel right. Closing over self and new_lines makes the
+        #  code below cleaner.
+        def handle_tuple(tuple_arg, add_prefix=False):
+            n = Name(self.new_name())
+            arg = tuple_arg.clone()
+            arg.prefix = u""
+            stmt = Assign(arg, n.clone())
+            if add_prefix:
+                n.prefix = u" "
+            tuple_arg.replace(n)
+            new_lines.append(pytree.Node(syms.simple_stmt,
+                                         [stmt, end.clone()]))
+
+        if args.type == syms.tfpdef:
+            handle_tuple(args)
+        elif args.type == syms.typedargslist:
+            for i, arg in enumerate(args.children):
+                if arg.type == syms.tfpdef:
+                    # Without add_prefix, the emitted code is correct,
+                    #  just ugly.
+                    handle_tuple(arg, add_prefix=(i > 0))
+
+        if not new_lines:
+            return
+
+        # This isn't strictly necessary, but it plays nicely with other fixers.
+        # TODO(cwinter) get rid of this when children becomes a smart list
+        for line in new_lines:
+            line.parent = suite[0]
+
+        # TODO(cwinter) suite-cleanup
+        after = start
+        if start == 0:
+            new_lines[0].prefix = u" "
+        elif is_docstring(suite[0].children[start]):
+            new_lines[0].prefix = indent
+            after = start + 1
+
+        for line in new_lines:
+            line.parent = suite[0]
+        suite[0].children[after:after] = new_lines
+        for i in range(after+1, after+len(new_lines)+1):
+            suite[0].children[i].prefix = indent
+        suite[0].changed()
+
+    def transform_lambda(self, node, results):
+        args = results["args"]
+        body = results["body"]
+        inner = simplify_args(results["inner"])
+
+        # Replace lambda ((((x)))): x  with lambda x: x
+        if inner.type == token.NAME:
+            inner = inner.clone()
+            inner.prefix = u" "
+            args.replace(inner)
+            return
+
+        params = find_params(args)
+        to_index = map_to_index(params)
+        tup_name = self.new_name(tuple_name(params))
+
+        new_param = Name(tup_name, prefix=u" ")
+        args.replace(new_param.clone())
+        for n in body.post_order():
+            if n.type == token.NAME and n.value in to_index:
+                subscripts = [c.clone() for c in to_index[n.value]]
+                new = pytree.Node(syms.power,
+                                  [new_param.clone()] + subscripts)
+                new.prefix = n.prefix
+                n.replace(new)
+
+
+### Helper functions for transform_lambda()
+
+def simplify_args(node):
+    if node.type in (syms.vfplist, token.NAME):
+        return node
+    elif node.type == syms.vfpdef:
+        # These look like vfpdef< '(' x ')' > where x is NAME
+        # or another vfpdef instance (leading to recursion).
+        while node.type == syms.vfpdef:
+            node = node.children[1]
+        return node
+    raise RuntimeError("Received unexpected node %s" % node)
+
+def find_params(node):
+    if node.type == syms.vfpdef:
+        return find_params(node.children[1])
+    elif node.type == token.NAME:
+        return node.value
+    return [find_params(c) for c in node.children if c.type != token.COMMA]
+
+def map_to_index(param_list, prefix=[], d=None):
+    if d is None:
+        d = {}
+    for i, obj in enumerate(param_list):
+        trailer = [Subscript(Number(i))]
+        if isinstance(obj, list):
+            map_to_index(obj, trailer, d=d)
+        else:
+            d[obj] = prefix + trailer
+    return d
+
+def tuple_name(param_list):
+    l = []
+    for obj in param_list:
+        if isinstance(obj, list):
+            l.append(tuple_name(obj))
+        else:
+            l.append(obj)
+    return u"_".join(l)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_types.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_types.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2fbbab8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_types.py
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# Copyright 2007 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer for removing uses of the types module.
+
+These work for only the known names in the types module.  The forms above
+can include types. or not.  ie, It is assumed the module is imported either as:
+
+    import types
+    from types import ... # either * or specific types
+
+The import statements are not modified.
+
+There should be another fixer that handles at least the following constants:
+
+   type([]) -> list
+   type(()) -> tuple
+   type('') -> str
+
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name
+
+_TYPE_MAPPING = {
+        'BooleanType' : 'bool',
+        'BufferType' : 'memoryview',
+        'ClassType' : 'type',
+        'ComplexType' : 'complex',
+        'DictType': 'dict',
+        'DictionaryType' : 'dict',
+        'EllipsisType' : 'type(Ellipsis)',
+        #'FileType' : 'io.IOBase',
+        'FloatType': 'float',
+        'IntType': 'int',
+        'ListType': 'list',
+        'LongType': 'int',
+        'ObjectType' : 'object',
+        'NoneType': 'type(None)',
+        'NotImplementedType' : 'type(NotImplemented)',
+        'SliceType' : 'slice',
+        'StringType': 'bytes', # XXX ?
+        'StringTypes' : 'str', # XXX ?
+        'TupleType': 'tuple',
+        'TypeType' : 'type',
+        'UnicodeType': 'str',
+        'XRangeType' : 'range',
+    }
+
+_pats = ["power< 'types' trailer< '.' name='%s' > >" % t for t in _TYPE_MAPPING]
+
+class FixTypes(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = '|'.join(_pats)
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        new_value = unicode(_TYPE_MAPPING.get(results["name"].value))
+        if new_value:
+            return Name(new_value, prefix=node.prefix)
+        return None
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_unicode.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_unicode.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cd3b89c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_unicode.py
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""Fixer that changes unicode to str, unichr to chr, and u"..." into "...".
+
+"""
+
+import re
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+
+_mapping = {u"unichr" : u"chr", u"unicode" : u"str"}
+_literal_re = re.compile(ur"[uU][rR]?[\'\"]")
+
+class FixUnicode(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = "STRING | 'unicode' | 'unichr'"
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        if node.type == token.NAME:
+            new = node.clone()
+            new.value = _mapping[node.value]
+            return new
+        elif node.type == token.STRING:
+            if _literal_re.match(node.value):
+                new = node.clone()
+                new.value = new.value[1:]
+                return new
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_urllib.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_urllib.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..db18ca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_urllib.py
@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+"""Fix changes imports of urllib which are now incompatible.
+   This is rather similar to fix_imports, but because of the more
+   complex nature of the fixing for urllib, it has its own fixer.
+"""
+# Author: Nick Edds
+
+# Local imports
+from .fix_imports import alternates, FixImports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Comma, FromImport, Newline, attr_chain
+
+MAPPING = {'urllib':  [
+                ('urllib.request',
+                    ['URLOpener', 'FancyURLOpener', 'urlretrieve',
+                     '_urlopener', 'urlopen', 'urlcleanup',
+                     'pathname2url', 'url2pathname']),
+                ('urllib.parse',
+                    ['quote', 'quote_plus', 'unquote', 'unquote_plus',
+                     'urlencode', 'splitattr', 'splithost', 'splitnport',
+                     'splitpasswd', 'splitport', 'splitquery', 'splittag',
+                     'splittype', 'splituser', 'splitvalue', ]),
+                ('urllib.error',
+                    ['ContentTooShortError'])],
+           'urllib2' : [
+                ('urllib.request',
+                    ['urlopen', 'install_opener', 'build_opener',
+                     'Request', 'OpenerDirector', 'BaseHandler',
+                     'HTTPDefaultErrorHandler', 'HTTPRedirectHandler',
+                     'HTTPCookieProcessor', 'ProxyHandler',
+                     'HTTPPasswordMgr',
+                     'HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm',
+                     'AbstractBasicAuthHandler',
+                     'HTTPBasicAuthHandler', 'ProxyBasicAuthHandler',
+                     'AbstractDigestAuthHandler',
+                     'HTTPDigestAuthHandler', 'ProxyDigestAuthHandler',
+                     'HTTPHandler', 'HTTPSHandler', 'FileHandler',
+                     'FTPHandler', 'CacheFTPHandler',
+                     'UnknownHandler']),
+                ('urllib.error',
+                    ['URLError', 'HTTPError']),
+           ]
+}
+
+# Duplicate the url parsing functions for urllib2.
+MAPPING["urllib2"].append(MAPPING["urllib"][1])
+
+
+def build_pattern():
+    bare = set()
+    for old_module, changes in MAPPING.items():
+        for change in changes:
+            new_module, members = change
+            members = alternates(members)
+            yield """import_name< 'import' (module=%r
+                                  | dotted_as_names< any* module=%r any* >) >
+                  """ % (old_module, old_module)
+            yield """import_from< 'from' mod_member=%r 'import'
+                       ( member=%s | import_as_name< member=%s 'as' any > |
+                         import_as_names< members=any*  >) >
+                  """ % (old_module, members, members)
+            yield """import_from< 'from' module_star=%r 'import' star='*' >
+                  """ % old_module
+            yield """import_name< 'import'
+                                  dotted_as_name< module_as=%r 'as' any > >
+                  """ % old_module
+            # bare_with_attr has a special significance for FixImports.match().
+            yield """power< bare_with_attr=%r trailer< '.' member=%s > any* >
+                  """ % (old_module, members)
+
+
+class FixUrllib(FixImports):
+
+    def build_pattern(self):
+        return "|".join(build_pattern())
+
+    def transform_import(self, node, results):
+        """Transform for the basic import case. Replaces the old
+           import name with a comma separated list of its
+           replacements.
+        """
+        import_mod = results.get('module')
+        pref = import_mod.prefix
+
+        names = []
+
+        # create a Node list of the replacement modules
+        for name in MAPPING[import_mod.value][:-1]:
+            names.extend([Name(name[0], prefix=pref), Comma()])
+        names.append(Name(MAPPING[import_mod.value][-1][0], prefix=pref))
+        import_mod.replace(names)
+
+    def transform_member(self, node, results):
+        """Transform for imports of specific module elements. Replaces
+           the module to be imported from with the appropriate new
+           module.
+        """
+        mod_member = results.get('mod_member')
+        pref = mod_member.prefix
+        member = results.get('member')
+
+        # Simple case with only a single member being imported
+        if member:
+            # this may be a list of length one, or just a node
+            if isinstance(member, list):
+                member = member[0]
+            new_name = None
+            for change in MAPPING[mod_member.value]:
+                if member.value in change[1]:
+                    new_name = change[0]
+                    break
+            if new_name:
+                mod_member.replace(Name(new_name, prefix=pref))
+            else:
+                self.cannot_convert(node,
+                                    'This is an invalid module element')
+
+        # Multiple members being imported
+        else:
+            # a dictionary for replacements, order matters
+            modules = []
+            mod_dict = {}
+            members = results.get('members')
+            for member in members:
+                member = member.value
+                # we only care about the actual members
+                if member != ',':
+                    for change in MAPPING[mod_member.value]:
+                        if member in change[1]:
+                            if change[0] in mod_dict:
+                                mod_dict[change[0]].append(member)
+                            else:
+                                mod_dict[change[0]] = [member]
+                                modules.append(change[0])
+
+            new_nodes = []
+            for module in modules:
+                elts = mod_dict[module]
+                names = []
+                for elt in elts[:-1]:
+                    names.extend([Name(elt, prefix=pref), Comma()])
+                names.append(Name(elts[-1], prefix=pref))
+                new_nodes.append(FromImport(module, names))
+            if new_nodes:
+                nodes = []
+                for new_node in new_nodes[:-1]:
+                    nodes.extend([new_node, Newline()])
+                nodes.append(new_nodes[-1])
+                node.replace(nodes)
+            else:
+                self.cannot_convert(node, 'All module elements are invalid')
+
+    def transform_dot(self, node, results):
+        """Transform for calls to module members in code."""
+        module_dot = results.get('bare_with_attr')
+        member = results.get('member')
+        new_name = None
+        if isinstance(member, list):
+            member = member[0]
+        for change in MAPPING[module_dot.value]:
+            if member.value in change[1]:
+                new_name = change[0]
+                break
+        if new_name:
+            module_dot.replace(Name(new_name,
+                                    prefix=module_dot.prefix))
+        else:
+            self.cannot_convert(node, 'This is an invalid module element')
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        if results.get('module'):
+            self.transform_import(node, results)
+        elif results.get('mod_member'):
+            self.transform_member(node, results)
+        elif results.get('bare_with_attr'):
+            self.transform_dot(node, results)
+        # Renaming and star imports are not supported for these modules.
+        elif results.get('module_star'):
+            self.cannot_convert(node, 'Cannot handle star imports.')
+        elif results.get('module_as'):
+            self.cannot_convert(node, 'This module is now multiple modules')
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_ws_comma.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_ws_comma.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37ff624
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_ws_comma.py
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+"""Fixer that changes 'a ,b' into 'a, b'.
+
+This also changes '{a :b}' into '{a: b}', but does not touch other
+uses of colons.  It does not touch other uses of whitespace.
+
+"""
+
+from .. import pytree
+from ..pgen2 import token
+from .. import fixer_base
+
+class FixWsComma(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    explicit = True # The user must ask for this fixers
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    any<(not(',') any)+ ',' ((not(',') any)+ ',')* [not(',') any]>
+    """
+
+    COMMA = pytree.Leaf(token.COMMA, u",")
+    COLON = pytree.Leaf(token.COLON, u":")
+    SEPS = (COMMA, COLON)
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        new = node.clone()
+        comma = False
+        for child in new.children:
+            if child in self.SEPS:
+                prefix = child.prefix
+                if prefix.isspace() and u"\n" not in prefix:
+                    child.prefix = u""
+                comma = True
+            else:
+                if comma:
+                    prefix = child.prefix
+                    if not prefix:
+                        child.prefix = u" "
+                comma = False
+        return new
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_xrange.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_xrange.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70c6747
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_xrange.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# Copyright 2007 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Fixer that changes xrange(...) into range(...)."""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Call, consuming_calls
+from .. import patcomp
+
+
+class FixXrange(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+              power<
+                 (name='range'|name='xrange') trailer< '(' args=any ')' >
+              rest=any* >
+              """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        name = results["name"]
+        if name.value == u"xrange":
+            return self.transform_xrange(node, results)
+        elif name.value == u"range":
+            return self.transform_range(node, results)
+        else:
+            raise ValueError(repr(name))
+
+    def transform_xrange(self, node, results):
+        name = results["name"]
+        name.replace(Name(u"range", prefix=name.prefix))
+
+    def transform_range(self, node, results):
+        if not self.in_special_context(node):
+            range_call = Call(Name(u"range"), [results["args"].clone()])
+            # Encase the range call in list().
+            list_call = Call(Name(u"list"), [range_call],
+                             prefix=node.prefix)
+            # Put things that were after the range() call after the list call.
+            for n in results["rest"]:
+                list_call.append_child(n)
+            return list_call
+
+    P1 = "power< func=NAME trailer< '(' node=any ')' > any* >"
+    p1 = patcomp.compile_pattern(P1)
+
+    P2 = """for_stmt< 'for' any 'in' node=any ':' any* >
+            | comp_for< 'for' any 'in' node=any any* >
+            | comparison< any 'in' node=any any*>
+         """
+    p2 = patcomp.compile_pattern(P2)
+
+    def in_special_context(self, node):
+        if node.parent is None:
+            return False
+        results = {}
+        if (node.parent.parent is not None and
+               self.p1.match(node.parent.parent, results) and
+               results["node"] is node):
+            # list(d.keys()) -> list(d.keys()), etc.
+            return results["func"].value in consuming_calls
+        # for ... in d.iterkeys() -> for ... in d.keys(), etc.
+        return self.p2.match(node.parent, results) and results["node"] is node
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_xreadlines.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_xreadlines.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ee4b356
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_xreadlines.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"""Fix "for x in f.xreadlines()" -> "for x in f".
+
+This fixer will also convert g(f.xreadlines) into g(f.__iter__)."""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name
+
+
+class FixXreadlines(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< call=any+ trailer< '.' 'xreadlines' > trailer< '(' ')' > >
+    |
+    power< any+ trailer< '.' no_call='xreadlines' > >
+    """
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        no_call = results.get("no_call")
+
+        if no_call:
+            no_call.replace(Name(u"__iter__", prefix=no_call.prefix))
+        else:
+            node.replace([x.clone() for x in results["call"]])
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_zip.py b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_zip.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6736a7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/fixes/fix_zip.py
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+"""
+Fixer that changes zip(seq0, seq1, ...) into list(zip(seq0, seq1, ...)
+unless there exists a 'from future_builtins import zip' statement in the
+top-level namespace.
+
+We avoid the transformation if the zip() call is directly contained in
+iter(<>), list(<>), tuple(<>), sorted(<>), ...join(<>), or for V in <>:.
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import fixer_base
+from ..fixer_util import Name, Call, in_special_context
+
+class FixZip(fixer_base.ConditionalFix):
+
+    PATTERN = """
+    power< 'zip' args=trailer< '(' [any] ')' >
+    >
+    """
+
+    skip_on = "future_builtins.zip"
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        if self.should_skip(node):
+            return
+
+        if in_special_context(node):
+            return None
+
+        new = node.clone()
+        new.prefix = u""
+        new = Call(Name(u"list"), [new])
+        new.prefix = node.prefix
+        return new
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/main.py b/Lib/lib2to3/main.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caf54dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+"""
+Main program for 2to3.
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import difflib
+import logging
+import shutil
+import optparse
+
+from . import refactor
+
+
+def diff_texts(a, b, filename):
+    """Return a unified diff of two strings."""
+    a = a.splitlines()
+    b = b.splitlines()
+    return difflib.unified_diff(a, b, filename, filename,
+                                "(original)", "(refactored)",
+                                lineterm="")
+
+
+class StdoutRefactoringTool(refactor.MultiprocessRefactoringTool):
+    """
+    Prints output to stdout.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, fixers, options, explicit, nobackups, show_diffs):
+        self.nobackups = nobackups
+        self.show_diffs = show_diffs
+        super(StdoutRefactoringTool, self).__init__(fixers, options, explicit)
+
+    def log_error(self, msg, *args, **kwargs):
+        self.errors.append((msg, args, kwargs))
+        self.logger.error(msg, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def write_file(self, new_text, filename, old_text, encoding):
+        if not self.nobackups:
+            # Make backup
+            backup = filename + ".bak"
+            if os.path.lexists(backup):
+                try:
+                    os.remove(backup)
+                except os.error, err:
+                    self.log_message("Can't remove backup %s", backup)
+            try:
+                os.rename(filename, backup)
+            except os.error, err:
+                self.log_message("Can't rename %s to %s", filename, backup)
+        # Actually write the new file
+        write = super(StdoutRefactoringTool, self).write_file
+        write(new_text, filename, old_text, encoding)
+        if not self.nobackups:
+            shutil.copymode(backup, filename)
+
+    def print_output(self, old, new, filename, equal):
+        if equal:
+            self.log_message("No changes to %s", filename)
+        else:
+            self.log_message("Refactored %s", filename)
+            if self.show_diffs:
+                diff_lines = diff_texts(old, new, filename)
+                try:
+                    for line in diff_lines:
+                        print line
+                except UnicodeEncodeError:
+                    warn("couldn't encode %s's diff for your terminal" %
+                         (filename,))
+                    return
+
+
+def warn(msg):
+    print >> sys.stderr, "WARNING: %s" % (msg,)
+
+
+def main(fixer_pkg, args=None):
+    """Main program.
+
+    Args:
+        fixer_pkg: the name of a package where the fixers are located.
+        args: optional; a list of command line arguments. If omitted,
+              sys.argv[1:] is used.
+
+    Returns a suggested exit status (0, 1, 2).
+    """
+    # Set up option parser
+    parser = optparse.OptionParser(usage="2to3 [options] file|dir ...")
+    parser.add_option("-d", "--doctests_only", action="store_true",
+                      help="Fix up doctests only")
+    parser.add_option("-f", "--fix", action="append", default=[],
+                      help="Each FIX specifies a transformation; default: all")
+    parser.add_option("-j", "--processes", action="store", default=1,
+                      type="int", help="Run 2to3 concurrently")
+    parser.add_option("-x", "--nofix", action="append", default=[],
+                      help="Prevent a fixer from being run.")
+    parser.add_option("-l", "--list-fixes", action="store_true",
+                      help="List available transformations (fixes/fix_*.py)")
+    parser.add_option("-p", "--print-function", action="store_true",
+                      help="Modify the grammar so that print() is a function")
+    parser.add_option("-v", "--verbose", action="store_true",
+                      help="More verbose logging")
+    parser.add_option("--no-diffs", action="store_true",
+                      help="Don't show diffs of the refactoring")
+    parser.add_option("-w", "--write", action="store_true",
+                      help="Write back modified files")
+    parser.add_option("-n", "--nobackups", action="store_true", default=False,
+                      help="Don't write backups for modified files.")
+
+    # Parse command line arguments
+    refactor_stdin = False
+    flags = {}
+    options, args = parser.parse_args(args)
+    if not options.write and options.no_diffs:
+        warn("not writing files and not printing diffs; that's not very useful")
+    if not options.write and options.nobackups:
+        parser.error("Can't use -n without -w")
+    if options.list_fixes:
+        print "Available transformations for the -f/--fix option:"
+        for fixname in refactor.get_all_fix_names(fixer_pkg):
+            print fixname
+        if not args:
+            return 0
+    if not args:
+        print >> sys.stderr, "At least one file or directory argument required."
+        print >> sys.stderr, "Use --help to show usage."
+        return 2
+    if "-" in args:
+        refactor_stdin = True
+        if options.write:
+            print >> sys.stderr, "Can't write to stdin."
+            return 2
+    if options.print_function:
+        flags["print_function"] = True
+
+    # Set up logging handler
+    level = logging.DEBUG if options.verbose else logging.INFO
+    logging.basicConfig(format='%(name)s: %(message)s', level=level)
+
+    # Initialize the refactoring tool
+    avail_fixes = set(refactor.get_fixers_from_package(fixer_pkg))
+    unwanted_fixes = set(fixer_pkg + ".fix_" + fix for fix in options.nofix)
+    explicit = set()
+    if options.fix:
+        all_present = False
+        for fix in options.fix:
+            if fix == "all":
+                all_present = True
+            else:
+                explicit.add(fixer_pkg + ".fix_" + fix)
+        requested = avail_fixes.union(explicit) if all_present else explicit
+    else:
+        requested = avail_fixes.union(explicit)
+    fixer_names = requested.difference(unwanted_fixes)
+    rt = StdoutRefactoringTool(sorted(fixer_names), flags, sorted(explicit),
+                               options.nobackups, not options.no_diffs)
+
+    # Refactor all files and directories passed as arguments
+    if not rt.errors:
+        if refactor_stdin:
+            rt.refactor_stdin()
+        else:
+            try:
+                rt.refactor(args, options.write, options.doctests_only,
+                            options.processes)
+            except refactor.MultiprocessingUnsupported:
+                assert options.processes > 1
+                print >> sys.stderr, "Sorry, -j isn't " \
+                    "supported on this platform."
+                return 1
+        rt.summarize()
+
+    # Return error status (0 if rt.errors is zero)
+    return int(bool(rt.errors))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/patcomp.py b/Lib/lib2to3/patcomp.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c62a15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/patcomp.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Pattern compiler.
+
+The grammer is taken from PatternGrammar.txt.
+
+The compiler compiles a pattern to a pytree.*Pattern instance.
+"""
+
+__author__ = "Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>"
+
+# Python imports
+import os
+
+# Fairly local imports
+from .pgen2 import driver, literals, token, tokenize, parse, grammar
+
+# Really local imports
+from . import pytree
+from . import pygram
+
+# The pattern grammar file
+_PATTERN_GRAMMAR_FILE = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__),
+                                     "PatternGrammar.txt")
+
+
+class PatternSyntaxError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def tokenize_wrapper(input):
+    """Tokenizes a string suppressing significant whitespace."""
+    skip = set((token.NEWLINE, token.INDENT, token.DEDENT))
+    tokens = tokenize.generate_tokens(driver.generate_lines(input).next)
+    for quintuple in tokens:
+        type, value, start, end, line_text = quintuple
+        if type not in skip:
+            yield quintuple
+
+
+class PatternCompiler(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, grammar_file=_PATTERN_GRAMMAR_FILE):
+        """Initializer.
+
+        Takes an optional alternative filename for the pattern grammar.
+        """
+        self.grammar = driver.load_grammar(grammar_file)
+        self.syms = pygram.Symbols(self.grammar)
+        self.pygrammar = pygram.python_grammar
+        self.pysyms = pygram.python_symbols
+        self.driver = driver.Driver(self.grammar, convert=pattern_convert)
+
+    def compile_pattern(self, input, debug=False):
+        """Compiles a pattern string to a nested pytree.*Pattern object."""
+        tokens = tokenize_wrapper(input)
+        try:
+            root = self.driver.parse_tokens(tokens, debug=debug)
+        except parse.ParseError as e:
+            raise PatternSyntaxError(str(e))
+        return self.compile_node(root)
+
+    def compile_node(self, node):
+        """Compiles a node, recursively.
+
+        This is one big switch on the node type.
+        """
+        # XXX Optimize certain Wildcard-containing-Wildcard patterns
+        # that can be merged
+        if node.type == self.syms.Matcher:
+            node = node.children[0] # Avoid unneeded recursion
+
+        if node.type == self.syms.Alternatives:
+            # Skip the odd children since they are just '|' tokens
+            alts = [self.compile_node(ch) for ch in node.children[::2]]
+            if len(alts) == 1:
+                return alts[0]
+            p = pytree.WildcardPattern([[a] for a in alts], min=1, max=1)
+            return p.optimize()
+
+        if node.type == self.syms.Alternative:
+            units = [self.compile_node(ch) for ch in node.children]
+            if len(units) == 1:
+                return units[0]
+            p = pytree.WildcardPattern([units], min=1, max=1)
+            return p.optimize()
+
+        if node.type == self.syms.NegatedUnit:
+            pattern = self.compile_basic(node.children[1:])
+            p = pytree.NegatedPattern(pattern)
+            return p.optimize()
+
+        assert node.type == self.syms.Unit
+
+        name = None
+        nodes = node.children
+        if len(nodes) >= 3 and nodes[1].type == token.EQUAL:
+            name = nodes[0].value
+            nodes = nodes[2:]
+        repeat = None
+        if len(nodes) >= 2 and nodes[-1].type == self.syms.Repeater:
+            repeat = nodes[-1]
+            nodes = nodes[:-1]
+
+        # Now we've reduced it to: STRING | NAME [Details] | (...) | [...]
+        pattern = self.compile_basic(nodes, repeat)
+
+        if repeat is not None:
+            assert repeat.type == self.syms.Repeater
+            children = repeat.children
+            child = children[0]
+            if child.type == token.STAR:
+                min = 0
+                max = pytree.HUGE
+            elif child.type == token.PLUS:
+                min = 1
+                max = pytree.HUGE
+            elif child.type == token.LBRACE:
+                assert children[-1].type == token.RBRACE
+                assert  len(children) in (3, 5)
+                min = max = self.get_int(children[1])
+                if len(children) == 5:
+                    max = self.get_int(children[3])
+            else:
+                assert False
+            if min != 1 or max != 1:
+                pattern = pattern.optimize()
+                pattern = pytree.WildcardPattern([[pattern]], min=min, max=max)
+
+        if name is not None:
+            pattern.name = name
+        return pattern.optimize()
+
+    def compile_basic(self, nodes, repeat=None):
+        # Compile STRING | NAME [Details] | (...) | [...]
+        assert len(nodes) >= 1
+        node = nodes[0]
+        if node.type == token.STRING:
+            value = unicode(literals.evalString(node.value))
+            return pytree.LeafPattern(_type_of_literal(value), value)
+        elif node.type == token.NAME:
+            value = node.value
+            if value.isupper():
+                if value not in TOKEN_MAP:
+                    raise PatternSyntaxError("Invalid token: %r" % value)
+                if nodes[1:]:
+                    raise PatternSyntaxError("Can't have details for token")
+                return pytree.LeafPattern(TOKEN_MAP[value])
+            else:
+                if value == "any":
+                    type = None
+                elif not value.startswith("_"):
+                    type = getattr(self.pysyms, value, None)
+                    if type is None:
+                        raise PatternSyntaxError("Invalid symbol: %r" % value)
+                if nodes[1:]: # Details present
+                    content = [self.compile_node(nodes[1].children[1])]
+                else:
+                    content = None
+                return pytree.NodePattern(type, content)
+        elif node.value == "(":
+            return self.compile_node(nodes[1])
+        elif node.value == "[":
+            assert repeat is None
+            subpattern = self.compile_node(nodes[1])
+            return pytree.WildcardPattern([[subpattern]], min=0, max=1)
+        assert False, node
+
+    def get_int(self, node):
+        assert node.type == token.NUMBER
+        return int(node.value)
+
+
+# Map named tokens to the type value for a LeafPattern
+TOKEN_MAP = {"NAME": token.NAME,
+             "STRING": token.STRING,
+             "NUMBER": token.NUMBER,
+             "TOKEN": None}
+
+
+def _type_of_literal(value):
+    if value[0].isalpha():
+        return token.NAME
+    elif value in grammar.opmap:
+        return grammar.opmap[value]
+    else:
+        return None
+
+
+def pattern_convert(grammar, raw_node_info):
+    """Converts raw node information to a Node or Leaf instance."""
+    type, value, context, children = raw_node_info
+    if children or type in grammar.number2symbol:
+        return pytree.Node(type, children, context=context)
+    else:
+        return pytree.Leaf(type, value, context=context)
+
+
+def compile_pattern(pattern):
+    return PatternCompiler().compile_pattern(pattern)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/__init__.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..af39048
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Copyright 2004-2005 Elemental Security, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""The pgen2 package."""
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/conv.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/conv.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d788a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/conv.py
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+# Copyright 2004-2005 Elemental Security, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Convert graminit.[ch] spit out by pgen to Python code.
+
+Pgen is the Python parser generator.  It is useful to quickly create a
+parser from a grammar file in Python's grammar notation.  But I don't
+want my parsers to be written in C (yet), so I'm translating the
+parsing tables to Python data structures and writing a Python parse
+engine.
+
+Note that the token numbers are constants determined by the standard
+Python tokenizer.  The standard token module defines these numbers and
+their names (the names are not used much).  The token numbers are
+hardcoded into the Python tokenizer and into pgen.  A Python
+implementation of the Python tokenizer is also available, in the
+standard tokenize module.
+
+On the other hand, symbol numbers (representing the grammar's
+non-terminals) are assigned by pgen based on the actual grammar
+input.
+
+Note: this module is pretty much obsolete; the pgen module generates
+equivalent grammar tables directly from the Grammar.txt input file
+without having to invoke the Python pgen C program.
+
+"""
+
+# Python imports
+import re
+
+# Local imports
+from pgen2 import grammar, token
+
+
+class Converter(grammar.Grammar):
+    """Grammar subclass that reads classic pgen output files.
+
+    The run() method reads the tables as produced by the pgen parser
+    generator, typically contained in two C files, graminit.h and
+    graminit.c.  The other methods are for internal use only.
+
+    See the base class for more documentation.
+
+    """
+
+    def run(self, graminit_h, graminit_c):
+        """Load the grammar tables from the text files written by pgen."""
+        self.parse_graminit_h(graminit_h)
+        self.parse_graminit_c(graminit_c)
+        self.finish_off()
+
+    def parse_graminit_h(self, filename):
+        """Parse the .h file writen by pgen.  (Internal)
+
+        This file is a sequence of #define statements defining the
+        nonterminals of the grammar as numbers.  We build two tables
+        mapping the numbers to names and back.
+
+        """
+        try:
+            f = open(filename)
+        except IOError, err:
+            print "Can't open %s: %s" % (filename, err)
+            return False
+        self.symbol2number = {}
+        self.number2symbol = {}
+        lineno = 0
+        for line in f:
+            lineno += 1
+            mo = re.match(r"^#define\s+(\w+)\s+(\d+)$", line)
+            if not mo and line.strip():
+                print "%s(%s): can't parse %s" % (filename, lineno,
+                                                  line.strip())
+            else:
+                symbol, number = mo.groups()
+                number = int(number)
+                assert symbol not in self.symbol2number
+                assert number not in self.number2symbol
+                self.symbol2number[symbol] = number
+                self.number2symbol[number] = symbol
+        return True
+
+    def parse_graminit_c(self, filename):
+        """Parse the .c file writen by pgen.  (Internal)
+
+        The file looks as follows.  The first two lines are always this:
+
+        #include "pgenheaders.h"
+        #include "grammar.h"
+
+        After that come four blocks:
+
+        1) one or more state definitions
+        2) a table defining dfas
+        3) a table defining labels
+        4) a struct defining the grammar
+
+        A state definition has the following form:
+        - one or more arc arrays, each of the form:
+          static arc arcs_<n>_<m>[<k>] = {
+                  {<i>, <j>},
+                  ...
+          };
+        - followed by a state array, of the form:
+          static state states_<s>[<t>] = {
+                  {<k>, arcs_<n>_<m>},
+                  ...
+          };
+
+        """
+        try:
+            f = open(filename)
+        except IOError, err:
+            print "Can't open %s: %s" % (filename, err)
+            return False
+        # The code below essentially uses f's iterator-ness!
+        lineno = 0
+
+        # Expect the two #include lines
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        assert line == '#include "pgenheaders.h"\n', (lineno, line)
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        assert line == '#include "grammar.h"\n', (lineno, line)
+
+        # Parse the state definitions
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        allarcs = {}
+        states = []
+        while line.startswith("static arc "):
+            while line.startswith("static arc "):
+                mo = re.match(r"static arc arcs_(\d+)_(\d+)\[(\d+)\] = {$",
+                              line)
+                assert mo, (lineno, line)
+                n, m, k = map(int, mo.groups())
+                arcs = []
+                for _ in range(k):
+                    lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+                    mo = re.match(r"\s+{(\d+), (\d+)},$", line)
+                    assert mo, (lineno, line)
+                    i, j = map(int, mo.groups())
+                    arcs.append((i, j))
+                lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+                assert line == "};\n", (lineno, line)
+                allarcs[(n, m)] = arcs
+                lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+            mo = re.match(r"static state states_(\d+)\[(\d+)\] = {$", line)
+            assert mo, (lineno, line)
+            s, t = map(int, mo.groups())
+            assert s == len(states), (lineno, line)
+            state = []
+            for _ in range(t):
+                lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+                mo = re.match(r"\s+{(\d+), arcs_(\d+)_(\d+)},$", line)
+                assert mo, (lineno, line)
+                k, n, m = map(int, mo.groups())
+                arcs = allarcs[n, m]
+                assert k == len(arcs), (lineno, line)
+                state.append(arcs)
+            states.append(state)
+            lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+            assert line == "};\n", (lineno, line)
+            lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        self.states = states
+
+        # Parse the dfas
+        dfas = {}
+        mo = re.match(r"static dfa dfas\[(\d+)\] = {$", line)
+        assert mo, (lineno, line)
+        ndfas = int(mo.group(1))
+        for i in range(ndfas):
+            lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+            mo = re.match(r'\s+{(\d+), "(\w+)", (\d+), (\d+), states_(\d+),$',
+                          line)
+            assert mo, (lineno, line)
+            symbol = mo.group(2)
+            number, x, y, z = map(int, mo.group(1, 3, 4, 5))
+            assert self.symbol2number[symbol] == number, (lineno, line)
+            assert self.number2symbol[number] == symbol, (lineno, line)
+            assert x == 0, (lineno, line)
+            state = states[z]
+            assert y == len(state), (lineno, line)
+            lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+            mo = re.match(r'\s+("(?:\\\d\d\d)*")},$', line)
+            assert mo, (lineno, line)
+            first = {}
+            rawbitset = eval(mo.group(1))
+            for i, c in enumerate(rawbitset):
+                byte = ord(c)
+                for j in range(8):
+                    if byte & (1<<j):
+                        first[i*8 + j] = 1
+            dfas[number] = (state, first)
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        assert line == "};\n", (lineno, line)
+        self.dfas = dfas
+
+        # Parse the labels
+        labels = []
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        mo = re.match(r"static label labels\[(\d+)\] = {$", line)
+        assert mo, (lineno, line)
+        nlabels = int(mo.group(1))
+        for i in range(nlabels):
+            lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+            mo = re.match(r'\s+{(\d+), (0|"\w+")},$', line)
+            assert mo, (lineno, line)
+            x, y = mo.groups()
+            x = int(x)
+            if y == "0":
+                y = None
+            else:
+                y = eval(y)
+            labels.append((x, y))
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        assert line == "};\n", (lineno, line)
+        self.labels = labels
+
+        # Parse the grammar struct
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        assert line == "grammar _PyParser_Grammar = {\n", (lineno, line)
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        mo = re.match(r"\s+(\d+),$", line)
+        assert mo, (lineno, line)
+        ndfas = int(mo.group(1))
+        assert ndfas == len(self.dfas)
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        assert line == "\tdfas,\n", (lineno, line)
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        mo = re.match(r"\s+{(\d+), labels},$", line)
+        assert mo, (lineno, line)
+        nlabels = int(mo.group(1))
+        assert nlabels == len(self.labels), (lineno, line)
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        mo = re.match(r"\s+(\d+)$", line)
+        assert mo, (lineno, line)
+        start = int(mo.group(1))
+        assert start in self.number2symbol, (lineno, line)
+        self.start = start
+        lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        assert line == "};\n", (lineno, line)
+        try:
+            lineno, line = lineno+1, f.next()
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+        else:
+            assert 0, (lineno, line)
+
+    def finish_off(self):
+        """Create additional useful structures.  (Internal)."""
+        self.keywords = {} # map from keyword strings to arc labels
+        self.tokens = {}   # map from numeric token values to arc labels
+        for ilabel, (type, value) in enumerate(self.labels):
+            if type == token.NAME and value is not None:
+                self.keywords[value] = ilabel
+            elif value is None:
+                self.tokens[type] = ilabel
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/driver.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/driver.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6b3825e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/driver.py
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+# Copyright 2004-2005 Elemental Security, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+# Modifications:
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Parser driver.
+
+This provides a high-level interface to parse a file into a syntax tree.
+
+"""
+
+__author__ = "Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>"
+
+__all__ = ["Driver", "load_grammar"]
+
+# Python imports
+import codecs
+import os
+import logging
+import sys
+
+# Pgen imports
+from . import grammar, parse, token, tokenize, pgen
+
+
+class Driver(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, grammar, convert=None, logger=None):
+        self.grammar = grammar
+        if logger is None:
+            logger = logging.getLogger()
+        self.logger = logger
+        self.convert = convert
+
+    def parse_tokens(self, tokens, debug=False):
+        """Parse a series of tokens and return the syntax tree."""
+        # XXX Move the prefix computation into a wrapper around tokenize.
+        p = parse.Parser(self.grammar, self.convert)
+        p.setup()
+        lineno = 1
+        column = 0
+        type = value = start = end = line_text = None
+        prefix = u""
+        for quintuple in tokens:
+            type, value, start, end, line_text = quintuple
+            if start != (lineno, column):
+                assert (lineno, column) <= start, ((lineno, column), start)
+                s_lineno, s_column = start
+                if lineno < s_lineno:
+                    prefix += "\n" * (s_lineno - lineno)
+                    lineno = s_lineno
+                    column = 0
+                if column < s_column:
+                    prefix += line_text[column:s_column]
+                    column = s_column
+            if type in (tokenize.COMMENT, tokenize.NL):
+                prefix += value
+                lineno, column = end
+                if value.endswith("\n"):
+                    lineno += 1
+                    column = 0
+                continue
+            if type == token.OP:
+                type = grammar.opmap[value]
+            if debug:
+                self.logger.debug("%s %r (prefix=%r)",
+                                  token.tok_name[type], value, prefix)
+            if p.addtoken(type, value, (prefix, start)):
+                if debug:
+                    self.logger.debug("Stop.")
+                break
+            prefix = ""
+            lineno, column = end
+            if value.endswith("\n"):
+                lineno += 1
+                column = 0
+        else:
+            # We never broke out -- EOF is too soon (how can this happen???)
+            raise parse.ParseError("incomplete input",
+                                   type, value, (prefix, start))
+        return p.rootnode
+
+    def parse_stream_raw(self, stream, debug=False):
+        """Parse a stream and return the syntax tree."""
+        tokens = tokenize.generate_tokens(stream.readline)
+        return self.parse_tokens(tokens, debug)
+
+    def parse_stream(self, stream, debug=False):
+        """Parse a stream and return the syntax tree."""
+        return self.parse_stream_raw(stream, debug)
+
+    def parse_file(self, filename, encoding=None, debug=False):
+        """Parse a file and return the syntax tree."""
+        stream = codecs.open(filename, "r", encoding)
+        try:
+            return self.parse_stream(stream, debug)
+        finally:
+            stream.close()
+
+    def parse_string(self, text, debug=False):
+        """Parse a string and return the syntax tree."""
+        tokens = tokenize.generate_tokens(generate_lines(text).next)
+        return self.parse_tokens(tokens, debug)
+
+
+def generate_lines(text):
+    """Generator that behaves like readline without using StringIO."""
+    for line in text.splitlines(True):
+        yield line
+    while True:
+        yield ""
+
+
+def load_grammar(gt="Grammar.txt", gp=None,
+                 save=True, force=False, logger=None):
+    """Load the grammar (maybe from a pickle)."""
+    if logger is None:
+        logger = logging.getLogger()
+    if gp is None:
+        head, tail = os.path.splitext(gt)
+        if tail == ".txt":
+            tail = ""
+        gp = head + tail + ".".join(map(str, sys.version_info)) + ".pickle"
+    if force or not _newer(gp, gt):
+        logger.info("Generating grammar tables from %s", gt)
+        g = pgen.generate_grammar(gt)
+        if save:
+            logger.info("Writing grammar tables to %s", gp)
+            try:
+                g.dump(gp)
+            except IOError, e:
+                logger.info("Writing failed:"+str(e))
+    else:
+        g = grammar.Grammar()
+        g.load(gp)
+    return g
+
+
+def _newer(a, b):
+    """Inquire whether file a was written since file b."""
+    if not os.path.exists(a):
+        return False
+    if not os.path.exists(b):
+        return True
+    return os.path.getmtime(a) >= os.path.getmtime(b)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/grammar.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/grammar.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0483424
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/grammar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+# Copyright 2004-2005 Elemental Security, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""This module defines the data structures used to represent a grammar.
+
+These are a bit arcane because they are derived from the data
+structures used by Python's 'pgen' parser generator.
+
+There's also a table here mapping operators to their names in the
+token module; the Python tokenize module reports all operators as the
+fallback token code OP, but the parser needs the actual token code.
+
+"""
+
+# Python imports
+import pickle
+
+# Local imports
+from . import token, tokenize
+
+
+class Grammar(object):
+    """Pgen parsing tables tables conversion class.
+
+    Once initialized, this class supplies the grammar tables for the
+    parsing engine implemented by parse.py.  The parsing engine
+    accesses the instance variables directly.  The class here does not
+    provide initialization of the tables; several subclasses exist to
+    do this (see the conv and pgen modules).
+
+    The load() method reads the tables from a pickle file, which is
+    much faster than the other ways offered by subclasses.  The pickle
+    file is written by calling dump() (after loading the grammar
+    tables using a subclass).  The report() method prints a readable
+    representation of the tables to stdout, for debugging.
+
+    The instance variables are as follows:
+
+    symbol2number -- a dict mapping symbol names to numbers.  Symbol
+                     numbers are always 256 or higher, to distinguish
+                     them from token numbers, which are between 0 and
+                     255 (inclusive).
+
+    number2symbol -- a dict mapping numbers to symbol names;
+                     these two are each other's inverse.
+
+    states        -- a list of DFAs, where each DFA is a list of
+                     states, each state is is a list of arcs, and each
+                     arc is a (i, j) pair where i is a label and j is
+                     a state number.  The DFA number is the index into
+                     this list.  (This name is slightly confusing.)
+                     Final states are represented by a special arc of
+                     the form (0, j) where j is its own state number.
+
+    dfas          -- a dict mapping symbol numbers to (DFA, first)
+                     pairs, where DFA is an item from the states list
+                     above, and first is a set of tokens that can
+                     begin this grammar rule (represented by a dict
+                     whose values are always 1).
+
+    labels        -- a list of (x, y) pairs where x is either a token
+                     number or a symbol number, and y is either None
+                     or a string; the strings are keywords.  The label
+                     number is the index in this list; label numbers
+                     are used to mark state transitions (arcs) in the
+                     DFAs.
+
+    start         -- the number of the grammar's start symbol.
+
+    keywords      -- a dict mapping keyword strings to arc labels.
+
+    tokens        -- a dict mapping token numbers to arc labels.
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.symbol2number = {}
+        self.number2symbol = {}
+        self.states = []
+        self.dfas = {}
+        self.labels = [(0, "EMPTY")]
+        self.keywords = {}
+        self.tokens = {}
+        self.symbol2label = {}
+        self.start = 256
+
+    def dump(self, filename):
+        """Dump the grammar tables to a pickle file."""
+        f = open(filename, "wb")
+        pickle.dump(self.__dict__, f, 2)
+        f.close()
+
+    def load(self, filename):
+        """Load the grammar tables from a pickle file."""
+        f = open(filename, "rb")
+        d = pickle.load(f)
+        f.close()
+        self.__dict__.update(d)
+
+    def copy(self):
+        """
+        Copy the grammar.
+        """
+        new = self.__class__()
+        for dict_attr in ("symbol2number", "number2symbol", "dfas", "keywords",
+                          "tokens", "symbol2label"):
+            setattr(new, dict_attr, getattr(self, dict_attr).copy())
+        new.labels = self.labels[:]
+        new.states = self.states[:]
+        new.start = self.start
+        return new
+
+    def report(self):
+        """Dump the grammar tables to standard output, for debugging."""
+        from pprint import pprint
+        print "s2n"
+        pprint(self.symbol2number)
+        print "n2s"
+        pprint(self.number2symbol)
+        print "states"
+        pprint(self.states)
+        print "dfas"
+        pprint(self.dfas)
+        print "labels"
+        pprint(self.labels)
+        print "start", self.start
+
+
+# Map from operator to number (since tokenize doesn't do this)
+
+opmap_raw = """
+( LPAR
+) RPAR
+[ LSQB
+] RSQB
+: COLON
+, COMMA
+; SEMI
++ PLUS
+- MINUS
+* STAR
+/ SLASH
+| VBAR
+& AMPER
+< LESS
+> GREATER
+= EQUAL
+. DOT
+% PERCENT
+` BACKQUOTE
+{ LBRACE
+} RBRACE
+@ AT
+== EQEQUAL
+!= NOTEQUAL
+<> NOTEQUAL
+<= LESSEQUAL
+>= GREATEREQUAL
+~ TILDE
+^ CIRCUMFLEX
+<< LEFTSHIFT
+>> RIGHTSHIFT
+** DOUBLESTAR
++= PLUSEQUAL
+-= MINEQUAL
+*= STAREQUAL
+/= SLASHEQUAL
+%= PERCENTEQUAL
+&= AMPEREQUAL
+|= VBAREQUAL
+^= CIRCUMFLEXEQUAL
+<<= LEFTSHIFTEQUAL
+>>= RIGHTSHIFTEQUAL
+**= DOUBLESTAREQUAL
+// DOUBLESLASH
+//= DOUBLESLASHEQUAL
+-> RARROW
+"""
+
+opmap = {}
+for line in opmap_raw.splitlines():
+    if line:
+        op, name = line.split()
+        opmap[op] = getattr(token, name)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/literals.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/literals.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b3948a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/literals.py
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# Copyright 2004-2005 Elemental Security, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Safely evaluate Python string literals without using eval()."""
+
+import re
+
+simple_escapes = {"a": "\a",
+                  "b": "\b",
+                  "f": "\f",
+                  "n": "\n",
+                  "r": "\r",
+                  "t": "\t",
+                  "v": "\v",
+                  "'": "'",
+                  '"': '"',
+                  "\\": "\\"}
+
+def escape(m):
+    all, tail = m.group(0, 1)
+    assert all.startswith("\\")
+    esc = simple_escapes.get(tail)
+    if esc is not None:
+        return esc
+    if tail.startswith("x"):
+        hexes = tail[1:]
+        if len(hexes) < 2:
+            raise ValueError("invalid hex string escape ('\\%s')" % tail)
+        try:
+            i = int(hexes, 16)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ValueError("invalid hex string escape ('\\%s')" % tail)
+    else:
+        try:
+            i = int(tail, 8)
+        except ValueError:
+            raise ValueError("invalid octal string escape ('\\%s')" % tail)
+    return chr(i)
+
+def evalString(s):
+    assert s.startswith("'") or s.startswith('"'), repr(s[:1])
+    q = s[0]
+    if s[:3] == q*3:
+        q = q*3
+    assert s.endswith(q), repr(s[-len(q):])
+    assert len(s) >= 2*len(q)
+    s = s[len(q):-len(q)]
+    return re.sub(r"\\(\'|\"|\\|[abfnrtv]|x.{0,2}|[0-7]{1,3})", escape, s)
+
+def test():
+    for i in range(256):
+        c = chr(i)
+        s = repr(c)
+        e = evalString(s)
+        if e != c:
+            print i, c, s, e
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    test()
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/parse.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/parse.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bebdbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/parse.py
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# Copyright 2004-2005 Elemental Security, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Parser engine for the grammar tables generated by pgen.
+
+The grammar table must be loaded first.
+
+See Parser/parser.c in the Python distribution for additional info on
+how this parsing engine works.
+
+"""
+
+# Local imports
+from . import token
+
+class ParseError(Exception):
+    """Exception to signal the parser is stuck."""
+
+    def __init__(self, msg, type, value, context):
+        Exception.__init__(self, "%s: type=%r, value=%r, context=%r" %
+                           (msg, type, value, context))
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.type = type
+        self.value = value
+        self.context = context
+
+class Parser(object):
+    """Parser engine.
+
+    The proper usage sequence is:
+
+    p = Parser(grammar, [converter])  # create instance
+    p.setup([start])                  # prepare for parsing
+    <for each input token>:
+        if p.addtoken(...):           # parse a token; may raise ParseError
+            break
+    root = p.rootnode                 # root of abstract syntax tree
+
+    A Parser instance may be reused by calling setup() repeatedly.
+
+    A Parser instance contains state pertaining to the current token
+    sequence, and should not be used concurrently by different threads
+    to parse separate token sequences.
+
+    See driver.py for how to get input tokens by tokenizing a file or
+    string.
+
+    Parsing is complete when addtoken() returns True; the root of the
+    abstract syntax tree can then be retrieved from the rootnode
+    instance variable.  When a syntax error occurs, addtoken() raises
+    the ParseError exception.  There is no error recovery; the parser
+    cannot be used after a syntax error was reported (but it can be
+    reinitialized by calling setup()).
+
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, grammar, convert=None):
+        """Constructor.
+
+        The grammar argument is a grammar.Grammar instance; see the
+        grammar module for more information.
+
+        The parser is not ready yet for parsing; you must call the
+        setup() method to get it started.
+
+        The optional convert argument is a function mapping concrete
+        syntax tree nodes to abstract syntax tree nodes.  If not
+        given, no conversion is done and the syntax tree produced is
+        the concrete syntax tree.  If given, it must be a function of
+        two arguments, the first being the grammar (a grammar.Grammar
+        instance), and the second being the concrete syntax tree node
+        to be converted.  The syntax tree is converted from the bottom
+        up.
+
+        A concrete syntax tree node is a (type, value, context, nodes)
+        tuple, where type is the node type (a token or symbol number),
+        value is None for symbols and a string for tokens, context is
+        None or an opaque value used for error reporting (typically a
+        (lineno, offset) pair), and nodes is a list of children for
+        symbols, and None for tokens.
+
+        An abstract syntax tree node may be anything; this is entirely
+        up to the converter function.
+
+        """
+        self.grammar = grammar
+        self.convert = convert or (lambda grammar, node: node)
+
+    def setup(self, start=None):
+        """Prepare for parsing.
+
+        This *must* be called before starting to parse.
+
+        The optional argument is an alternative start symbol; it
+        defaults to the grammar's start symbol.
+
+        You can use a Parser instance to parse any number of programs;
+        each time you call setup() the parser is reset to an initial
+        state determined by the (implicit or explicit) start symbol.
+
+        """
+        if start is None:
+            start = self.grammar.start
+        # Each stack entry is a tuple: (dfa, state, node).
+        # A node is a tuple: (type, value, context, children),
+        # where children is a list of nodes or None, and context may be None.
+        newnode = (start, None, None, [])
+        stackentry = (self.grammar.dfas[start], 0, newnode)
+        self.stack = [stackentry]
+        self.rootnode = None
+        self.used_names = set() # Aliased to self.rootnode.used_names in pop()
+
+    def addtoken(self, type, value, context):
+        """Add a token; return True iff this is the end of the program."""
+        # Map from token to label
+        ilabel = self.classify(type, value, context)
+        # Loop until the token is shifted; may raise exceptions
+        while True:
+            dfa, state, node = self.stack[-1]
+            states, first = dfa
+            arcs = states[state]
+            # Look for a state with this label
+            for i, newstate in arcs:
+                t, v = self.grammar.labels[i]
+                if ilabel == i:
+                    # Look it up in the list of labels
+                    assert t < 256
+                    # Shift a token; we're done with it
+                    self.shift(type, value, newstate, context)
+                    # Pop while we are in an accept-only state
+                    state = newstate
+                    while states[state] == [(0, state)]:
+                        self.pop()
+                        if not self.stack:
+                            # Done parsing!
+                            return True
+                        dfa, state, node = self.stack[-1]
+                        states, first = dfa
+                    # Done with this token
+                    return False
+                elif t >= 256:
+                    # See if it's a symbol and if we're in its first set
+                    itsdfa = self.grammar.dfas[t]
+                    itsstates, itsfirst = itsdfa
+                    if ilabel in itsfirst:
+                        # Push a symbol
+                        self.push(t, self.grammar.dfas[t], newstate, context)
+                        break # To continue the outer while loop
+            else:
+                if (0, state) in arcs:
+                    # An accepting state, pop it and try something else
+                    self.pop()
+                    if not self.stack:
+                        # Done parsing, but another token is input
+                        raise ParseError("too much input",
+                                         type, value, context)
+                else:
+                    # No success finding a transition
+                    raise ParseError("bad input", type, value, context)
+
+    def classify(self, type, value, context):
+        """Turn a token into a label.  (Internal)"""
+        if type == token.NAME:
+            # Keep a listing of all used names
+            self.used_names.add(value)
+            # Check for reserved words
+            ilabel = self.grammar.keywords.get(value)
+            if ilabel is not None:
+                return ilabel
+        ilabel = self.grammar.tokens.get(type)
+        if ilabel is None:
+            raise ParseError("bad token", type, value, context)
+        return ilabel
+
+    def shift(self, type, value, newstate, context):
+        """Shift a token.  (Internal)"""
+        dfa, state, node = self.stack[-1]
+        newnode = (type, value, context, None)
+        newnode = self.convert(self.grammar, newnode)
+        if newnode is not None:
+            node[-1].append(newnode)
+        self.stack[-1] = (dfa, newstate, node)
+
+    def push(self, type, newdfa, newstate, context):
+        """Push a nonterminal.  (Internal)"""
+        dfa, state, node = self.stack[-1]
+        newnode = (type, None, context, [])
+        self.stack[-1] = (dfa, newstate, node)
+        self.stack.append((newdfa, 0, newnode))
+
+    def pop(self):
+        """Pop a nonterminal.  (Internal)"""
+        popdfa, popstate, popnode = self.stack.pop()
+        newnode = self.convert(self.grammar, popnode)
+        if newnode is not None:
+            if self.stack:
+                dfa, state, node = self.stack[-1]
+                node[-1].append(newnode)
+            else:
+                self.rootnode = newnode
+                self.rootnode.used_names = self.used_names
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/pgen.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/pgen.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63084a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/pgen.py
@@ -0,0 +1,386 @@
+# Copyright 2004-2005 Elemental Security, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+# Pgen imports
+from . import grammar, token, tokenize
+
+class PgenGrammar(grammar.Grammar):
+    pass
+
+class ParserGenerator(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, filename, stream=None):
+        close_stream = None
+        if stream is None:
+            stream = open(filename)
+            close_stream = stream.close
+        self.filename = filename
+        self.stream = stream
+        self.generator = tokenize.generate_tokens(stream.readline)
+        self.gettoken() # Initialize lookahead
+        self.dfas, self.startsymbol = self.parse()
+        if close_stream is not None:
+            close_stream()
+        self.first = {} # map from symbol name to set of tokens
+        self.addfirstsets()
+
+    def make_grammar(self):
+        c = PgenGrammar()
+        names = self.dfas.keys()
+        names.sort()
+        names.remove(self.startsymbol)
+        names.insert(0, self.startsymbol)
+        for name in names:
+            i = 256 + len(c.symbol2number)
+            c.symbol2number[name] = i
+            c.number2symbol[i] = name
+        for name in names:
+            dfa = self.dfas[name]
+            states = []
+            for state in dfa:
+                arcs = []
+                for label, next in state.arcs.iteritems():
+                    arcs.append((self.make_label(c, label), dfa.index(next)))
+                if state.isfinal:
+                    arcs.append((0, dfa.index(state)))
+                states.append(arcs)
+            c.states.append(states)
+            c.dfas[c.symbol2number[name]] = (states, self.make_first(c, name))
+        c.start = c.symbol2number[self.startsymbol]
+        return c
+
+    def make_first(self, c, name):
+        rawfirst = self.first[name]
+        first = {}
+        for label in rawfirst:
+            ilabel = self.make_label(c, label)
+            ##assert ilabel not in first # XXX failed on <> ... !=
+            first[ilabel] = 1
+        return first
+
+    def make_label(self, c, label):
+        # XXX Maybe this should be a method on a subclass of converter?
+        ilabel = len(c.labels)
+        if label[0].isalpha():
+            # Either a symbol name or a named token
+            if label in c.symbol2number:
+                # A symbol name (a non-terminal)
+                if label in c.symbol2label:
+                    return c.symbol2label[label]
+                else:
+                    c.labels.append((c.symbol2number[label], None))
+                    c.symbol2label[label] = ilabel
+                    return ilabel
+            else:
+                # A named token (NAME, NUMBER, STRING)
+                itoken = getattr(token, label, None)
+                assert isinstance(itoken, int), label
+                assert itoken in token.tok_name, label
+                if itoken in c.tokens:
+                    return c.tokens[itoken]
+                else:
+                    c.labels.append((itoken, None))
+                    c.tokens[itoken] = ilabel
+                    return ilabel
+        else:
+            # Either a keyword or an operator
+            assert label[0] in ('"', "'"), label
+            value = eval(label)
+            if value[0].isalpha():
+                # A keyword
+                if value in c.keywords:
+                    return c.keywords[value]
+                else:
+                    c.labels.append((token.NAME, value))
+                    c.keywords[value] = ilabel
+                    return ilabel
+            else:
+                # An operator (any non-numeric token)
+                itoken = grammar.opmap[value] # Fails if unknown token
+                if itoken in c.tokens:
+                    return c.tokens[itoken]
+                else:
+                    c.labels.append((itoken, None))
+                    c.tokens[itoken] = ilabel
+                    return ilabel
+
+    def addfirstsets(self):
+        names = self.dfas.keys()
+        names.sort()
+        for name in names:
+            if name not in self.first:
+                self.calcfirst(name)
+            #print name, self.first[name].keys()
+
+    def calcfirst(self, name):
+        dfa = self.dfas[name]
+        self.first[name] = None # dummy to detect left recursion
+        state = dfa[0]
+        totalset = {}
+        overlapcheck = {}
+        for label, next in state.arcs.iteritems():
+            if label in self.dfas:
+                if label in self.first:
+                    fset = self.first[label]
+                    if fset is None:
+                        raise ValueError("recursion for rule %r" % name)
+                else:
+                    self.calcfirst(label)
+                    fset = self.first[label]
+                totalset.update(fset)
+                overlapcheck[label] = fset
+            else:
+                totalset[label] = 1
+                overlapcheck[label] = {label: 1}
+        inverse = {}
+        for label, itsfirst in overlapcheck.iteritems():
+            for symbol in itsfirst:
+                if symbol in inverse:
+                    raise ValueError("rule %s is ambiguous; %s is in the"
+                                     " first sets of %s as well as %s" %
+                                     (name, symbol, label, inverse[symbol]))
+                inverse[symbol] = label
+        self.first[name] = totalset
+
+    def parse(self):
+        dfas = {}
+        startsymbol = None
+        # MSTART: (NEWLINE | RULE)* ENDMARKER
+        while self.type != token.ENDMARKER:
+            while self.type == token.NEWLINE:
+                self.gettoken()
+            # RULE: NAME ':' RHS NEWLINE
+            name = self.expect(token.NAME)
+            self.expect(token.OP, ":")
+            a, z = self.parse_rhs()
+            self.expect(token.NEWLINE)
+            #self.dump_nfa(name, a, z)
+            dfa = self.make_dfa(a, z)
+            #self.dump_dfa(name, dfa)
+            oldlen = len(dfa)
+            self.simplify_dfa(dfa)
+            newlen = len(dfa)
+            dfas[name] = dfa
+            #print name, oldlen, newlen
+            if startsymbol is None:
+                startsymbol = name
+        return dfas, startsymbol
+
+    def make_dfa(self, start, finish):
+        # To turn an NFA into a DFA, we define the states of the DFA
+        # to correspond to *sets* of states of the NFA.  Then do some
+        # state reduction.  Let's represent sets as dicts with 1 for
+        # values.
+        assert isinstance(start, NFAState)
+        assert isinstance(finish, NFAState)
+        def closure(state):
+            base = {}
+            addclosure(state, base)
+            return base
+        def addclosure(state, base):
+            assert isinstance(state, NFAState)
+            if state in base:
+                return
+            base[state] = 1
+            for label, next in state.arcs:
+                if label is None:
+                    addclosure(next, base)
+        states = [DFAState(closure(start), finish)]
+        for state in states: # NB states grows while we're iterating
+            arcs = {}
+            for nfastate in state.nfaset:
+                for label, next in nfastate.arcs:
+                    if label is not None:
+                        addclosure(next, arcs.setdefault(label, {}))
+            for label, nfaset in arcs.iteritems():
+                for st in states:
+                    if st.nfaset == nfaset:
+                        break
+                else:
+                    st = DFAState(nfaset, finish)
+                    states.append(st)
+                state.addarc(st, label)
+        return states # List of DFAState instances; first one is start
+
+    def dump_nfa(self, name, start, finish):
+        print "Dump of NFA for", name
+        todo = [start]
+        for i, state in enumerate(todo):
+            print "  State", i, state is finish and "(final)" or ""
+            for label, next in state.arcs:
+                if next in todo:
+                    j = todo.index(next)
+                else:
+                    j = len(todo)
+                    todo.append(next)
+                if label is None:
+                    print "    -> %d" % j
+                else:
+                    print "    %s -> %d" % (label, j)
+
+    def dump_dfa(self, name, dfa):
+        print "Dump of DFA for", name
+        for i, state in enumerate(dfa):
+            print "  State", i, state.isfinal and "(final)" or ""
+            for label, next in state.arcs.iteritems():
+                print "    %s -> %d" % (label, dfa.index(next))
+
+    def simplify_dfa(self, dfa):
+        # This is not theoretically optimal, but works well enough.
+        # Algorithm: repeatedly look for two states that have the same
+        # set of arcs (same labels pointing to the same nodes) and
+        # unify them, until things stop changing.
+
+        # dfa is a list of DFAState instances
+        changes = True
+        while changes:
+            changes = False
+            for i, state_i in enumerate(dfa):
+                for j in range(i+1, len(dfa)):
+                    state_j = dfa[j]
+                    if state_i == state_j:
+                        #print "  unify", i, j
+                        del dfa[j]
+                        for state in dfa:
+                            state.unifystate(state_j, state_i)
+                        changes = True
+                        break
+
+    def parse_rhs(self):
+        # RHS: ALT ('|' ALT)*
+        a, z = self.parse_alt()
+        if self.value != "|":
+            return a, z
+        else:
+            aa = NFAState()
+            zz = NFAState()
+            aa.addarc(a)
+            z.addarc(zz)
+            while self.value == "|":
+                self.gettoken()
+                a, z = self.parse_alt()
+                aa.addarc(a)
+                z.addarc(zz)
+            return aa, zz
+
+    def parse_alt(self):
+        # ALT: ITEM+
+        a, b = self.parse_item()
+        while (self.value in ("(", "[") or
+               self.type in (token.NAME, token.STRING)):
+            c, d = self.parse_item()
+            b.addarc(c)
+            b = d
+        return a, b
+
+    def parse_item(self):
+        # ITEM: '[' RHS ']' | ATOM ['+' | '*']
+        if self.value == "[":
+            self.gettoken()
+            a, z = self.parse_rhs()
+            self.expect(token.OP, "]")
+            a.addarc(z)
+            return a, z
+        else:
+            a, z = self.parse_atom()
+            value = self.value
+            if value not in ("+", "*"):
+                return a, z
+            self.gettoken()
+            z.addarc(a)
+            if value == "+":
+                return a, z
+            else:
+                return a, a
+
+    def parse_atom(self):
+        # ATOM: '(' RHS ')' | NAME | STRING
+        if self.value == "(":
+            self.gettoken()
+            a, z = self.parse_rhs()
+            self.expect(token.OP, ")")
+            return a, z
+        elif self.type in (token.NAME, token.STRING):
+            a = NFAState()
+            z = NFAState()
+            a.addarc(z, self.value)
+            self.gettoken()
+            return a, z
+        else:
+            self.raise_error("expected (...) or NAME or STRING, got %s/%s",
+                             self.type, self.value)
+
+    def expect(self, type, value=None):
+        if self.type != type or (value is not None and self.value != value):
+            self.raise_error("expected %s/%s, got %s/%s",
+                             type, value, self.type, self.value)
+        value = self.value
+        self.gettoken()
+        return value
+
+    def gettoken(self):
+        tup = self.generator.next()
+        while tup[0] in (tokenize.COMMENT, tokenize.NL):
+            tup = self.generator.next()
+        self.type, self.value, self.begin, self.end, self.line = tup
+        #print token.tok_name[self.type], repr(self.value)
+
+    def raise_error(self, msg, *args):
+        if args:
+            try:
+                msg = msg % args
+            except:
+                msg = " ".join([msg] + map(str, args))
+        raise SyntaxError(msg, (self.filename, self.end[0],
+                                self.end[1], self.line))
+
+class NFAState(object):
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.arcs = [] # list of (label, NFAState) pairs
+
+    def addarc(self, next, label=None):
+        assert label is None or isinstance(label, str)
+        assert isinstance(next, NFAState)
+        self.arcs.append((label, next))
+
+class DFAState(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, nfaset, final):
+        assert isinstance(nfaset, dict)
+        assert isinstance(iter(nfaset).next(), NFAState)
+        assert isinstance(final, NFAState)
+        self.nfaset = nfaset
+        self.isfinal = final in nfaset
+        self.arcs = {} # map from label to DFAState
+
+    def addarc(self, next, label):
+        assert isinstance(label, str)
+        assert label not in self.arcs
+        assert isinstance(next, DFAState)
+        self.arcs[label] = next
+
+    def unifystate(self, old, new):
+        for label, next in self.arcs.iteritems():
+            if next is old:
+                self.arcs[label] = new
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        # Equality test -- ignore the nfaset instance variable
+        assert isinstance(other, DFAState)
+        if self.isfinal != other.isfinal:
+            return False
+        # Can't just return self.arcs == other.arcs, because that
+        # would invoke this method recursively, with cycles...
+        if len(self.arcs) != len(other.arcs):
+            return False
+        for label, next in self.arcs.iteritems():
+            if next is not other.arcs.get(label):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    __hash__ = None # For Py3 compatibility.
+
+def generate_grammar(filename="Grammar.txt"):
+    p = ParserGenerator(filename)
+    return p.make_grammar()
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/token.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/token.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..61468b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/token.py
@@ -0,0 +1,82 @@
+#! /usr/bin/env python
+
+"""Token constants (from "token.h")."""
+
+#  Taken from Python (r53757) and modified to include some tokens
+#   originally monkeypatched in by pgen2.tokenize
+
+#--start constants--
+ENDMARKER = 0
+NAME = 1
+NUMBER = 2
+STRING = 3
+NEWLINE = 4
+INDENT = 5
+DEDENT = 6
+LPAR = 7
+RPAR = 8
+LSQB = 9
+RSQB = 10
+COLON = 11
+COMMA = 12
+SEMI = 13
+PLUS = 14
+MINUS = 15
+STAR = 16
+SLASH = 17
+VBAR = 18
+AMPER = 19
+LESS = 20
+GREATER = 21
+EQUAL = 22
+DOT = 23
+PERCENT = 24
+BACKQUOTE = 25
+LBRACE = 26
+RBRACE = 27
+EQEQUAL = 28
+NOTEQUAL = 29
+LESSEQUAL = 30
+GREATEREQUAL = 31
+TILDE = 32
+CIRCUMFLEX = 33
+LEFTSHIFT = 34
+RIGHTSHIFT = 35
+DOUBLESTAR = 36
+PLUSEQUAL = 37
+MINEQUAL = 38
+STAREQUAL = 39
+SLASHEQUAL = 40
+PERCENTEQUAL = 41
+AMPEREQUAL = 42
+VBAREQUAL = 43
+CIRCUMFLEXEQUAL = 44
+LEFTSHIFTEQUAL = 45
+RIGHTSHIFTEQUAL = 46
+DOUBLESTAREQUAL = 47
+DOUBLESLASH = 48
+DOUBLESLASHEQUAL = 49
+AT = 50
+OP = 51
+COMMENT = 52
+NL = 53
+RARROW = 54
+ERRORTOKEN = 55
+N_TOKENS = 56
+NT_OFFSET = 256
+#--end constants--
+
+tok_name = {}
+for _name, _value in globals().items():
+    if type(_value) is type(0):
+        tok_name[_value] = _name
+
+
+def ISTERMINAL(x):
+    return x < NT_OFFSET
+
+def ISNONTERMINAL(x):
+    return x >= NT_OFFSET
+
+def ISEOF(x):
+    return x == ENDMARKER
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/tokenize.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/tokenize.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0f45f9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pgen2/tokenize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,492 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006 Python Software Foundation.
+# All rights reserved.
+
+"""Tokenization help for Python programs.
+
+generate_tokens(readline) is a generator that breaks a stream of
+text into Python tokens.  It accepts a readline-like method which is called
+repeatedly to get the next line of input (or "" for EOF).  It generates
+5-tuples with these members:
+
+    the token type (see token.py)
+    the token (a string)
+    the starting (row, column) indices of the token (a 2-tuple of ints)
+    the ending (row, column) indices of the token (a 2-tuple of ints)
+    the original line (string)
+
+It is designed to match the working of the Python tokenizer exactly, except
+that it produces COMMENT tokens for comments and gives type OP for all
+operators
+
+Older entry points
+    tokenize_loop(readline, tokeneater)
+    tokenize(readline, tokeneater=printtoken)
+are the same, except instead of generating tokens, tokeneater is a callback
+function to which the 5 fields described above are passed as 5 arguments,
+each time a new token is found."""
+
+__author__ = 'Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>'
+__credits__ = \
+    'GvR, ESR, Tim Peters, Thomas Wouters, Fred Drake, Skip Montanaro'
+
+import string, re
+from codecs import BOM_UTF8, lookup
+from lib2to3.pgen2.token import *
+
+from . import token
+__all__ = [x for x in dir(token) if x[0] != '_'] + ["tokenize",
+           "generate_tokens", "untokenize"]
+del token
+
+def group(*choices): return '(' + '|'.join(choices) + ')'
+def any(*choices): return group(*choices) + '*'
+def maybe(*choices): return group(*choices) + '?'
+
+Whitespace = r'[ \f\t]*'
+Comment = r'#[^\r\n]*'
+Ignore = Whitespace + any(r'\\\r?\n' + Whitespace) + maybe(Comment)
+Name = r'[a-zA-Z_]\w*'
+
+Binnumber = r'0[bB][01]*'
+Hexnumber = r'0[xX][\da-fA-F]*[lL]?'
+Octnumber = r'0[oO]?[0-7]*[lL]?'
+Decnumber = r'[1-9]\d*[lL]?'
+Intnumber = group(Binnumber, Hexnumber, Octnumber, Decnumber)
+Exponent = r'[eE][-+]?\d+'
+Pointfloat = group(r'\d+\.\d*', r'\.\d+') + maybe(Exponent)
+Expfloat = r'\d+' + Exponent
+Floatnumber = group(Pointfloat, Expfloat)
+Imagnumber = group(r'\d+[jJ]', Floatnumber + r'[jJ]')
+Number = group(Imagnumber, Floatnumber, Intnumber)
+
+# Tail end of ' string.
+Single = r"[^'\\]*(?:\\.[^'\\]*)*'"
+# Tail end of " string.
+Double = r'[^"\\]*(?:\\.[^"\\]*)*"'
+# Tail end of ''' string.
+Single3 = r"[^'\\]*(?:(?:\\.|'(?!''))[^'\\]*)*'''"
+# Tail end of """ string.
+Double3 = r'[^"\\]*(?:(?:\\.|"(?!""))[^"\\]*)*"""'
+Triple = group("[ubUB]?[rR]?'''", '[ubUB]?[rR]?"""')
+# Single-line ' or " string.
+String = group(r"[uU]?[rR]?'[^\n'\\]*(?:\\.[^\n'\\]*)*'",
+               r'[uU]?[rR]?"[^\n"\\]*(?:\\.[^\n"\\]*)*"')
+
+# Because of leftmost-then-longest match semantics, be sure to put the
+# longest operators first (e.g., if = came before ==, == would get
+# recognized as two instances of =).
+Operator = group(r"\*\*=?", r">>=?", r"<<=?", r"<>", r"!=",
+                 r"//=?", r"->",
+                 r"[+\-*/%&|^=<>]=?",
+                 r"~")
+
+Bracket = '[][(){}]'
+Special = group(r'\r?\n', r'[:;.,`@]')
+Funny = group(Operator, Bracket, Special)
+
+PlainToken = group(Number, Funny, String, Name)
+Token = Ignore + PlainToken
+
+# First (or only) line of ' or " string.
+ContStr = group(r"[uUbB]?[rR]?'[^\n'\\]*(?:\\.[^\n'\\]*)*" +
+                group("'", r'\\\r?\n'),
+                r'[uUbB]?[rR]?"[^\n"\\]*(?:\\.[^\n"\\]*)*' +
+                group('"', r'\\\r?\n'))
+PseudoExtras = group(r'\\\r?\n', Comment, Triple)
+PseudoToken = Whitespace + group(PseudoExtras, Number, Funny, ContStr, Name)
+
+tokenprog, pseudoprog, single3prog, double3prog = map(
+    re.compile, (Token, PseudoToken, Single3, Double3))
+endprogs = {"'": re.compile(Single), '"': re.compile(Double),
+            "'''": single3prog, '"""': double3prog,
+            "r'''": single3prog, 'r"""': double3prog,
+            "u'''": single3prog, 'u"""': double3prog,
+            "b'''": single3prog, 'b"""': double3prog,
+            "ur'''": single3prog, 'ur"""': double3prog,
+            "br'''": single3prog, 'br"""': double3prog,
+            "R'''": single3prog, 'R"""': double3prog,
+            "U'''": single3prog, 'U"""': double3prog,
+            "B'''": single3prog, 'B"""': double3prog,
+            "uR'''": single3prog, 'uR"""': double3prog,
+            "Ur'''": single3prog, 'Ur"""': double3prog,
+            "UR'''": single3prog, 'UR"""': double3prog,
+            "bR'''": single3prog, 'bR"""': double3prog,
+            "Br'''": single3prog, 'Br"""': double3prog,
+            "BR'''": single3prog, 'BR"""': double3prog,
+            'r': None, 'R': None,
+            'u': None, 'U': None,
+            'b': None, 'B': None}
+
+triple_quoted = {}
+for t in ("'''", '"""',
+          "r'''", 'r"""', "R'''", 'R"""',
+          "u'''", 'u"""', "U'''", 'U"""',
+          "b'''", 'b"""', "B'''", 'B"""',
+          "ur'''", 'ur"""', "Ur'''", 'Ur"""',
+          "uR'''", 'uR"""', "UR'''", 'UR"""',
+          "br'''", 'br"""', "Br'''", 'Br"""',
+          "bR'''", 'bR"""', "BR'''", 'BR"""',):
+    triple_quoted[t] = t
+single_quoted = {}
+for t in ("'", '"',
+          "r'", 'r"', "R'", 'R"',
+          "u'", 'u"', "U'", 'U"',
+          "b'", 'b"', "B'", 'B"',
+          "ur'", 'ur"', "Ur'", 'Ur"',
+          "uR'", 'uR"', "UR'", 'UR"',
+          "br'", 'br"', "Br'", 'Br"',
+          "bR'", 'bR"', "BR'", 'BR"', ):
+    single_quoted[t] = t
+
+tabsize = 8
+
+class TokenError(Exception): pass
+
+class StopTokenizing(Exception): pass
+
+def printtoken(type, token, start, end, line): # for testing
+    (srow, scol) = start
+    (erow, ecol) = end
+    print "%d,%d-%d,%d:\t%s\t%s" % \
+        (srow, scol, erow, ecol, tok_name[type], repr(token))
+
+def tokenize(readline, tokeneater=printtoken):
+    """
+    The tokenize() function accepts two parameters: one representing the
+    input stream, and one providing an output mechanism for tokenize().
+
+    The first parameter, readline, must be a callable object which provides
+    the same interface as the readline() method of built-in file objects.
+    Each call to the function should return one line of input as a string.
+
+    The second parameter, tokeneater, must also be a callable object. It is
+    called once for each token, with five arguments, corresponding to the
+    tuples generated by generate_tokens().
+    """
+    try:
+        tokenize_loop(readline, tokeneater)
+    except StopTokenizing:
+        pass
+
+# backwards compatible interface
+def tokenize_loop(readline, tokeneater):
+    for token_info in generate_tokens(readline):
+        tokeneater(*token_info)
+
+class Untokenizer:
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.tokens = []
+        self.prev_row = 1
+        self.prev_col = 0
+
+    def add_whitespace(self, start):
+        row, col = start
+        assert row <= self.prev_row
+        col_offset = col - self.prev_col
+        if col_offset:
+            self.tokens.append(" " * col_offset)
+
+    def untokenize(self, iterable):
+        for t in iterable:
+            if len(t) == 2:
+                self.compat(t, iterable)
+                break
+            tok_type, token, start, end, line = t
+            self.add_whitespace(start)
+            self.tokens.append(token)
+            self.prev_row, self.prev_col = end
+            if tok_type in (NEWLINE, NL):
+                self.prev_row += 1
+                self.prev_col = 0
+        return "".join(self.tokens)
+
+    def compat(self, token, iterable):
+        startline = False
+        indents = []
+        toks_append = self.tokens.append
+        toknum, tokval = token
+        if toknum in (NAME, NUMBER):
+            tokval += ' '
+        if toknum in (NEWLINE, NL):
+            startline = True
+        for tok in iterable:
+            toknum, tokval = tok[:2]
+
+            if toknum in (NAME, NUMBER):
+                tokval += ' '
+
+            if toknum == INDENT:
+                indents.append(tokval)
+                continue
+            elif toknum == DEDENT:
+                indents.pop()
+                continue
+            elif toknum in (NEWLINE, NL):
+                startline = True
+            elif startline and indents:
+                toks_append(indents[-1])
+                startline = False
+            toks_append(tokval)
+
+cookie_re = re.compile("coding[:=]\s*([-\w.]+)")
+
+def _get_normal_name(orig_enc):
+    """Imitates get_normal_name in tokenizer.c."""
+    # Only care about the first 12 characters.
+    enc = orig_enc[:12].lower().replace("_", "-")
+    if enc == "utf-8" or enc.startswith("utf-8-"):
+        return "utf-8"
+    if enc in ("latin-1", "iso-8859-1", "iso-latin-1") or \
+       enc.startswith(("latin-1-", "iso-8859-1-", "iso-latin-1-")):
+        return "iso-8859-1"
+    return orig_enc
+
+def detect_encoding(readline):
+    """
+    The detect_encoding() function is used to detect the encoding that should
+    be used to decode a Python source file. It requires one argment, readline,
+    in the same way as the tokenize() generator.
+
+    It will call readline a maximum of twice, and return the encoding used
+    (as a string) and a list of any lines (left as bytes) it has read
+    in.
+
+    It detects the encoding from the presence of a utf-8 bom or an encoding
+    cookie as specified in pep-0263. If both a bom and a cookie are present,
+    but disagree, a SyntaxError will be raised. If the encoding cookie is an
+    invalid charset, raise a SyntaxError.
+
+    If no encoding is specified, then the default of 'utf-8' will be returned.
+    """
+    bom_found = False
+    encoding = None
+    def read_or_stop():
+        try:
+            return readline()
+        except StopIteration:
+            return b''
+
+    def find_cookie(line):
+        try:
+            line_string = line.decode('ascii')
+        except UnicodeDecodeError:
+            return None
+
+        matches = cookie_re.findall(line_string)
+        if not matches:
+            return None
+        encoding = _get_normal_name(matches[0])
+        try:
+            codec = lookup(encoding)
+        except LookupError:
+            # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
+            raise SyntaxError("unknown encoding: " + encoding)
+
+        if bom_found:
+            if codec.name != 'utf-8':
+                # This behaviour mimics the Python interpreter
+                raise SyntaxError('encoding problem: utf-8')
+            else:
+                # Allow it to be properly encoded and decoded.
+                encoding = 'utf-8-sig'
+        return encoding
+
+    first = read_or_stop()
+    if first.startswith(BOM_UTF8):
+        bom_found = True
+        first = first[3:]
+    if not first:
+        return 'utf-8', []
+
+    encoding = find_cookie(first)
+    if encoding:
+        return encoding, [first]
+
+    second = read_or_stop()
+    if not second:
+        return 'utf-8', [first]
+
+    encoding = find_cookie(second)
+    if encoding:
+        return encoding, [first, second]
+
+    return 'utf-8', [first, second]
+
+def untokenize(iterable):
+    """Transform tokens back into Python source code.
+
+    Each element returned by the iterable must be a token sequence
+    with at least two elements, a token number and token value.  If
+    only two tokens are passed, the resulting output is poor.
+
+    Round-trip invariant for full input:
+        Untokenized source will match input source exactly
+
+    Round-trip invariant for limited intput:
+        # Output text will tokenize the back to the input
+        t1 = [tok[:2] for tok in generate_tokens(f.readline)]
+        newcode = untokenize(t1)
+        readline = iter(newcode.splitlines(1)).next
+        t2 = [tok[:2] for tokin generate_tokens(readline)]
+        assert t1 == t2
+    """
+    ut = Untokenizer()
+    return ut.untokenize(iterable)
+
+def generate_tokens(readline):
+    """
+    The generate_tokens() generator requires one argment, readline, which
+    must be a callable object which provides the same interface as the
+    readline() method of built-in file objects. Each call to the function
+    should return one line of input as a string.  Alternately, readline
+    can be a callable function terminating with StopIteration:
+        readline = open(myfile).next    # Example of alternate readline
+
+    The generator produces 5-tuples with these members: the token type; the
+    token string; a 2-tuple (srow, scol) of ints specifying the row and
+    column where the token begins in the source; a 2-tuple (erow, ecol) of
+    ints specifying the row and column where the token ends in the source;
+    and the line on which the token was found. The line passed is the
+    logical line; continuation lines are included.
+    """
+    lnum = parenlev = continued = 0
+    namechars, numchars = string.ascii_letters + '_', '0123456789'
+    contstr, needcont = '', 0
+    contline = None
+    indents = [0]
+
+    while 1:                                   # loop over lines in stream
+        try:
+            line = readline()
+        except StopIteration:
+            line = ''
+        lnum = lnum + 1
+        pos, max = 0, len(line)
+
+        if contstr:                            # continued string
+            if not line:
+                raise TokenError, ("EOF in multi-line string", strstart)
+            endmatch = endprog.match(line)
+            if endmatch:
+                pos = end = endmatch.end(0)
+                yield (STRING, contstr + line[:end],
+                       strstart, (lnum, end), contline + line)
+                contstr, needcont = '', 0
+                contline = None
+            elif needcont and line[-2:] != '\\\n' and line[-3:] != '\\\r\n':
+                yield (ERRORTOKEN, contstr + line,
+                           strstart, (lnum, len(line)), contline)
+                contstr = ''
+                contline = None
+                continue
+            else:
+                contstr = contstr + line
+                contline = contline + line
+                continue
+
+        elif parenlev == 0 and not continued:  # new statement
+            if not line: break
+            column = 0
+            while pos < max:                   # measure leading whitespace
+                if line[pos] == ' ': column = column + 1
+                elif line[pos] == '\t': column = (column//tabsize + 1)*tabsize
+                elif line[pos] == '\f': column = 0
+                else: break
+                pos = pos + 1
+            if pos == max: break
+
+            if line[pos] in '#\r\n':           # skip comments or blank lines
+                if line[pos] == '#':
+                    comment_token = line[pos:].rstrip('\r\n')
+                    nl_pos = pos + len(comment_token)
+                    yield (COMMENT, comment_token,
+                           (lnum, pos), (lnum, pos + len(comment_token)), line)
+                    yield (NL, line[nl_pos:],
+                           (lnum, nl_pos), (lnum, len(line)), line)
+                else:
+                    yield ((NL, COMMENT)[line[pos] == '#'], line[pos:],
+                           (lnum, pos), (lnum, len(line)), line)
+                continue
+
+            if column > indents[-1]:           # count indents or dedents
+                indents.append(column)
+                yield (INDENT, line[:pos], (lnum, 0), (lnum, pos), line)
+            while column < indents[-1]:
+                if column not in indents:
+                    raise IndentationError(
+                        "unindent does not match any outer indentation level",
+                        ("<tokenize>", lnum, pos, line))
+                indents = indents[:-1]
+                yield (DEDENT, '', (lnum, pos), (lnum, pos), line)
+
+        else:                                  # continued statement
+            if not line:
+                raise TokenError, ("EOF in multi-line statement", (lnum, 0))
+            continued = 0
+
+        while pos < max:
+            pseudomatch = pseudoprog.match(line, pos)
+            if pseudomatch:                                # scan for tokens
+                start, end = pseudomatch.span(1)
+                spos, epos, pos = (lnum, start), (lnum, end), end
+                token, initial = line[start:end], line[start]
+
+                if initial in numchars or \
+                   (initial == '.' and token != '.'):      # ordinary number
+                    yield (NUMBER, token, spos, epos, line)
+                elif initial in '\r\n':
+                    newline = NEWLINE
+                    if parenlev > 0:
+                        newline = NL
+                    yield (newline, token, spos, epos, line)
+                elif initial == '#':
+                    assert not token.endswith("\n")
+                    yield (COMMENT, token, spos, epos, line)
+                elif token in triple_quoted:
+                    endprog = endprogs[token]
+                    endmatch = endprog.match(line, pos)
+                    if endmatch:                           # all on one line
+                        pos = endmatch.end(0)
+                        token = line[start:pos]
+                        yield (STRING, token, spos, (lnum, pos), line)
+                    else:
+                        strstart = (lnum, start)           # multiple lines
+                        contstr = line[start:]
+                        contline = line
+                        break
+                elif initial in single_quoted or \
+                    token[:2] in single_quoted or \
+                    token[:3] in single_quoted:
+                    if token[-1] == '\n':                  # continued string
+                        strstart = (lnum, start)
+                        endprog = (endprogs[initial] or endprogs[token[1]] or
+                                   endprogs[token[2]])
+                        contstr, needcont = line[start:], 1
+                        contline = line
+                        break
+                    else:                                  # ordinary string
+                        yield (STRING, token, spos, epos, line)
+                elif initial in namechars:                 # ordinary name
+                    yield (NAME, token, spos, epos, line)
+                elif initial == '\\':                      # continued stmt
+                    # This yield is new; needed for better idempotency:
+                    yield (NL, token, spos, (lnum, pos), line)
+                    continued = 1
+                else:
+                    if initial in '([{': parenlev = parenlev + 1
+                    elif initial in ')]}': parenlev = parenlev - 1
+                    yield (OP, token, spos, epos, line)
+            else:
+                yield (ERRORTOKEN, line[pos],
+                           (lnum, pos), (lnum, pos+1), line)
+                pos = pos + 1
+
+    for indent in indents[1:]:                 # pop remaining indent levels
+        yield (DEDENT, '', (lnum, 0), (lnum, 0), '')
+    yield (ENDMARKER, '', (lnum, 0), (lnum, 0), '')
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':                     # testing
+    import sys
+    if len(sys.argv) > 1: tokenize(open(sys.argv[1]).readline)
+    else: tokenize(sys.stdin.readline)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pygram.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pygram.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6cdb3a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pygram.py
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Export the Python grammar and symbols."""
+
+# Python imports
+import os
+
+# Local imports
+from .pgen2 import token
+from .pgen2 import driver
+from . import pytree
+
+# The grammar file
+_GRAMMAR_FILE = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "Grammar.txt")
+
+
+class Symbols(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, grammar):
+        """Initializer.
+
+        Creates an attribute for each grammar symbol (nonterminal),
+        whose value is the symbol's type (an int >= 256).
+        """
+        for name, symbol in grammar.symbol2number.iteritems():
+            setattr(self, name, symbol)
+
+
+python_grammar = driver.load_grammar(_GRAMMAR_FILE)
+
+python_symbols = Symbols(python_grammar)
+
+python_grammar_no_print_statement = python_grammar.copy()
+del python_grammar_no_print_statement.keywords["print"]
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/pytree.py b/Lib/lib2to3/pytree.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..27cdd72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/pytree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,861 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""
+Python parse tree definitions.
+
+This is a very concrete parse tree; we need to keep every token and
+even the comments and whitespace between tokens.
+
+There's also a pattern matching implementation here.
+"""
+
+__author__ = "Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>"
+
+import sys
+import warnings
+from StringIO import StringIO
+
+
+HUGE = 0x7FFFFFFF  # maximum repeat count, default max
+
+_type_reprs = {}
+def type_repr(type_num):
+    global _type_reprs
+    if not _type_reprs:
+        from .pygram import python_symbols
+        # printing tokens is possible but not as useful
+        # from .pgen2 import token // token.__dict__.items():
+        for name, val in python_symbols.__dict__.items():
+            if type(val) == int: _type_reprs[val] = name
+    return _type_reprs.setdefault(type_num, type_num)
+
+
+class Base(object):
+
+    """
+    Abstract base class for Node and Leaf.
+
+    This provides some default functionality and boilerplate using the
+    template pattern.
+
+    A node may be a subnode of at most one parent.
+    """
+
+    # Default values for instance variables
+    type = None    # int: token number (< 256) or symbol number (>= 256)
+    parent = None  # Parent node pointer, or None
+    children = ()  # Tuple of subnodes
+    was_changed = False
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+        """Constructor that prevents Base from being instantiated."""
+        assert cls is not Base, "Cannot instantiate Base"
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __eq__(self, other):
+        """
+        Compare two nodes for equality.
+
+        This calls the method _eq().
+        """
+        if self.__class__ is not other.__class__:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return self._eq(other)
+
+    __hash__ = None # For Py3 compatibility.
+
+    def __ne__(self, other):
+        """
+        Compare two nodes for inequality.
+
+        This calls the method _eq().
+        """
+        if self.__class__ is not other.__class__:
+            return NotImplemented
+        return not self._eq(other)
+
+    def _eq(self, other):
+        """
+        Compare two nodes for equality.
+
+        This is called by __eq__ and __ne__.  It is only called if the two nodes
+        have the same type.  This must be implemented by the concrete subclass.
+        Nodes should be considered equal if they have the same structure,
+        ignoring the prefix string and other context information.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """
+        Return a cloned (deep) copy of self.
+
+        This must be implemented by the concrete subclass.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def post_order(self):
+        """
+        Return a post-order iterator for the tree.
+
+        This must be implemented by the concrete subclass.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def pre_order(self):
+        """
+        Return a pre-order iterator for the tree.
+
+        This must be implemented by the concrete subclass.
+        """
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+    def set_prefix(self, prefix):
+        """
+        Set the prefix for the node (see Leaf class).
+
+        DEPRECATED; use the prefix property directly.
+        """
+        warnings.warn("set_prefix() is deprecated; use the prefix property",
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        self.prefix = prefix
+
+    def get_prefix(self):
+        """
+        Return the prefix for the node (see Leaf class).
+
+        DEPRECATED; use the prefix property directly.
+        """
+        warnings.warn("get_prefix() is deprecated; use the prefix property",
+                      DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
+        return self.prefix
+
+    def replace(self, new):
+        """Replace this node with a new one in the parent."""
+        assert self.parent is not None, str(self)
+        assert new is not None
+        if not isinstance(new, list):
+            new = [new]
+        l_children = []
+        found = False
+        for ch in self.parent.children:
+            if ch is self:
+                assert not found, (self.parent.children, self, new)
+                if new is not None:
+                    l_children.extend(new)
+                found = True
+            else:
+                l_children.append(ch)
+        assert found, (self.children, self, new)
+        self.parent.changed()
+        self.parent.children = l_children
+        for x in new:
+            x.parent = self.parent
+        self.parent = None
+
+    def get_lineno(self):
+        """Return the line number which generated the invocant node."""
+        node = self
+        while not isinstance(node, Leaf):
+            if not node.children:
+                return
+            node = node.children[0]
+        return node.lineno
+
+    def changed(self):
+        if self.parent:
+            self.parent.changed()
+        self.was_changed = True
+
+    def remove(self):
+        """
+        Remove the node from the tree. Returns the position of the node in its
+        parent's children before it was removed.
+        """
+        if self.parent:
+            for i, node in enumerate(self.parent.children):
+                if node is self:
+                    self.parent.changed()
+                    del self.parent.children[i]
+                    self.parent = None
+                    return i
+
+    @property
+    def next_sibling(self):
+        """
+        The node immediately following the invocant in their parent's children
+        list. If the invocant does not have a next sibling, it is None
+        """
+        if self.parent is None:
+            return None
+
+        # Can't use index(); we need to test by identity
+        for i, child in enumerate(self.parent.children):
+            if child is self:
+                try:
+                    return self.parent.children[i+1]
+                except IndexError:
+                    return None
+
+    @property
+    def prev_sibling(self):
+        """
+        The node immediately preceding the invocant in their parent's children
+        list. If the invocant does not have a previous sibling, it is None.
+        """
+        if self.parent is None:
+            return None
+
+        # Can't use index(); we need to test by identity
+        for i, child in enumerate(self.parent.children):
+            if child is self:
+                if i == 0:
+                    return None
+                return self.parent.children[i-1]
+
+    def get_suffix(self):
+        """
+        Return the string immediately following the invocant node. This is
+        effectively equivalent to node.next_sibling.prefix
+        """
+        next_sib = self.next_sibling
+        if next_sib is None:
+            return u""
+        return next_sib.prefix
+
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+        def __str__(self):
+            return unicode(self).encode("ascii")
+
+
+class Node(Base):
+
+    """Concrete implementation for interior nodes."""
+
+    def __init__(self, type, children, context=None, prefix=None):
+        """
+        Initializer.
+
+        Takes a type constant (a symbol number >= 256), a sequence of
+        child nodes, and an optional context keyword argument.
+
+        As a side effect, the parent pointers of the children are updated.
+        """
+        assert type >= 256, type
+        self.type = type
+        self.children = list(children)
+        for ch in self.children:
+            assert ch.parent is None, repr(ch)
+            ch.parent = self
+        if prefix is not None:
+            self.prefix = prefix
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Return a canonical string representation."""
+        return "%s(%s, %r)" % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                               type_repr(self.type),
+                               self.children)
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        """
+        Return a pretty string representation.
+
+        This reproduces the input source exactly.
+        """
+        return u"".join(map(unicode, self.children))
+
+    if sys.version_info > (3, 0):
+        __str__ = __unicode__
+
+    def _eq(self, other):
+        """Compare two nodes for equality."""
+        return (self.type, self.children) == (other.type, other.children)
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Return a cloned (deep) copy of self."""
+        return Node(self.type, [ch.clone() for ch in self.children])
+
+    def post_order(self):
+        """Return a post-order iterator for the tree."""
+        for child in self.children:
+            for node in child.post_order():
+                yield node
+        yield self
+
+    def pre_order(self):
+        """Return a pre-order iterator for the tree."""
+        yield self
+        for child in self.children:
+            for node in child.post_order():
+                yield node
+
+    @property
+    def prefix(self):
+        """
+        The whitespace and comments preceding this node in the input.
+        """
+        if not self.children:
+            return ""
+        return self.children[0].prefix
+
+    @prefix.setter
+    def prefix(self, prefix):
+        if self.children:
+            self.children[0].prefix = prefix
+
+    def set_child(self, i, child):
+        """
+        Equivalent to 'node.children[i] = child'. This method also sets the
+        child's parent attribute appropriately.
+        """
+        child.parent = self
+        self.children[i].parent = None
+        self.children[i] = child
+        self.changed()
+
+    def insert_child(self, i, child):
+        """
+        Equivalent to 'node.children.insert(i, child)'. This method also sets
+        the child's parent attribute appropriately.
+        """
+        child.parent = self
+        self.children.insert(i, child)
+        self.changed()
+
+    def append_child(self, child):
+        """
+        Equivalent to 'node.children.append(child)'. This method also sets the
+        child's parent attribute appropriately.
+        """
+        child.parent = self
+        self.children.append(child)
+        self.changed()
+
+
+class Leaf(Base):
+
+    """Concrete implementation for leaf nodes."""
+
+    # Default values for instance variables
+    _prefix = ""  # Whitespace and comments preceding this token in the input
+    lineno = 0    # Line where this token starts in the input
+    column = 0    # Column where this token tarts in the input
+
+    def __init__(self, type, value, context=None, prefix=None):
+        """
+        Initializer.
+
+        Takes a type constant (a token number < 256), a string value, and an
+        optional context keyword argument.
+        """
+        assert 0 <= type < 256, type
+        if context is not None:
+            self._prefix, (self.lineno, self.column) = context
+        self.type = type
+        self.value = value
+        if prefix is not None:
+            self._prefix = prefix
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        """Return a canonical string representation."""
+        return "%s(%r, %r)" % (self.__class__.__name__,
+                               self.type,
+                               self.value)
+
+    def __unicode__(self):
+        """
+        Return a pretty string representation.
+
+        This reproduces the input source exactly.
+        """
+        return self.prefix + unicode(self.value)
+
+    if sys.version_info > (3, 0):
+        __str__ = __unicode__
+
+    def _eq(self, other):
+        """Compare two nodes for equality."""
+        return (self.type, self.value) == (other.type, other.value)
+
+    def clone(self):
+        """Return a cloned (deep) copy of self."""
+        return Leaf(self.type, self.value,
+                    (self.prefix, (self.lineno, self.column)))
+
+    def post_order(self):
+        """Return a post-order iterator for the tree."""
+        yield self
+
+    def pre_order(self):
+        """Return a pre-order iterator for the tree."""
+        yield self
+
+    @property
+    def prefix(self):
+        """
+        The whitespace and comments preceding this token in the input.
+        """
+        return self._prefix
+
+    @prefix.setter
+    def prefix(self, prefix):
+        self.changed()
+        self._prefix = prefix
+
+
+def convert(gr, raw_node):
+    """
+    Convert raw node information to a Node or Leaf instance.
+
+    This is passed to the parser driver which calls it whenever a reduction of a
+    grammar rule produces a new complete node, so that the tree is build
+    strictly bottom-up.
+    """
+    type, value, context, children = raw_node
+    if children or type in gr.number2symbol:
+        # If there's exactly one child, return that child instead of
+        # creating a new node.
+        if len(children) == 1:
+            return children[0]
+        return Node(type, children, context=context)
+    else:
+        return Leaf(type, value, context=context)
+
+
+class BasePattern(object):
+
+    """
+    A pattern is a tree matching pattern.
+
+    It looks for a specific node type (token or symbol), and
+    optionally for a specific content.
+
+    This is an abstract base class.  There are three concrete
+    subclasses:
+
+    - LeafPattern matches a single leaf node;
+    - NodePattern matches a single node (usually non-leaf);
+    - WildcardPattern matches a sequence of nodes of variable length.
+    """
+
+    # Defaults for instance variables
+    type = None     # Node type (token if < 256, symbol if >= 256)
+    content = None  # Optional content matching pattern
+    name = None     # Optional name used to store match in results dict
+
+    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwds):
+        """Constructor that prevents BasePattern from being instantiated."""
+        assert cls is not BasePattern, "Cannot instantiate BasePattern"
+        return object.__new__(cls)
+
+    def __repr__(self):
+        args = [type_repr(self.type), self.content, self.name]
+        while args and args[-1] is None:
+            del args[-1]
+        return "%s(%s)" % (self.__class__.__name__, ", ".join(map(repr, args)))
+
+    def optimize(self):
+        """
+        A subclass can define this as a hook for optimizations.
+
+        Returns either self or another node with the same effect.
+        """
+        return self
+
+    def match(self, node, results=None):
+        """
+        Does this pattern exactly match a node?
+
+        Returns True if it matches, False if not.
+
+        If results is not None, it must be a dict which will be
+        updated with the nodes matching named subpatterns.
+
+        Default implementation for non-wildcard patterns.
+        """
+        if self.type is not None and node.type != self.type:
+            return False
+        if self.content is not None:
+            r = None
+            if results is not None:
+                r = {}
+            if not self._submatch(node, r):
+                return False
+            if r:
+                results.update(r)
+        if results is not None and self.name:
+            results[self.name] = node
+        return True
+
+    def match_seq(self, nodes, results=None):
+        """
+        Does this pattern exactly match a sequence of nodes?
+
+        Default implementation for non-wildcard patterns.
+        """
+        if len(nodes) != 1:
+            return False
+        return self.match(nodes[0], results)
+
+    def generate_matches(self, nodes):
+        """
+        Generator yielding all matches for this pattern.
+
+        Default implementation for non-wildcard patterns.
+        """
+        r = {}
+        if nodes and self.match(nodes[0], r):
+            yield 1, r
+
+
+class LeafPattern(BasePattern):
+
+    def __init__(self, type=None, content=None, name=None):
+        """
+        Initializer.  Takes optional type, content, and name.
+
+        The type, if given must be a token type (< 256).  If not given,
+        this matches any *leaf* node; the content may still be required.
+
+        The content, if given, must be a string.
+
+        If a name is given, the matching node is stored in the results
+        dict under that key.
+        """
+        if type is not None:
+            assert 0 <= type < 256, type
+        if content is not None:
+            assert isinstance(content, basestring), repr(content)
+        self.type = type
+        self.content = content
+        self.name = name
+
+    def match(self, node, results=None):
+        """Override match() to insist on a leaf node."""
+        if not isinstance(node, Leaf):
+            return False
+        return BasePattern.match(self, node, results)
+
+    def _submatch(self, node, results=None):
+        """
+        Match the pattern's content to the node's children.
+
+        This assumes the node type matches and self.content is not None.
+
+        Returns True if it matches, False if not.
+
+        If results is not None, it must be a dict which will be
+        updated with the nodes matching named subpatterns.
+
+        When returning False, the results dict may still be updated.
+        """
+        return self.content == node.value
+
+
+class NodePattern(BasePattern):
+
+    wildcards = False
+
+    def __init__(self, type=None, content=None, name=None):
+        """
+        Initializer.  Takes optional type, content, and name.
+
+        The type, if given, must be a symbol type (>= 256).  If the
+        type is None this matches *any* single node (leaf or not),
+        except if content is not None, in which it only matches
+        non-leaf nodes that also match the content pattern.
+
+        The content, if not None, must be a sequence of Patterns that
+        must match the node's children exactly.  If the content is
+        given, the type must not be None.
+
+        If a name is given, the matching node is stored in the results
+        dict under that key.
+        """
+        if type is not None:
+            assert type >= 256, type
+        if content is not None:
+            assert not isinstance(content, basestring), repr(content)
+            content = list(content)
+            for i, item in enumerate(content):
+                assert isinstance(item, BasePattern), (i, item)
+                if isinstance(item, WildcardPattern):
+                    self.wildcards = True
+        self.type = type
+        self.content = content
+        self.name = name
+
+    def _submatch(self, node, results=None):
+        """
+        Match the pattern's content to the node's children.
+
+        This assumes the node type matches and self.content is not None.
+
+        Returns True if it matches, False if not.
+
+        If results is not None, it must be a dict which will be
+        updated with the nodes matching named subpatterns.
+
+        When returning False, the results dict may still be updated.
+        """
+        if self.wildcards:
+            for c, r in generate_matches(self.content, node.children):
+                if c == len(node.children):
+                    if results is not None:
+                        results.update(r)
+                    return True
+            return False
+        if len(self.content) != len(node.children):
+            return False
+        for subpattern, child in zip(self.content, node.children):
+            if not subpattern.match(child, results):
+                return False
+        return True
+
+
+class WildcardPattern(BasePattern):
+
+    """
+    A wildcard pattern can match zero or more nodes.
+
+    This has all the flexibility needed to implement patterns like:
+
+    .*      .+      .?      .{m,n}
+    (a b c | d e | f)
+    (...)*  (...)+  (...)?  (...){m,n}
+
+    except it always uses non-greedy matching.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, content=None, min=0, max=HUGE, name=None):
+        """
+        Initializer.
+
+        Args:
+            content: optional sequence of subsequences of patterns;
+                     if absent, matches one node;
+                     if present, each subsequence is an alternative [*]
+            min: optinal minumum number of times to match, default 0
+            max: optional maximum number of times tro match, default HUGE
+            name: optional name assigned to this match
+
+        [*] Thus, if content is [[a, b, c], [d, e], [f, g, h]] this is
+            equivalent to (a b c | d e | f g h); if content is None,
+            this is equivalent to '.' in regular expression terms.
+            The min and max parameters work as follows:
+                min=0, max=maxint: .*
+                min=1, max=maxint: .+
+                min=0, max=1: .?
+                min=1, max=1: .
+            If content is not None, replace the dot with the parenthesized
+            list of alternatives, e.g. (a b c | d e | f g h)*
+        """
+        assert 0 <= min <= max <= HUGE, (min, max)
+        if content is not None:
+            content = tuple(map(tuple, content))  # Protect against alterations
+            # Check sanity of alternatives
+            assert len(content), repr(content)  # Can't have zero alternatives
+            for alt in content:
+                assert len(alt), repr(alt) # Can have empty alternatives
+        self.content = content
+        self.min = min
+        self.max = max
+        self.name = name
+
+    def optimize(self):
+        """Optimize certain stacked wildcard patterns."""
+        subpattern = None
+        if (self.content is not None and
+            len(self.content) == 1 and len(self.content[0]) == 1):
+            subpattern = self.content[0][0]
+        if self.min == 1 and self.max == 1:
+            if self.content is None:
+                return NodePattern(name=self.name)
+            if subpattern is not None and  self.name == subpattern.name:
+                return subpattern.optimize()
+        if (self.min <= 1 and isinstance(subpattern, WildcardPattern) and
+            subpattern.min <= 1 and self.name == subpattern.name):
+            return WildcardPattern(subpattern.content,
+                                   self.min*subpattern.min,
+                                   self.max*subpattern.max,
+                                   subpattern.name)
+        return self
+
+    def match(self, node, results=None):
+        """Does this pattern exactly match a node?"""
+        return self.match_seq([node], results)
+
+    def match_seq(self, nodes, results=None):
+        """Does this pattern exactly match a sequence of nodes?"""
+        for c, r in self.generate_matches(nodes):
+            if c == len(nodes):
+                if results is not None:
+                    results.update(r)
+                    if self.name:
+                        results[self.name] = list(nodes)
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def generate_matches(self, nodes):
+        """
+        Generator yielding matches for a sequence of nodes.
+
+        Args:
+            nodes: sequence of nodes
+
+        Yields:
+            (count, results) tuples where:
+            count: the match comprises nodes[:count];
+            results: dict containing named submatches.
+        """
+        if self.content is None:
+            # Shortcut for special case (see __init__.__doc__)
+            for count in xrange(self.min, 1 + min(len(nodes), self.max)):
+                r = {}
+                if self.name:
+                    r[self.name] = nodes[:count]
+                yield count, r
+        elif self.name == "bare_name":
+            yield self._bare_name_matches(nodes)
+        else:
+            # The reason for this is that hitting the recursion limit usually
+            # results in some ugly messages about how RuntimeErrors are being
+            # ignored.
+            save_stderr = sys.stderr
+            sys.stderr = StringIO()
+            try:
+                for count, r in self._recursive_matches(nodes, 0):
+                    if self.name:
+                        r[self.name] = nodes[:count]
+                    yield count, r
+            except RuntimeError:
+                # We fall back to the iterative pattern matching scheme if the recursive
+                # scheme hits the recursion limit.
+                for count, r in self._iterative_matches(nodes):
+                    if self.name:
+                        r[self.name] = nodes[:count]
+                    yield count, r
+            finally:
+                sys.stderr = save_stderr
+
+    def _iterative_matches(self, nodes):
+        """Helper to iteratively yield the matches."""
+        nodelen = len(nodes)
+        if 0 >= self.min:
+            yield 0, {}
+
+        results = []
+        # generate matches that use just one alt from self.content
+        for alt in self.content:
+            for c, r in generate_matches(alt, nodes):
+                yield c, r
+                results.append((c, r))
+
+        # for each match, iterate down the nodes
+        while results:
+            new_results = []
+            for c0, r0 in results:
+                # stop if the entire set of nodes has been matched
+                if c0 < nodelen and c0 <= self.max:
+                    for alt in self.content:
+                        for c1, r1 in generate_matches(alt, nodes[c0:]):
+                            if c1 > 0:
+                                r = {}
+                                r.update(r0)
+                                r.update(r1)
+                                yield c0 + c1, r
+                                new_results.append((c0 + c1, r))
+            results = new_results
+
+    def _bare_name_matches(self, nodes):
+        """Special optimized matcher for bare_name."""
+        count = 0
+        r = {}
+        done = False
+        max = len(nodes)
+        while not done and count < max:
+            done = True
+            for leaf in self.content:
+                if leaf[0].match(nodes[count], r):
+                    count += 1
+                    done = False
+                    break
+        r[self.name] = nodes[:count]
+        return count, r
+
+    def _recursive_matches(self, nodes, count):
+        """Helper to recursively yield the matches."""
+        assert self.content is not None
+        if count >= self.min:
+            yield 0, {}
+        if count < self.max:
+            for alt in self.content:
+                for c0, r0 in generate_matches(alt, nodes):
+                    for c1, r1 in self._recursive_matches(nodes[c0:], count+1):
+                        r = {}
+                        r.update(r0)
+                        r.update(r1)
+                        yield c0 + c1, r
+
+
+class NegatedPattern(BasePattern):
+
+    def __init__(self, content=None):
+        """
+        Initializer.
+
+        The argument is either a pattern or None.  If it is None, this
+        only matches an empty sequence (effectively '$' in regex
+        lingo).  If it is not None, this matches whenever the argument
+        pattern doesn't have any matches.
+        """
+        if content is not None:
+            assert isinstance(content, BasePattern), repr(content)
+        self.content = content
+
+    def match(self, node):
+        # We never match a node in its entirety
+        return False
+
+    def match_seq(self, nodes):
+        # We only match an empty sequence of nodes in its entirety
+        return len(nodes) == 0
+
+    def generate_matches(self, nodes):
+        if self.content is None:
+            # Return a match if there is an empty sequence
+            if len(nodes) == 0:
+                yield 0, {}
+        else:
+            # Return a match if the argument pattern has no matches
+            for c, r in self.content.generate_matches(nodes):
+                return
+            yield 0, {}
+
+
+def generate_matches(patterns, nodes):
+    """
+    Generator yielding matches for a sequence of patterns and nodes.
+
+    Args:
+        patterns: a sequence of patterns
+        nodes: a sequence of nodes
+
+    Yields:
+        (count, results) tuples where:
+        count: the entire sequence of patterns matches nodes[:count];
+        results: dict containing named submatches.
+        """
+    if not patterns:
+        yield 0, {}
+    else:
+        p, rest = patterns[0], patterns[1:]
+        for c0, r0 in p.generate_matches(nodes):
+            if not rest:
+                yield c0, r0
+            else:
+                for c1, r1 in generate_matches(rest, nodes[c0:]):
+                    r = {}
+                    r.update(r0)
+                    r.update(r1)
+                    yield c0 + c1, r
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/refactor.py b/Lib/lib2to3/refactor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df5456e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/refactor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,653 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Refactoring framework.
+
+Used as a main program, this can refactor any number of files and/or
+recursively descend down directories.  Imported as a module, this
+provides infrastructure to write your own refactoring tool.
+"""
+
+__author__ = "Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>"
+
+
+# Python imports
+import os
+import sys
+import logging
+import operator
+import collections
+import StringIO
+from itertools import chain
+
+# Local imports
+from .pgen2 import driver, tokenize, token
+from . import pytree, pygram
+
+
+def get_all_fix_names(fixer_pkg, remove_prefix=True):
+    """Return a sorted list of all available fix names in the given package."""
+    pkg = __import__(fixer_pkg, [], [], ["*"])
+    fixer_dir = os.path.dirname(pkg.__file__)
+    fix_names = []
+    for name in sorted(os.listdir(fixer_dir)):
+        if name.startswith("fix_") and name.endswith(".py"):
+            if remove_prefix:
+                name = name[4:]
+            fix_names.append(name[:-3])
+    return fix_names
+
+
+class _EveryNode(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+def _get_head_types(pat):
+    """ Accepts a pytree Pattern Node and returns a set
+        of the pattern types which will match first. """
+
+    if isinstance(pat, (pytree.NodePattern, pytree.LeafPattern)):
+        # NodePatters must either have no type and no content
+        #   or a type and content -- so they don't get any farther
+        # Always return leafs
+        if pat.type is None:
+            raise _EveryNode
+        return set([pat.type])
+
+    if isinstance(pat, pytree.NegatedPattern):
+        if pat.content:
+            return _get_head_types(pat.content)
+        raise _EveryNode # Negated Patterns don't have a type
+
+    if isinstance(pat, pytree.WildcardPattern):
+        # Recurse on each node in content
+        r = set()
+        for p in pat.content:
+            for x in p:
+                r.update(_get_head_types(x))
+        return r
+
+    raise Exception("Oh no! I don't understand pattern %s" %(pat))
+
+
+def _get_headnode_dict(fixer_list):
+    """ Accepts a list of fixers and returns a dictionary
+        of head node type --> fixer list.  """
+    head_nodes = collections.defaultdict(list)
+    every = []
+    for fixer in fixer_list:
+        if fixer.pattern:
+            try:
+                heads = _get_head_types(fixer.pattern)
+            except _EveryNode:
+                every.append(fixer)
+            else:
+                for node_type in heads:
+                    head_nodes[node_type].append(fixer)
+        else:
+            if fixer._accept_type is not None:
+                head_nodes[fixer._accept_type].append(fixer)
+            else:
+                every.append(fixer)
+    for node_type in chain(pygram.python_grammar.symbol2number.itervalues(),
+                           pygram.python_grammar.tokens):
+        head_nodes[node_type].extend(every)
+    return dict(head_nodes)
+
+
+def get_fixers_from_package(pkg_name):
+    """
+    Return the fully qualified names for fixers in the package pkg_name.
+    """
+    return [pkg_name + "." + fix_name
+            for fix_name in get_all_fix_names(pkg_name, False)]
+
+def _identity(obj):
+    return obj
+
+if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+    import codecs
+    _open_with_encoding = codecs.open
+    # codecs.open doesn't translate newlines sadly.
+    def _from_system_newlines(input):
+        return input.replace(u"\r\n", u"\n")
+    def _to_system_newlines(input):
+        if os.linesep != "\n":
+            return input.replace(u"\n", os.linesep)
+        else:
+            return input
+else:
+    _open_with_encoding = open
+    _from_system_newlines = _identity
+    _to_system_newlines = _identity
+
+
+def _detect_future_print(source):
+    have_docstring = False
+    gen = tokenize.generate_tokens(StringIO.StringIO(source).readline)
+    def advance():
+        tok = next(gen)
+        return tok[0], tok[1]
+    ignore = frozenset((token.NEWLINE, tokenize.NL, token.COMMENT))
+    try:
+        while True:
+            tp, value = advance()
+            if tp in ignore:
+                continue
+            elif tp == token.STRING:
+                if have_docstring:
+                    break
+                have_docstring = True
+            elif tp == token.NAME and value == u"from":
+                tp, value = advance()
+                if tp != token.NAME and value != u"__future__":
+                    break
+                tp, value = advance()
+                if tp != token.NAME and value != u"import":
+                    break
+                tp, value = advance()
+                if tp == token.OP and value == u"(":
+                    tp, value = advance()
+                while tp == token.NAME:
+                    if value == u"print_function":
+                        return True
+                    tp, value = advance()
+                    if tp != token.OP and value != u",":
+                        break
+                    tp, value = advance()
+            else:
+                break
+    except StopIteration:
+        pass
+    return False
+
+
+class FixerError(Exception):
+    """A fixer could not be loaded."""
+
+
+class RefactoringTool(object):
+
+    _default_options = {"print_function" : False}
+
+    CLASS_PREFIX = "Fix" # The prefix for fixer classes
+    FILE_PREFIX = "fix_" # The prefix for modules with a fixer within
+
+    def __init__(self, fixer_names, options=None, explicit=None):
+        """Initializer.
+
+        Args:
+            fixer_names: a list of fixers to import
+            options: an dict with configuration.
+            explicit: a list of fixers to run even if they are explicit.
+        """
+        self.fixers = fixer_names
+        self.explicit = explicit or []
+        self.options = self._default_options.copy()
+        if options is not None:
+            self.options.update(options)
+        if self.options["print_function"]:
+            self.grammar = pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement
+        else:
+            self.grammar = pygram.python_grammar
+        self.errors = []
+        self.logger = logging.getLogger("RefactoringTool")
+        self.fixer_log = []
+        self.wrote = False
+        self.driver = driver.Driver(self.grammar,
+                                    convert=pytree.convert,
+                                    logger=self.logger)
+        self.pre_order, self.post_order = self.get_fixers()
+
+        self.pre_order_heads = _get_headnode_dict(self.pre_order)
+        self.post_order_heads = _get_headnode_dict(self.post_order)
+
+        self.files = []  # List of files that were or should be modified
+
+    def get_fixers(self):
+        """Inspects the options to load the requested patterns and handlers.
+
+        Returns:
+          (pre_order, post_order), where pre_order is the list of fixers that
+          want a pre-order AST traversal, and post_order is the list that want
+          post-order traversal.
+        """
+        pre_order_fixers = []
+        post_order_fixers = []
+        for fix_mod_path in self.fixers:
+            mod = __import__(fix_mod_path, {}, {}, ["*"])
+            fix_name = fix_mod_path.rsplit(".", 1)[-1]
+            if fix_name.startswith(self.FILE_PREFIX):
+                fix_name = fix_name[len(self.FILE_PREFIX):]
+            parts = fix_name.split("_")
+            class_name = self.CLASS_PREFIX + "".join([p.title() for p in parts])
+            try:
+                fix_class = getattr(mod, class_name)
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise FixerError("Can't find %s.%s" % (fix_name, class_name))
+            fixer = fix_class(self.options, self.fixer_log)
+            if fixer.explicit and self.explicit is not True and \
+                    fix_mod_path not in self.explicit:
+                self.log_message("Skipping implicit fixer: %s", fix_name)
+                continue
+
+            self.log_debug("Adding transformation: %s", fix_name)
+            if fixer.order == "pre":
+                pre_order_fixers.append(fixer)
+            elif fixer.order == "post":
+                post_order_fixers.append(fixer)
+            else:
+                raise FixerError("Illegal fixer order: %r" % fixer.order)
+
+        key_func = operator.attrgetter("run_order")
+        pre_order_fixers.sort(key=key_func)
+        post_order_fixers.sort(key=key_func)
+        return (pre_order_fixers, post_order_fixers)
+
+    def log_error(self, msg, *args, **kwds):
+        """Called when an error occurs."""
+        raise
+
+    def log_message(self, msg, *args):
+        """Hook to log a message."""
+        if args:
+            msg = msg % args
+        self.logger.info(msg)
+
+    def log_debug(self, msg, *args):
+        if args:
+            msg = msg % args
+        self.logger.debug(msg)
+
+    def print_output(self, old_text, new_text, filename, equal):
+        """Called with the old version, new version, and filename of a
+        refactored file."""
+        pass
+
+    def refactor(self, items, write=False, doctests_only=False):
+        """Refactor a list of files and directories."""
+        for dir_or_file in items:
+            if os.path.isdir(dir_or_file):
+                self.refactor_dir(dir_or_file, write, doctests_only)
+            else:
+                self.refactor_file(dir_or_file, write, doctests_only)
+
+    def refactor_dir(self, dir_name, write=False, doctests_only=False):
+        """Descends down a directory and refactor every Python file found.
+
+        Python files are assumed to have a .py extension.
+
+        Files and subdirectories starting with '.' are skipped.
+        """
+        for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(dir_name):
+            self.log_debug("Descending into %s", dirpath)
+            dirnames.sort()
+            filenames.sort()
+            for name in filenames:
+                if not name.startswith(".") and \
+                        os.path.splitext(name)[1].endswith("py"):
+                    fullname = os.path.join(dirpath, name)
+                    self.refactor_file(fullname, write, doctests_only)
+            # Modify dirnames in-place to remove subdirs with leading dots
+            dirnames[:] = [dn for dn in dirnames if not dn.startswith(".")]
+
+    def _read_python_source(self, filename):
+        """
+        Do our best to decode a Python source file correctly.
+        """
+        try:
+            f = open(filename, "rb")
+        except IOError, err:
+            self.log_error("Can't open %s: %s", filename, err)
+            return None, None
+        try:
+            encoding = tokenize.detect_encoding(f.readline)[0]
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        with _open_with_encoding(filename, "r", encoding=encoding) as f:
+            return _from_system_newlines(f.read()), encoding
+
+    def refactor_file(self, filename, write=False, doctests_only=False):
+        """Refactors a file."""
+        input, encoding = self._read_python_source(filename)
+        if input is None:
+            # Reading the file failed.
+            return
+        input += u"\n" # Silence certain parse errors
+        if doctests_only:
+            self.log_debug("Refactoring doctests in %s", filename)
+            output = self.refactor_docstring(input, filename)
+            if output != input:
+                self.processed_file(output, filename, input, write, encoding)
+            else:
+                self.log_debug("No doctest changes in %s", filename)
+        else:
+            tree = self.refactor_string(input, filename)
+            if tree and tree.was_changed:
+                # The [:-1] is to take off the \n we added earlier
+                self.processed_file(unicode(tree)[:-1], filename,
+                                    write=write, encoding=encoding)
+            else:
+                self.log_debug("No changes in %s", filename)
+
+    def refactor_string(self, data, name):
+        """Refactor a given input string.
+
+        Args:
+            data: a string holding the code to be refactored.
+            name: a human-readable name for use in error/log messages.
+
+        Returns:
+            An AST corresponding to the refactored input stream; None if
+            there were errors during the parse.
+        """
+        if _detect_future_print(data):
+            self.driver.grammar = pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement
+        try:
+            tree = self.driver.parse_string(data)
+        except Exception, err:
+            self.log_error("Can't parse %s: %s: %s",
+                           name, err.__class__.__name__, err)
+            return
+        finally:
+            self.driver.grammar = self.grammar
+        self.log_debug("Refactoring %s", name)
+        self.refactor_tree(tree, name)
+        return tree
+
+    def refactor_stdin(self, doctests_only=False):
+        input = sys.stdin.read()
+        if doctests_only:
+            self.log_debug("Refactoring doctests in stdin")
+            output = self.refactor_docstring(input, "<stdin>")
+            if output != input:
+                self.processed_file(output, "<stdin>", input)
+            else:
+                self.log_debug("No doctest changes in stdin")
+        else:
+            tree = self.refactor_string(input, "<stdin>")
+            if tree and tree.was_changed:
+                self.processed_file(unicode(tree), "<stdin>", input)
+            else:
+                self.log_debug("No changes in stdin")
+
+    def refactor_tree(self, tree, name):
+        """Refactors a parse tree (modifying the tree in place).
+
+        Args:
+            tree: a pytree.Node instance representing the root of the tree
+                  to be refactored.
+            name: a human-readable name for this tree.
+
+        Returns:
+            True if the tree was modified, False otherwise.
+        """
+        for fixer in chain(self.pre_order, self.post_order):
+            fixer.start_tree(tree, name)
+
+        self.traverse_by(self.pre_order_heads, tree.pre_order())
+        self.traverse_by(self.post_order_heads, tree.post_order())
+
+        for fixer in chain(self.pre_order, self.post_order):
+            fixer.finish_tree(tree, name)
+        return tree.was_changed
+
+    def traverse_by(self, fixers, traversal):
+        """Traverse an AST, applying a set of fixers to each node.
+
+        This is a helper method for refactor_tree().
+
+        Args:
+            fixers: a list of fixer instances.
+            traversal: a generator that yields AST nodes.
+
+        Returns:
+            None
+        """
+        if not fixers:
+            return
+        for node in traversal:
+            for fixer in fixers[node.type]:
+                results = fixer.match(node)
+                if results:
+                    new = fixer.transform(node, results)
+                    if new is not None:
+                        node.replace(new)
+                        node = new
+
+    def processed_file(self, new_text, filename, old_text=None, write=False,
+                       encoding=None):
+        """
+        Called when a file has been refactored, and there are changes.
+        """
+        self.files.append(filename)
+        if old_text is None:
+            old_text = self._read_python_source(filename)[0]
+            if old_text is None:
+                return
+        equal = old_text == new_text
+        self.print_output(old_text, new_text, filename, equal)
+        if equal:
+            self.log_debug("No changes to %s", filename)
+            return
+        if write:
+            self.write_file(new_text, filename, old_text, encoding)
+        else:
+            self.log_debug("Not writing changes to %s", filename)
+
+    def write_file(self, new_text, filename, old_text, encoding=None):
+        """Writes a string to a file.
+
+        It first shows a unified diff between the old text and the new text, and
+        then rewrites the file; the latter is only done if the write option is
+        set.
+        """
+        try:
+            f = _open_with_encoding(filename, "w", encoding=encoding)
+        except os.error, err:
+            self.log_error("Can't create %s: %s", filename, err)
+            return
+        try:
+            f.write(_to_system_newlines(new_text))
+        except os.error, err:
+            self.log_error("Can't write %s: %s", filename, err)
+        finally:
+            f.close()
+        self.log_debug("Wrote changes to %s", filename)
+        self.wrote = True
+
+    PS1 = ">>> "
+    PS2 = "... "
+
+    def refactor_docstring(self, input, filename):
+        """Refactors a docstring, looking for doctests.
+
+        This returns a modified version of the input string.  It looks
+        for doctests, which start with a ">>>" prompt, and may be
+        continued with "..." prompts, as long as the "..." is indented
+        the same as the ">>>".
+
+        (Unfortunately we can't use the doctest module's parser,
+        since, like most parsers, it is not geared towards preserving
+        the original source.)
+        """
+        result = []
+        block = None
+        block_lineno = None
+        indent = None
+        lineno = 0
+        for line in input.splitlines(True):
+            lineno += 1
+            if line.lstrip().startswith(self.PS1):
+                if block is not None:
+                    result.extend(self.refactor_doctest(block, block_lineno,
+                                                        indent, filename))
+                block_lineno = lineno
+                block = [line]
+                i = line.find(self.PS1)
+                indent = line[:i]
+            elif (indent is not None and
+                  (line.startswith(indent + self.PS2) or
+                   line == indent + self.PS2.rstrip() + u"\n")):
+                block.append(line)
+            else:
+                if block is not None:
+                    result.extend(self.refactor_doctest(block, block_lineno,
+                                                        indent, filename))
+                block = None
+                indent = None
+                result.append(line)
+        if block is not None:
+            result.extend(self.refactor_doctest(block, block_lineno,
+                                                indent, filename))
+        return u"".join(result)
+
+    def refactor_doctest(self, block, lineno, indent, filename):
+        """Refactors one doctest.
+
+        A doctest is given as a block of lines, the first of which starts
+        with ">>>" (possibly indented), while the remaining lines start
+        with "..." (identically indented).
+
+        """
+        try:
+            tree = self.parse_block(block, lineno, indent)
+        except Exception, err:
+            if self.log.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
+                for line in block:
+                    self.log_debug("Source: %s", line.rstrip(u"\n"))
+            self.log_error("Can't parse docstring in %s line %s: %s: %s",
+                           filename, lineno, err.__class__.__name__, err)
+            return block
+        if self.refactor_tree(tree, filename):
+            new = unicode(tree).splitlines(True)
+            # Undo the adjustment of the line numbers in wrap_toks() below.
+            clipped, new = new[:lineno-1], new[lineno-1:]
+            assert clipped == [u"\n"] * (lineno-1), clipped
+            if not new[-1].endswith(u"\n"):
+                new[-1] += u"\n"
+            block = [indent + self.PS1 + new.pop(0)]
+            if new:
+                block += [indent + self.PS2 + line for line in new]
+        return block
+
+    def summarize(self):
+        if self.wrote:
+            were = "were"
+        else:
+            were = "need to be"
+        if not self.files:
+            self.log_message("No files %s modified.", were)
+        else:
+            self.log_message("Files that %s modified:", were)
+            for file in self.files:
+                self.log_message(file)
+        if self.fixer_log:
+            self.log_message("Warnings/messages while refactoring:")
+            for message in self.fixer_log:
+                self.log_message(message)
+        if self.errors:
+            if len(self.errors) == 1:
+                self.log_message("There was 1 error:")
+            else:
+                self.log_message("There were %d errors:", len(self.errors))
+            for msg, args, kwds in self.errors:
+                self.log_message(msg, *args, **kwds)
+
+    def parse_block(self, block, lineno, indent):
+        """Parses a block into a tree.
+
+        This is necessary to get correct line number / offset information
+        in the parser diagnostics and embedded into the parse tree.
+        """
+        return self.driver.parse_tokens(self.wrap_toks(block, lineno, indent))
+
+    def wrap_toks(self, block, lineno, indent):
+        """Wraps a tokenize stream to systematically modify start/end."""
+        tokens = tokenize.generate_tokens(self.gen_lines(block, indent).next)
+        for type, value, (line0, col0), (line1, col1), line_text in tokens:
+            line0 += lineno - 1
+            line1 += lineno - 1
+            # Don't bother updating the columns; this is too complicated
+            # since line_text would also have to be updated and it would
+            # still break for tokens spanning lines.  Let the user guess
+            # that the column numbers for doctests are relative to the
+            # end of the prompt string (PS1 or PS2).
+            yield type, value, (line0, col0), (line1, col1), line_text
+
+
+    def gen_lines(self, block, indent):
+        """Generates lines as expected by tokenize from a list of lines.
+
+        This strips the first len(indent + self.PS1) characters off each line.
+        """
+        prefix1 = indent + self.PS1
+        prefix2 = indent + self.PS2
+        prefix = prefix1
+        for line in block:
+            if line.startswith(prefix):
+                yield line[len(prefix):]
+            elif line == prefix.rstrip() + u"\n":
+                yield u"\n"
+            else:
+                raise AssertionError("line=%r, prefix=%r" % (line, prefix))
+            prefix = prefix2
+        while True:
+            yield ""
+
+
+class MultiprocessingUnsupported(Exception):
+    pass
+
+
+class MultiprocessRefactoringTool(RefactoringTool):
+
+    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+        self.queue = None
+
+    def refactor(self, items, write=False, doctests_only=False,
+                 num_processes=1):
+        if num_processes == 1:
+            return super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor(
+                items, write, doctests_only)
+        try:
+            import multiprocessing
+        except ImportError:
+            raise MultiprocessingUnsupported
+        if self.queue is not None:
+            raise RuntimeError("already doing multiple processes")
+        self.queue = multiprocessing.JoinableQueue()
+        processes = [multiprocessing.Process(target=self._child)
+                     for i in xrange(num_processes)]
+        try:
+            for p in processes:
+                p.start()
+            super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor(items, write,
+                                                              doctests_only)
+        finally:
+            self.queue.join()
+            for i in xrange(num_processes):
+                self.queue.put(None)
+            for p in processes:
+                if p.is_alive():
+                    p.join()
+            self.queue = None
+
+    def _child(self):
+        task = self.queue.get()
+        while task is not None:
+            args, kwargs = task
+            try:
+                super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor_file(
+                    *args, **kwargs)
+            finally:
+                self.queue.task_done()
+            task = self.queue.get()
+
+    def refactor_file(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        if self.queue is not None:
+            self.queue.put((args, kwargs))
+        else:
+            return super(MultiprocessRefactoringTool, self).refactor_file(
+                *args, **kwargs)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/__init__.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfaea0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+"""Make tests/ into a package. This allows us to "import tests" and
+have tests.all_tests be a TestSuite representing all test cases
+from all test_*.py files in tests/."""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+import os
+import os.path
+import unittest
+import types
+
+from . import support
+
+all_tests = unittest.TestSuite()
+
+tests_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', 'tests')
+tests = [t[0:-3] for t in os.listdir(tests_dir)
+                        if t.startswith('test_') and t.endswith('.py')]
+
+loader = unittest.TestLoader()
+
+for t in tests:
+    __import__("",globals(),locals(),[t],level=1)
+    mod = globals()[t]
+    all_tests.addTests(loader.loadTestsFromModule(mod))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/README b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/README
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7aa47e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/README
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+In this directory:
+- py2_test_grammar.py -- test file that exercises most/all of Python 2.x's grammar.
+- py3_test_grammar.py -- test file that exercises most/all of Python 3.x's grammar.
+- infinite_recursion.py -- test file that causes lib2to3's faster recursive pattern matching
+  scheme to fail, but passes when lib2to3 falls back to iterative pattern matching.
+- fixes/ -- for use by test_refactor.py
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/bom.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/bom.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ecb782a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/bom.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+print "BOM BOOM!"
+
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/crlf.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/crlf.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbe2d7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/crlf.py
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+print "hi"
+
+print "Like bad Windows newlines?"
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/different_encoding.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/different_encoding.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9f32bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/different_encoding.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+print u'ßàáâãäåæçèéêëìíîïðñòóôõöøùúûüýþÿÀÁÂÃÄÅÆÇÈÉÊËÌÍÎÏÐÑÒÓÔÕÖØÙÚÛÜÝÞ'
+
+def f(x):
+    print '%s\t->  α(%2i):%s  β(%s)'
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/bad_order.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/bad_order.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..061bbf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/bad_order.py
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+from lib2to3.fixer_base import BaseFix
+
+class FixBadOrder(BaseFix):
+
+    order = "crazy"
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/__init__.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e69de29
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/__init__.py
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_explicit.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_explicit.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbe16f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_explicit.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from lib2to3.fixer_base import BaseFix
+
+class FixExplicit(BaseFix):
+    explicit = True
+
+    def match(self): return False
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_first.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_first.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a88821f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_first.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from lib2to3.fixer_base import BaseFix
+
+class FixFirst(BaseFix):
+    run_order = 1
+
+    def match(self, node): return False
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_last.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_last.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9a077d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_last.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+from lib2to3.fixer_base import BaseFix
+
+class FixLast(BaseFix):
+
+    run_order = 10
+
+    def match(self, node): return False
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_parrot.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_parrot.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6db79ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_parrot.py
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+from lib2to3.fixer_base import BaseFix
+from lib2to3.fixer_util import Name
+
+class FixParrot(BaseFix):
+    """
+    Change functions named 'parrot' to 'cheese'.
+    """
+
+    PATTERN = """funcdef < 'def' name='parrot' any* >"""
+
+    def transform(self, node, results):
+        name = results["name"]
+        name.replace(Name("cheese", name.prefix))
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_preorder.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_preorder.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9bfbba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/myfixes/fix_preorder.py
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+from lib2to3.fixer_base import BaseFix
+
+class FixPreorder(BaseFix):
+    order = "pre"
+
+    def match(self, node): return False
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/no_fixer_cls.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/no_fixer_cls.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..506f794
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/no_fixer_cls.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+# This is empty so trying to fetch the fixer class gives an AttributeError
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/parrot_example.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/parrot_example.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0852928
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/fixers/parrot_example.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+def parrot():
+    pass
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/infinite_recursion.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/infinite_recursion.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..71715ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/infinite_recursion.py
@@ -0,0 +1,2669 @@
+# This file is used to verify that 2to3 falls back to a slower, iterative pattern matching
+# scheme in the event that the faster recursive system fails due to infinite recursion.
+from ctypes import *
+STRING = c_char_p
+
+
+OSUnknownByteOrder = 0
+UIT_PROMPT = 1
+P_PGID = 2
+P_PID = 1
+UIT_ERROR = 5
+UIT_INFO = 4
+UIT_NONE = 0
+P_ALL = 0
+UIT_VERIFY = 2
+OSBigEndian = 2
+UIT_BOOLEAN = 3
+OSLittleEndian = 1
+__darwin_nl_item = c_int
+__darwin_wctrans_t = c_int
+__darwin_wctype_t = c_ulong
+__int8_t = c_byte
+__uint8_t = c_ubyte
+__int16_t = c_short
+__uint16_t = c_ushort
+__int32_t = c_int
+__uint32_t = c_uint
+__int64_t = c_longlong
+__uint64_t = c_ulonglong
+__darwin_intptr_t = c_long
+__darwin_natural_t = c_uint
+__darwin_ct_rune_t = c_int
+class __mbstate_t(Union):
+    pass
+__mbstate_t._pack_ = 4
+__mbstate_t._fields_ = [
+    ('__mbstate8', c_char * 128),
+    ('_mbstateL', c_longlong),
+]
+assert sizeof(__mbstate_t) == 128, sizeof(__mbstate_t)
+assert alignment(__mbstate_t) == 4, alignment(__mbstate_t)
+__darwin_mbstate_t = __mbstate_t
+__darwin_ptrdiff_t = c_int
+__darwin_size_t = c_ulong
+__darwin_va_list = STRING
+__darwin_wchar_t = c_int
+__darwin_rune_t = __darwin_wchar_t
+__darwin_wint_t = c_int
+__darwin_clock_t = c_ulong
+__darwin_socklen_t = __uint32_t
+__darwin_ssize_t = c_long
+__darwin_time_t = c_long
+sig_atomic_t = c_int
+class sigcontext(Structure):
+    pass
+sigcontext._fields_ = [
+    ('sc_onstack', c_int),
+    ('sc_mask', c_int),
+    ('sc_eax', c_uint),
+    ('sc_ebx', c_uint),
+    ('sc_ecx', c_uint),
+    ('sc_edx', c_uint),
+    ('sc_edi', c_uint),
+    ('sc_esi', c_uint),
+    ('sc_ebp', c_uint),
+    ('sc_esp', c_uint),
+    ('sc_ss', c_uint),
+    ('sc_eflags', c_uint),
+    ('sc_eip', c_uint),
+    ('sc_cs', c_uint),
+    ('sc_ds', c_uint),
+    ('sc_es', c_uint),
+    ('sc_fs', c_uint),
+    ('sc_gs', c_uint),
+]
+assert sizeof(sigcontext) == 72, sizeof(sigcontext)
+assert alignment(sigcontext) == 4, alignment(sigcontext)
+u_int8_t = c_ubyte
+u_int16_t = c_ushort
+u_int32_t = c_uint
+u_int64_t = c_ulonglong
+int32_t = c_int
+register_t = int32_t
+user_addr_t = u_int64_t
+user_size_t = u_int64_t
+int64_t = c_longlong
+user_ssize_t = int64_t
+user_long_t = int64_t
+user_ulong_t = u_int64_t
+user_time_t = int64_t
+syscall_arg_t = u_int64_t
+
+# values for unnamed enumeration
+class aes_key_st(Structure):
+    pass
+aes_key_st._fields_ = [
+    ('rd_key', c_ulong * 60),
+    ('rounds', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(aes_key_st) == 244, sizeof(aes_key_st)
+assert alignment(aes_key_st) == 4, alignment(aes_key_st)
+AES_KEY = aes_key_st
+class asn1_ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+asn1_ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('p', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('eos', c_int),
+    ('error', c_int),
+    ('inf', c_int),
+    ('tag', c_int),
+    ('xclass', c_int),
+    ('slen', c_long),
+    ('max', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('q', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('pp', POINTER(POINTER(c_ubyte))),
+    ('line', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(asn1_ctx_st) == 44, sizeof(asn1_ctx_st)
+assert alignment(asn1_ctx_st) == 4, alignment(asn1_ctx_st)
+ASN1_CTX = asn1_ctx_st
+class asn1_object_st(Structure):
+    pass
+asn1_object_st._fields_ = [
+    ('sn', STRING),
+    ('ln', STRING),
+    ('nid', c_int),
+    ('length', c_int),
+    ('data', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(asn1_object_st) == 24, sizeof(asn1_object_st)
+assert alignment(asn1_object_st) == 4, alignment(asn1_object_st)
+ASN1_OBJECT = asn1_object_st
+class asn1_string_st(Structure):
+    pass
+asn1_string_st._fields_ = [
+    ('length', c_int),
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('data', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('flags', c_long),
+]
+assert sizeof(asn1_string_st) == 16, sizeof(asn1_string_st)
+assert alignment(asn1_string_st) == 4, alignment(asn1_string_st)
+ASN1_STRING = asn1_string_st
+class ASN1_ENCODING_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ASN1_ENCODING_st._fields_ = [
+    ('enc', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('len', c_long),
+    ('modified', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(ASN1_ENCODING_st) == 12, sizeof(ASN1_ENCODING_st)
+assert alignment(ASN1_ENCODING_st) == 4, alignment(ASN1_ENCODING_st)
+ASN1_ENCODING = ASN1_ENCODING_st
+class asn1_string_table_st(Structure):
+    pass
+asn1_string_table_st._fields_ = [
+    ('nid', c_int),
+    ('minsize', c_long),
+    ('maxsize', c_long),
+    ('mask', c_ulong),
+    ('flags', c_ulong),
+]
+assert sizeof(asn1_string_table_st) == 20, sizeof(asn1_string_table_st)
+assert alignment(asn1_string_table_st) == 4, alignment(asn1_string_table_st)
+ASN1_STRING_TABLE = asn1_string_table_st
+class ASN1_TEMPLATE_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ASN1_TEMPLATE_st._fields_ = [
+]
+ASN1_TEMPLATE = ASN1_TEMPLATE_st
+class ASN1_ITEM_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ASN1_ITEM = ASN1_ITEM_st
+ASN1_ITEM_st._fields_ = [
+]
+class ASN1_TLC_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ASN1_TLC = ASN1_TLC_st
+ASN1_TLC_st._fields_ = [
+]
+class ASN1_VALUE_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ASN1_VALUE_st._fields_ = [
+]
+ASN1_VALUE = ASN1_VALUE_st
+ASN1_ITEM_EXP = ASN1_ITEM
+class asn1_type_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class N12asn1_type_st4DOLLAR_11E(Union):
+    pass
+ASN1_BOOLEAN = c_int
+ASN1_INTEGER = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_ENUMERATED = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_BIT_STRING = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_OCTET_STRING = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_T61STRING = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_IA5STRING = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_GENERALSTRING = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_BMPSTRING = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_UTCTIME = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_VISIBLESTRING = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_UTF8STRING = asn1_string_st
+N12asn1_type_st4DOLLAR_11E._fields_ = [
+    ('ptr', STRING),
+    ('boolean', ASN1_BOOLEAN),
+    ('asn1_string', POINTER(ASN1_STRING)),
+    ('object', POINTER(ASN1_OBJECT)),
+    ('integer', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('enumerated', POINTER(ASN1_ENUMERATED)),
+    ('bit_string', POINTER(ASN1_BIT_STRING)),
+    ('octet_string', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+    ('printablestring', POINTER(ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING)),
+    ('t61string', POINTER(ASN1_T61STRING)),
+    ('ia5string', POINTER(ASN1_IA5STRING)),
+    ('generalstring', POINTER(ASN1_GENERALSTRING)),
+    ('bmpstring', POINTER(ASN1_BMPSTRING)),
+    ('universalstring', POINTER(ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING)),
+    ('utctime', POINTER(ASN1_UTCTIME)),
+    ('generalizedtime', POINTER(ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME)),
+    ('visiblestring', POINTER(ASN1_VISIBLESTRING)),
+    ('utf8string', POINTER(ASN1_UTF8STRING)),
+    ('set', POINTER(ASN1_STRING)),
+    ('sequence', POINTER(ASN1_STRING)),
+]
+assert sizeof(N12asn1_type_st4DOLLAR_11E) == 4, sizeof(N12asn1_type_st4DOLLAR_11E)
+assert alignment(N12asn1_type_st4DOLLAR_11E) == 4, alignment(N12asn1_type_st4DOLLAR_11E)
+asn1_type_st._fields_ = [
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('value', N12asn1_type_st4DOLLAR_11E),
+]
+assert sizeof(asn1_type_st) == 8, sizeof(asn1_type_st)
+assert alignment(asn1_type_st) == 4, alignment(asn1_type_st)
+ASN1_TYPE = asn1_type_st
+class asn1_method_st(Structure):
+    pass
+asn1_method_st._fields_ = [
+    ('i2d', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+    ('d2i', CFUNCTYPE(STRING)),
+    ('create', CFUNCTYPE(STRING)),
+    ('destroy', CFUNCTYPE(None)),
+]
+assert sizeof(asn1_method_st) == 16, sizeof(asn1_method_st)
+assert alignment(asn1_method_st) == 4, alignment(asn1_method_st)
+ASN1_METHOD = asn1_method_st
+class asn1_header_st(Structure):
+    pass
+asn1_header_st._fields_ = [
+    ('header', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+    ('data', STRING),
+    ('meth', POINTER(ASN1_METHOD)),
+]
+assert sizeof(asn1_header_st) == 12, sizeof(asn1_header_st)
+assert alignment(asn1_header_st) == 4, alignment(asn1_header_st)
+ASN1_HEADER = asn1_header_st
+class BIT_STRING_BITNAME_st(Structure):
+    pass
+BIT_STRING_BITNAME_st._fields_ = [
+    ('bitnum', c_int),
+    ('lname', STRING),
+    ('sname', STRING),
+]
+assert sizeof(BIT_STRING_BITNAME_st) == 12, sizeof(BIT_STRING_BITNAME_st)
+assert alignment(BIT_STRING_BITNAME_st) == 4, alignment(BIT_STRING_BITNAME_st)
+BIT_STRING_BITNAME = BIT_STRING_BITNAME_st
+class bio_st(Structure):
+    pass
+BIO = bio_st
+bio_info_cb = CFUNCTYPE(None, POINTER(bio_st), c_int, STRING, c_int, c_long, c_long)
+class bio_method_st(Structure):
+    pass
+bio_method_st._fields_ = [
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('bwrite', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(BIO), STRING, c_int)),
+    ('bread', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(BIO), STRING, c_int)),
+    ('bputs', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(BIO), STRING)),
+    ('bgets', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(BIO), STRING, c_int)),
+    ('ctrl', CFUNCTYPE(c_long, POINTER(BIO), c_int, c_long, c_void_p)),
+    ('create', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(BIO))),
+    ('destroy', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(BIO))),
+    ('callback_ctrl', CFUNCTYPE(c_long, POINTER(BIO), c_int, POINTER(bio_info_cb))),
+]
+assert sizeof(bio_method_st) == 40, sizeof(bio_method_st)
+assert alignment(bio_method_st) == 4, alignment(bio_method_st)
+BIO_METHOD = bio_method_st
+class crypto_ex_data_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class stack_st(Structure):
+    pass
+STACK = stack_st
+crypto_ex_data_st._fields_ = [
+    ('sk', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('dummy', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(crypto_ex_data_st) == 8, sizeof(crypto_ex_data_st)
+assert alignment(crypto_ex_data_st) == 4, alignment(crypto_ex_data_st)
+CRYPTO_EX_DATA = crypto_ex_data_st
+bio_st._fields_ = [
+    ('method', POINTER(BIO_METHOD)),
+    ('callback', CFUNCTYPE(c_long, POINTER(bio_st), c_int, STRING, c_int, c_long, c_long)),
+    ('cb_arg', STRING),
+    ('init', c_int),
+    ('shutdown', c_int),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+    ('retry_reason', c_int),
+    ('num', c_int),
+    ('ptr', c_void_p),
+    ('next_bio', POINTER(bio_st)),
+    ('prev_bio', POINTER(bio_st)),
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('num_read', c_ulong),
+    ('num_write', c_ulong),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+]
+assert sizeof(bio_st) == 64, sizeof(bio_st)
+assert alignment(bio_st) == 4, alignment(bio_st)
+class bio_f_buffer_ctx_struct(Structure):
+    pass
+bio_f_buffer_ctx_struct._fields_ = [
+    ('ibuf_size', c_int),
+    ('obuf_size', c_int),
+    ('ibuf', STRING),
+    ('ibuf_len', c_int),
+    ('ibuf_off', c_int),
+    ('obuf', STRING),
+    ('obuf_len', c_int),
+    ('obuf_off', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(bio_f_buffer_ctx_struct) == 32, sizeof(bio_f_buffer_ctx_struct)
+assert alignment(bio_f_buffer_ctx_struct) == 4, alignment(bio_f_buffer_ctx_struct)
+BIO_F_BUFFER_CTX = bio_f_buffer_ctx_struct
+class hostent(Structure):
+    pass
+hostent._fields_ = [
+]
+class bf_key_st(Structure):
+    pass
+bf_key_st._fields_ = [
+    ('P', c_uint * 18),
+    ('S', c_uint * 1024),
+]
+assert sizeof(bf_key_st) == 4168, sizeof(bf_key_st)
+assert alignment(bf_key_st) == 4, alignment(bf_key_st)
+BF_KEY = bf_key_st
+class bignum_st(Structure):
+    pass
+bignum_st._fields_ = [
+    ('d', POINTER(c_ulong)),
+    ('top', c_int),
+    ('dmax', c_int),
+    ('neg', c_int),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(bignum_st) == 20, sizeof(bignum_st)
+assert alignment(bignum_st) == 4, alignment(bignum_st)
+BIGNUM = bignum_st
+class bignum_ctx(Structure):
+    pass
+bignum_ctx._fields_ = [
+]
+BN_CTX = bignum_ctx
+class bn_blinding_st(Structure):
+    pass
+bn_blinding_st._fields_ = [
+    ('init', c_int),
+    ('A', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('Ai', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('mod', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('thread_id', c_ulong),
+]
+assert sizeof(bn_blinding_st) == 20, sizeof(bn_blinding_st)
+assert alignment(bn_blinding_st) == 4, alignment(bn_blinding_st)
+BN_BLINDING = bn_blinding_st
+class bn_mont_ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+bn_mont_ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('ri', c_int),
+    ('RR', BIGNUM),
+    ('N', BIGNUM),
+    ('Ni', BIGNUM),
+    ('n0', c_ulong),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(bn_mont_ctx_st) == 72, sizeof(bn_mont_ctx_st)
+assert alignment(bn_mont_ctx_st) == 4, alignment(bn_mont_ctx_st)
+BN_MONT_CTX = bn_mont_ctx_st
+class bn_recp_ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+bn_recp_ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('N', BIGNUM),
+    ('Nr', BIGNUM),
+    ('num_bits', c_int),
+    ('shift', c_int),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(bn_recp_ctx_st) == 52, sizeof(bn_recp_ctx_st)
+assert alignment(bn_recp_ctx_st) == 4, alignment(bn_recp_ctx_st)
+BN_RECP_CTX = bn_recp_ctx_st
+class buf_mem_st(Structure):
+    pass
+buf_mem_st._fields_ = [
+    ('length', c_int),
+    ('data', STRING),
+    ('max', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(buf_mem_st) == 12, sizeof(buf_mem_st)
+assert alignment(buf_mem_st) == 4, alignment(buf_mem_st)
+BUF_MEM = buf_mem_st
+class cast_key_st(Structure):
+    pass
+cast_key_st._fields_ = [
+    ('data', c_ulong * 32),
+    ('short_key', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(cast_key_st) == 132, sizeof(cast_key_st)
+assert alignment(cast_key_st) == 4, alignment(cast_key_st)
+CAST_KEY = cast_key_st
+class comp_method_st(Structure):
+    pass
+comp_method_st._fields_ = [
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('init', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+    ('finish', CFUNCTYPE(None)),
+    ('compress', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+    ('expand', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+    ('ctrl', CFUNCTYPE(c_long)),
+    ('callback_ctrl', CFUNCTYPE(c_long)),
+]
+assert sizeof(comp_method_st) == 32, sizeof(comp_method_st)
+assert alignment(comp_method_st) == 4, alignment(comp_method_st)
+COMP_METHOD = comp_method_st
+class comp_ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+comp_ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('meth', POINTER(COMP_METHOD)),
+    ('compress_in', c_ulong),
+    ('compress_out', c_ulong),
+    ('expand_in', c_ulong),
+    ('expand_out', c_ulong),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+]
+assert sizeof(comp_ctx_st) == 28, sizeof(comp_ctx_st)
+assert alignment(comp_ctx_st) == 4, alignment(comp_ctx_st)
+COMP_CTX = comp_ctx_st
+class CRYPTO_dynlock_value(Structure):
+    pass
+CRYPTO_dynlock_value._fields_ = [
+]
+class CRYPTO_dynlock(Structure):
+    pass
+CRYPTO_dynlock._fields_ = [
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('data', POINTER(CRYPTO_dynlock_value)),
+]
+assert sizeof(CRYPTO_dynlock) == 8, sizeof(CRYPTO_dynlock)
+assert alignment(CRYPTO_dynlock) == 4, alignment(CRYPTO_dynlock)
+BIO_dummy = bio_st
+CRYPTO_EX_new = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_void_p, c_void_p, POINTER(CRYPTO_EX_DATA), c_int, c_long, c_void_p)
+CRYPTO_EX_free = CFUNCTYPE(None, c_void_p, c_void_p, POINTER(CRYPTO_EX_DATA), c_int, c_long, c_void_p)
+CRYPTO_EX_dup = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(CRYPTO_EX_DATA), POINTER(CRYPTO_EX_DATA), c_void_p, c_int, c_long, c_void_p)
+class crypto_ex_data_func_st(Structure):
+    pass
+crypto_ex_data_func_st._fields_ = [
+    ('argl', c_long),
+    ('argp', c_void_p),
+    ('new_func', POINTER(CRYPTO_EX_new)),
+    ('free_func', POINTER(CRYPTO_EX_free)),
+    ('dup_func', POINTER(CRYPTO_EX_dup)),
+]
+assert sizeof(crypto_ex_data_func_st) == 20, sizeof(crypto_ex_data_func_st)
+assert alignment(crypto_ex_data_func_st) == 4, alignment(crypto_ex_data_func_st)
+CRYPTO_EX_DATA_FUNCS = crypto_ex_data_func_st
+class st_CRYPTO_EX_DATA_IMPL(Structure):
+    pass
+CRYPTO_EX_DATA_IMPL = st_CRYPTO_EX_DATA_IMPL
+st_CRYPTO_EX_DATA_IMPL._fields_ = [
+]
+CRYPTO_MEM_LEAK_CB = CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p, c_ulong, STRING, c_int, c_int, c_void_p)
+DES_cblock = c_ubyte * 8
+const_DES_cblock = c_ubyte * 8
+class DES_ks(Structure):
+    pass
+class N6DES_ks3DOLLAR_9E(Union):
+    pass
+N6DES_ks3DOLLAR_9E._fields_ = [
+    ('cblock', DES_cblock),
+    ('deslong', c_ulong * 2),
+]
+assert sizeof(N6DES_ks3DOLLAR_9E) == 8, sizeof(N6DES_ks3DOLLAR_9E)
+assert alignment(N6DES_ks3DOLLAR_9E) == 4, alignment(N6DES_ks3DOLLAR_9E)
+DES_ks._fields_ = [
+    ('ks', N6DES_ks3DOLLAR_9E * 16),
+]
+assert sizeof(DES_ks) == 128, sizeof(DES_ks)
+assert alignment(DES_ks) == 4, alignment(DES_ks)
+DES_key_schedule = DES_ks
+_ossl_old_des_cblock = c_ubyte * 8
+class _ossl_old_des_ks_struct(Structure):
+    pass
+class N23_ossl_old_des_ks_struct4DOLLAR_10E(Union):
+    pass
+N23_ossl_old_des_ks_struct4DOLLAR_10E._fields_ = [
+    ('_', _ossl_old_des_cblock),
+    ('pad', c_ulong * 2),
+]
+assert sizeof(N23_ossl_old_des_ks_struct4DOLLAR_10E) == 8, sizeof(N23_ossl_old_des_ks_struct4DOLLAR_10E)
+assert alignment(N23_ossl_old_des_ks_struct4DOLLAR_10E) == 4, alignment(N23_ossl_old_des_ks_struct4DOLLAR_10E)
+_ossl_old_des_ks_struct._fields_ = [
+    ('ks', N23_ossl_old_des_ks_struct4DOLLAR_10E),
+]
+assert sizeof(_ossl_old_des_ks_struct) == 8, sizeof(_ossl_old_des_ks_struct)
+assert alignment(_ossl_old_des_ks_struct) == 4, alignment(_ossl_old_des_ks_struct)
+_ossl_old_des_key_schedule = _ossl_old_des_ks_struct * 16
+class dh_st(Structure):
+    pass
+DH = dh_st
+class dh_method(Structure):
+    pass
+dh_method._fields_ = [
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('generate_key', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(DH))),
+    ('compute_key', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(DH))),
+    ('bn_mod_exp', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(DH), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BN_CTX), POINTER(BN_MONT_CTX))),
+    ('init', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(DH))),
+    ('finish', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(DH))),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+    ('app_data', STRING),
+]
+assert sizeof(dh_method) == 32, sizeof(dh_method)
+assert alignment(dh_method) == 4, alignment(dh_method)
+DH_METHOD = dh_method
+class engine_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ENGINE = engine_st
+dh_st._fields_ = [
+    ('pad', c_int),
+    ('version', c_int),
+    ('p', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('g', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('length', c_long),
+    ('pub_key', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('priv_key', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+    ('method_mont_p', STRING),
+    ('q', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('j', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('seed', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('seedlen', c_int),
+    ('counter', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+    ('meth', POINTER(DH_METHOD)),
+    ('engine', POINTER(ENGINE)),
+]
+assert sizeof(dh_st) == 76, sizeof(dh_st)
+assert alignment(dh_st) == 4, alignment(dh_st)
+class dsa_st(Structure):
+    pass
+DSA = dsa_st
+class DSA_SIG_st(Structure):
+    pass
+DSA_SIG_st._fields_ = [
+    ('r', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('s', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+]
+assert sizeof(DSA_SIG_st) == 8, sizeof(DSA_SIG_st)
+assert alignment(DSA_SIG_st) == 4, alignment(DSA_SIG_st)
+DSA_SIG = DSA_SIG_st
+class dsa_method(Structure):
+    pass
+dsa_method._fields_ = [
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('dsa_do_sign', CFUNCTYPE(POINTER(DSA_SIG), POINTER(c_ubyte), c_int, POINTER(DSA))),
+    ('dsa_sign_setup', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(DSA), POINTER(BN_CTX), POINTER(POINTER(BIGNUM)), POINTER(POINTER(BIGNUM)))),
+    ('dsa_do_verify', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(c_ubyte), c_int, POINTER(DSA_SIG), POINTER(DSA))),
+    ('dsa_mod_exp', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(DSA), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BN_CTX), POINTER(BN_MONT_CTX))),
+    ('bn_mod_exp', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(DSA), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BN_CTX), POINTER(BN_MONT_CTX))),
+    ('init', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(DSA))),
+    ('finish', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(DSA))),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+    ('app_data', STRING),
+]
+assert sizeof(dsa_method) == 40, sizeof(dsa_method)
+assert alignment(dsa_method) == 4, alignment(dsa_method)
+DSA_METHOD = dsa_method
+dsa_st._fields_ = [
+    ('pad', c_int),
+    ('version', c_long),
+    ('write_params', c_int),
+    ('p', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('q', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('g', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('pub_key', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('priv_key', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('kinv', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('r', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+    ('method_mont_p', STRING),
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+    ('meth', POINTER(DSA_METHOD)),
+    ('engine', POINTER(ENGINE)),
+]
+assert sizeof(dsa_st) == 68, sizeof(dsa_st)
+assert alignment(dsa_st) == 4, alignment(dsa_st)
+class evp_pkey_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class N11evp_pkey_st4DOLLAR_12E(Union):
+    pass
+class rsa_st(Structure):
+    pass
+N11evp_pkey_st4DOLLAR_12E._fields_ = [
+    ('ptr', STRING),
+    ('rsa', POINTER(rsa_st)),
+    ('dsa', POINTER(dsa_st)),
+    ('dh', POINTER(dh_st)),
+]
+assert sizeof(N11evp_pkey_st4DOLLAR_12E) == 4, sizeof(N11evp_pkey_st4DOLLAR_12E)
+assert alignment(N11evp_pkey_st4DOLLAR_12E) == 4, alignment(N11evp_pkey_st4DOLLAR_12E)
+evp_pkey_st._fields_ = [
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('save_type', c_int),
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('pkey', N11evp_pkey_st4DOLLAR_12E),
+    ('save_parameters', c_int),
+    ('attributes', POINTER(STACK)),
+]
+assert sizeof(evp_pkey_st) == 24, sizeof(evp_pkey_st)
+assert alignment(evp_pkey_st) == 4, alignment(evp_pkey_st)
+class env_md_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class env_md_ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+EVP_MD_CTX = env_md_ctx_st
+env_md_st._fields_ = [
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('pkey_type', c_int),
+    ('md_size', c_int),
+    ('flags', c_ulong),
+    ('init', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_MD_CTX))),
+    ('update', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_MD_CTX), c_void_p, c_ulong)),
+    ('final', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_MD_CTX), POINTER(c_ubyte))),
+    ('copy', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_MD_CTX), POINTER(EVP_MD_CTX))),
+    ('cleanup', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_MD_CTX))),
+    ('sign', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+    ('verify', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+    ('required_pkey_type', c_int * 5),
+    ('block_size', c_int),
+    ('ctx_size', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(env_md_st) == 72, sizeof(env_md_st)
+assert alignment(env_md_st) == 4, alignment(env_md_st)
+EVP_MD = env_md_st
+env_md_ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('digest', POINTER(EVP_MD)),
+    ('engine', POINTER(ENGINE)),
+    ('flags', c_ulong),
+    ('md_data', c_void_p),
+]
+assert sizeof(env_md_ctx_st) == 16, sizeof(env_md_ctx_st)
+assert alignment(env_md_ctx_st) == 4, alignment(env_md_ctx_st)
+class evp_cipher_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class evp_cipher_ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+EVP_CIPHER_CTX = evp_cipher_ctx_st
+evp_cipher_st._fields_ = [
+    ('nid', c_int),
+    ('block_size', c_int),
+    ('key_len', c_int),
+    ('iv_len', c_int),
+    ('flags', c_ulong),
+    ('init', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_CIPHER_CTX), POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(c_ubyte), c_int)),
+    ('do_cipher', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_CIPHER_CTX), POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(c_ubyte), c_uint)),
+    ('cleanup', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_CIPHER_CTX))),
+    ('ctx_size', c_int),
+    ('set_asn1_parameters', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_CIPHER_CTX), POINTER(ASN1_TYPE))),
+    ('get_asn1_parameters', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_CIPHER_CTX), POINTER(ASN1_TYPE))),
+    ('ctrl', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_CIPHER_CTX), c_int, c_int, c_void_p)),
+    ('app_data', c_void_p),
+]
+assert sizeof(evp_cipher_st) == 52, sizeof(evp_cipher_st)
+assert alignment(evp_cipher_st) == 4, alignment(evp_cipher_st)
+class evp_cipher_info_st(Structure):
+    pass
+EVP_CIPHER = evp_cipher_st
+evp_cipher_info_st._fields_ = [
+    ('cipher', POINTER(EVP_CIPHER)),
+    ('iv', c_ubyte * 16),
+]
+assert sizeof(evp_cipher_info_st) == 20, sizeof(evp_cipher_info_st)
+assert alignment(evp_cipher_info_st) == 4, alignment(evp_cipher_info_st)
+EVP_CIPHER_INFO = evp_cipher_info_st
+evp_cipher_ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('cipher', POINTER(EVP_CIPHER)),
+    ('engine', POINTER(ENGINE)),
+    ('encrypt', c_int),
+    ('buf_len', c_int),
+    ('oiv', c_ubyte * 16),
+    ('iv', c_ubyte * 16),
+    ('buf', c_ubyte * 32),
+    ('num', c_int),
+    ('app_data', c_void_p),
+    ('key_len', c_int),
+    ('flags', c_ulong),
+    ('cipher_data', c_void_p),
+    ('final_used', c_int),
+    ('block_mask', c_int),
+    ('final', c_ubyte * 32),
+]
+assert sizeof(evp_cipher_ctx_st) == 140, sizeof(evp_cipher_ctx_st)
+assert alignment(evp_cipher_ctx_st) == 4, alignment(evp_cipher_ctx_st)
+class evp_Encode_Ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+evp_Encode_Ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('num', c_int),
+    ('length', c_int),
+    ('enc_data', c_ubyte * 80),
+    ('line_num', c_int),
+    ('expect_nl', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(evp_Encode_Ctx_st) == 96, sizeof(evp_Encode_Ctx_st)
+assert alignment(evp_Encode_Ctx_st) == 4, alignment(evp_Encode_Ctx_st)
+EVP_ENCODE_CTX = evp_Encode_Ctx_st
+EVP_PBE_KEYGEN = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(EVP_CIPHER_CTX), STRING, c_int, POINTER(ASN1_TYPE), POINTER(EVP_CIPHER), POINTER(EVP_MD), c_int)
+class lhash_node_st(Structure):
+    pass
+lhash_node_st._fields_ = [
+    ('data', c_void_p),
+    ('next', POINTER(lhash_node_st)),
+    ('hash', c_ulong),
+]
+assert sizeof(lhash_node_st) == 12, sizeof(lhash_node_st)
+assert alignment(lhash_node_st) == 4, alignment(lhash_node_st)
+LHASH_NODE = lhash_node_st
+LHASH_COMP_FN_TYPE = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_void_p, c_void_p)
+LHASH_HASH_FN_TYPE = CFUNCTYPE(c_ulong, c_void_p)
+LHASH_DOALL_FN_TYPE = CFUNCTYPE(None, c_void_p)
+LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN_TYPE = CFUNCTYPE(None, c_void_p, c_void_p)
+class lhash_st(Structure):
+    pass
+lhash_st._fields_ = [
+    ('b', POINTER(POINTER(LHASH_NODE))),
+    ('comp', LHASH_COMP_FN_TYPE),
+    ('hash', LHASH_HASH_FN_TYPE),
+    ('num_nodes', c_uint),
+    ('num_alloc_nodes', c_uint),
+    ('p', c_uint),
+    ('pmax', c_uint),
+    ('up_load', c_ulong),
+    ('down_load', c_ulong),
+    ('num_items', c_ulong),
+    ('num_expands', c_ulong),
+    ('num_expand_reallocs', c_ulong),
+    ('num_contracts', c_ulong),
+    ('num_contract_reallocs', c_ulong),
+    ('num_hash_calls', c_ulong),
+    ('num_comp_calls', c_ulong),
+    ('num_insert', c_ulong),
+    ('num_replace', c_ulong),
+    ('num_delete', c_ulong),
+    ('num_no_delete', c_ulong),
+    ('num_retrieve', c_ulong),
+    ('num_retrieve_miss', c_ulong),
+    ('num_hash_comps', c_ulong),
+    ('error', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(lhash_st) == 96, sizeof(lhash_st)
+assert alignment(lhash_st) == 4, alignment(lhash_st)
+LHASH = lhash_st
+class MD2state_st(Structure):
+    pass
+MD2state_st._fields_ = [
+    ('num', c_int),
+    ('data', c_ubyte * 16),
+    ('cksm', c_uint * 16),
+    ('state', c_uint * 16),
+]
+assert sizeof(MD2state_st) == 148, sizeof(MD2state_st)
+assert alignment(MD2state_st) == 4, alignment(MD2state_st)
+MD2_CTX = MD2state_st
+class MD4state_st(Structure):
+    pass
+MD4state_st._fields_ = [
+    ('A', c_uint),
+    ('B', c_uint),
+    ('C', c_uint),
+    ('D', c_uint),
+    ('Nl', c_uint),
+    ('Nh', c_uint),
+    ('data', c_uint * 16),
+    ('num', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(MD4state_st) == 92, sizeof(MD4state_st)
+assert alignment(MD4state_st) == 4, alignment(MD4state_st)
+MD4_CTX = MD4state_st
+class MD5state_st(Structure):
+    pass
+MD5state_st._fields_ = [
+    ('A', c_uint),
+    ('B', c_uint),
+    ('C', c_uint),
+    ('D', c_uint),
+    ('Nl', c_uint),
+    ('Nh', c_uint),
+    ('data', c_uint * 16),
+    ('num', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(MD5state_st) == 92, sizeof(MD5state_st)
+assert alignment(MD5state_st) == 4, alignment(MD5state_st)
+MD5_CTX = MD5state_st
+class mdc2_ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+mdc2_ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('num', c_int),
+    ('data', c_ubyte * 8),
+    ('h', DES_cblock),
+    ('hh', DES_cblock),
+    ('pad_type', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(mdc2_ctx_st) == 32, sizeof(mdc2_ctx_st)
+assert alignment(mdc2_ctx_st) == 4, alignment(mdc2_ctx_st)
+MDC2_CTX = mdc2_ctx_st
+class obj_name_st(Structure):
+    pass
+obj_name_st._fields_ = [
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('alias', c_int),
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('data', STRING),
+]
+assert sizeof(obj_name_st) == 16, sizeof(obj_name_st)
+assert alignment(obj_name_st) == 4, alignment(obj_name_st)
+OBJ_NAME = obj_name_st
+ASN1_TIME = asn1_string_st
+ASN1_NULL = c_int
+EVP_PKEY = evp_pkey_st
+class x509_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509 = x509_st
+class X509_algor_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_ALGOR = X509_algor_st
+class X509_crl_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_CRL = X509_crl_st
+class X509_name_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_NAME = X509_name_st
+class x509_store_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_STORE = x509_store_st
+class x509_store_ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_STORE_CTX = x509_store_ctx_st
+engine_st._fields_ = [
+]
+class PEM_Encode_Seal_st(Structure):
+    pass
+PEM_Encode_Seal_st._fields_ = [
+    ('encode', EVP_ENCODE_CTX),
+    ('md', EVP_MD_CTX),
+    ('cipher', EVP_CIPHER_CTX),
+]
+assert sizeof(PEM_Encode_Seal_st) == 252, sizeof(PEM_Encode_Seal_st)
+assert alignment(PEM_Encode_Seal_st) == 4, alignment(PEM_Encode_Seal_st)
+PEM_ENCODE_SEAL_CTX = PEM_Encode_Seal_st
+class pem_recip_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pem_recip_st._fields_ = [
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('dn', POINTER(X509_NAME)),
+    ('cipher', c_int),
+    ('key_enc', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(pem_recip_st) == 16, sizeof(pem_recip_st)
+assert alignment(pem_recip_st) == 4, alignment(pem_recip_st)
+PEM_USER = pem_recip_st
+class pem_ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_16E(Structure):
+    pass
+N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_16E._fields_ = [
+    ('version', c_int),
+    ('mode', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_16E) == 8, sizeof(N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_16E)
+assert alignment(N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_16E) == 4, alignment(N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_16E)
+class N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_17E(Structure):
+    pass
+N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_17E._fields_ = [
+    ('cipher', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_17E) == 4, sizeof(N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_17E)
+assert alignment(N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_17E) == 4, alignment(N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_17E)
+pem_ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('proc_type', N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_16E),
+    ('domain', STRING),
+    ('DEK_info', N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_17E),
+    ('originator', POINTER(PEM_USER)),
+    ('num_recipient', c_int),
+    ('recipient', POINTER(POINTER(PEM_USER))),
+    ('x509_chain', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('md', POINTER(EVP_MD)),
+    ('md_enc', c_int),
+    ('md_len', c_int),
+    ('md_data', STRING),
+    ('dec', POINTER(EVP_CIPHER)),
+    ('key_len', c_int),
+    ('key', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('data_enc', c_int),
+    ('data_len', c_int),
+    ('data', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pem_ctx_st) == 76, sizeof(pem_ctx_st)
+assert alignment(pem_ctx_st) == 4, alignment(pem_ctx_st)
+PEM_CTX = pem_ctx_st
+pem_password_cb = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, STRING, c_int, c_int, c_void_p)
+class pkcs7_issuer_and_serial_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pkcs7_issuer_and_serial_st._fields_ = [
+    ('issuer', POINTER(X509_NAME)),
+    ('serial', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs7_issuer_and_serial_st) == 8, sizeof(pkcs7_issuer_and_serial_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs7_issuer_and_serial_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs7_issuer_and_serial_st)
+PKCS7_ISSUER_AND_SERIAL = pkcs7_issuer_and_serial_st
+class pkcs7_signer_info_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pkcs7_signer_info_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('issuer_and_serial', POINTER(PKCS7_ISSUER_AND_SERIAL)),
+    ('digest_alg', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('auth_attr', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('digest_enc_alg', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('enc_digest', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+    ('unauth_attr', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('pkey', POINTER(EVP_PKEY)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs7_signer_info_st) == 32, sizeof(pkcs7_signer_info_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs7_signer_info_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs7_signer_info_st)
+PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO = pkcs7_signer_info_st
+class pkcs7_recip_info_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pkcs7_recip_info_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('issuer_and_serial', POINTER(PKCS7_ISSUER_AND_SERIAL)),
+    ('key_enc_algor', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('enc_key', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+    ('cert', POINTER(X509)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs7_recip_info_st) == 20, sizeof(pkcs7_recip_info_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs7_recip_info_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs7_recip_info_st)
+PKCS7_RECIP_INFO = pkcs7_recip_info_st
+class pkcs7_signed_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class pkcs7_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pkcs7_signed_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('md_algs', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('cert', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('crl', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('signer_info', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('contents', POINTER(pkcs7_st)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs7_signed_st) == 24, sizeof(pkcs7_signed_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs7_signed_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs7_signed_st)
+PKCS7_SIGNED = pkcs7_signed_st
+class pkcs7_enc_content_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pkcs7_enc_content_st._fields_ = [
+    ('content_type', POINTER(ASN1_OBJECT)),
+    ('algorithm', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('enc_data', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+    ('cipher', POINTER(EVP_CIPHER)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs7_enc_content_st) == 16, sizeof(pkcs7_enc_content_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs7_enc_content_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs7_enc_content_st)
+PKCS7_ENC_CONTENT = pkcs7_enc_content_st
+class pkcs7_enveloped_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pkcs7_enveloped_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('recipientinfo', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('enc_data', POINTER(PKCS7_ENC_CONTENT)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs7_enveloped_st) == 12, sizeof(pkcs7_enveloped_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs7_enveloped_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs7_enveloped_st)
+PKCS7_ENVELOPE = pkcs7_enveloped_st
+class pkcs7_signedandenveloped_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pkcs7_signedandenveloped_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('md_algs', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('cert', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('crl', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('signer_info', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('enc_data', POINTER(PKCS7_ENC_CONTENT)),
+    ('recipientinfo', POINTER(STACK)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs7_signedandenveloped_st) == 28, sizeof(pkcs7_signedandenveloped_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs7_signedandenveloped_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs7_signedandenveloped_st)
+PKCS7_SIGN_ENVELOPE = pkcs7_signedandenveloped_st
+class pkcs7_digest_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pkcs7_digest_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('md', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('contents', POINTER(pkcs7_st)),
+    ('digest', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs7_digest_st) == 16, sizeof(pkcs7_digest_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs7_digest_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs7_digest_st)
+PKCS7_DIGEST = pkcs7_digest_st
+class pkcs7_encrypted_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pkcs7_encrypted_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('enc_data', POINTER(PKCS7_ENC_CONTENT)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs7_encrypted_st) == 8, sizeof(pkcs7_encrypted_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs7_encrypted_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs7_encrypted_st)
+PKCS7_ENCRYPT = pkcs7_encrypted_st
+class N8pkcs7_st4DOLLAR_15E(Union):
+    pass
+N8pkcs7_st4DOLLAR_15E._fields_ = [
+    ('ptr', STRING),
+    ('data', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+    ('sign', POINTER(PKCS7_SIGNED)),
+    ('enveloped', POINTER(PKCS7_ENVELOPE)),
+    ('signed_and_enveloped', POINTER(PKCS7_SIGN_ENVELOPE)),
+    ('digest', POINTER(PKCS7_DIGEST)),
+    ('encrypted', POINTER(PKCS7_ENCRYPT)),
+    ('other', POINTER(ASN1_TYPE)),
+]
+assert sizeof(N8pkcs7_st4DOLLAR_15E) == 4, sizeof(N8pkcs7_st4DOLLAR_15E)
+assert alignment(N8pkcs7_st4DOLLAR_15E) == 4, alignment(N8pkcs7_st4DOLLAR_15E)
+pkcs7_st._fields_ = [
+    ('asn1', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('length', c_long),
+    ('state', c_int),
+    ('detached', c_int),
+    ('type', POINTER(ASN1_OBJECT)),
+    ('d', N8pkcs7_st4DOLLAR_15E),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs7_st) == 24, sizeof(pkcs7_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs7_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs7_st)
+PKCS7 = pkcs7_st
+class rc2_key_st(Structure):
+    pass
+rc2_key_st._fields_ = [
+    ('data', c_uint * 64),
+]
+assert sizeof(rc2_key_st) == 256, sizeof(rc2_key_st)
+assert alignment(rc2_key_st) == 4, alignment(rc2_key_st)
+RC2_KEY = rc2_key_st
+class rc4_key_st(Structure):
+    pass
+rc4_key_st._fields_ = [
+    ('x', c_ubyte),
+    ('y', c_ubyte),
+    ('data', c_ubyte * 256),
+]
+assert sizeof(rc4_key_st) == 258, sizeof(rc4_key_st)
+assert alignment(rc4_key_st) == 1, alignment(rc4_key_st)
+RC4_KEY = rc4_key_st
+class rc5_key_st(Structure):
+    pass
+rc5_key_st._fields_ = [
+    ('rounds', c_int),
+    ('data', c_ulong * 34),
+]
+assert sizeof(rc5_key_st) == 140, sizeof(rc5_key_st)
+assert alignment(rc5_key_st) == 4, alignment(rc5_key_st)
+RC5_32_KEY = rc5_key_st
+class RIPEMD160state_st(Structure):
+    pass
+RIPEMD160state_st._fields_ = [
+    ('A', c_uint),
+    ('B', c_uint),
+    ('C', c_uint),
+    ('D', c_uint),
+    ('E', c_uint),
+    ('Nl', c_uint),
+    ('Nh', c_uint),
+    ('data', c_uint * 16),
+    ('num', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(RIPEMD160state_st) == 96, sizeof(RIPEMD160state_st)
+assert alignment(RIPEMD160state_st) == 4, alignment(RIPEMD160state_st)
+RIPEMD160_CTX = RIPEMD160state_st
+RSA = rsa_st
+class rsa_meth_st(Structure):
+    pass
+rsa_meth_st._fields_ = [
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('rsa_pub_enc', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(RSA), c_int)),
+    ('rsa_pub_dec', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(RSA), c_int)),
+    ('rsa_priv_enc', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(RSA), c_int)),
+    ('rsa_priv_dec', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(RSA), c_int)),
+    ('rsa_mod_exp', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(RSA))),
+    ('bn_mod_exp', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BIGNUM), POINTER(BN_CTX), POINTER(BN_MONT_CTX))),
+    ('init', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(RSA))),
+    ('finish', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(RSA))),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+    ('app_data', STRING),
+    ('rsa_sign', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, POINTER(c_ubyte), c_uint, POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(c_uint), POINTER(RSA))),
+    ('rsa_verify', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, POINTER(c_ubyte), c_uint, POINTER(c_ubyte), c_uint, POINTER(RSA))),
+]
+assert sizeof(rsa_meth_st) == 52, sizeof(rsa_meth_st)
+assert alignment(rsa_meth_st) == 4, alignment(rsa_meth_st)
+RSA_METHOD = rsa_meth_st
+rsa_st._fields_ = [
+    ('pad', c_int),
+    ('version', c_long),
+    ('meth', POINTER(RSA_METHOD)),
+    ('engine', POINTER(ENGINE)),
+    ('n', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('e', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('d', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('p', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('q', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('dmp1', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('dmq1', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('iqmp', POINTER(BIGNUM)),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+    ('_method_mod_n', POINTER(BN_MONT_CTX)),
+    ('_method_mod_p', POINTER(BN_MONT_CTX)),
+    ('_method_mod_q', POINTER(BN_MONT_CTX)),
+    ('bignum_data', STRING),
+    ('blinding', POINTER(BN_BLINDING)),
+]
+assert sizeof(rsa_st) == 84, sizeof(rsa_st)
+assert alignment(rsa_st) == 4, alignment(rsa_st)
+openssl_fptr = CFUNCTYPE(None)
+class SHAstate_st(Structure):
+    pass
+SHAstate_st._fields_ = [
+    ('h0', c_uint),
+    ('h1', c_uint),
+    ('h2', c_uint),
+    ('h3', c_uint),
+    ('h4', c_uint),
+    ('Nl', c_uint),
+    ('Nh', c_uint),
+    ('data', c_uint * 16),
+    ('num', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(SHAstate_st) == 96, sizeof(SHAstate_st)
+assert alignment(SHAstate_st) == 4, alignment(SHAstate_st)
+SHA_CTX = SHAstate_st
+class ssl_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ssl_crock_st = POINTER(ssl_st)
+class ssl_cipher_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ssl_cipher_st._fields_ = [
+    ('valid', c_int),
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('id', c_ulong),
+    ('algorithms', c_ulong),
+    ('algo_strength', c_ulong),
+    ('algorithm2', c_ulong),
+    ('strength_bits', c_int),
+    ('alg_bits', c_int),
+    ('mask', c_ulong),
+    ('mask_strength', c_ulong),
+]
+assert sizeof(ssl_cipher_st) == 40, sizeof(ssl_cipher_st)
+assert alignment(ssl_cipher_st) == 4, alignment(ssl_cipher_st)
+SSL_CIPHER = ssl_cipher_st
+SSL = ssl_st
+class ssl_ctx_st(Structure):
+    pass
+SSL_CTX = ssl_ctx_st
+class ssl_method_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class ssl3_enc_method(Structure):
+    pass
+ssl_method_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', c_int),
+    ('ssl_new', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL))),
+    ('ssl_clear', CFUNCTYPE(None, POINTER(SSL))),
+    ('ssl_free', CFUNCTYPE(None, POINTER(SSL))),
+    ('ssl_accept', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL))),
+    ('ssl_connect', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL))),
+    ('ssl_read', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL), c_void_p, c_int)),
+    ('ssl_peek', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL), c_void_p, c_int)),
+    ('ssl_write', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL), c_void_p, c_int)),
+    ('ssl_shutdown', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL))),
+    ('ssl_renegotiate', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL))),
+    ('ssl_renegotiate_check', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL))),
+    ('ssl_ctrl', CFUNCTYPE(c_long, POINTER(SSL), c_int, c_long, c_void_p)),
+    ('ssl_ctx_ctrl', CFUNCTYPE(c_long, POINTER(SSL_CTX), c_int, c_long, c_void_p)),
+    ('get_cipher_by_char', CFUNCTYPE(POINTER(SSL_CIPHER), POINTER(c_ubyte))),
+    ('put_cipher_by_char', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL_CIPHER), POINTER(c_ubyte))),
+    ('ssl_pending', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL))),
+    ('num_ciphers', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+    ('get_cipher', CFUNCTYPE(POINTER(SSL_CIPHER), c_uint)),
+    ('get_ssl_method', CFUNCTYPE(POINTER(ssl_method_st), c_int)),
+    ('get_timeout', CFUNCTYPE(c_long)),
+    ('ssl3_enc', POINTER(ssl3_enc_method)),
+    ('ssl_version', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+    ('ssl_callback_ctrl', CFUNCTYPE(c_long, POINTER(SSL), c_int, CFUNCTYPE(None))),
+    ('ssl_ctx_callback_ctrl', CFUNCTYPE(c_long, POINTER(SSL_CTX), c_int, CFUNCTYPE(None))),
+]
+assert sizeof(ssl_method_st) == 100, sizeof(ssl_method_st)
+assert alignment(ssl_method_st) == 4, alignment(ssl_method_st)
+ssl3_enc_method._fields_ = [
+]
+SSL_METHOD = ssl_method_st
+class ssl_session_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class sess_cert_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ssl_session_st._fields_ = [
+    ('ssl_version', c_int),
+    ('key_arg_length', c_uint),
+    ('key_arg', c_ubyte * 8),
+    ('master_key_length', c_int),
+    ('master_key', c_ubyte * 48),
+    ('session_id_length', c_uint),
+    ('session_id', c_ubyte * 32),
+    ('sid_ctx_length', c_uint),
+    ('sid_ctx', c_ubyte * 32),
+    ('not_resumable', c_int),
+    ('sess_cert', POINTER(sess_cert_st)),
+    ('peer', POINTER(X509)),
+    ('verify_result', c_long),
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('timeout', c_long),
+    ('time', c_long),
+    ('compress_meth', c_int),
+    ('cipher', POINTER(SSL_CIPHER)),
+    ('cipher_id', c_ulong),
+    ('ciphers', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+    ('prev', POINTER(ssl_session_st)),
+    ('next', POINTER(ssl_session_st)),
+]
+assert sizeof(ssl_session_st) == 200, sizeof(ssl_session_st)
+assert alignment(ssl_session_st) == 4, alignment(ssl_session_st)
+sess_cert_st._fields_ = [
+]
+SSL_SESSION = ssl_session_st
+GEN_SESSION_CB = CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL), POINTER(c_ubyte), POINTER(c_uint))
+class ssl_comp_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ssl_comp_st._fields_ = [
+    ('id', c_int),
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('method', POINTER(COMP_METHOD)),
+]
+assert sizeof(ssl_comp_st) == 12, sizeof(ssl_comp_st)
+assert alignment(ssl_comp_st) == 4, alignment(ssl_comp_st)
+SSL_COMP = ssl_comp_st
+class N10ssl_ctx_st4DOLLAR_18E(Structure):
+    pass
+N10ssl_ctx_st4DOLLAR_18E._fields_ = [
+    ('sess_connect', c_int),
+    ('sess_connect_renegotiate', c_int),
+    ('sess_connect_good', c_int),
+    ('sess_accept', c_int),
+    ('sess_accept_renegotiate', c_int),
+    ('sess_accept_good', c_int),
+    ('sess_miss', c_int),
+    ('sess_timeout', c_int),
+    ('sess_cache_full', c_int),
+    ('sess_hit', c_int),
+    ('sess_cb_hit', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(N10ssl_ctx_st4DOLLAR_18E) == 44, sizeof(N10ssl_ctx_st4DOLLAR_18E)
+assert alignment(N10ssl_ctx_st4DOLLAR_18E) == 4, alignment(N10ssl_ctx_st4DOLLAR_18E)
+class cert_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ssl_ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('method', POINTER(SSL_METHOD)),
+    ('cipher_list', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('cipher_list_by_id', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('cert_store', POINTER(x509_store_st)),
+    ('sessions', POINTER(lhash_st)),
+    ('session_cache_size', c_ulong),
+    ('session_cache_head', POINTER(ssl_session_st)),
+    ('session_cache_tail', POINTER(ssl_session_st)),
+    ('session_cache_mode', c_int),
+    ('session_timeout', c_long),
+    ('new_session_cb', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(ssl_st), POINTER(SSL_SESSION))),
+    ('remove_session_cb', CFUNCTYPE(None, POINTER(ssl_ctx_st), POINTER(SSL_SESSION))),
+    ('get_session_cb', CFUNCTYPE(POINTER(SSL_SESSION), POINTER(ssl_st), POINTER(c_ubyte), c_int, POINTER(c_int))),
+    ('stats', N10ssl_ctx_st4DOLLAR_18E),
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('app_verify_callback', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), c_void_p)),
+    ('app_verify_arg', c_void_p),
+    ('default_passwd_callback', POINTER(pem_password_cb)),
+    ('default_passwd_callback_userdata', c_void_p),
+    ('client_cert_cb', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(SSL), POINTER(POINTER(X509)), POINTER(POINTER(EVP_PKEY)))),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+    ('rsa_md5', POINTER(EVP_MD)),
+    ('md5', POINTER(EVP_MD)),
+    ('sha1', POINTER(EVP_MD)),
+    ('extra_certs', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('comp_methods', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('info_callback', CFUNCTYPE(None, POINTER(SSL), c_int, c_int)),
+    ('client_CA', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('options', c_ulong),
+    ('mode', c_ulong),
+    ('max_cert_list', c_long),
+    ('cert', POINTER(cert_st)),
+    ('read_ahead', c_int),
+    ('msg_callback', CFUNCTYPE(None, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_void_p, c_ulong, POINTER(SSL), c_void_p)),
+    ('msg_callback_arg', c_void_p),
+    ('verify_mode', c_int),
+    ('verify_depth', c_int),
+    ('sid_ctx_length', c_uint),
+    ('sid_ctx', c_ubyte * 32),
+    ('default_verify_callback', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX))),
+    ('generate_session_id', GEN_SESSION_CB),
+    ('purpose', c_int),
+    ('trust', c_int),
+    ('quiet_shutdown', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(ssl_ctx_st) == 248, sizeof(ssl_ctx_st)
+assert alignment(ssl_ctx_st) == 4, alignment(ssl_ctx_st)
+cert_st._fields_ = [
+]
+class ssl2_state_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class ssl3_state_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ssl_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', c_int),
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('method', POINTER(SSL_METHOD)),
+    ('rbio', POINTER(BIO)),
+    ('wbio', POINTER(BIO)),
+    ('bbio', POINTER(BIO)),
+    ('rwstate', c_int),
+    ('in_handshake', c_int),
+    ('handshake_func', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+    ('server', c_int),
+    ('new_session', c_int),
+    ('quiet_shutdown', c_int),
+    ('shutdown', c_int),
+    ('state', c_int),
+    ('rstate', c_int),
+    ('init_buf', POINTER(BUF_MEM)),
+    ('init_msg', c_void_p),
+    ('init_num', c_int),
+    ('init_off', c_int),
+    ('packet', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('packet_length', c_uint),
+    ('s2', POINTER(ssl2_state_st)),
+    ('s3', POINTER(ssl3_state_st)),
+    ('read_ahead', c_int),
+    ('msg_callback', CFUNCTYPE(None, c_int, c_int, c_int, c_void_p, c_ulong, POINTER(SSL), c_void_p)),
+    ('msg_callback_arg', c_void_p),
+    ('hit', c_int),
+    ('purpose', c_int),
+    ('trust', c_int),
+    ('cipher_list', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('cipher_list_by_id', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('enc_read_ctx', POINTER(EVP_CIPHER_CTX)),
+    ('read_hash', POINTER(EVP_MD)),
+    ('expand', POINTER(COMP_CTX)),
+    ('enc_write_ctx', POINTER(EVP_CIPHER_CTX)),
+    ('write_hash', POINTER(EVP_MD)),
+    ('compress', POINTER(COMP_CTX)),
+    ('cert', POINTER(cert_st)),
+    ('sid_ctx_length', c_uint),
+    ('sid_ctx', c_ubyte * 32),
+    ('session', POINTER(SSL_SESSION)),
+    ('generate_session_id', GEN_SESSION_CB),
+    ('verify_mode', c_int),
+    ('verify_depth', c_int),
+    ('verify_callback', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX))),
+    ('info_callback', CFUNCTYPE(None, POINTER(SSL), c_int, c_int)),
+    ('error', c_int),
+    ('error_code', c_int),
+    ('ctx', POINTER(SSL_CTX)),
+    ('debug', c_int),
+    ('verify_result', c_long),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+    ('client_CA', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('options', c_ulong),
+    ('mode', c_ulong),
+    ('max_cert_list', c_long),
+    ('first_packet', c_int),
+    ('client_version', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(ssl_st) == 268, sizeof(ssl_st)
+assert alignment(ssl_st) == 4, alignment(ssl_st)
+class N13ssl2_state_st4DOLLAR_19E(Structure):
+    pass
+N13ssl2_state_st4DOLLAR_19E._fields_ = [
+    ('conn_id_length', c_uint),
+    ('cert_type', c_uint),
+    ('cert_length', c_uint),
+    ('csl', c_uint),
+    ('clear', c_uint),
+    ('enc', c_uint),
+    ('ccl', c_ubyte * 32),
+    ('cipher_spec_length', c_uint),
+    ('session_id_length', c_uint),
+    ('clen', c_uint),
+    ('rlen', c_uint),
+]
+assert sizeof(N13ssl2_state_st4DOLLAR_19E) == 72, sizeof(N13ssl2_state_st4DOLLAR_19E)
+assert alignment(N13ssl2_state_st4DOLLAR_19E) == 4, alignment(N13ssl2_state_st4DOLLAR_19E)
+ssl2_state_st._fields_ = [
+    ('three_byte_header', c_int),
+    ('clear_text', c_int),
+    ('escape', c_int),
+    ('ssl2_rollback', c_int),
+    ('wnum', c_uint),
+    ('wpend_tot', c_int),
+    ('wpend_buf', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('wpend_off', c_int),
+    ('wpend_len', c_int),
+    ('wpend_ret', c_int),
+    ('rbuf_left', c_int),
+    ('rbuf_offs', c_int),
+    ('rbuf', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('wbuf', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('write_ptr', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('padding', c_uint),
+    ('rlength', c_uint),
+    ('ract_data_length', c_int),
+    ('wlength', c_uint),
+    ('wact_data_length', c_int),
+    ('ract_data', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('wact_data', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('mac_data', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('read_key', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('write_key', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('challenge_length', c_uint),
+    ('challenge', c_ubyte * 32),
+    ('conn_id_length', c_uint),
+    ('conn_id', c_ubyte * 16),
+    ('key_material_length', c_uint),
+    ('key_material', c_ubyte * 48),
+    ('read_sequence', c_ulong),
+    ('write_sequence', c_ulong),
+    ('tmp', N13ssl2_state_st4DOLLAR_19E),
+]
+assert sizeof(ssl2_state_st) == 288, sizeof(ssl2_state_st)
+assert alignment(ssl2_state_st) == 4, alignment(ssl2_state_st)
+SSL2_STATE = ssl2_state_st
+class ssl3_record_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ssl3_record_st._fields_ = [
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('length', c_uint),
+    ('off', c_uint),
+    ('data', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('input', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('comp', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+]
+assert sizeof(ssl3_record_st) == 24, sizeof(ssl3_record_st)
+assert alignment(ssl3_record_st) == 4, alignment(ssl3_record_st)
+SSL3_RECORD = ssl3_record_st
+class ssl3_buffer_st(Structure):
+    pass
+size_t = __darwin_size_t
+ssl3_buffer_st._fields_ = [
+    ('buf', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('len', size_t),
+    ('offset', c_int),
+    ('left', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(ssl3_buffer_st) == 16, sizeof(ssl3_buffer_st)
+assert alignment(ssl3_buffer_st) == 4, alignment(ssl3_buffer_st)
+SSL3_BUFFER = ssl3_buffer_st
+class N13ssl3_state_st4DOLLAR_20E(Structure):
+    pass
+N13ssl3_state_st4DOLLAR_20E._fields_ = [
+    ('cert_verify_md', c_ubyte * 72),
+    ('finish_md', c_ubyte * 72),
+    ('finish_md_len', c_int),
+    ('peer_finish_md', c_ubyte * 72),
+    ('peer_finish_md_len', c_int),
+    ('message_size', c_ulong),
+    ('message_type', c_int),
+    ('new_cipher', POINTER(SSL_CIPHER)),
+    ('dh', POINTER(DH)),
+    ('next_state', c_int),
+    ('reuse_message', c_int),
+    ('cert_req', c_int),
+    ('ctype_num', c_int),
+    ('ctype', c_char * 7),
+    ('ca_names', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('use_rsa_tmp', c_int),
+    ('key_block_length', c_int),
+    ('key_block', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('new_sym_enc', POINTER(EVP_CIPHER)),
+    ('new_hash', POINTER(EVP_MD)),
+    ('new_compression', POINTER(SSL_COMP)),
+    ('cert_request', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(N13ssl3_state_st4DOLLAR_20E) == 296, sizeof(N13ssl3_state_st4DOLLAR_20E)
+assert alignment(N13ssl3_state_st4DOLLAR_20E) == 4, alignment(N13ssl3_state_st4DOLLAR_20E)
+ssl3_state_st._fields_ = [
+    ('flags', c_long),
+    ('delay_buf_pop_ret', c_int),
+    ('read_sequence', c_ubyte * 8),
+    ('read_mac_secret', c_ubyte * 36),
+    ('write_sequence', c_ubyte * 8),
+    ('write_mac_secret', c_ubyte * 36),
+    ('server_random', c_ubyte * 32),
+    ('client_random', c_ubyte * 32),
+    ('need_empty_fragments', c_int),
+    ('empty_fragment_done', c_int),
+    ('rbuf', SSL3_BUFFER),
+    ('wbuf', SSL3_BUFFER),
+    ('rrec', SSL3_RECORD),
+    ('wrec', SSL3_RECORD),
+    ('alert_fragment', c_ubyte * 2),
+    ('alert_fragment_len', c_uint),
+    ('handshake_fragment', c_ubyte * 4),
+    ('handshake_fragment_len', c_uint),
+    ('wnum', c_uint),
+    ('wpend_tot', c_int),
+    ('wpend_type', c_int),
+    ('wpend_ret', c_int),
+    ('wpend_buf', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('finish_dgst1', EVP_MD_CTX),
+    ('finish_dgst2', EVP_MD_CTX),
+    ('change_cipher_spec', c_int),
+    ('warn_alert', c_int),
+    ('fatal_alert', c_int),
+    ('alert_dispatch', c_int),
+    ('send_alert', c_ubyte * 2),
+    ('renegotiate', c_int),
+    ('total_renegotiations', c_int),
+    ('num_renegotiations', c_int),
+    ('in_read_app_data', c_int),
+    ('tmp', N13ssl3_state_st4DOLLAR_20E),
+]
+assert sizeof(ssl3_state_st) == 648, sizeof(ssl3_state_st)
+assert alignment(ssl3_state_st) == 4, alignment(ssl3_state_st)
+SSL3_STATE = ssl3_state_st
+stack_st._fields_ = [
+    ('num', c_int),
+    ('data', POINTER(STRING)),
+    ('sorted', c_int),
+    ('num_alloc', c_int),
+    ('comp', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(STRING), POINTER(STRING))),
+]
+assert sizeof(stack_st) == 20, sizeof(stack_st)
+assert alignment(stack_st) == 4, alignment(stack_st)
+class ui_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ui_st._fields_ = [
+]
+UI = ui_st
+class ui_method_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ui_method_st._fields_ = [
+]
+UI_METHOD = ui_method_st
+class ui_string_st(Structure):
+    pass
+ui_string_st._fields_ = [
+]
+UI_STRING = ui_string_st
+
+# values for enumeration 'UI_string_types'
+UI_string_types = c_int # enum
+class X509_objects_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_objects_st._fields_ = [
+    ('nid', c_int),
+    ('a2i', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+    ('i2a', CFUNCTYPE(c_int)),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_objects_st) == 12, sizeof(X509_objects_st)
+assert alignment(X509_objects_st) == 4, alignment(X509_objects_st)
+X509_OBJECTS = X509_objects_st
+X509_algor_st._fields_ = [
+    ('algorithm', POINTER(ASN1_OBJECT)),
+    ('parameter', POINTER(ASN1_TYPE)),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_algor_st) == 8, sizeof(X509_algor_st)
+assert alignment(X509_algor_st) == 4, alignment(X509_algor_st)
+class X509_val_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_val_st._fields_ = [
+    ('notBefore', POINTER(ASN1_TIME)),
+    ('notAfter', POINTER(ASN1_TIME)),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_val_st) == 8, sizeof(X509_val_st)
+assert alignment(X509_val_st) == 4, alignment(X509_val_st)
+X509_VAL = X509_val_st
+class X509_pubkey_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_pubkey_st._fields_ = [
+    ('algor', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('public_key', POINTER(ASN1_BIT_STRING)),
+    ('pkey', POINTER(EVP_PKEY)),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_pubkey_st) == 12, sizeof(X509_pubkey_st)
+assert alignment(X509_pubkey_st) == 4, alignment(X509_pubkey_st)
+X509_PUBKEY = X509_pubkey_st
+class X509_sig_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_sig_st._fields_ = [
+    ('algor', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('digest', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_sig_st) == 8, sizeof(X509_sig_st)
+assert alignment(X509_sig_st) == 4, alignment(X509_sig_st)
+X509_SIG = X509_sig_st
+class X509_name_entry_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_name_entry_st._fields_ = [
+    ('object', POINTER(ASN1_OBJECT)),
+    ('value', POINTER(ASN1_STRING)),
+    ('set', c_int),
+    ('size', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_name_entry_st) == 16, sizeof(X509_name_entry_st)
+assert alignment(X509_name_entry_st) == 4, alignment(X509_name_entry_st)
+X509_NAME_ENTRY = X509_name_entry_st
+X509_name_st._fields_ = [
+    ('entries', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('modified', c_int),
+    ('bytes', POINTER(BUF_MEM)),
+    ('hash', c_ulong),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_name_st) == 16, sizeof(X509_name_st)
+assert alignment(X509_name_st) == 4, alignment(X509_name_st)
+class X509_extension_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_extension_st._fields_ = [
+    ('object', POINTER(ASN1_OBJECT)),
+    ('critical', ASN1_BOOLEAN),
+    ('value', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_extension_st) == 12, sizeof(X509_extension_st)
+assert alignment(X509_extension_st) == 4, alignment(X509_extension_st)
+X509_EXTENSION = X509_extension_st
+class x509_attributes_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class N18x509_attributes_st4DOLLAR_13E(Union):
+    pass
+N18x509_attributes_st4DOLLAR_13E._fields_ = [
+    ('ptr', STRING),
+    ('set', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('single', POINTER(ASN1_TYPE)),
+]
+assert sizeof(N18x509_attributes_st4DOLLAR_13E) == 4, sizeof(N18x509_attributes_st4DOLLAR_13E)
+assert alignment(N18x509_attributes_st4DOLLAR_13E) == 4, alignment(N18x509_attributes_st4DOLLAR_13E)
+x509_attributes_st._fields_ = [
+    ('object', POINTER(ASN1_OBJECT)),
+    ('single', c_int),
+    ('value', N18x509_attributes_st4DOLLAR_13E),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_attributes_st) == 12, sizeof(x509_attributes_st)
+assert alignment(x509_attributes_st) == 4, alignment(x509_attributes_st)
+X509_ATTRIBUTE = x509_attributes_st
+class X509_req_info_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_req_info_st._fields_ = [
+    ('enc', ASN1_ENCODING),
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('subject', POINTER(X509_NAME)),
+    ('pubkey', POINTER(X509_PUBKEY)),
+    ('attributes', POINTER(STACK)),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_req_info_st) == 28, sizeof(X509_req_info_st)
+assert alignment(X509_req_info_st) == 4, alignment(X509_req_info_st)
+X509_REQ_INFO = X509_req_info_st
+class X509_req_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_req_st._fields_ = [
+    ('req_info', POINTER(X509_REQ_INFO)),
+    ('sig_alg', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('signature', POINTER(ASN1_BIT_STRING)),
+    ('references', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_req_st) == 16, sizeof(X509_req_st)
+assert alignment(X509_req_st) == 4, alignment(X509_req_st)
+X509_REQ = X509_req_st
+class x509_cinf_st(Structure):
+    pass
+x509_cinf_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('serialNumber', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('signature', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('issuer', POINTER(X509_NAME)),
+    ('validity', POINTER(X509_VAL)),
+    ('subject', POINTER(X509_NAME)),
+    ('key', POINTER(X509_PUBKEY)),
+    ('issuerUID', POINTER(ASN1_BIT_STRING)),
+    ('subjectUID', POINTER(ASN1_BIT_STRING)),
+    ('extensions', POINTER(STACK)),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_cinf_st) == 40, sizeof(x509_cinf_st)
+assert alignment(x509_cinf_st) == 4, alignment(x509_cinf_st)
+X509_CINF = x509_cinf_st
+class x509_cert_aux_st(Structure):
+    pass
+x509_cert_aux_st._fields_ = [
+    ('trust', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('reject', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('alias', POINTER(ASN1_UTF8STRING)),
+    ('keyid', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+    ('other', POINTER(STACK)),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_cert_aux_st) == 20, sizeof(x509_cert_aux_st)
+assert alignment(x509_cert_aux_st) == 4, alignment(x509_cert_aux_st)
+X509_CERT_AUX = x509_cert_aux_st
+class AUTHORITY_KEYID_st(Structure):
+    pass
+x509_st._fields_ = [
+    ('cert_info', POINTER(X509_CINF)),
+    ('sig_alg', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('signature', POINTER(ASN1_BIT_STRING)),
+    ('valid', c_int),
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+    ('ex_pathlen', c_long),
+    ('ex_flags', c_ulong),
+    ('ex_kusage', c_ulong),
+    ('ex_xkusage', c_ulong),
+    ('ex_nscert', c_ulong),
+    ('skid', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+    ('akid', POINTER(AUTHORITY_KEYID_st)),
+    ('sha1_hash', c_ubyte * 20),
+    ('aux', POINTER(X509_CERT_AUX)),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_st) == 84, sizeof(x509_st)
+assert alignment(x509_st) == 4, alignment(x509_st)
+AUTHORITY_KEYID_st._fields_ = [
+]
+class x509_trust_st(Structure):
+    pass
+x509_trust_st._fields_ = [
+    ('trust', c_int),
+    ('flags', c_int),
+    ('check_trust', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(x509_trust_st), POINTER(X509), c_int)),
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('arg1', c_int),
+    ('arg2', c_void_p),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_trust_st) == 24, sizeof(x509_trust_st)
+assert alignment(x509_trust_st) == 4, alignment(x509_trust_st)
+X509_TRUST = x509_trust_st
+class X509_revoked_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_revoked_st._fields_ = [
+    ('serialNumber', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('revocationDate', POINTER(ASN1_TIME)),
+    ('extensions', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('sequence', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_revoked_st) == 16, sizeof(X509_revoked_st)
+assert alignment(X509_revoked_st) == 4, alignment(X509_revoked_st)
+X509_REVOKED = X509_revoked_st
+class X509_crl_info_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_crl_info_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('sig_alg', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('issuer', POINTER(X509_NAME)),
+    ('lastUpdate', POINTER(ASN1_TIME)),
+    ('nextUpdate', POINTER(ASN1_TIME)),
+    ('revoked', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('extensions', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('enc', ASN1_ENCODING),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_crl_info_st) == 40, sizeof(X509_crl_info_st)
+assert alignment(X509_crl_info_st) == 4, alignment(X509_crl_info_st)
+X509_CRL_INFO = X509_crl_info_st
+X509_crl_st._fields_ = [
+    ('crl', POINTER(X509_CRL_INFO)),
+    ('sig_alg', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('signature', POINTER(ASN1_BIT_STRING)),
+    ('references', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_crl_st) == 16, sizeof(X509_crl_st)
+assert alignment(X509_crl_st) == 4, alignment(X509_crl_st)
+class private_key_st(Structure):
+    pass
+private_key_st._fields_ = [
+    ('version', c_int),
+    ('enc_algor', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('enc_pkey', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+    ('dec_pkey', POINTER(EVP_PKEY)),
+    ('key_length', c_int),
+    ('key_data', STRING),
+    ('key_free', c_int),
+    ('cipher', EVP_CIPHER_INFO),
+    ('references', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(private_key_st) == 52, sizeof(private_key_st)
+assert alignment(private_key_st) == 4, alignment(private_key_st)
+X509_PKEY = private_key_st
+class X509_info_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_info_st._fields_ = [
+    ('x509', POINTER(X509)),
+    ('crl', POINTER(X509_CRL)),
+    ('x_pkey', POINTER(X509_PKEY)),
+    ('enc_cipher', EVP_CIPHER_INFO),
+    ('enc_len', c_int),
+    ('enc_data', STRING),
+    ('references', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(X509_info_st) == 44, sizeof(X509_info_st)
+assert alignment(X509_info_st) == 4, alignment(X509_info_st)
+X509_INFO = X509_info_st
+class Netscape_spkac_st(Structure):
+    pass
+Netscape_spkac_st._fields_ = [
+    ('pubkey', POINTER(X509_PUBKEY)),
+    ('challenge', POINTER(ASN1_IA5STRING)),
+]
+assert sizeof(Netscape_spkac_st) == 8, sizeof(Netscape_spkac_st)
+assert alignment(Netscape_spkac_st) == 4, alignment(Netscape_spkac_st)
+NETSCAPE_SPKAC = Netscape_spkac_st
+class Netscape_spki_st(Structure):
+    pass
+Netscape_spki_st._fields_ = [
+    ('spkac', POINTER(NETSCAPE_SPKAC)),
+    ('sig_algor', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('signature', POINTER(ASN1_BIT_STRING)),
+]
+assert sizeof(Netscape_spki_st) == 12, sizeof(Netscape_spki_st)
+assert alignment(Netscape_spki_st) == 4, alignment(Netscape_spki_st)
+NETSCAPE_SPKI = Netscape_spki_st
+class Netscape_certificate_sequence(Structure):
+    pass
+Netscape_certificate_sequence._fields_ = [
+    ('type', POINTER(ASN1_OBJECT)),
+    ('certs', POINTER(STACK)),
+]
+assert sizeof(Netscape_certificate_sequence) == 8, sizeof(Netscape_certificate_sequence)
+assert alignment(Netscape_certificate_sequence) == 4, alignment(Netscape_certificate_sequence)
+NETSCAPE_CERT_SEQUENCE = Netscape_certificate_sequence
+class PBEPARAM_st(Structure):
+    pass
+PBEPARAM_st._fields_ = [
+    ('salt', POINTER(ASN1_OCTET_STRING)),
+    ('iter', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+]
+assert sizeof(PBEPARAM_st) == 8, sizeof(PBEPARAM_st)
+assert alignment(PBEPARAM_st) == 4, alignment(PBEPARAM_st)
+PBEPARAM = PBEPARAM_st
+class PBE2PARAM_st(Structure):
+    pass
+PBE2PARAM_st._fields_ = [
+    ('keyfunc', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('encryption', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+]
+assert sizeof(PBE2PARAM_st) == 8, sizeof(PBE2PARAM_st)
+assert alignment(PBE2PARAM_st) == 4, alignment(PBE2PARAM_st)
+PBE2PARAM = PBE2PARAM_st
+class PBKDF2PARAM_st(Structure):
+    pass
+PBKDF2PARAM_st._fields_ = [
+    ('salt', POINTER(ASN1_TYPE)),
+    ('iter', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('keylength', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('prf', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+]
+assert sizeof(PBKDF2PARAM_st) == 16, sizeof(PBKDF2PARAM_st)
+assert alignment(PBKDF2PARAM_st) == 4, alignment(PBKDF2PARAM_st)
+PBKDF2PARAM = PBKDF2PARAM_st
+class pkcs8_priv_key_info_st(Structure):
+    pass
+pkcs8_priv_key_info_st._fields_ = [
+    ('broken', c_int),
+    ('version', POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER)),
+    ('pkeyalg', POINTER(X509_ALGOR)),
+    ('pkey', POINTER(ASN1_TYPE)),
+    ('attributes', POINTER(STACK)),
+]
+assert sizeof(pkcs8_priv_key_info_st) == 20, sizeof(pkcs8_priv_key_info_st)
+assert alignment(pkcs8_priv_key_info_st) == 4, alignment(pkcs8_priv_key_info_st)
+PKCS8_PRIV_KEY_INFO = pkcs8_priv_key_info_st
+class x509_hash_dir_st(Structure):
+    pass
+x509_hash_dir_st._fields_ = [
+    ('num_dirs', c_int),
+    ('dirs', POINTER(STRING)),
+    ('dirs_type', POINTER(c_int)),
+    ('num_dirs_alloced', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_hash_dir_st) == 16, sizeof(x509_hash_dir_st)
+assert alignment(x509_hash_dir_st) == 4, alignment(x509_hash_dir_st)
+X509_HASH_DIR_CTX = x509_hash_dir_st
+class x509_file_st(Structure):
+    pass
+x509_file_st._fields_ = [
+    ('num_paths', c_int),
+    ('num_alloced', c_int),
+    ('paths', POINTER(STRING)),
+    ('path_type', POINTER(c_int)),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_file_st) == 16, sizeof(x509_file_st)
+assert alignment(x509_file_st) == 4, alignment(x509_file_st)
+X509_CERT_FILE_CTX = x509_file_st
+class x509_object_st(Structure):
+    pass
+class N14x509_object_st4DOLLAR_14E(Union):
+    pass
+N14x509_object_st4DOLLAR_14E._fields_ = [
+    ('ptr', STRING),
+    ('x509', POINTER(X509)),
+    ('crl', POINTER(X509_CRL)),
+    ('pkey', POINTER(EVP_PKEY)),
+]
+assert sizeof(N14x509_object_st4DOLLAR_14E) == 4, sizeof(N14x509_object_st4DOLLAR_14E)
+assert alignment(N14x509_object_st4DOLLAR_14E) == 4, alignment(N14x509_object_st4DOLLAR_14E)
+x509_object_st._fields_ = [
+    ('type', c_int),
+    ('data', N14x509_object_st4DOLLAR_14E),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_object_st) == 8, sizeof(x509_object_st)
+assert alignment(x509_object_st) == 4, alignment(x509_object_st)
+X509_OBJECT = x509_object_st
+class x509_lookup_st(Structure):
+    pass
+X509_LOOKUP = x509_lookup_st
+class x509_lookup_method_st(Structure):
+    pass
+x509_lookup_method_st._fields_ = [
+    ('name', STRING),
+    ('new_item', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_LOOKUP))),
+    ('free', CFUNCTYPE(None, POINTER(X509_LOOKUP))),
+    ('init', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_LOOKUP))),
+    ('shutdown', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_LOOKUP))),
+    ('ctrl', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_LOOKUP), c_int, STRING, c_long, POINTER(STRING))),
+    ('get_by_subject', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_LOOKUP), c_int, POINTER(X509_NAME), POINTER(X509_OBJECT))),
+    ('get_by_issuer_serial', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_LOOKUP), c_int, POINTER(X509_NAME), POINTER(ASN1_INTEGER), POINTER(X509_OBJECT))),
+    ('get_by_fingerprint', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_LOOKUP), c_int, POINTER(c_ubyte), c_int, POINTER(X509_OBJECT))),
+    ('get_by_alias', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_LOOKUP), c_int, STRING, c_int, POINTER(X509_OBJECT))),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_lookup_method_st) == 40, sizeof(x509_lookup_method_st)
+assert alignment(x509_lookup_method_st) == 4, alignment(x509_lookup_method_st)
+X509_LOOKUP_METHOD = x509_lookup_method_st
+x509_store_st._fields_ = [
+    ('cache', c_int),
+    ('objs', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('get_cert_methods', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('flags', c_ulong),
+    ('purpose', c_int),
+    ('trust', c_int),
+    ('verify', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX))),
+    ('verify_cb', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX))),
+    ('get_issuer', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(POINTER(X509)), POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), POINTER(X509))),
+    ('check_issued', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), POINTER(X509), POINTER(X509))),
+    ('check_revocation', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX))),
+    ('get_crl', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), POINTER(POINTER(X509_CRL)), POINTER(X509))),
+    ('check_crl', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), POINTER(X509_CRL))),
+    ('cert_crl', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), POINTER(X509_CRL), POINTER(X509))),
+    ('cleanup', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX))),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+    ('references', c_int),
+    ('depth', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_store_st) == 76, sizeof(x509_store_st)
+assert alignment(x509_store_st) == 4, alignment(x509_store_st)
+x509_lookup_st._fields_ = [
+    ('init', c_int),
+    ('skip', c_int),
+    ('method', POINTER(X509_LOOKUP_METHOD)),
+    ('method_data', STRING),
+    ('store_ctx', POINTER(X509_STORE)),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_lookup_st) == 20, sizeof(x509_lookup_st)
+assert alignment(x509_lookup_st) == 4, alignment(x509_lookup_st)
+time_t = __darwin_time_t
+x509_store_ctx_st._fields_ = [
+    ('ctx', POINTER(X509_STORE)),
+    ('current_method', c_int),
+    ('cert', POINTER(X509)),
+    ('untrusted', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('purpose', c_int),
+    ('trust', c_int),
+    ('check_time', time_t),
+    ('flags', c_ulong),
+    ('other_ctx', c_void_p),
+    ('verify', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX))),
+    ('verify_cb', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX))),
+    ('get_issuer', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(POINTER(X509)), POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), POINTER(X509))),
+    ('check_issued', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), POINTER(X509), POINTER(X509))),
+    ('check_revocation', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX))),
+    ('get_crl', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), POINTER(POINTER(X509_CRL)), POINTER(X509))),
+    ('check_crl', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), POINTER(X509_CRL))),
+    ('cert_crl', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX), POINTER(X509_CRL), POINTER(X509))),
+    ('cleanup', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, POINTER(X509_STORE_CTX))),
+    ('depth', c_int),
+    ('valid', c_int),
+    ('last_untrusted', c_int),
+    ('chain', POINTER(STACK)),
+    ('error_depth', c_int),
+    ('error', c_int),
+    ('current_cert', POINTER(X509)),
+    ('current_issuer', POINTER(X509)),
+    ('current_crl', POINTER(X509_CRL)),
+    ('ex_data', CRYPTO_EX_DATA),
+]
+assert sizeof(x509_store_ctx_st) == 116, sizeof(x509_store_ctx_st)
+assert alignment(x509_store_ctx_st) == 4, alignment(x509_store_ctx_st)
+va_list = __darwin_va_list
+__darwin_off_t = __int64_t
+fpos_t = __darwin_off_t
+class __sbuf(Structure):
+    pass
+__sbuf._fields_ = [
+    ('_base', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('_size', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(__sbuf) == 8, sizeof(__sbuf)
+assert alignment(__sbuf) == 4, alignment(__sbuf)
+class __sFILEX(Structure):
+    pass
+__sFILEX._fields_ = [
+]
+class __sFILE(Structure):
+    pass
+__sFILE._pack_ = 4
+__sFILE._fields_ = [
+    ('_p', POINTER(c_ubyte)),
+    ('_r', c_int),
+    ('_w', c_int),
+    ('_flags', c_short),
+    ('_file', c_short),
+    ('_bf', __sbuf),
+    ('_lbfsize', c_int),
+    ('_cookie', c_void_p),
+    ('_close', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_void_p)),
+    ('_read', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_void_p, STRING, c_int)),
+    ('_seek', CFUNCTYPE(fpos_t, c_void_p, c_longlong, c_int)),
+    ('_write', CFUNCTYPE(c_int, c_void_p, STRING, c_int)),
+    ('_ub', __sbuf),
+    ('_extra', POINTER(__sFILEX)),
+    ('_ur', c_int),
+    ('_ubuf', c_ubyte * 3),
+    ('_nbuf', c_ubyte * 1),
+    ('_lb', __sbuf),
+    ('_blksize', c_int),
+    ('_offset', fpos_t),
+]
+assert sizeof(__sFILE) == 88, sizeof(__sFILE)
+assert alignment(__sFILE) == 4, alignment(__sFILE)
+FILE = __sFILE
+ct_rune_t = __darwin_ct_rune_t
+rune_t = __darwin_rune_t
+class div_t(Structure):
+    pass
+div_t._fields_ = [
+    ('quot', c_int),
+    ('rem', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(div_t) == 8, sizeof(div_t)
+assert alignment(div_t) == 4, alignment(div_t)
+class ldiv_t(Structure):
+    pass
+ldiv_t._fields_ = [
+    ('quot', c_long),
+    ('rem', c_long),
+]
+assert sizeof(ldiv_t) == 8, sizeof(ldiv_t)
+assert alignment(ldiv_t) == 4, alignment(ldiv_t)
+class lldiv_t(Structure):
+    pass
+lldiv_t._pack_ = 4
+lldiv_t._fields_ = [
+    ('quot', c_longlong),
+    ('rem', c_longlong),
+]
+assert sizeof(lldiv_t) == 16, sizeof(lldiv_t)
+assert alignment(lldiv_t) == 4, alignment(lldiv_t)
+__darwin_dev_t = __int32_t
+dev_t = __darwin_dev_t
+__darwin_mode_t = __uint16_t
+mode_t = __darwin_mode_t
+class mcontext(Structure):
+    pass
+mcontext._fields_ = [
+]
+class mcontext64(Structure):
+    pass
+mcontext64._fields_ = [
+]
+class __darwin_pthread_handler_rec(Structure):
+    pass
+__darwin_pthread_handler_rec._fields_ = [
+    ('__routine', CFUNCTYPE(None, c_void_p)),
+    ('__arg', c_void_p),
+    ('__next', POINTER(__darwin_pthread_handler_rec)),
+]
+assert sizeof(__darwin_pthread_handler_rec) == 12, sizeof(__darwin_pthread_handler_rec)
+assert alignment(__darwin_pthread_handler_rec) == 4, alignment(__darwin_pthread_handler_rec)
+class _opaque_pthread_attr_t(Structure):
+    pass
+_opaque_pthread_attr_t._fields_ = [
+    ('__sig', c_long),
+    ('__opaque', c_char * 36),
+]
+assert sizeof(_opaque_pthread_attr_t) == 40, sizeof(_opaque_pthread_attr_t)
+assert alignment(_opaque_pthread_attr_t) == 4, alignment(_opaque_pthread_attr_t)
+class _opaque_pthread_cond_t(Structure):
+    pass
+_opaque_pthread_cond_t._fields_ = [
+    ('__sig', c_long),
+    ('__opaque', c_char * 24),
+]
+assert sizeof(_opaque_pthread_cond_t) == 28, sizeof(_opaque_pthread_cond_t)
+assert alignment(_opaque_pthread_cond_t) == 4, alignment(_opaque_pthread_cond_t)
+class _opaque_pthread_condattr_t(Structure):
+    pass
+_opaque_pthread_condattr_t._fields_ = [
+    ('__sig', c_long),
+    ('__opaque', c_char * 4),
+]
+assert sizeof(_opaque_pthread_condattr_t) == 8, sizeof(_opaque_pthread_condattr_t)
+assert alignment(_opaque_pthread_condattr_t) == 4, alignment(_opaque_pthread_condattr_t)
+class _opaque_pthread_mutex_t(Structure):
+    pass
+_opaque_pthread_mutex_t._fields_ = [
+    ('__sig', c_long),
+    ('__opaque', c_char * 40),
+]
+assert sizeof(_opaque_pthread_mutex_t) == 44, sizeof(_opaque_pthread_mutex_t)
+assert alignment(_opaque_pthread_mutex_t) == 4, alignment(_opaque_pthread_mutex_t)
+class _opaque_pthread_mutexattr_t(Structure):
+    pass
+_opaque_pthread_mutexattr_t._fields_ = [
+    ('__sig', c_long),
+    ('__opaque', c_char * 8),
+]
+assert sizeof(_opaque_pthread_mutexattr_t) == 12, sizeof(_opaque_pthread_mutexattr_t)
+assert alignment(_opaque_pthread_mutexattr_t) == 4, alignment(_opaque_pthread_mutexattr_t)
+class _opaque_pthread_once_t(Structure):
+    pass
+_opaque_pthread_once_t._fields_ = [
+    ('__sig', c_long),
+    ('__opaque', c_char * 4),
+]
+assert sizeof(_opaque_pthread_once_t) == 8, sizeof(_opaque_pthread_once_t)
+assert alignment(_opaque_pthread_once_t) == 4, alignment(_opaque_pthread_once_t)
+class _opaque_pthread_rwlock_t(Structure):
+    pass
+_opaque_pthread_rwlock_t._fields_ = [
+    ('__sig', c_long),
+    ('__opaque', c_char * 124),
+]
+assert sizeof(_opaque_pthread_rwlock_t) == 128, sizeof(_opaque_pthread_rwlock_t)
+assert alignment(_opaque_pthread_rwlock_t) == 4, alignment(_opaque_pthread_rwlock_t)
+class _opaque_pthread_rwlockattr_t(Structure):
+    pass
+_opaque_pthread_rwlockattr_t._fields_ = [
+    ('__sig', c_long),
+    ('__opaque', c_char * 12),
+]
+assert sizeof(_opaque_pthread_rwlockattr_t) == 16, sizeof(_opaque_pthread_rwlockattr_t)
+assert alignment(_opaque_pthread_rwlockattr_t) == 4, alignment(_opaque_pthread_rwlockattr_t)
+class _opaque_pthread_t(Structure):
+    pass
+_opaque_pthread_t._fields_ = [
+    ('__sig', c_long),
+    ('__cleanup_stack', POINTER(__darwin_pthread_handler_rec)),
+    ('__opaque', c_char * 596),
+]
+assert sizeof(_opaque_pthread_t) == 604, sizeof(_opaque_pthread_t)
+assert alignment(_opaque_pthread_t) == 4, alignment(_opaque_pthread_t)
+__darwin_blkcnt_t = __int64_t
+__darwin_blksize_t = __int32_t
+__darwin_fsblkcnt_t = c_uint
+__darwin_fsfilcnt_t = c_uint
+__darwin_gid_t = __uint32_t
+__darwin_id_t = __uint32_t
+__darwin_ino_t = __uint32_t
+__darwin_mach_port_name_t = __darwin_natural_t
+__darwin_mach_port_t = __darwin_mach_port_name_t
+__darwin_mcontext_t = POINTER(mcontext)
+__darwin_mcontext64_t = POINTER(mcontext64)
+__darwin_pid_t = __int32_t
+__darwin_pthread_attr_t = _opaque_pthread_attr_t
+__darwin_pthread_cond_t = _opaque_pthread_cond_t
+__darwin_pthread_condattr_t = _opaque_pthread_condattr_t
+__darwin_pthread_key_t = c_ulong
+__darwin_pthread_mutex_t = _opaque_pthread_mutex_t
+__darwin_pthread_mutexattr_t = _opaque_pthread_mutexattr_t
+__darwin_pthread_once_t = _opaque_pthread_once_t
+__darwin_pthread_rwlock_t = _opaque_pthread_rwlock_t
+__darwin_pthread_rwlockattr_t = _opaque_pthread_rwlockattr_t
+__darwin_pthread_t = POINTER(_opaque_pthread_t)
+__darwin_sigset_t = __uint32_t
+__darwin_suseconds_t = __int32_t
+__darwin_uid_t = __uint32_t
+__darwin_useconds_t = __uint32_t
+__darwin_uuid_t = c_ubyte * 16
+class sigaltstack(Structure):
+    pass
+sigaltstack._fields_ = [
+    ('ss_sp', c_void_p),
+    ('ss_size', __darwin_size_t),
+    ('ss_flags', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(sigaltstack) == 12, sizeof(sigaltstack)
+assert alignment(sigaltstack) == 4, alignment(sigaltstack)
+__darwin_stack_t = sigaltstack
+class ucontext(Structure):
+    pass
+ucontext._fields_ = [
+    ('uc_onstack', c_int),
+    ('uc_sigmask', __darwin_sigset_t),
+    ('uc_stack', __darwin_stack_t),
+    ('uc_link', POINTER(ucontext)),
+    ('uc_mcsize', __darwin_size_t),
+    ('uc_mcontext', __darwin_mcontext_t),
+]
+assert sizeof(ucontext) == 32, sizeof(ucontext)
+assert alignment(ucontext) == 4, alignment(ucontext)
+__darwin_ucontext_t = ucontext
+class ucontext64(Structure):
+    pass
+ucontext64._fields_ = [
+    ('uc_onstack', c_int),
+    ('uc_sigmask', __darwin_sigset_t),
+    ('uc_stack', __darwin_stack_t),
+    ('uc_link', POINTER(ucontext64)),
+    ('uc_mcsize', __darwin_size_t),
+    ('uc_mcontext64', __darwin_mcontext64_t),
+]
+assert sizeof(ucontext64) == 32, sizeof(ucontext64)
+assert alignment(ucontext64) == 4, alignment(ucontext64)
+__darwin_ucontext64_t = ucontext64
+class timeval(Structure):
+    pass
+timeval._fields_ = [
+    ('tv_sec', __darwin_time_t),
+    ('tv_usec', __darwin_suseconds_t),
+]
+assert sizeof(timeval) == 8, sizeof(timeval)
+assert alignment(timeval) == 4, alignment(timeval)
+rlim_t = __int64_t
+class rusage(Structure):
+    pass
+rusage._fields_ = [
+    ('ru_utime', timeval),
+    ('ru_stime', timeval),
+    ('ru_maxrss', c_long),
+    ('ru_ixrss', c_long),
+    ('ru_idrss', c_long),
+    ('ru_isrss', c_long),
+    ('ru_minflt', c_long),
+    ('ru_majflt', c_long),
+    ('ru_nswap', c_long),
+    ('ru_inblock', c_long),
+    ('ru_oublock', c_long),
+    ('ru_msgsnd', c_long),
+    ('ru_msgrcv', c_long),
+    ('ru_nsignals', c_long),
+    ('ru_nvcsw', c_long),
+    ('ru_nivcsw', c_long),
+]
+assert sizeof(rusage) == 72, sizeof(rusage)
+assert alignment(rusage) == 4, alignment(rusage)
+class rlimit(Structure):
+    pass
+rlimit._pack_ = 4
+rlimit._fields_ = [
+    ('rlim_cur', rlim_t),
+    ('rlim_max', rlim_t),
+]
+assert sizeof(rlimit) == 16, sizeof(rlimit)
+assert alignment(rlimit) == 4, alignment(rlimit)
+mcontext_t = __darwin_mcontext_t
+mcontext64_t = __darwin_mcontext64_t
+pthread_attr_t = __darwin_pthread_attr_t
+sigset_t = __darwin_sigset_t
+ucontext_t = __darwin_ucontext_t
+ucontext64_t = __darwin_ucontext64_t
+uid_t = __darwin_uid_t
+class sigval(Union):
+    pass
+sigval._fields_ = [
+    ('sival_int', c_int),
+    ('sival_ptr', c_void_p),
+]
+assert sizeof(sigval) == 4, sizeof(sigval)
+assert alignment(sigval) == 4, alignment(sigval)
+class sigevent(Structure):
+    pass
+sigevent._fields_ = [
+    ('sigev_notify', c_int),
+    ('sigev_signo', c_int),
+    ('sigev_value', sigval),
+    ('sigev_notify_function', CFUNCTYPE(None, sigval)),
+    ('sigev_notify_attributes', POINTER(pthread_attr_t)),
+]
+assert sizeof(sigevent) == 20, sizeof(sigevent)
+assert alignment(sigevent) == 4, alignment(sigevent)
+class __siginfo(Structure):
+    pass
+pid_t = __darwin_pid_t
+__siginfo._fields_ = [
+    ('si_signo', c_int),
+    ('si_errno', c_int),
+    ('si_code', c_int),
+    ('si_pid', pid_t),
+    ('si_uid', uid_t),
+    ('si_status', c_int),
+    ('si_addr', c_void_p),
+    ('si_value', sigval),
+    ('si_band', c_long),
+    ('pad', c_ulong * 7),
+]
+assert sizeof(__siginfo) == 64, sizeof(__siginfo)
+assert alignment(__siginfo) == 4, alignment(__siginfo)
+siginfo_t = __siginfo
+class __sigaction_u(Union):
+    pass
+__sigaction_u._fields_ = [
+    ('__sa_handler', CFUNCTYPE(None, c_int)),
+    ('__sa_sigaction', CFUNCTYPE(None, c_int, POINTER(__siginfo), c_void_p)),
+]
+assert sizeof(__sigaction_u) == 4, sizeof(__sigaction_u)
+assert alignment(__sigaction_u) == 4, alignment(__sigaction_u)
+class __sigaction(Structure):
+    pass
+__sigaction._fields_ = [
+    ('__sigaction_u', __sigaction_u),
+    ('sa_tramp', CFUNCTYPE(None, c_void_p, c_int, c_int, POINTER(siginfo_t), c_void_p)),
+    ('sa_mask', sigset_t),
+    ('sa_flags', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(__sigaction) == 16, sizeof(__sigaction)
+assert alignment(__sigaction) == 4, alignment(__sigaction)
+class sigaction(Structure):
+    pass
+sigaction._fields_ = [
+    ('__sigaction_u', __sigaction_u),
+    ('sa_mask', sigset_t),
+    ('sa_flags', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(sigaction) == 12, sizeof(sigaction)
+assert alignment(sigaction) == 4, alignment(sigaction)
+sig_t = CFUNCTYPE(None, c_int)
+stack_t = __darwin_stack_t
+class sigvec(Structure):
+    pass
+sigvec._fields_ = [
+    ('sv_handler', CFUNCTYPE(None, c_int)),
+    ('sv_mask', c_int),
+    ('sv_flags', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(sigvec) == 12, sizeof(sigvec)
+assert alignment(sigvec) == 4, alignment(sigvec)
+class sigstack(Structure):
+    pass
+sigstack._fields_ = [
+    ('ss_sp', STRING),
+    ('ss_onstack', c_int),
+]
+assert sizeof(sigstack) == 8, sizeof(sigstack)
+assert alignment(sigstack) == 4, alignment(sigstack)
+u_char = c_ubyte
+u_short = c_ushort
+u_int = c_uint
+u_long = c_ulong
+ushort = c_ushort
+uint = c_uint
+u_quad_t = u_int64_t
+quad_t = int64_t
+qaddr_t = POINTER(quad_t)
+caddr_t = STRING
+daddr_t = int32_t
+fixpt_t = u_int32_t
+blkcnt_t = __darwin_blkcnt_t
+blksize_t = __darwin_blksize_t
+gid_t = __darwin_gid_t
+in_addr_t = __uint32_t
+in_port_t = __uint16_t
+ino_t = __darwin_ino_t
+key_t = __int32_t
+nlink_t = __uint16_t
+off_t = __darwin_off_t
+segsz_t = int32_t
+swblk_t = int32_t
+clock_t = __darwin_clock_t
+ssize_t = __darwin_ssize_t
+useconds_t = __darwin_useconds_t
+suseconds_t = __darwin_suseconds_t
+fd_mask = __int32_t
+class fd_set(Structure):
+    pass
+fd_set._fields_ = [
+    ('fds_bits', __int32_t * 32),
+]
+assert sizeof(fd_set) == 128, sizeof(fd_set)
+assert alignment(fd_set) == 4, alignment(fd_set)
+pthread_cond_t = __darwin_pthread_cond_t
+pthread_condattr_t = __darwin_pthread_condattr_t
+pthread_mutex_t = __darwin_pthread_mutex_t
+pthread_mutexattr_t = __darwin_pthread_mutexattr_t
+pthread_once_t = __darwin_pthread_once_t
+pthread_rwlock_t = __darwin_pthread_rwlock_t
+pthread_rwlockattr_t = __darwin_pthread_rwlockattr_t
+pthread_t = __darwin_pthread_t
+pthread_key_t = __darwin_pthread_key_t
+fsblkcnt_t = __darwin_fsblkcnt_t
+fsfilcnt_t = __darwin_fsfilcnt_t
+
+# values for enumeration 'idtype_t'
+idtype_t = c_int # enum
+id_t = __darwin_id_t
+class wait(Union):
+    pass
+class N4wait3DOLLAR_3E(Structure):
+    pass
+N4wait3DOLLAR_3E._fields_ = [
+    ('w_Termsig', c_uint, 7),
+    ('w_Coredump', c_uint, 1),
+    ('w_Retcode', c_uint, 8),
+    ('w_Filler', c_uint, 16),
+]
+assert sizeof(N4wait3DOLLAR_3E) == 4, sizeof(N4wait3DOLLAR_3E)
+assert alignment(N4wait3DOLLAR_3E) == 4, alignment(N4wait3DOLLAR_3E)
+class N4wait3DOLLAR_4E(Structure):
+    pass
+N4wait3DOLLAR_4E._fields_ = [
+    ('w_Stopval', c_uint, 8),
+    ('w_Stopsig', c_uint, 8),
+    ('w_Filler', c_uint, 16),
+]
+assert sizeof(N4wait3DOLLAR_4E) == 4, sizeof(N4wait3DOLLAR_4E)
+assert alignment(N4wait3DOLLAR_4E) == 4, alignment(N4wait3DOLLAR_4E)
+wait._fields_ = [
+    ('w_status', c_int),
+    ('w_T', N4wait3DOLLAR_3E),
+    ('w_S', N4wait3DOLLAR_4E),
+]
+assert sizeof(wait) == 4, sizeof(wait)
+assert alignment(wait) == 4, alignment(wait)
+class timespec(Structure):
+    pass
+timespec._fields_ = [
+    ('tv_sec', time_t),
+    ('tv_nsec', c_long),
+]
+assert sizeof(timespec) == 8, sizeof(timespec)
+assert alignment(timespec) == 4, alignment(timespec)
+class tm(Structure):
+    pass
+tm._fields_ = [
+    ('tm_sec', c_int),
+    ('tm_min', c_int),
+    ('tm_hour', c_int),
+    ('tm_mday', c_int),
+    ('tm_mon', c_int),
+    ('tm_year', c_int),
+    ('tm_wday', c_int),
+    ('tm_yday', c_int),
+    ('tm_isdst', c_int),
+    ('tm_gmtoff', c_long),
+    ('tm_zone', STRING),
+]
+assert sizeof(tm) == 44, sizeof(tm)
+assert alignment(tm) == 4, alignment(tm)
+__gnuc_va_list = STRING
+ptrdiff_t = c_int
+int8_t = c_byte
+int16_t = c_short
+uint8_t = c_ubyte
+uint16_t = c_ushort
+uint32_t = c_uint
+uint64_t = c_ulonglong
+int_least8_t = int8_t
+int_least16_t = int16_t
+int_least32_t = int32_t
+int_least64_t = int64_t
+uint_least8_t = uint8_t
+uint_least16_t = uint16_t
+uint_least32_t = uint32_t
+uint_least64_t = uint64_t
+int_fast8_t = int8_t
+int_fast16_t = int16_t
+int_fast32_t = int32_t
+int_fast64_t = int64_t
+uint_fast8_t = uint8_t
+uint_fast16_t = uint16_t
+uint_fast32_t = uint32_t
+uint_fast64_t = uint64_t
+intptr_t = c_long
+uintptr_t = c_ulong
+intmax_t = c_longlong
+uintmax_t = c_ulonglong
+__all__ = ['ENGINE', 'pkcs7_enc_content_st', '__int16_t',
+           'X509_REVOKED', 'SSL_CTX', 'UIT_BOOLEAN',
+           '__darwin_time_t', 'ucontext64_t', 'int_fast32_t',
+           'pem_ctx_st', 'uint8_t', 'fpos_t', 'X509', 'COMP_CTX',
+           'tm', 'N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_17E', 'swblk_t',
+           'ASN1_TEMPLATE', '__darwin_pthread_t', 'fixpt_t',
+           'BIO_METHOD', 'ASN1_PRINTABLESTRING', 'EVP_ENCODE_CTX',
+           'dh_method', 'bio_f_buffer_ctx_struct', 'in_port_t',
+           'X509_SIG', '__darwin_ssize_t', '__darwin_sigset_t',
+           'wait', 'uint_fast16_t', 'N12asn1_type_st4DOLLAR_11E',
+           'uint_least8_t', 'pthread_rwlock_t', 'ASN1_IA5STRING',
+           'fsfilcnt_t', 'ucontext', '__uint64_t', 'timespec',
+           'x509_cinf_st', 'COMP_METHOD', 'MD5_CTX', 'buf_mem_st',
+           'ASN1_ENCODING_st', 'PBEPARAM', 'X509_NAME_ENTRY',
+           '__darwin_va_list', 'ucontext_t', 'lhash_st',
+           'N4wait3DOLLAR_4E', '__darwin_uuid_t',
+           '_ossl_old_des_ks_struct', 'id_t', 'ASN1_BIT_STRING',
+           'va_list', '__darwin_wchar_t', 'pthread_key_t',
+           'pkcs7_signer_info_st', 'ASN1_METHOD', 'DSA_SIG', 'DSA',
+           'UIT_NONE', 'pthread_t', '__darwin_useconds_t',
+           'uint_fast8_t', 'UI_STRING', 'DES_cblock',
+           '__darwin_mcontext64_t', 'rlim_t', 'PEM_Encode_Seal_st',
+           'SHAstate_st', 'u_quad_t', 'openssl_fptr',
+           '_opaque_pthread_rwlockattr_t',
+           'N18x509_attributes_st4DOLLAR_13E',
+           '__darwin_pthread_rwlock_t', 'daddr_t', 'ui_string_st',
+           'x509_file_st', 'X509_req_info_st', 'int_least64_t',
+           'evp_Encode_Ctx_st', 'X509_OBJECTS', 'CRYPTO_EX_DATA',
+           '__int8_t', 'AUTHORITY_KEYID_st', '_opaque_pthread_attr_t',
+           'sigstack', 'EVP_CIPHER_CTX', 'X509_extension_st', 'pid_t',
+           'RSA_METHOD', 'PEM_USER', 'pem_recip_st', 'env_md_ctx_st',
+           'rc5_key_st', 'ui_st', 'X509_PUBKEY', 'u_int8_t',
+           'ASN1_ITEM_st', 'pkcs7_recip_info_st', 'ssl2_state_st',
+           'off_t', 'N10ssl_ctx_st4DOLLAR_18E', 'crypto_ex_data_st',
+           'ui_method_st', '__darwin_pthread_rwlockattr_t',
+           'CRYPTO_EX_dup', '__darwin_ino_t', '__sFILE',
+           'OSUnknownByteOrder', 'BN_MONT_CTX', 'ASN1_NULL', 'time_t',
+           'CRYPTO_EX_new', 'asn1_type_st', 'CRYPTO_EX_DATA_FUNCS',
+           'user_time_t', 'BIGNUM', 'pthread_rwlockattr_t',
+           'ASN1_VALUE_st', 'DH_METHOD', '__darwin_off_t',
+           '_opaque_pthread_t', 'bn_blinding_st', 'RSA', 'ssize_t',
+           'mcontext64_t', 'user_long_t', 'fsblkcnt_t', 'cert_st',
+           '__darwin_pthread_condattr_t', 'X509_PKEY',
+           '__darwin_id_t', '__darwin_nl_item', 'SSL2_STATE', 'FILE',
+           'pthread_mutexattr_t', 'size_t',
+           '_ossl_old_des_key_schedule', 'pkcs7_issuer_and_serial_st',
+           'sigval', 'CRYPTO_MEM_LEAK_CB', 'X509_NAME', 'blkcnt_t',
+           'uint_least16_t', '__darwin_dev_t', 'evp_cipher_info_st',
+           'BN_BLINDING', 'ssl3_state_st', 'uint_least64_t',
+           'user_addr_t', 'DES_key_schedule', 'RIPEMD160_CTX',
+           'u_char', 'X509_algor_st', 'uid_t', 'sess_cert_st',
+           'u_int64_t', 'u_int16_t', 'sigset_t', '__darwin_ptrdiff_t',
+           'ASN1_CTX', 'STACK', '__int32_t', 'UI_METHOD',
+           'NETSCAPE_SPKI', 'UIT_PROMPT', 'st_CRYPTO_EX_DATA_IMPL',
+           'cast_key_st', 'X509_HASH_DIR_CTX', 'sigevent',
+           'user_ssize_t', 'clock_t', 'aes_key_st',
+           '__darwin_socklen_t', '__darwin_intptr_t', 'int_fast64_t',
+           'asn1_string_table_st', 'uint_fast32_t',
+           'ASN1_VISIBLESTRING', 'DSA_SIG_st', 'obj_name_st',
+           'X509_LOOKUP_METHOD', 'u_int32_t', 'EVP_CIPHER_INFO',
+           '__gnuc_va_list', 'AES_KEY', 'PKCS7_ISSUER_AND_SERIAL',
+           'BN_CTX', '__darwin_blkcnt_t', 'key_t', 'SHA_CTX',
+           'pkcs7_signed_st', 'SSL', 'N10pem_ctx_st4DOLLAR_16E',
+           'pthread_attr_t', 'EVP_MD', 'uint', 'ASN1_BOOLEAN',
+           'ino_t', '__darwin_clock_t', 'ASN1_OCTET_STRING',
+           'asn1_ctx_st', 'BIO_F_BUFFER_CTX', 'bn_mont_ctx_st',
+           'X509_REQ_INFO', 'PEM_CTX', 'sigvec',
+           '__darwin_pthread_mutexattr_t', 'x509_attributes_st',
+           'stack_t', '__darwin_mode_t', '__mbstate_t',
+           'asn1_object_st', 'ASN1_ENCODING', '__uint8_t',
+           'LHASH_NODE', 'PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO', 'asn1_method_st',
+           'stack_st', 'bio_info_cb', 'div_t', 'UIT_VERIFY',
+           'PBEPARAM_st', 'N4wait3DOLLAR_3E', 'quad_t', '__siginfo',
+           '__darwin_mbstate_t', 'rsa_st', 'ASN1_UNIVERSALSTRING',
+           'uint64_t', 'ssl_comp_st', 'X509_OBJECT', 'pthread_cond_t',
+           'DH', '__darwin_wctype_t', 'PKCS7_ENVELOPE', 'ASN1_TLC_st',
+           'sig_atomic_t', 'BIO', 'nlink_t', 'BUF_MEM', 'SSL3_RECORD',
+           'bio_method_st', 'timeval', 'UI_string_types', 'BIO_dummy',
+           'ssl_ctx_st', 'NETSCAPE_CERT_SEQUENCE',
+           'BIT_STRING_BITNAME_st', '__darwin_pthread_attr_t',
+           'int8_t', '__darwin_wint_t', 'OBJ_NAME',
+           'PKCS8_PRIV_KEY_INFO', 'PBE2PARAM_st',
+           'LHASH_DOALL_FN_TYPE', 'x509_st', 'X509_VAL', 'dev_t',
+           'ASN1_TEMPLATE_st', 'MD5state_st', '__uint16_t',
+           'LHASH_DOALL_ARG_FN_TYPE', 'mdc2_ctx_st', 'SSL3_STATE',
+           'ssl3_buffer_st', 'ASN1_ITEM_EXP',
+           '_opaque_pthread_condattr_t', 'mode_t', 'ASN1_VALUE',
+           'qaddr_t', '__darwin_gid_t', 'EVP_PKEY', 'CRYPTO_EX_free',
+           '_ossl_old_des_cblock', 'X509_INFO', 'asn1_string_st',
+           'intptr_t', 'UIT_INFO', 'int_fast8_t', 'sigaltstack',
+           'env_md_st', 'LHASH', '__darwin_ucontext_t',
+           'PKCS7_SIGN_ENVELOPE', '__darwin_mcontext_t', 'ct_rune_t',
+           'MD2_CTX', 'pthread_once_t', 'SSL3_BUFFER', 'fd_mask',
+           'ASN1_TYPE', 'PKCS7_SIGNED', 'ssl3_record_st', 'BF_KEY',
+           'MD4state_st', 'MD4_CTX', 'int16_t', 'SSL_CIPHER',
+           'rune_t', 'X509_TRUST', 'siginfo_t', 'X509_STORE',
+           '__sbuf', 'X509_STORE_CTX', '__darwin_blksize_t', 'ldiv_t',
+           'ASN1_TIME', 'SSL_METHOD', 'X509_LOOKUP',
+           'Netscape_spki_st', 'P_PID', 'sigaction', 'sig_t',
+           'hostent', 'x509_cert_aux_st', '_opaque_pthread_cond_t',
+           'segsz_t', 'ushort', '__darwin_ct_rune_t', 'fd_set',
+           'BN_RECP_CTX', 'x509_lookup_st', 'uint16_t', 'pkcs7_st',
+           'asn1_header_st', '__darwin_pthread_key_t',
+           'x509_trust_st', '__darwin_pthread_handler_rec', 'int32_t',
+           'X509_CRL_INFO', 'N11evp_pkey_st4DOLLAR_12E', 'MDC2_CTX',
+           'N23_ossl_old_des_ks_struct4DOLLAR_10E', 'ASN1_HEADER',
+           'X509_crl_info_st', 'LHASH_HASH_FN_TYPE',
+           '_opaque_pthread_mutexattr_t', 'ssl_st',
+           'N8pkcs7_st4DOLLAR_15E', 'evp_pkey_st',
+           'pkcs7_signedandenveloped_st', '__darwin_mach_port_t',
+           'EVP_PBE_KEYGEN', '_opaque_pthread_mutex_t',
+           'ASN1_UTCTIME', 'mcontext', 'crypto_ex_data_func_st',
+           'u_long', 'PBKDF2PARAM_st', 'rc4_key_st', 'DSA_METHOD',
+           'EVP_CIPHER', 'BIT_STRING_BITNAME', 'PKCS7_RECIP_INFO',
+           'ssl3_enc_method', 'X509_CERT_AUX', 'uintmax_t',
+           'int_fast16_t', 'RC5_32_KEY', 'ucontext64', 'ASN1_INTEGER',
+           'u_short', 'N14x509_object_st4DOLLAR_14E', 'mcontext64',
+           'X509_sig_st', 'ASN1_GENERALSTRING', 'PKCS7', '__sFILEX',
+           'X509_name_entry_st', 'ssl_session_st', 'caddr_t',
+           'bignum_st', 'X509_CINF', '__darwin_pthread_cond_t',
+           'ASN1_TLC', 'PKCS7_ENCRYPT', 'NETSCAPE_SPKAC',
+           'Netscape_spkac_st', 'idtype_t', 'UIT_ERROR',
+           'uint_fast64_t', 'in_addr_t', 'pthread_mutex_t',
+           '__int64_t', 'ASN1_BMPSTRING', 'uint32_t',
+           'PEM_ENCODE_SEAL_CTX', 'suseconds_t', 'ASN1_OBJECT',
+           'X509_val_st', 'private_key_st', 'CRYPTO_dynlock',
+           'X509_objects_st', 'CRYPTO_EX_DATA_IMPL',
+           'pthread_condattr_t', 'PKCS7_DIGEST', 'uint_least32_t',
+           'ASN1_STRING', '__uint32_t', 'P_PGID', 'rsa_meth_st',
+           'X509_crl_st', 'RC2_KEY', '__darwin_fsfilcnt_t',
+           'X509_revoked_st', 'PBE2PARAM', 'blksize_t',
+           'Netscape_certificate_sequence', 'ssl_cipher_st',
+           'bignum_ctx', 'register_t', 'ASN1_UTF8STRING',
+           'pkcs7_encrypted_st', 'RC4_KEY', '__darwin_ucontext64_t',
+           'N13ssl2_state_st4DOLLAR_19E', 'bn_recp_ctx_st',
+           'CAST_KEY', 'X509_ATTRIBUTE', '__darwin_suseconds_t',
+           '__sigaction', 'user_ulong_t', 'syscall_arg_t',
+           'evp_cipher_ctx_st', 'X509_ALGOR', 'mcontext_t',
+           'const_DES_cblock', '__darwin_fsblkcnt_t', 'dsa_st',
+           'int_least8_t', 'MD2state_st', 'X509_EXTENSION',
+           'GEN_SESSION_CB', 'int_least16_t', '__darwin_wctrans_t',
+           'PBKDF2PARAM', 'x509_lookup_method_st', 'pem_password_cb',
+           'X509_info_st', 'x509_store_st', '__darwin_natural_t',
+           'X509_pubkey_st', 'pkcs7_digest_st', '__darwin_size_t',
+           'ASN1_STRING_TABLE', 'OSLittleEndian', 'RIPEMD160state_st',
+           'pkcs7_enveloped_st', 'UI', 'ptrdiff_t', 'X509_REQ',
+           'CRYPTO_dynlock_value', 'X509_req_st', 'x509_store_ctx_st',
+           'N13ssl3_state_st4DOLLAR_20E', 'lhash_node_st',
+           '__darwin_pthread_mutex_t', 'LHASH_COMP_FN_TYPE',
+           '__darwin_rune_t', 'rlimit', '__darwin_pthread_once_t',
+           'OSBigEndian', 'uintptr_t', '__darwin_uid_t', 'u_int',
+           'ASN1_T61STRING', 'gid_t', 'ssl_method_st', 'ASN1_ITEM',
+           'ASN1_ENUMERATED', '_opaque_pthread_rwlock_t',
+           'pkcs8_priv_key_info_st', 'intmax_t', 'sigcontext',
+           'X509_CRL', 'rc2_key_st', 'engine_st', 'x509_object_st',
+           '_opaque_pthread_once_t', 'DES_ks', 'SSL_COMP',
+           'dsa_method', 'int64_t', 'bio_st', 'bf_key_st',
+           'ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME', 'PKCS7_ENC_CONTENT',
+           '__darwin_pid_t', 'lldiv_t', 'comp_method_st',
+           'EVP_MD_CTX', 'evp_cipher_st', 'X509_name_st',
+           'x509_hash_dir_st', '__darwin_mach_port_name_t',
+           'useconds_t', 'user_size_t', 'SSL_SESSION', 'rusage',
+           'ssl_crock_st', 'int_least32_t', '__sigaction_u', 'dh_st',
+           'P_ALL', '__darwin_stack_t', 'N6DES_ks3DOLLAR_9E',
+           'comp_ctx_st', 'X509_CERT_FILE_CTX']
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/py2_test_grammar.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/py2_test_grammar.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..17f9f4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/py2_test_grammar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,974 @@
+# Python test set -- part 1, grammar.
+# This just tests whether the parser accepts them all.
+
+# NOTE: When you run this test as a script from the command line, you
+# get warnings about certain hex/oct constants.  Since those are
+# issued by the parser, you can't suppress them by adding a
+# filterwarnings() call to this module.  Therefore, to shut up the
+# regression test, the filterwarnings() call has been added to
+# regrtest.py.
+
+from test.test_support import run_unittest, check_syntax_error
+import unittest
+import sys
+# testing import *
+from sys import *
+
+class TokenTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testBackslash(self):
+        # Backslash means line continuation:
+        x = 1 \
+        + 1
+        self.assertEquals(x, 2, 'backslash for line continuation')
+
+        # Backslash does not means continuation in comments :\
+        x = 0
+        self.assertEquals(x, 0, 'backslash ending comment')
+
+    def testPlainIntegers(self):
+        self.assertEquals(0xff, 255)
+        self.assertEquals(0377, 255)
+        self.assertEquals(2147483647, 017777777777)
+        # "0x" is not a valid literal
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, "0x")
+        from sys import maxint
+        if maxint == 2147483647:
+            self.assertEquals(-2147483647-1, -020000000000)
+            # XXX -2147483648
+            self.assert_(037777777777 > 0)
+            self.assert_(0xffffffff > 0)
+            for s in '2147483648', '040000000000', '0x100000000':
+                try:
+                    x = eval(s)
+                except OverflowError:
+                    self.fail("OverflowError on huge integer literal %r" % s)
+        elif maxint == 9223372036854775807:
+            self.assertEquals(-9223372036854775807-1, -01000000000000000000000)
+            self.assert_(01777777777777777777777 > 0)
+            self.assert_(0xffffffffffffffff > 0)
+            for s in '9223372036854775808', '02000000000000000000000', \
+                     '0x10000000000000000':
+                try:
+                    x = eval(s)
+                except OverflowError:
+                    self.fail("OverflowError on huge integer literal %r" % s)
+        else:
+            self.fail('Weird maxint value %r' % maxint)
+
+    def testLongIntegers(self):
+        x = 0L
+        x = 0l
+        x = 0xffffffffffffffffL
+        x = 0xffffffffffffffffl
+        x = 077777777777777777L
+        x = 077777777777777777l
+        x = 123456789012345678901234567890L
+        x = 123456789012345678901234567890l
+
+    def testFloats(self):
+        x = 3.14
+        x = 314.
+        x = 0.314
+        # XXX x = 000.314
+        x = .314
+        x = 3e14
+        x = 3E14
+        x = 3e-14
+        x = 3e+14
+        x = 3.e14
+        x = .3e14
+        x = 3.1e4
+
+    def testStringLiterals(self):
+        x = ''; y = ""; self.assert_(len(x) == 0 and x == y)
+        x = '\''; y = "'"; self.assert_(len(x) == 1 and x == y and ord(x) == 39)
+        x = '"'; y = "\""; self.assert_(len(x) == 1 and x == y and ord(x) == 34)
+        x = "doesn't \"shrink\" does it"
+        y = 'doesn\'t "shrink" does it'
+        self.assert_(len(x) == 24 and x == y)
+        x = "does \"shrink\" doesn't it"
+        y = 'does "shrink" doesn\'t it'
+        self.assert_(len(x) == 24 and x == y)
+        x = """
+The "quick"
+brown fox
+jumps over
+the 'lazy' dog.
+"""
+        y = '\nThe "quick"\nbrown fox\njumps over\nthe \'lazy\' dog.\n'
+        self.assertEquals(x, y)
+        y = '''
+The "quick"
+brown fox
+jumps over
+the 'lazy' dog.
+'''
+        self.assertEquals(x, y)
+        y = "\n\
+The \"quick\"\n\
+brown fox\n\
+jumps over\n\
+the 'lazy' dog.\n\
+"
+        self.assertEquals(x, y)
+        y = '\n\
+The \"quick\"\n\
+brown fox\n\
+jumps over\n\
+the \'lazy\' dog.\n\
+'
+        self.assertEquals(x, y)
+
+
+class GrammarTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    # single_input: NEWLINE | simple_stmt | compound_stmt NEWLINE
+    # XXX can't test in a script -- this rule is only used when interactive
+
+    # file_input: (NEWLINE | stmt)* ENDMARKER
+    # Being tested as this very moment this very module
+
+    # expr_input: testlist NEWLINE
+    # XXX Hard to test -- used only in calls to input()
+
+    def testEvalInput(self):
+        # testlist ENDMARKER
+        x = eval('1, 0 or 1')
+
+    def testFuncdef(self):
+        ### 'def' NAME parameters ':' suite
+        ### parameters: '(' [varargslist] ')'
+        ### varargslist: (fpdef ['=' test] ',')* ('*' NAME [',' ('**'|'*' '*') NAME]
+        ###            | ('**'|'*' '*') NAME)
+        ###            | fpdef ['=' test] (',' fpdef ['=' test])* [',']
+        ### fpdef: NAME | '(' fplist ')'
+        ### fplist: fpdef (',' fpdef)* [',']
+        ### arglist: (argument ',')* (argument | *' test [',' '**' test] | '**' test)
+        ### argument: [test '='] test   # Really [keyword '='] test
+        def f1(): pass
+        f1()
+        f1(*())
+        f1(*(), **{})
+        def f2(one_argument): pass
+        def f3(two, arguments): pass
+        def f4(two, (compound, (argument, list))): pass
+        def f5((compound, first), two): pass
+        self.assertEquals(f2.func_code.co_varnames, ('one_argument',))
+        self.assertEquals(f3.func_code.co_varnames, ('two', 'arguments'))
+        if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+            self.assertEquals(f4.func_code.co_varnames,
+                   ('two', '(compound, (argument, list))', 'compound', 'argument',
+                                'list',))
+            self.assertEquals(f5.func_code.co_varnames,
+                   ('(compound, first)', 'two', 'compound', 'first'))
+        else:
+            self.assertEquals(f4.func_code.co_varnames,
+                  ('two', '.1', 'compound', 'argument',  'list'))
+            self.assertEquals(f5.func_code.co_varnames,
+                  ('.0', 'two', 'compound', 'first'))
+        def a1(one_arg,): pass
+        def a2(two, args,): pass
+        def v0(*rest): pass
+        def v1(a, *rest): pass
+        def v2(a, b, *rest): pass
+        def v3(a, (b, c), *rest): return a, b, c, rest
+
+        f1()
+        f2(1)
+        f2(1,)
+        f3(1, 2)
+        f3(1, 2,)
+        f4(1, (2, (3, 4)))
+        v0()
+        v0(1)
+        v0(1,)
+        v0(1,2)
+        v0(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0)
+        v1(1)
+        v1(1,)
+        v1(1,2)
+        v1(1,2,3)
+        v1(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0)
+        v2(1,2)
+        v2(1,2,3)
+        v2(1,2,3,4)
+        v2(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0)
+        v3(1,(2,3))
+        v3(1,(2,3),4)
+        v3(1,(2,3),4,5,6,7,8,9,0)
+
+        # ceval unpacks the formal arguments into the first argcount names;
+        # thus, the names nested inside tuples must appear after these names.
+        if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+            self.assertEquals(v3.func_code.co_varnames, ('a', '(b, c)', 'rest', 'b', 'c'))
+        else:
+            self.assertEquals(v3.func_code.co_varnames, ('a', '.1', 'rest', 'b', 'c'))
+        self.assertEquals(v3(1, (2, 3), 4), (1, 2, 3, (4,)))
+        def d01(a=1): pass
+        d01()
+        d01(1)
+        d01(*(1,))
+        d01(**{'a':2})
+        def d11(a, b=1): pass
+        d11(1)
+        d11(1, 2)
+        d11(1, **{'b':2})
+        def d21(a, b, c=1): pass
+        d21(1, 2)
+        d21(1, 2, 3)
+        d21(*(1, 2, 3))
+        d21(1, *(2, 3))
+        d21(1, 2, *(3,))
+        d21(1, 2, **{'c':3})
+        def d02(a=1, b=2): pass
+        d02()
+        d02(1)
+        d02(1, 2)
+        d02(*(1, 2))
+        d02(1, *(2,))
+        d02(1, **{'b':2})
+        d02(**{'a': 1, 'b': 2})
+        def d12(a, b=1, c=2): pass
+        d12(1)
+        d12(1, 2)
+        d12(1, 2, 3)
+        def d22(a, b, c=1, d=2): pass
+        d22(1, 2)
+        d22(1, 2, 3)
+        d22(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        def d01v(a=1, *rest): pass
+        d01v()
+        d01v(1)
+        d01v(1, 2)
+        d01v(*(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        d01v(*(1,))
+        d01v(**{'a':2})
+        def d11v(a, b=1, *rest): pass
+        d11v(1)
+        d11v(1, 2)
+        d11v(1, 2, 3)
+        def d21v(a, b, c=1, *rest): pass
+        d21v(1, 2)
+        d21v(1, 2, 3)
+        d21v(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        d21v(*(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        d21v(1, 2, **{'c': 3})
+        def d02v(a=1, b=2, *rest): pass
+        d02v()
+        d02v(1)
+        d02v(1, 2)
+        d02v(1, 2, 3)
+        d02v(1, *(2, 3, 4))
+        d02v(**{'a': 1, 'b': 2})
+        def d12v(a, b=1, c=2, *rest): pass
+        d12v(1)
+        d12v(1, 2)
+        d12v(1, 2, 3)
+        d12v(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        d12v(*(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        d12v(1, 2, *(3, 4, 5))
+        d12v(1, *(2,), **{'c': 3})
+        def d22v(a, b, c=1, d=2, *rest): pass
+        d22v(1, 2)
+        d22v(1, 2, 3)
+        d22v(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        d22v(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+        d22v(*(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        d22v(1, 2, *(3, 4, 5))
+        d22v(1, *(2, 3), **{'d': 4})
+        def d31v((x)): pass
+        d31v(1)
+        def d32v((x,)): pass
+        d32v((1,))
+
+        # keyword arguments after *arglist
+        def f(*args, **kwargs):
+            return args, kwargs
+        self.assertEquals(f(1, x=2, *[3, 4], y=5), ((1, 3, 4),
+                                                    {'x':2, 'y':5}))
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, "f(1, *(2,3), 4)")
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, "f(1, x=2, *(3,4), x=5)")
+
+        # Check ast errors in *args and *kwargs
+        check_syntax_error(self, "f(*g(1=2))")
+        check_syntax_error(self, "f(**g(1=2))")
+
+    def testLambdef(self):
+        ### lambdef: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' test
+        l1 = lambda : 0
+        self.assertEquals(l1(), 0)
+        l2 = lambda : a[d] # XXX just testing the expression
+        l3 = lambda : [2 < x for x in [-1, 3, 0L]]
+        self.assertEquals(l3(), [0, 1, 0])
+        l4 = lambda x = lambda y = lambda z=1 : z : y() : x()
+        self.assertEquals(l4(), 1)
+        l5 = lambda x, y, z=2: x + y + z
+        self.assertEquals(l5(1, 2), 5)
+        self.assertEquals(l5(1, 2, 3), 6)
+        check_syntax_error(self, "lambda x: x = 2")
+        check_syntax_error(self, "lambda (None,): None")
+
+    ### stmt: simple_stmt | compound_stmt
+    # Tested below
+
+    def testSimpleStmt(self):
+        ### simple_stmt: small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* [';']
+        x = 1; pass; del x
+        def foo():
+            # verify statments that end with semi-colons
+            x = 1; pass; del x;
+        foo()
+
+    ### small_stmt: expr_stmt | print_stmt  | pass_stmt | del_stmt | flow_stmt | import_stmt | global_stmt | access_stmt | exec_stmt
+    # Tested below
+
+    def testExprStmt(self):
+        # (exprlist '=')* exprlist
+        1
+        1, 2, 3
+        x = 1
+        x = 1, 2, 3
+        x = y = z = 1, 2, 3
+        x, y, z = 1, 2, 3
+        abc = a, b, c = x, y, z = xyz = 1, 2, (3, 4)
+
+        check_syntax_error(self, "x + 1 = 1")
+        check_syntax_error(self, "a + 1 = b + 2")
+
+    def testPrintStmt(self):
+        # 'print' (test ',')* [test]
+        import StringIO
+
+        # Can't test printing to real stdout without comparing output
+        # which is not available in unittest.
+        save_stdout = sys.stdout
+        sys.stdout = StringIO.StringIO()
+
+        print 1, 2, 3
+        print 1, 2, 3,
+        print
+        print 0 or 1, 0 or 1,
+        print 0 or 1
+
+        # 'print' '>>' test ','
+        print >> sys.stdout, 1, 2, 3
+        print >> sys.stdout, 1, 2, 3,
+        print >> sys.stdout
+        print >> sys.stdout, 0 or 1, 0 or 1,
+        print >> sys.stdout, 0 or 1
+
+        # test printing to an instance
+        class Gulp:
+            def write(self, msg): pass
+
+        gulp = Gulp()
+        print >> gulp, 1, 2, 3
+        print >> gulp, 1, 2, 3,
+        print >> gulp
+        print >> gulp, 0 or 1, 0 or 1,
+        print >> gulp, 0 or 1
+
+        # test print >> None
+        def driver():
+            oldstdout = sys.stdout
+            sys.stdout = Gulp()
+            try:
+                tellme(Gulp())
+                tellme()
+            finally:
+                sys.stdout = oldstdout
+
+        # we should see this once
+        def tellme(file=sys.stdout):
+            print >> file, 'hello world'
+
+        driver()
+
+        # we should not see this at all
+        def tellme(file=None):
+            print >> file, 'goodbye universe'
+
+        driver()
+
+        self.assertEqual(sys.stdout.getvalue(), '''\
+1 2 3
+1 2 3
+1 1 1
+1 2 3
+1 2 3
+1 1 1
+hello world
+''')
+        sys.stdout = save_stdout
+
+        # syntax errors
+        check_syntax_error(self, 'print ,')
+        check_syntax_error(self, 'print >> x,')
+
+    def testDelStmt(self):
+        # 'del' exprlist
+        abc = [1,2,3]
+        x, y, z = abc
+        xyz = x, y, z
+
+        del abc
+        del x, y, (z, xyz)
+
+    def testPassStmt(self):
+        # 'pass'
+        pass
+
+    # flow_stmt: break_stmt | continue_stmt | return_stmt | raise_stmt
+    # Tested below
+
+    def testBreakStmt(self):
+        # 'break'
+        while 1: break
+
+    def testContinueStmt(self):
+        # 'continue'
+        i = 1
+        while i: i = 0; continue
+
+        msg = ""
+        while not msg:
+            msg = "ok"
+            try:
+                continue
+                msg = "continue failed to continue inside try"
+            except:
+                msg = "continue inside try called except block"
+        if msg != "ok":
+            self.fail(msg)
+
+        msg = ""
+        while not msg:
+            msg = "finally block not called"
+            try:
+                continue
+            finally:
+                msg = "ok"
+        if msg != "ok":
+            self.fail(msg)
+
+    def test_break_continue_loop(self):
+        # This test warrants an explanation. It is a test specifically for SF bugs
+        # #463359 and #462937. The bug is that a 'break' statement executed or
+        # exception raised inside a try/except inside a loop, *after* a continue
+        # statement has been executed in that loop, will cause the wrong number of
+        # arguments to be popped off the stack and the instruction pointer reset to
+        # a very small number (usually 0.) Because of this, the following test
+        # *must* written as a function, and the tracking vars *must* be function
+        # arguments with default values. Otherwise, the test will loop and loop.
+
+        def test_inner(extra_burning_oil = 1, count=0):
+            big_hippo = 2
+            while big_hippo:
+                count += 1
+                try:
+                    if extra_burning_oil and big_hippo == 1:
+                        extra_burning_oil -= 1
+                        break
+                    big_hippo -= 1
+                    continue
+                except:
+                    raise
+            if count > 2 or big_hippo <> 1:
+                self.fail("continue then break in try/except in loop broken!")
+        test_inner()
+
+    def testReturn(self):
+        # 'return' [testlist]
+        def g1(): return
+        def g2(): return 1
+        g1()
+        x = g2()
+        check_syntax_error(self, "class foo:return 1")
+
+    def testYield(self):
+        check_syntax_error(self, "class foo:yield 1")
+
+    def testRaise(self):
+        # 'raise' test [',' test]
+        try: raise RuntimeError, 'just testing'
+        except RuntimeError: pass
+        try: raise KeyboardInterrupt
+        except KeyboardInterrupt: pass
+
+    def testImport(self):
+        # 'import' dotted_as_names
+        import sys
+        import time, sys
+        # 'from' dotted_name 'import' ('*' | '(' import_as_names ')' | import_as_names)
+        from time import time
+        from time import (time)
+        # not testable inside a function, but already done at top of the module
+        # from sys import *
+        from sys import path, argv
+        from sys import (path, argv)
+        from sys import (path, argv,)
+
+    def testGlobal(self):
+        # 'global' NAME (',' NAME)*
+        global a
+        global a, b
+        global one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
+
+    def testExec(self):
+        # 'exec' expr ['in' expr [',' expr]]
+        z = None
+        del z
+        exec 'z=1+1\n'
+        if z != 2: self.fail('exec \'z=1+1\'\\n')
+        del z
+        exec 'z=1+1'
+        if z != 2: self.fail('exec \'z=1+1\'')
+        z = None
+        del z
+        import types
+        if hasattr(types, "UnicodeType"):
+            exec r"""if 1:
+            exec u'z=1+1\n'
+            if z != 2: self.fail('exec u\'z=1+1\'\\n')
+            del z
+            exec u'z=1+1'
+            if z != 2: self.fail('exec u\'z=1+1\'')"""
+        g = {}
+        exec 'z = 1' in g
+        if g.has_key('__builtins__'): del g['__builtins__']
+        if g != {'z': 1}: self.fail('exec \'z = 1\' in g')
+        g = {}
+        l = {}
+
+        import warnings
+        warnings.filterwarnings("ignore", "global statement", module="<string>")
+        exec 'global a; a = 1; b = 2' in g, l
+        if g.has_key('__builtins__'): del g['__builtins__']
+        if l.has_key('__builtins__'): del l['__builtins__']
+        if (g, l) != ({'a':1}, {'b':2}):
+            self.fail('exec ... in g (%s), l (%s)' %(g,l))
+
+    def testAssert(self):
+        # assert_stmt: 'assert' test [',' test]
+        assert 1
+        assert 1, 1
+        assert lambda x:x
+        assert 1, lambda x:x+1
+        try:
+            assert 0, "msg"
+        except AssertionError, e:
+            self.assertEquals(e.args[0], "msg")
+        else:
+            if __debug__:
+                self.fail("AssertionError not raised by assert 0")
+
+    ### compound_stmt: if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt | try_stmt | funcdef | classdef
+    # Tested below
+
+    def testIf(self):
+        # 'if' test ':' suite ('elif' test ':' suite)* ['else' ':' suite]
+        if 1: pass
+        if 1: pass
+        else: pass
+        if 0: pass
+        elif 0: pass
+        if 0: pass
+        elif 0: pass
+        elif 0: pass
+        elif 0: pass
+        else: pass
+
+    def testWhile(self):
+        # 'while' test ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
+        while 0: pass
+        while 0: pass
+        else: pass
+
+        # Issue1920: "while 0" is optimized away,
+        # ensure that the "else" clause is still present.
+        x = 0
+        while 0:
+            x = 1
+        else:
+            x = 2
+        self.assertEquals(x, 2)
+
+    def testFor(self):
+        # 'for' exprlist 'in' exprlist ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
+        for i in 1, 2, 3: pass
+        for i, j, k in (): pass
+        else: pass
+        class Squares:
+            def __init__(self, max):
+                self.max = max
+                self.sofar = []
+            def __len__(self): return len(self.sofar)
+            def __getitem__(self, i):
+                if not 0 <= i < self.max: raise IndexError
+                n = len(self.sofar)
+                while n <= i:
+                    self.sofar.append(n*n)
+                    n = n+1
+                return self.sofar[i]
+        n = 0
+        for x in Squares(10): n = n+x
+        if n != 285:
+            self.fail('for over growing sequence')
+
+        result = []
+        for x, in [(1,), (2,), (3,)]:
+            result.append(x)
+        self.assertEqual(result, [1, 2, 3])
+
+    def testTry(self):
+        ### try_stmt: 'try' ':' suite (except_clause ':' suite)+ ['else' ':' suite]
+        ###         | 'try' ':' suite 'finally' ':' suite
+        ### except_clause: 'except' [expr [('as' | ',') expr]]
+        try:
+            1/0
+        except ZeroDivisionError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            pass
+        try: 1/0
+        except EOFError: pass
+        except TypeError as msg: pass
+        except RuntimeError, msg: pass
+        except: pass
+        else: pass
+        try: 1/0
+        except (EOFError, TypeError, ZeroDivisionError): pass
+        try: 1/0
+        except (EOFError, TypeError, ZeroDivisionError), msg: pass
+        try: pass
+        finally: pass
+
+    def testSuite(self):
+        # simple_stmt | NEWLINE INDENT NEWLINE* (stmt NEWLINE*)+ DEDENT
+        if 1: pass
+        if 1:
+            pass
+        if 1:
+            #
+            #
+            #
+            pass
+            pass
+            #
+            pass
+            #
+
+    def testTest(self):
+        ### and_test ('or' and_test)*
+        ### and_test: not_test ('and' not_test)*
+        ### not_test: 'not' not_test | comparison
+        if not 1: pass
+        if 1 and 1: pass
+        if 1 or 1: pass
+        if not not not 1: pass
+        if not 1 and 1 and 1: pass
+        if 1 and 1 or 1 and 1 and 1 or not 1 and 1: pass
+
+    def testComparison(self):
+        ### comparison: expr (comp_op expr)*
+        ### comp_op: '<'|'>'|'=='|'>='|'<='|'<>'|'!='|'in'|'not' 'in'|'is'|'is' 'not'
+        if 1: pass
+        x = (1 == 1)
+        if 1 == 1: pass
+        if 1 != 1: pass
+        if 1 <> 1: pass
+        if 1 < 1: pass
+        if 1 > 1: pass
+        if 1 <= 1: pass
+        if 1 >= 1: pass
+        if 1 is 1: pass
+        if 1 is not 1: pass
+        if 1 in (): pass
+        if 1 not in (): pass
+        if 1 < 1 > 1 == 1 >= 1 <= 1 <> 1 != 1 in 1 not in 1 is 1 is not 1: pass
+
+    def testBinaryMaskOps(self):
+        x = 1 & 1
+        x = 1 ^ 1
+        x = 1 | 1
+
+    def testShiftOps(self):
+        x = 1 << 1
+        x = 1 >> 1
+        x = 1 << 1 >> 1
+
+    def testAdditiveOps(self):
+        x = 1
+        x = 1 + 1
+        x = 1 - 1 - 1
+        x = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1
+
+    def testMultiplicativeOps(self):
+        x = 1 * 1
+        x = 1 / 1
+        x = 1 % 1
+        x = 1 / 1 * 1 % 1
+
+    def testUnaryOps(self):
+        x = +1
+        x = -1
+        x = ~1
+        x = ~1 ^ 1 & 1 | 1 & 1 ^ -1
+        x = -1*1/1 + 1*1 - ---1*1
+
+    def testSelectors(self):
+        ### trailer: '(' [testlist] ')' | '[' subscript ']' | '.' NAME
+        ### subscript: expr | [expr] ':' [expr]
+
+        import sys, time
+        c = sys.path[0]
+        x = time.time()
+        x = sys.modules['time'].time()
+        a = '01234'
+        c = a[0]
+        c = a[-1]
+        s = a[0:5]
+        s = a[:5]
+        s = a[0:]
+        s = a[:]
+        s = a[-5:]
+        s = a[:-1]
+        s = a[-4:-3]
+        # A rough test of SF bug 1333982.  http://python.org/sf/1333982
+        # The testing here is fairly incomplete.
+        # Test cases should include: commas with 1 and 2 colons
+        d = {}
+        d[1] = 1
+        d[1,] = 2
+        d[1,2] = 3
+        d[1,2,3] = 4
+        L = list(d)
+        L.sort()
+        self.assertEquals(str(L), '[1, (1,), (1, 2), (1, 2, 3)]')
+
+    def testAtoms(self):
+        ### atom: '(' [testlist] ')' | '[' [testlist] ']' | '{' [dictmaker] '}' | '`' testlist '`' | NAME | NUMBER | STRING
+        ### dictmaker: test ':' test (',' test ':' test)* [',']
+
+        x = (1)
+        x = (1 or 2 or 3)
+        x = (1 or 2 or 3, 2, 3)
+
+        x = []
+        x = [1]
+        x = [1 or 2 or 3]
+        x = [1 or 2 or 3, 2, 3]
+        x = []
+
+        x = {}
+        x = {'one': 1}
+        x = {'one': 1,}
+        x = {'one' or 'two': 1 or 2}
+        x = {'one': 1, 'two': 2}
+        x = {'one': 1, 'two': 2,}
+        x = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'five': 5, 'six': 6}
+
+        x = `x`
+        x = `1 or 2 or 3`
+        self.assertEqual(`1,2`, '(1, 2)')
+
+        x = x
+        x = 'x'
+        x = 123
+
+    ### exprlist: expr (',' expr)* [',']
+    ### testlist: test (',' test)* [',']
+    # These have been exercised enough above
+
+    def testClassdef(self):
+        # 'class' NAME ['(' [testlist] ')'] ':' suite
+        class B: pass
+        class B2(): pass
+        class C1(B): pass
+        class C2(B): pass
+        class D(C1, C2, B): pass
+        class C:
+            def meth1(self): pass
+            def meth2(self, arg): pass
+            def meth3(self, a1, a2): pass
+        # decorator: '@' dotted_name [ '(' [arglist] ')' ] NEWLINE
+        # decorators: decorator+
+        # decorated: decorators (classdef | funcdef)
+        def class_decorator(x):
+            x.decorated = True
+            return x
+        @class_decorator
+        class G:
+            pass
+        self.assertEqual(G.decorated, True)
+
+    def testListcomps(self):
+        # list comprehension tests
+        nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        strs = ["Apple", "Banana", "Coconut"]
+        spcs = ["  Apple", " Banana ", "Coco  nut  "]
+
+        self.assertEqual([s.strip() for s in spcs], ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Coco  nut'])
+        self.assertEqual([3 * x for x in nums], [3, 6, 9, 12, 15])
+        self.assertEqual([x for x in nums if x > 2], [3, 4, 5])
+        self.assertEqual([(i, s) for i in nums for s in strs],
+                         [(1, 'Apple'), (1, 'Banana'), (1, 'Coconut'),
+                          (2, 'Apple'), (2, 'Banana'), (2, 'Coconut'),
+                          (3, 'Apple'), (3, 'Banana'), (3, 'Coconut'),
+                          (4, 'Apple'), (4, 'Banana'), (4, 'Coconut'),
+                          (5, 'Apple'), (5, 'Banana'), (5, 'Coconut')])
+        self.assertEqual([(i, s) for i in nums for s in [f for f in strs if "n" in f]],
+                         [(1, 'Banana'), (1, 'Coconut'), (2, 'Banana'), (2, 'Coconut'),
+                          (3, 'Banana'), (3, 'Coconut'), (4, 'Banana'), (4, 'Coconut'),
+                          (5, 'Banana'), (5, 'Coconut')])
+        self.assertEqual([(lambda a:[a**i for i in range(a+1)])(j) for j in range(5)],
+                         [[1], [1, 1], [1, 2, 4], [1, 3, 9, 27], [1, 4, 16, 64, 256]])
+
+        def test_in_func(l):
+            return [None < x < 3 for x in l if x > 2]
+
+        self.assertEqual(test_in_func(nums), [False, False, False])
+
+        def test_nested_front():
+            self.assertEqual([[y for y in [x, x + 1]] for x in [1,3,5]],
+                             [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
+
+        test_nested_front()
+
+        check_syntax_error(self, "[i, s for i in nums for s in strs]")
+        check_syntax_error(self, "[x if y]")
+
+        suppliers = [
+          (1, "Boeing"),
+          (2, "Ford"),
+          (3, "Macdonalds")
+        ]
+
+        parts = [
+          (10, "Airliner"),
+          (20, "Engine"),
+          (30, "Cheeseburger")
+        ]
+
+        suppart = [
+          (1, 10), (1, 20), (2, 20), (3, 30)
+        ]
+
+        x = [
+          (sname, pname)
+            for (sno, sname) in suppliers
+              for (pno, pname) in parts
+                for (sp_sno, sp_pno) in suppart
+                  if sno == sp_sno and pno == sp_pno
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(x, [('Boeing', 'Airliner'), ('Boeing', 'Engine'), ('Ford', 'Engine'),
+                             ('Macdonalds', 'Cheeseburger')])
+
+    def testGenexps(self):
+        # generator expression tests
+        g = ([x for x in range(10)] for x in range(1))
+        self.assertEqual(g.next(), [x for x in range(10)])
+        try:
+            g.next()
+            self.fail('should produce StopIteration exception')
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+
+        a = 1
+        try:
+            g = (a for d in a)
+            g.next()
+            self.fail('should produce TypeError')
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(list((x, y) for x in 'abcd' for y in 'abcd'), [(x, y) for x in 'abcd' for y in 'abcd'])
+        self.assertEqual(list((x, y) for x in 'ab' for y in 'xy'), [(x, y) for x in 'ab' for y in 'xy'])
+
+        a = [x for x in range(10)]
+        b = (x for x in (y for y in a))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(b), sum([x for x in range(10)]))
+
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x**2 for x in range(10)), sum([x**2 for x in range(10)]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x*x for x in range(10) if x%2), sum([x*x for x in range(10) if x%2]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x for x in (y for y in range(10))), sum([x for x in range(10)]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x for x in (y for y in (z for z in range(10)))), sum([x for x in range(10)]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x for x in [y for y in (z for z in range(10))]), sum([x for x in range(10)]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x for x in (y for y in (z for z in range(10) if True)) if True), sum([x for x in range(10)]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x for x in (y for y in (z for z in range(10) if True) if False) if True), 0)
+        check_syntax_error(self, "foo(x for x in range(10), 100)")
+        check_syntax_error(self, "foo(100, x for x in range(10))")
+
+    def testComprehensionSpecials(self):
+        # test for outmost iterable precomputation
+        x = 10; g = (i for i in range(x)); x = 5
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(g)), 10)
+
+        # This should hold, since we're only precomputing outmost iterable.
+        x = 10; t = False; g = ((i,j) for i in range(x) if t for j in range(x))
+        x = 5; t = True;
+        self.assertEqual([(i,j) for i in range(10) for j in range(5)], list(g))
+
+        # Grammar allows multiple adjacent 'if's in listcomps and genexps,
+        # even though it's silly. Make sure it works (ifelse broke this.)
+        self.assertEqual([ x for x in range(10) if x % 2 if x % 3 ], [1, 5, 7])
+        self.assertEqual(list(x for x in range(10) if x % 2 if x % 3), [1, 5, 7])
+
+        # verify unpacking single element tuples in listcomp/genexp.
+        self.assertEqual([x for x, in [(4,), (5,), (6,)]], [4, 5, 6])
+        self.assertEqual(list(x for x, in [(7,), (8,), (9,)]), [7, 8, 9])
+
+    def test_with_statement(self):
+        class manager(object):
+            def __enter__(self):
+                return (1, 2)
+            def __exit__(self, *args):
+                pass
+
+        with manager():
+            pass
+        with manager() as x:
+            pass
+        with manager() as (x, y):
+            pass
+        with manager(), manager():
+            pass
+        with manager() as x, manager() as y:
+            pass
+        with manager() as x, manager():
+            pass
+
+    def testIfElseExpr(self):
+        # Test ifelse expressions in various cases
+        def _checkeval(msg, ret):
+            "helper to check that evaluation of expressions is done correctly"
+            print x
+            return ret
+
+        self.assertEqual([ x() for x in lambda: True, lambda: False if x() ], [True])
+        self.assertEqual([ x() for x in (lambda: True, lambda: False) if x() ], [True])
+        self.assertEqual([ x(False) for x in (lambda x: False if x else True, lambda x: True if x else False) if x(False) ], [True])
+        self.assertEqual((5 if 1 else _checkeval("check 1", 0)), 5)
+        self.assertEqual((_checkeval("check 2", 0) if 0 else 5), 5)
+        self.assertEqual((5 and 6 if 0 else 1), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(((5 and 6) if 0 else 1), 1)
+        self.assertEqual((5 and (6 if 1 else 1)), 6)
+        self.assertEqual((0 or _checkeval("check 3", 2) if 0 else 3), 3)
+        self.assertEqual((1 or _checkeval("check 4", 2) if 1 else _checkeval("check 5", 3)), 1)
+        self.assertEqual((0 or 5 if 1 else _checkeval("check 6", 3)), 5)
+        self.assertEqual((not 5 if 1 else 1), False)
+        self.assertEqual((not 5 if 0 else 1), 1)
+        self.assertEqual((6 + 1 if 1 else 2), 7)
+        self.assertEqual((6 - 1 if 1 else 2), 5)
+        self.assertEqual((6 * 2 if 1 else 4), 12)
+        self.assertEqual((6 / 2 if 1 else 3), 3)
+        self.assertEqual((6 < 4 if 0 else 2), 2)
+
+
+def test_main():
+    run_unittest(TokenTests, GrammarTests)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test_main()
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/py3_test_grammar.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/py3_test_grammar.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..977f0b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/data/py3_test_grammar.py
@@ -0,0 +1,923 @@
+# Python test set -- part 1, grammar.
+# This just tests whether the parser accepts them all.
+
+# NOTE: When you run this test as a script from the command line, you
+# get warnings about certain hex/oct constants.  Since those are
+# issued by the parser, you can't suppress them by adding a
+# filterwarnings() call to this module.  Therefore, to shut up the
+# regression test, the filterwarnings() call has been added to
+# regrtest.py.
+
+from test.support import run_unittest, check_syntax_error
+import unittest
+import sys
+# testing import *
+from sys import *
+
+class TokenTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def testBackslash(self):
+        # Backslash means line continuation:
+        x = 1 \
+        + 1
+        self.assertEquals(x, 2, 'backslash for line continuation')
+
+        # Backslash does not means continuation in comments :\
+        x = 0
+        self.assertEquals(x, 0, 'backslash ending comment')
+
+    def testPlainIntegers(self):
+        self.assertEquals(type(000), type(0))
+        self.assertEquals(0xff, 255)
+        self.assertEquals(0o377, 255)
+        self.assertEquals(2147483647, 0o17777777777)
+        self.assertEquals(0b1001, 9)
+        # "0x" is not a valid literal
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, "0x")
+        from sys import maxsize
+        if maxsize == 2147483647:
+            self.assertEquals(-2147483647-1, -0o20000000000)
+            # XXX -2147483648
+            self.assert_(0o37777777777 > 0)
+            self.assert_(0xffffffff > 0)
+            self.assert_(0b1111111111111111111111111111111 > 0)
+            for s in ('2147483648', '0o40000000000', '0x100000000',
+                      '0b10000000000000000000000000000000'):
+                try:
+                    x = eval(s)
+                except OverflowError:
+                    self.fail("OverflowError on huge integer literal %r" % s)
+        elif maxsize == 9223372036854775807:
+            self.assertEquals(-9223372036854775807-1, -0o1000000000000000000000)
+            self.assert_(0o1777777777777777777777 > 0)
+            self.assert_(0xffffffffffffffff > 0)
+            self.assert_(0b11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 > 0)
+            for s in '9223372036854775808', '0o2000000000000000000000', \
+                     '0x10000000000000000', \
+                     '0b100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000':
+                try:
+                    x = eval(s)
+                except OverflowError:
+                    self.fail("OverflowError on huge integer literal %r" % s)
+        else:
+            self.fail('Weird maxsize value %r' % maxsize)
+
+    def testLongIntegers(self):
+        x = 0
+        x = 0xffffffffffffffff
+        x = 0Xffffffffffffffff
+        x = 0o77777777777777777
+        x = 0O77777777777777777
+        x = 123456789012345678901234567890
+        x = 0b100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
+        x = 0B111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111
+
+    def testFloats(self):
+        x = 3.14
+        x = 314.
+        x = 0.314
+        # XXX x = 000.314
+        x = .314
+        x = 3e14
+        x = 3E14
+        x = 3e-14
+        x = 3e+14
+        x = 3.e14
+        x = .3e14
+        x = 3.1e4
+
+    def testStringLiterals(self):
+        x = ''; y = ""; self.assert_(len(x) == 0 and x == y)
+        x = '\''; y = "'"; self.assert_(len(x) == 1 and x == y and ord(x) == 39)
+        x = '"'; y = "\""; self.assert_(len(x) == 1 and x == y and ord(x) == 34)
+        x = "doesn't \"shrink\" does it"
+        y = 'doesn\'t "shrink" does it'
+        self.assert_(len(x) == 24 and x == y)
+        x = "does \"shrink\" doesn't it"
+        y = 'does "shrink" doesn\'t it'
+        self.assert_(len(x) == 24 and x == y)
+        x = """
+The "quick"
+brown fox
+jumps over
+the 'lazy' dog.
+"""
+        y = '\nThe "quick"\nbrown fox\njumps over\nthe \'lazy\' dog.\n'
+        self.assertEquals(x, y)
+        y = '''
+The "quick"
+brown fox
+jumps over
+the 'lazy' dog.
+'''
+        self.assertEquals(x, y)
+        y = "\n\
+The \"quick\"\n\
+brown fox\n\
+jumps over\n\
+the 'lazy' dog.\n\
+"
+        self.assertEquals(x, y)
+        y = '\n\
+The \"quick\"\n\
+brown fox\n\
+jumps over\n\
+the \'lazy\' dog.\n\
+'
+        self.assertEquals(x, y)
+
+    def testEllipsis(self):
+        x = ...
+        self.assert_(x is Ellipsis)
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, ".. .")
+
+class GrammarTests(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    # single_input: NEWLINE | simple_stmt | compound_stmt NEWLINE
+    # XXX can't test in a script -- this rule is only used when interactive
+
+    # file_input: (NEWLINE | stmt)* ENDMARKER
+    # Being tested as this very moment this very module
+
+    # expr_input: testlist NEWLINE
+    # XXX Hard to test -- used only in calls to input()
+
+    def testEvalInput(self):
+        # testlist ENDMARKER
+        x = eval('1, 0 or 1')
+
+    def testFuncdef(self):
+        ### [decorators] 'def' NAME parameters ['->' test] ':' suite
+        ### decorator: '@' dotted_name [ '(' [arglist] ')' ] NEWLINE
+        ### decorators: decorator+
+        ### parameters: '(' [typedargslist] ')'
+        ### typedargslist: ((tfpdef ['=' test] ',')*
+        ###                ('*' [tfpdef] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [',' '**' tfpdef] | '**' tfpdef)
+        ###                | tfpdef ['=' test] (',' tfpdef ['=' test])* [','])
+        ### tfpdef: NAME [':' test]
+        ### varargslist: ((vfpdef ['=' test] ',')*
+        ###              ('*' [vfpdef] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])*  [',' '**' vfpdef] | '**' vfpdef)
+        ###              | vfpdef ['=' test] (',' vfpdef ['=' test])* [','])
+        ### vfpdef: NAME
+        def f1(): pass
+        f1()
+        f1(*())
+        f1(*(), **{})
+        def f2(one_argument): pass
+        def f3(two, arguments): pass
+        self.assertEquals(f2.__code__.co_varnames, ('one_argument',))
+        self.assertEquals(f3.__code__.co_varnames, ('two', 'arguments'))
+        def a1(one_arg,): pass
+        def a2(two, args,): pass
+        def v0(*rest): pass
+        def v1(a, *rest): pass
+        def v2(a, b, *rest): pass
+
+        f1()
+        f2(1)
+        f2(1,)
+        f3(1, 2)
+        f3(1, 2,)
+        v0()
+        v0(1)
+        v0(1,)
+        v0(1,2)
+        v0(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0)
+        v1(1)
+        v1(1,)
+        v1(1,2)
+        v1(1,2,3)
+        v1(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0)
+        v2(1,2)
+        v2(1,2,3)
+        v2(1,2,3,4)
+        v2(1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0)
+
+        def d01(a=1): pass
+        d01()
+        d01(1)
+        d01(*(1,))
+        d01(**{'a':2})
+        def d11(a, b=1): pass
+        d11(1)
+        d11(1, 2)
+        d11(1, **{'b':2})
+        def d21(a, b, c=1): pass
+        d21(1, 2)
+        d21(1, 2, 3)
+        d21(*(1, 2, 3))
+        d21(1, *(2, 3))
+        d21(1, 2, *(3,))
+        d21(1, 2, **{'c':3})
+        def d02(a=1, b=2): pass
+        d02()
+        d02(1)
+        d02(1, 2)
+        d02(*(1, 2))
+        d02(1, *(2,))
+        d02(1, **{'b':2})
+        d02(**{'a': 1, 'b': 2})
+        def d12(a, b=1, c=2): pass
+        d12(1)
+        d12(1, 2)
+        d12(1, 2, 3)
+        def d22(a, b, c=1, d=2): pass
+        d22(1, 2)
+        d22(1, 2, 3)
+        d22(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        def d01v(a=1, *rest): pass
+        d01v()
+        d01v(1)
+        d01v(1, 2)
+        d01v(*(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        d01v(*(1,))
+        d01v(**{'a':2})
+        def d11v(a, b=1, *rest): pass
+        d11v(1)
+        d11v(1, 2)
+        d11v(1, 2, 3)
+        def d21v(a, b, c=1, *rest): pass
+        d21v(1, 2)
+        d21v(1, 2, 3)
+        d21v(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        d21v(*(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        d21v(1, 2, **{'c': 3})
+        def d02v(a=1, b=2, *rest): pass
+        d02v()
+        d02v(1)
+        d02v(1, 2)
+        d02v(1, 2, 3)
+        d02v(1, *(2, 3, 4))
+        d02v(**{'a': 1, 'b': 2})
+        def d12v(a, b=1, c=2, *rest): pass
+        d12v(1)
+        d12v(1, 2)
+        d12v(1, 2, 3)
+        d12v(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        d12v(*(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        d12v(1, 2, *(3, 4, 5))
+        d12v(1, *(2,), **{'c': 3})
+        def d22v(a, b, c=1, d=2, *rest): pass
+        d22v(1, 2)
+        d22v(1, 2, 3)
+        d22v(1, 2, 3, 4)
+        d22v(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+        d22v(*(1, 2, 3, 4))
+        d22v(1, 2, *(3, 4, 5))
+        d22v(1, *(2, 3), **{'d': 4})
+
+        # keyword argument type tests
+        try:
+            str('x', **{b'foo':1 })
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            self.fail('Bytes should not work as keyword argument names')
+        # keyword only argument tests
+        def pos0key1(*, key): return key
+        pos0key1(key=100)
+        def pos2key2(p1, p2, *, k1, k2=100): return p1,p2,k1,k2
+        pos2key2(1, 2, k1=100)
+        pos2key2(1, 2, k1=100, k2=200)
+        pos2key2(1, 2, k2=100, k1=200)
+        def pos2key2dict(p1, p2, *, k1=100, k2, **kwarg): return p1,p2,k1,k2,kwarg
+        pos2key2dict(1,2,k2=100,tokwarg1=100,tokwarg2=200)
+        pos2key2dict(1,2,tokwarg1=100,tokwarg2=200, k2=100)
+
+        # keyword arguments after *arglist
+        def f(*args, **kwargs):
+            return args, kwargs
+        self.assertEquals(f(1, x=2, *[3, 4], y=5), ((1, 3, 4),
+                                                    {'x':2, 'y':5}))
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, "f(1, *(2,3), 4)")
+        self.assertRaises(SyntaxError, eval, "f(1, x=2, *(3,4), x=5)")
+
+        # argument annotation tests
+        def f(x) -> list: pass
+        self.assertEquals(f.__annotations__, {'return': list})
+        def f(x:int): pass
+        self.assertEquals(f.__annotations__, {'x': int})
+        def f(*x:str): pass
+        self.assertEquals(f.__annotations__, {'x': str})
+        def f(**x:float): pass
+        self.assertEquals(f.__annotations__, {'x': float})
+        def f(x, y:1+2): pass
+        self.assertEquals(f.__annotations__, {'y': 3})
+        def f(a, b:1, c:2, d): pass
+        self.assertEquals(f.__annotations__, {'b': 1, 'c': 2})
+        def f(a, b:1, c:2, d, e:3=4, f=5, *g:6): pass
+        self.assertEquals(f.__annotations__,
+                          {'b': 1, 'c': 2, 'e': 3, 'g': 6})
+        def f(a, b:1, c:2, d, e:3=4, f=5, *g:6, h:7, i=8, j:9=10,
+              **k:11) -> 12: pass
+        self.assertEquals(f.__annotations__,
+                          {'b': 1, 'c': 2, 'e': 3, 'g': 6, 'h': 7, 'j': 9,
+                           'k': 11, 'return': 12})
+        # Check for SF Bug #1697248 - mixing decorators and a return annotation
+        def null(x): return x
+        @null
+        def f(x) -> list: pass
+        self.assertEquals(f.__annotations__, {'return': list})
+
+        # test MAKE_CLOSURE with a variety of oparg's
+        closure = 1
+        def f(): return closure
+        def f(x=1): return closure
+        def f(*, k=1): return closure
+        def f() -> int: return closure
+
+        # Check ast errors in *args and *kwargs
+        check_syntax_error(self, "f(*g(1=2))")
+        check_syntax_error(self, "f(**g(1=2))")
+
+    def testLambdef(self):
+        ### lambdef: 'lambda' [varargslist] ':' test
+        l1 = lambda : 0
+        self.assertEquals(l1(), 0)
+        l2 = lambda : a[d] # XXX just testing the expression
+        l3 = lambda : [2 < x for x in [-1, 3, 0]]
+        self.assertEquals(l3(), [0, 1, 0])
+        l4 = lambda x = lambda y = lambda z=1 : z : y() : x()
+        self.assertEquals(l4(), 1)
+        l5 = lambda x, y, z=2: x + y + z
+        self.assertEquals(l5(1, 2), 5)
+        self.assertEquals(l5(1, 2, 3), 6)
+        check_syntax_error(self, "lambda x: x = 2")
+        check_syntax_error(self, "lambda (None,): None")
+        l6 = lambda x, y, *, k=20: x+y+k
+        self.assertEquals(l6(1,2), 1+2+20)
+        self.assertEquals(l6(1,2,k=10), 1+2+10)
+
+
+    ### stmt: simple_stmt | compound_stmt
+    # Tested below
+
+    def testSimpleStmt(self):
+        ### simple_stmt: small_stmt (';' small_stmt)* [';']
+        x = 1; pass; del x
+        def foo():
+            # verify statments that end with semi-colons
+            x = 1; pass; del x;
+        foo()
+
+    ### small_stmt: expr_stmt | pass_stmt | del_stmt | flow_stmt | import_stmt | global_stmt | access_stmt
+    # Tested below
+
+    def testExprStmt(self):
+        # (exprlist '=')* exprlist
+        1
+        1, 2, 3
+        x = 1
+        x = 1, 2, 3
+        x = y = z = 1, 2, 3
+        x, y, z = 1, 2, 3
+        abc = a, b, c = x, y, z = xyz = 1, 2, (3, 4)
+
+        check_syntax_error(self, "x + 1 = 1")
+        check_syntax_error(self, "a + 1 = b + 2")
+
+    def testDelStmt(self):
+        # 'del' exprlist
+        abc = [1,2,3]
+        x, y, z = abc
+        xyz = x, y, z
+
+        del abc
+        del x, y, (z, xyz)
+
+    def testPassStmt(self):
+        # 'pass'
+        pass
+
+    # flow_stmt: break_stmt | continue_stmt | return_stmt | raise_stmt
+    # Tested below
+
+    def testBreakStmt(self):
+        # 'break'
+        while 1: break
+
+    def testContinueStmt(self):
+        # 'continue'
+        i = 1
+        while i: i = 0; continue
+
+        msg = ""
+        while not msg:
+            msg = "ok"
+            try:
+                continue
+                msg = "continue failed to continue inside try"
+            except:
+                msg = "continue inside try called except block"
+        if msg != "ok":
+            self.fail(msg)
+
+        msg = ""
+        while not msg:
+            msg = "finally block not called"
+            try:
+                continue
+            finally:
+                msg = "ok"
+        if msg != "ok":
+            self.fail(msg)
+
+    def test_break_continue_loop(self):
+        # This test warrants an explanation. It is a test specifically for SF bugs
+        # #463359 and #462937. The bug is that a 'break' statement executed or
+        # exception raised inside a try/except inside a loop, *after* a continue
+        # statement has been executed in that loop, will cause the wrong number of
+        # arguments to be popped off the stack and the instruction pointer reset to
+        # a very small number (usually 0.) Because of this, the following test
+        # *must* written as a function, and the tracking vars *must* be function
+        # arguments with default values. Otherwise, the test will loop and loop.
+
+        def test_inner(extra_burning_oil = 1, count=0):
+            big_hippo = 2
+            while big_hippo:
+                count += 1
+                try:
+                    if extra_burning_oil and big_hippo == 1:
+                        extra_burning_oil -= 1
+                        break
+                    big_hippo -= 1
+                    continue
+                except:
+                    raise
+            if count > 2 or big_hippo != 1:
+                self.fail("continue then break in try/except in loop broken!")
+        test_inner()
+
+    def testReturn(self):
+        # 'return' [testlist]
+        def g1(): return
+        def g2(): return 1
+        g1()
+        x = g2()
+        check_syntax_error(self, "class foo:return 1")
+
+    def testYield(self):
+        check_syntax_error(self, "class foo:yield 1")
+
+    def testRaise(self):
+        # 'raise' test [',' test]
+        try: raise RuntimeError('just testing')
+        except RuntimeError: pass
+        try: raise KeyboardInterrupt
+        except KeyboardInterrupt: pass
+
+    def testImport(self):
+        # 'import' dotted_as_names
+        import sys
+        import time, sys
+        # 'from' dotted_name 'import' ('*' | '(' import_as_names ')' | import_as_names)
+        from time import time
+        from time import (time)
+        # not testable inside a function, but already done at top of the module
+        # from sys import *
+        from sys import path, argv
+        from sys import (path, argv)
+        from sys import (path, argv,)
+
+    def testGlobal(self):
+        # 'global' NAME (',' NAME)*
+        global a
+        global a, b
+        global one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten
+
+    def testNonlocal(self):
+        # 'nonlocal' NAME (',' NAME)*
+        x = 0
+        y = 0
+        def f():
+            nonlocal x
+            nonlocal x, y
+
+    def testAssert(self):
+        # assert_stmt: 'assert' test [',' test]
+        assert 1
+        assert 1, 1
+        assert lambda x:x
+        assert 1, lambda x:x+1
+        try:
+            assert 0, "msg"
+        except AssertionError as e:
+            self.assertEquals(e.args[0], "msg")
+        else:
+            if __debug__:
+                self.fail("AssertionError not raised by assert 0")
+
+    ### compound_stmt: if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt | try_stmt | funcdef | classdef
+    # Tested below
+
+    def testIf(self):
+        # 'if' test ':' suite ('elif' test ':' suite)* ['else' ':' suite]
+        if 1: pass
+        if 1: pass
+        else: pass
+        if 0: pass
+        elif 0: pass
+        if 0: pass
+        elif 0: pass
+        elif 0: pass
+        elif 0: pass
+        else: pass
+
+    def testWhile(self):
+        # 'while' test ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
+        while 0: pass
+        while 0: pass
+        else: pass
+
+        # Issue1920: "while 0" is optimized away,
+        # ensure that the "else" clause is still present.
+        x = 0
+        while 0:
+            x = 1
+        else:
+            x = 2
+        self.assertEquals(x, 2)
+
+    def testFor(self):
+        # 'for' exprlist 'in' exprlist ':' suite ['else' ':' suite]
+        for i in 1, 2, 3: pass
+        for i, j, k in (): pass
+        else: pass
+        class Squares:
+            def __init__(self, max):
+                self.max = max
+                self.sofar = []
+            def __len__(self): return len(self.sofar)
+            def __getitem__(self, i):
+                if not 0 <= i < self.max: raise IndexError
+                n = len(self.sofar)
+                while n <= i:
+                    self.sofar.append(n*n)
+                    n = n+1
+                return self.sofar[i]
+        n = 0
+        for x in Squares(10): n = n+x
+        if n != 285:
+            self.fail('for over growing sequence')
+
+        result = []
+        for x, in [(1,), (2,), (3,)]:
+            result.append(x)
+        self.assertEqual(result, [1, 2, 3])
+
+    def testTry(self):
+        ### try_stmt: 'try' ':' suite (except_clause ':' suite)+ ['else' ':' suite]
+        ###         | 'try' ':' suite 'finally' ':' suite
+        ### except_clause: 'except' [expr ['as' expr]]
+        try:
+            1/0
+        except ZeroDivisionError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            pass
+        try: 1/0
+        except EOFError: pass
+        except TypeError as msg: pass
+        except RuntimeError as msg: pass
+        except: pass
+        else: pass
+        try: 1/0
+        except (EOFError, TypeError, ZeroDivisionError): pass
+        try: 1/0
+        except (EOFError, TypeError, ZeroDivisionError) as msg: pass
+        try: pass
+        finally: pass
+
+    def testSuite(self):
+        # simple_stmt | NEWLINE INDENT NEWLINE* (stmt NEWLINE*)+ DEDENT
+        if 1: pass
+        if 1:
+            pass
+        if 1:
+            #
+            #
+            #
+            pass
+            pass
+            #
+            pass
+            #
+
+    def testTest(self):
+        ### and_test ('or' and_test)*
+        ### and_test: not_test ('and' not_test)*
+        ### not_test: 'not' not_test | comparison
+        if not 1: pass
+        if 1 and 1: pass
+        if 1 or 1: pass
+        if not not not 1: pass
+        if not 1 and 1 and 1: pass
+        if 1 and 1 or 1 and 1 and 1 or not 1 and 1: pass
+
+    def testComparison(self):
+        ### comparison: expr (comp_op expr)*
+        ### comp_op: '<'|'>'|'=='|'>='|'<='|'!='|'in'|'not' 'in'|'is'|'is' 'not'
+        if 1: pass
+        x = (1 == 1)
+        if 1 == 1: pass
+        if 1 != 1: pass
+        if 1 < 1: pass
+        if 1 > 1: pass
+        if 1 <= 1: pass
+        if 1 >= 1: pass
+        if 1 is 1: pass
+        if 1 is not 1: pass
+        if 1 in (): pass
+        if 1 not in (): pass
+        if 1 < 1 > 1 == 1 >= 1 <= 1 != 1 in 1 not in 1 is 1 is not 1: pass
+
+    def testBinaryMaskOps(self):
+        x = 1 & 1
+        x = 1 ^ 1
+        x = 1 | 1
+
+    def testShiftOps(self):
+        x = 1 << 1
+        x = 1 >> 1
+        x = 1 << 1 >> 1
+
+    def testAdditiveOps(self):
+        x = 1
+        x = 1 + 1
+        x = 1 - 1 - 1
+        x = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 + 1
+
+    def testMultiplicativeOps(self):
+        x = 1 * 1
+        x = 1 / 1
+        x = 1 % 1
+        x = 1 / 1 * 1 % 1
+
+    def testUnaryOps(self):
+        x = +1
+        x = -1
+        x = ~1
+        x = ~1 ^ 1 & 1 | 1 & 1 ^ -1
+        x = -1*1/1 + 1*1 - ---1*1
+
+    def testSelectors(self):
+        ### trailer: '(' [testlist] ')' | '[' subscript ']' | '.' NAME
+        ### subscript: expr | [expr] ':' [expr]
+
+        import sys, time
+        c = sys.path[0]
+        x = time.time()
+        x = sys.modules['time'].time()
+        a = '01234'
+        c = a[0]
+        c = a[-1]
+        s = a[0:5]
+        s = a[:5]
+        s = a[0:]
+        s = a[:]
+        s = a[-5:]
+        s = a[:-1]
+        s = a[-4:-3]
+        # A rough test of SF bug 1333982.  http://python.org/sf/1333982
+        # The testing here is fairly incomplete.
+        # Test cases should include: commas with 1 and 2 colons
+        d = {}
+        d[1] = 1
+        d[1,] = 2
+        d[1,2] = 3
+        d[1,2,3] = 4
+        L = list(d)
+        L.sort(key=lambda x: x if isinstance(x, tuple) else ())
+        self.assertEquals(str(L), '[1, (1,), (1, 2), (1, 2, 3)]')
+
+    def testAtoms(self):
+        ### atom: '(' [testlist] ')' | '[' [testlist] ']' | '{' [dictsetmaker] '}' | NAME | NUMBER | STRING
+        ### dictsetmaker: (test ':' test (',' test ':' test)* [',']) | (test (',' test)* [','])
+
+        x = (1)
+        x = (1 or 2 or 3)
+        x = (1 or 2 or 3, 2, 3)
+
+        x = []
+        x = [1]
+        x = [1 or 2 or 3]
+        x = [1 or 2 or 3, 2, 3]
+        x = []
+
+        x = {}
+        x = {'one': 1}
+        x = {'one': 1,}
+        x = {'one' or 'two': 1 or 2}
+        x = {'one': 1, 'two': 2}
+        x = {'one': 1, 'two': 2,}
+        x = {'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'five': 5, 'six': 6}
+
+        x = {'one'}
+        x = {'one', 1,}
+        x = {'one', 'two', 'three'}
+        x = {2, 3, 4,}
+
+        x = x
+        x = 'x'
+        x = 123
+
+    ### exprlist: expr (',' expr)* [',']
+    ### testlist: test (',' test)* [',']
+    # These have been exercised enough above
+
+    def testClassdef(self):
+        # 'class' NAME ['(' [testlist] ')'] ':' suite
+        class B: pass
+        class B2(): pass
+        class C1(B): pass
+        class C2(B): pass
+        class D(C1, C2, B): pass
+        class C:
+            def meth1(self): pass
+            def meth2(self, arg): pass
+            def meth3(self, a1, a2): pass
+
+        # decorator: '@' dotted_name [ '(' [arglist] ')' ] NEWLINE
+        # decorators: decorator+
+        # decorated: decorators (classdef | funcdef)
+        def class_decorator(x): return x
+        @class_decorator
+        class G: pass
+
+    def testDictcomps(self):
+        # dictorsetmaker: ( (test ':' test (comp_for |
+        #                                   (',' test ':' test)* [','])) |
+        #                   (test (comp_for | (',' test)* [','])) )
+        nums = [1, 2, 3]
+        self.assertEqual({i:i+1 for i in nums}, {1: 2, 2: 3, 3: 4})
+
+    def testListcomps(self):
+        # list comprehension tests
+        nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+        strs = ["Apple", "Banana", "Coconut"]
+        spcs = ["  Apple", " Banana ", "Coco  nut  "]
+
+        self.assertEqual([s.strip() for s in spcs], ['Apple', 'Banana', 'Coco  nut'])
+        self.assertEqual([3 * x for x in nums], [3, 6, 9, 12, 15])
+        self.assertEqual([x for x in nums if x > 2], [3, 4, 5])
+        self.assertEqual([(i, s) for i in nums for s in strs],
+                         [(1, 'Apple'), (1, 'Banana'), (1, 'Coconut'),
+                          (2, 'Apple'), (2, 'Banana'), (2, 'Coconut'),
+                          (3, 'Apple'), (3, 'Banana'), (3, 'Coconut'),
+                          (4, 'Apple'), (4, 'Banana'), (4, 'Coconut'),
+                          (5, 'Apple'), (5, 'Banana'), (5, 'Coconut')])
+        self.assertEqual([(i, s) for i in nums for s in [f for f in strs if "n" in f]],
+                         [(1, 'Banana'), (1, 'Coconut'), (2, 'Banana'), (2, 'Coconut'),
+                          (3, 'Banana'), (3, 'Coconut'), (4, 'Banana'), (4, 'Coconut'),
+                          (5, 'Banana'), (5, 'Coconut')])
+        self.assertEqual([(lambda a:[a**i for i in range(a+1)])(j) for j in range(5)],
+                         [[1], [1, 1], [1, 2, 4], [1, 3, 9, 27], [1, 4, 16, 64, 256]])
+
+        def test_in_func(l):
+            return [0 < x < 3 for x in l if x > 2]
+
+        self.assertEqual(test_in_func(nums), [False, False, False])
+
+        def test_nested_front():
+            self.assertEqual([[y for y in [x, x + 1]] for x in [1,3,5]],
+                             [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]])
+
+        test_nested_front()
+
+        check_syntax_error(self, "[i, s for i in nums for s in strs]")
+        check_syntax_error(self, "[x if y]")
+
+        suppliers = [
+          (1, "Boeing"),
+          (2, "Ford"),
+          (3, "Macdonalds")
+        ]
+
+        parts = [
+          (10, "Airliner"),
+          (20, "Engine"),
+          (30, "Cheeseburger")
+        ]
+
+        suppart = [
+          (1, 10), (1, 20), (2, 20), (3, 30)
+        ]
+
+        x = [
+          (sname, pname)
+            for (sno, sname) in suppliers
+              for (pno, pname) in parts
+                for (sp_sno, sp_pno) in suppart
+                  if sno == sp_sno and pno == sp_pno
+        ]
+
+        self.assertEqual(x, [('Boeing', 'Airliner'), ('Boeing', 'Engine'), ('Ford', 'Engine'),
+                             ('Macdonalds', 'Cheeseburger')])
+
+    def testGenexps(self):
+        # generator expression tests
+        g = ([x for x in range(10)] for x in range(1))
+        self.assertEqual(next(g), [x for x in range(10)])
+        try:
+            next(g)
+            self.fail('should produce StopIteration exception')
+        except StopIteration:
+            pass
+
+        a = 1
+        try:
+            g = (a for d in a)
+            next(g)
+            self.fail('should produce TypeError')
+        except TypeError:
+            pass
+
+        self.assertEqual(list((x, y) for x in 'abcd' for y in 'abcd'), [(x, y) for x in 'abcd' for y in 'abcd'])
+        self.assertEqual(list((x, y) for x in 'ab' for y in 'xy'), [(x, y) for x in 'ab' for y in 'xy'])
+
+        a = [x for x in range(10)]
+        b = (x for x in (y for y in a))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(b), sum([x for x in range(10)]))
+
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x**2 for x in range(10)), sum([x**2 for x in range(10)]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x*x for x in range(10) if x%2), sum([x*x for x in range(10) if x%2]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x for x in (y for y in range(10))), sum([x for x in range(10)]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x for x in (y for y in (z for z in range(10)))), sum([x for x in range(10)]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x for x in [y for y in (z for z in range(10))]), sum([x for x in range(10)]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x for x in (y for y in (z for z in range(10) if True)) if True), sum([x for x in range(10)]))
+        self.assertEqual(sum(x for x in (y for y in (z for z in range(10) if True) if False) if True), 0)
+        check_syntax_error(self, "foo(x for x in range(10), 100)")
+        check_syntax_error(self, "foo(100, x for x in range(10))")
+
+    def testComprehensionSpecials(self):
+        # test for outmost iterable precomputation
+        x = 10; g = (i for i in range(x)); x = 5
+        self.assertEqual(len(list(g)), 10)
+
+        # This should hold, since we're only precomputing outmost iterable.
+        x = 10; t = False; g = ((i,j) for i in range(x) if t for j in range(x))
+        x = 5; t = True;
+        self.assertEqual([(i,j) for i in range(10) for j in range(5)], list(g))
+
+        # Grammar allows multiple adjacent 'if's in listcomps and genexps,
+        # even though it's silly. Make sure it works (ifelse broke this.)
+        self.assertEqual([ x for x in range(10) if x % 2 if x % 3 ], [1, 5, 7])
+        self.assertEqual(list(x for x in range(10) if x % 2 if x % 3), [1, 5, 7])
+
+        # verify unpacking single element tuples in listcomp/genexp.
+        self.assertEqual([x for x, in [(4,), (5,), (6,)]], [4, 5, 6])
+        self.assertEqual(list(x for x, in [(7,), (8,), (9,)]), [7, 8, 9])
+
+    def test_with_statement(self):
+        class manager(object):
+            def __enter__(self):
+                return (1, 2)
+            def __exit__(self, *args):
+                pass
+
+        with manager():
+            pass
+        with manager() as x:
+            pass
+        with manager() as (x, y):
+            pass
+        with manager(), manager():
+            pass
+        with manager() as x, manager() as y:
+            pass
+        with manager() as x, manager():
+            pass
+
+    def testIfElseExpr(self):
+        # Test ifelse expressions in various cases
+        def _checkeval(msg, ret):
+            "helper to check that evaluation of expressions is done correctly"
+            print(x)
+            return ret
+
+        # the next line is not allowed anymore
+        #self.assertEqual([ x() for x in lambda: True, lambda: False if x() ], [True])
+        self.assertEqual([ x() for x in (lambda: True, lambda: False) if x() ], [True])
+        self.assertEqual([ x(False) for x in (lambda x: False if x else True, lambda x: True if x else False) if x(False) ], [True])
+        self.assertEqual((5 if 1 else _checkeval("check 1", 0)), 5)
+        self.assertEqual((_checkeval("check 2", 0) if 0 else 5), 5)
+        self.assertEqual((5 and 6 if 0 else 1), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(((5 and 6) if 0 else 1), 1)
+        self.assertEqual((5 and (6 if 1 else 1)), 6)
+        self.assertEqual((0 or _checkeval("check 3", 2) if 0 else 3), 3)
+        self.assertEqual((1 or _checkeval("check 4", 2) if 1 else _checkeval("check 5", 3)), 1)
+        self.assertEqual((0 or 5 if 1 else _checkeval("check 6", 3)), 5)
+        self.assertEqual((not 5 if 1 else 1), False)
+        self.assertEqual((not 5 if 0 else 1), 1)
+        self.assertEqual((6 + 1 if 1 else 2), 7)
+        self.assertEqual((6 - 1 if 1 else 2), 5)
+        self.assertEqual((6 * 2 if 1 else 4), 12)
+        self.assertEqual((6 / 2 if 1 else 3), 3)
+        self.assertEqual((6 < 4 if 0 else 2), 2)
+
+
+def test_main():
+    run_unittest(TokenTests, GrammarTests)
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    test_main()
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/pytree_idempotency.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/pytree_idempotency.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..243f7e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/pytree_idempotency.py
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Main program for testing the infrastructure."""
+
+__author__ = "Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>"
+
+# Support imports (need to be imported first)
+from . import support
+
+# Python imports
+import os
+import sys
+import logging
+
+# Local imports
+from .. import pytree
+import pgen2
+from pgen2 import driver
+
+logging.basicConfig()
+
+def main():
+    gr = driver.load_grammar("Grammar.txt")
+    dr = driver.Driver(gr, convert=pytree.convert)
+
+    fn = "example.py"
+    tree = dr.parse_file(fn, debug=True)
+    if not diff(fn, tree):
+        print "No diffs."
+    if not sys.argv[1:]:
+        return # Pass a dummy argument to run the complete test suite below
+
+    problems = []
+
+    # Process every imported module
+    for name in sys.modules:
+        mod = sys.modules[name]
+        if mod is None or not hasattr(mod, "__file__"):
+            continue
+        fn = mod.__file__
+        if fn.endswith(".pyc"):
+            fn = fn[:-1]
+        if not fn.endswith(".py"):
+            continue
+        print >>sys.stderr, "Parsing", fn
+        tree = dr.parse_file(fn, debug=True)
+        if diff(fn, tree):
+            problems.append(fn)
+
+    # Process every single module on sys.path (but not in packages)
+    for dir in sys.path:
+        try:
+            names = os.listdir(dir)
+        except os.error:
+            continue
+        print >>sys.stderr, "Scanning", dir, "..."
+        for name in names:
+            if not name.endswith(".py"):
+                continue
+            print >>sys.stderr, "Parsing", name
+            fn = os.path.join(dir, name)
+            try:
+                tree = dr.parse_file(fn, debug=True)
+            except pgen2.parse.ParseError, err:
+                print "ParseError:", err
+            else:
+                if diff(fn, tree):
+                    problems.append(fn)
+
+    # Show summary of problem files
+    if not problems:
+        print "No problems.  Congratulations!"
+    else:
+        print "Problems in following files:"
+        for fn in problems:
+            print "***", fn
+
+def diff(fn, tree):
+    f = open("@", "w")
+    try:
+        f.write(str(tree))
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+    try:
+        return os.system("diff -u %s @" % fn)
+    finally:
+        os.remove("@")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/support.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/support.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3646935
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/support.py
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+"""Support code for test_*.py files"""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Python imports
+import unittest
+import sys
+import os
+import os.path
+import re
+from textwrap import dedent
+
+# Local imports
+from lib2to3 import pytree, refactor
+from lib2to3.pgen2 import driver
+
+test_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
+proj_dir = os.path.normpath(os.path.join(test_dir, ".."))
+grammar_path = os.path.join(test_dir, "..", "Grammar.txt")
+grammar = driver.load_grammar(grammar_path)
+driver = driver.Driver(grammar, convert=pytree.convert)
+
+def parse_string(string):
+    return driver.parse_string(reformat(string), debug=True)
+
+def run_all_tests(test_mod=None, tests=None):
+    if tests is None:
+        tests = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromModule(test_mod)
+    unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(tests)
+
+def reformat(string):
+    return dedent(string) + u"\n\n"
+
+def get_refactorer(fixer_pkg="lib2to3", fixers=None, options=None):
+    """
+    A convenience function for creating a RefactoringTool for tests.
+
+    fixers is a list of fixers for the RefactoringTool to use. By default
+    "lib2to3.fixes.*" is used. options is an optional dictionary of options to
+    be passed to the RefactoringTool.
+    """
+    if fixers is not None:
+        fixers = [fixer_pkg + ".fixes.fix_" + fix for fix in fixers]
+    else:
+        fixers = refactor.get_fixers_from_package(fixer_pkg + ".fixes")
+    options = options or {}
+    return refactor.RefactoringTool(fixers, options, explicit=True)
+
+def all_project_files():
+    for dirpath, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(proj_dir):
+        for filename in filenames:
+            if filename.endswith(".py"):
+                yield os.path.join(dirpath, filename)
+
+TestCase = unittest.TestCase
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_all_fixers.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_all_fixers.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f64b3d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_all_fixers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+"""Tests that run all fixer modules over an input stream.
+
+This has been broken out into its own test module because of its
+running time.
+"""
+# Author: Collin Winter
+
+# Python imports
+import unittest
+
+# Local imports
+from lib2to3 import refactor
+from . import support
+
+
+class Test_all(support.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        self.refactor = support.get_refactorer()
+
+    def test_all_project_files(self):
+        for filepath in support.all_project_files():
+            self.refactor.refactor_file(filepath)
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_fixers.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_fixers.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..417ed2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_fixers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,4287 @@
+""" Test suite for the fixer modules """
+
+# Python imports
+import os
+import unittest
+from itertools import chain
+from operator import itemgetter
+
+# Local imports
+from lib2to3 import pygram, pytree, refactor, fixer_util
+from lib2to3.tests import support
+
+
+class FixerTestCase(support.TestCase):
+
+    # Other test cases can subclass this class and replace "fixer_pkg" with
+    # their own.
+    def setUp(self, fix_list=None, fixer_pkg="lib2to3", options=None):
+        if fix_list is None:
+            fix_list = [self.fixer]
+        self.refactor = support.get_refactorer(fixer_pkg, fix_list, options)
+        self.fixer_log = []
+        self.filename = u"<string>"
+
+        for fixer in chain(self.refactor.pre_order,
+                           self.refactor.post_order):
+            fixer.log = self.fixer_log
+
+    def _check(self, before, after):
+        before = support.reformat(before)
+        after = support.reformat(after)
+        tree = self.refactor.refactor_string(before, self.filename)
+        self.assertEqual(after, unicode(tree))
+        return tree
+
+    def check(self, before, after, ignore_warnings=False):
+        tree = self._check(before, after)
+        self.assertTrue(tree.was_changed)
+        if not ignore_warnings:
+            self.assertEqual(self.fixer_log, [])
+
+    def warns(self, before, after, message, unchanged=False):
+        tree = self._check(before, after)
+        self.assertTrue(message in "".join(self.fixer_log))
+        if not unchanged:
+            self.assertTrue(tree.was_changed)
+
+    def warns_unchanged(self, before, message):
+        self.warns(before, before, message, unchanged=True)
+
+    def unchanged(self, before, ignore_warnings=False):
+        self._check(before, before)
+        if not ignore_warnings:
+            self.assertEqual(self.fixer_log, [])
+
+    def assert_runs_after(self, *names):
+        fixes = [self.fixer]
+        fixes.extend(names)
+        r = support.get_refactorer("lib2to3", fixes)
+        (pre, post) = r.get_fixers()
+        n = "fix_" + self.fixer
+        if post and post[-1].__class__.__module__.endswith(n):
+            # We're the last fixer to run
+            return
+        if pre and pre[-1].__class__.__module__.endswith(n) and not post:
+            # We're the last in pre and post is empty
+            return
+        self.fail("Fixer run order (%s) is incorrect; %s should be last."\
+               %(", ".join([x.__class__.__module__ for x in (pre+post)]), n))
+
+class Test_ne(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "ne"
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        b = """if x <> y:
+            pass"""
+
+        a = """if x != y:
+            pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_no_spaces(self):
+        b = """if x<>y:
+            pass"""
+
+        a = """if x!=y:
+            pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_chained(self):
+        b = """if x<>y<>z:
+            pass"""
+
+        a = """if x!=y!=z:
+            pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_has_key(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "has_key"
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """x = d.has_key("x") or d.has_key("y")"""
+        a = """x = "x" in d or "y" in d"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """x = a.b.c.d.has_key("x") ** 3"""
+        a = """x = ("x" in a.b.c.d) ** 3"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = """x = a.b.has_key(1 + 2).__repr__()"""
+        a = """x = (1 + 2 in a.b).__repr__()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        b = """x = a.b.has_key(1 + 2).__repr__() ** -3 ** 4"""
+        a = """x = (1 + 2 in a.b).__repr__() ** -3 ** 4"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_5(self):
+        b = """x = a.has_key(f or g)"""
+        a = """x = (f or g) in a"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_6(self):
+        b = """x = a + b.has_key(c)"""
+        a = """x = a + (c in b)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_7(self):
+        b = """x = a.has_key(lambda: 12)"""
+        a = """x = (lambda: 12) in a"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_8(self):
+        b = """x = a.has_key(a for a in b)"""
+        a = """x = (a for a in b) in a"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_9(self):
+        b = """if not a.has_key(b): pass"""
+        a = """if b not in a: pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_10(self):
+        b = """if not a.has_key(b).__repr__(): pass"""
+        a = """if not (b in a).__repr__(): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_11(self):
+        b = """if not a.has_key(b) ** 2: pass"""
+        a = """if not (b in a) ** 2: pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_apply(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "apply"
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """x = apply(f, g + h)"""
+        a = """x = f(*g + h)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """y = apply(f, g, h)"""
+        a = """y = f(*g, **h)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = """z = apply(fs[0], g or h, h or g)"""
+        a = """z = fs[0](*g or h, **h or g)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        b = """apply(f, (x, y) + t)"""
+        a = """f(*(x, y) + t)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_5(self):
+        b = """apply(f, args,)"""
+        a = """f(*args)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_6(self):
+        b = """apply(f, args, kwds,)"""
+        a = """f(*args, **kwds)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # Test that complex functions are parenthesized
+
+    def test_complex_1(self):
+        b = """x = apply(f+g, args)"""
+        a = """x = (f+g)(*args)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_complex_2(self):
+        b = """x = apply(f*g, args)"""
+        a = """x = (f*g)(*args)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_complex_3(self):
+        b = """x = apply(f**g, args)"""
+        a = """x = (f**g)(*args)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # But dotted names etc. not
+
+    def test_dotted_name(self):
+        b = """x = apply(f.g, args)"""
+        a = """x = f.g(*args)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_subscript(self):
+        b = """x = apply(f[x], args)"""
+        a = """x = f[x](*args)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_call(self):
+        b = """x = apply(f(), args)"""
+        a = """x = f()(*args)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # Extreme case
+    def test_extreme(self):
+        b = """x = apply(a.b.c.d.e.f, args, kwds)"""
+        a = """x = a.b.c.d.e.f(*args, **kwds)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # XXX Comments in weird places still get lost
+    def test_weird_comments(self):
+        b = """apply(   # foo
+          f, # bar
+          args)"""
+        a = """f(*args)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # These should *not* be touched
+
+    def test_unchanged_1(self):
+        s = """apply()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_2(self):
+        s = """apply(f)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_3(self):
+        s = """apply(f,)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_4(self):
+        s = """apply(f, args, kwds, extras)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_5(self):
+        s = """apply(f, *args, **kwds)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_6(self):
+        s = """apply(f, *args)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_7(self):
+        s = """apply(func=f, args=args, kwds=kwds)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_8(self):
+        s = """apply(f, args=args, kwds=kwds)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_9(self):
+        s = """apply(f, args, kwds=kwds)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_space_1(self):
+        a = """apply(  f,  args,   kwds)"""
+        b = """f(*args, **kwds)"""
+        self.check(a, b)
+
+    def test_space_2(self):
+        a = """apply(  f  ,args,kwds   )"""
+        b = """f(*args, **kwds)"""
+        self.check(a, b)
+
+class Test_intern(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "intern"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """x =   intern(  a  )"""
+        a = """import sys\nx =   sys.intern(  a  )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """y = intern("b" # test
+              )"""
+        a = """import sys\ny = sys.intern("b" # test
+              )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """z = intern(a+b+c.d,   )"""
+        a = """import sys\nz = sys.intern(a+b+c.d,   )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test(self):
+        b = """x = intern(a)"""
+        a = """import sys\nx = sys.intern(a)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """z = intern(a+b+c.d,)"""
+        a = """import sys\nz = sys.intern(a+b+c.d,)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """intern("y%s" % 5).replace("y", "")"""
+        a = """import sys\nsys.intern("y%s" % 5).replace("y", "")"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # These should not be refactored
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        s = """intern(a=1)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """intern(f, g)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """intern(*h)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """intern(**i)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """intern()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+class Test_reduce(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "reduce"
+
+    def test_simple_call(self):
+        b = "reduce(a, b, c)"
+        a = "from functools import reduce\nreduce(a, b, c)"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_bug_7253(self):
+        # fix_tuple_params was being bad and orphaning nodes in the tree.
+        b = "def x(arg): reduce(sum, [])"
+        a = "from functools import reduce\ndef x(arg): reduce(sum, [])"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_call_with_lambda(self):
+        b = "reduce(lambda x, y: x + y, seq)"
+        a = "from functools import reduce\nreduce(lambda x, y: x + y, seq)"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        s = "reduce(a)"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = "reduce(a, b=42)"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = "reduce(a, b, c, d)"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = "reduce(**c)"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = "reduce()"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+class Test_print(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "print"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """print 1,   1+1,   1+1+1"""
+        a = """print(1,   1+1,   1+1+1)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_idempotency(self):
+        s = """print()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """print('')"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_idempotency_print_as_function(self):
+        self.refactor.driver.grammar = pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement
+        s = """print(1, 1+1, 1+1+1)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """print()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """print('')"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """print 1, 1+1, 1+1+1"""
+        a = """print(1, 1+1, 1+1+1)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """print 1, 2"""
+        a = """print(1, 2)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = """print"""
+        a = """print()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        # from bug 3000
+        b = """print whatever; print"""
+        a = """print(whatever); print()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_5(self):
+        b = """print; print whatever;"""
+        a = """print(); print(whatever);"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tuple(self):
+        b = """print (a, b, c)"""
+        a = """print((a, b, c))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # trailing commas
+
+    def test_trailing_comma_1(self):
+        b = """print 1, 2, 3,"""
+        a = """print(1, 2, 3, end=' ')"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_trailing_comma_2(self):
+        b = """print 1, 2,"""
+        a = """print(1, 2, end=' ')"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_trailing_comma_3(self):
+        b = """print 1,"""
+        a = """print(1, end=' ')"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # >> stuff
+
+    def test_vargs_without_trailing_comma(self):
+        b = """print >>sys.stderr, 1, 2, 3"""
+        a = """print(1, 2, 3, file=sys.stderr)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_with_trailing_comma(self):
+        b = """print >>sys.stderr, 1, 2,"""
+        a = """print(1, 2, end=' ', file=sys.stderr)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_no_trailing_comma(self):
+        b = """print >>sys.stderr, 1+1"""
+        a = """print(1+1, file=sys.stderr)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_spaces_before_file(self):
+        b = """print >>  sys.stderr"""
+        a = """print(file=sys.stderr)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_with_future_print_function(self):
+        s = "from __future__ import print_function\n" \
+            "print('Hai!', end=' ')"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        b = "print 'Hello, world!'"
+        a = "print('Hello, world!')"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+
+class Test_exec(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "exec"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """  exec code in ns1,   ns2"""
+        a = """  exec(code, ns1,   ns2)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        b = """exec code"""
+        a = """exec(code)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_with_globals(self):
+        b = """exec code in ns"""
+        a = """exec(code, ns)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_with_globals_locals(self):
+        b = """exec code in ns1, ns2"""
+        a = """exec(code, ns1, ns2)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_complex_1(self):
+        b = """exec (a.b()) in ns"""
+        a = """exec((a.b()), ns)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_complex_2(self):
+        b = """exec a.b() + c in ns"""
+        a = """exec(a.b() + c, ns)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # These should not be touched
+
+    def test_unchanged_1(self):
+        s = """exec(code)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_2(self):
+        s = """exec (code)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_3(self):
+        s = """exec(code, ns)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_4(self):
+        s = """exec(code, ns1, ns2)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+class Test_repr(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "repr"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """x =   `1 + 2`"""
+        a = """x =   repr(1 + 2)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_simple_1(self):
+        b = """x = `1 + 2`"""
+        a = """x = repr(1 + 2)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_simple_2(self):
+        b = """y = `x`"""
+        a = """y = repr(x)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_complex(self):
+        b = """z = `y`.__repr__()"""
+        a = """z = repr(y).__repr__()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tuple(self):
+        b = """x = `1, 2, 3`"""
+        a = """x = repr((1, 2, 3))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_nested(self):
+        b = """x = `1 + `2``"""
+        a = """x = repr(1 + repr(2))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_nested_tuples(self):
+        b = """x = `1, 2 + `3, 4``"""
+        a = """x = repr((1, 2 + repr((3, 4))))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_except(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "except"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except (RuntimeError, ImportError),    e:
+                pass"""
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except (RuntimeError, ImportError) as    e:
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_simple(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Foo, e:
+                pass"""
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Foo as e:
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_simple_no_space_before_target(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Foo,e:
+                pass"""
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Foo as e:
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tuple_unpack(self):
+        b = """
+            def foo():
+                try:
+                    pass
+                except Exception, (f, e):
+                    pass
+                except ImportError, e:
+                    pass"""
+
+        a = """
+            def foo():
+                try:
+                    pass
+                except Exception as xxx_todo_changeme:
+                    (f, e) = xxx_todo_changeme.args
+                    pass
+                except ImportError as e:
+                    pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_multi_class(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except (RuntimeError, ImportError), e:
+                pass"""
+
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except (RuntimeError, ImportError) as e:
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_list_unpack(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception, [a, b]:
+                pass"""
+
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception as xxx_todo_changeme:
+                [a, b] = xxx_todo_changeme.args
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_weird_target_1(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception, d[5]:
+                pass"""
+
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception as xxx_todo_changeme:
+                d[5] = xxx_todo_changeme
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_weird_target_2(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception, a.foo:
+                pass"""
+
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception as xxx_todo_changeme:
+                a.foo = xxx_todo_changeme
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_weird_target_3(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception, a().foo:
+                pass"""
+
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception as xxx_todo_changeme:
+                a().foo = xxx_todo_changeme
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_bare_except(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception, a:
+                pass
+            except:
+                pass"""
+
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception as a:
+                pass
+            except:
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_bare_except_and_else_finally(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception, a:
+                pass
+            except:
+                pass
+            else:
+                pass
+            finally:
+                pass"""
+
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception as a:
+                pass
+            except:
+                pass
+            else:
+                pass
+            finally:
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_multi_fixed_excepts_before_bare_except(self):
+        b = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except TypeError, b:
+                pass
+            except Exception, a:
+                pass
+            except:
+                pass"""
+
+        a = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except TypeError as b:
+                pass
+            except Exception as a:
+                pass
+            except:
+                pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_one_line_suites(self):
+        b = """
+            try: raise TypeError
+            except TypeError, e:
+                pass
+            """
+        a = """
+            try: raise TypeError
+            except TypeError as e:
+                pass
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+        b = """
+            try:
+                raise TypeError
+            except TypeError, e: pass
+            """
+        a = """
+            try:
+                raise TypeError
+            except TypeError as e: pass
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+        b = """
+            try: raise TypeError
+            except TypeError, e: pass
+            """
+        a = """
+            try: raise TypeError
+            except TypeError as e: pass
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+        b = """
+            try: raise TypeError
+            except TypeError, e: pass
+            else: function()
+            finally: done()
+            """
+        a = """
+            try: raise TypeError
+            except TypeError as e: pass
+            else: function()
+            finally: done()
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # These should not be touched:
+
+    def test_unchanged_1(self):
+        s = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except:
+                pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_2(self):
+        s = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except Exception:
+                pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_3(self):
+        s = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except (Exception, SystemExit):
+                pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+class Test_raise(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "raise"
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        b = """raise Exception, 5"""
+        a = """raise Exception(5)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """raise Exception,5"""
+        a = """raise Exception(5)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """raise   Exception,    5"""
+        a = """raise   Exception(5)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_with_comments(self):
+        b = """raise Exception, 5 # foo"""
+        a = """raise Exception(5) # foo"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """raise E, (5, 6) % (a, b) # foo"""
+        a = """raise E((5, 6) % (a, b)) # foo"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """def foo():
+                    raise Exception, 5, 6 # foo"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    raise Exception(5).with_traceback(6) # foo"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tuple_value(self):
+        b = """raise Exception, (5, 6, 7)"""
+        a = """raise Exception(5, 6, 7)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tuple_detection(self):
+        b = """raise E, (5, 6) % (a, b)"""
+        a = """raise E((5, 6) % (a, b))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tuple_exc_1(self):
+        b = """raise (((E1, E2), E3), E4), V"""
+        a = """raise E1(V)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tuple_exc_2(self):
+        b = """raise (E1, (E2, E3), E4), V"""
+        a = """raise E1(V)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # These should produce a warning
+
+    def test_string_exc(self):
+        s = """raise 'foo'"""
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Python 3 does not support string exceptions")
+
+    def test_string_exc_val(self):
+        s = """raise "foo", 5"""
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Python 3 does not support string exceptions")
+
+    def test_string_exc_val_tb(self):
+        s = """raise "foo", 5, 6"""
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Python 3 does not support string exceptions")
+
+    # These should result in traceback-assignment
+
+    def test_tb_1(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    raise Exception, 5, 6"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    raise Exception(5).with_traceback(6)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_2(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    raise Exception, 5, 6
+                    b = 6"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    raise Exception(5).with_traceback(6)
+                    b = 6"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_3(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    raise Exception,5,6"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    raise Exception(5).with_traceback(6)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_4(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    raise Exception,5,6
+                    b = 6"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    raise Exception(5).with_traceback(6)
+                    b = 6"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_5(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    raise Exception, (5, 6, 7), 6"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    raise Exception(5, 6, 7).with_traceback(6)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_6(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    raise Exception, (5, 6, 7), 6
+                    b = 6"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    raise Exception(5, 6, 7).with_traceback(6)
+                    b = 6"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_throw(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "throw"
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """g.throw(Exception, 5)"""
+        a = """g.throw(Exception(5))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """g.throw(Exception,5)"""
+        a = """g.throw(Exception(5))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = """g.throw(Exception, (5, 6, 7))"""
+        a = """g.throw(Exception(5, 6, 7))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        b = """5 + g.throw(Exception, 5)"""
+        a = """5 + g.throw(Exception(5))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    # These should produce warnings
+
+    def test_warn_1(self):
+        s = """g.throw("foo")"""
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Python 3 does not support string exceptions")
+
+    def test_warn_2(self):
+        s = """g.throw("foo", 5)"""
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Python 3 does not support string exceptions")
+
+    def test_warn_3(self):
+        s = """g.throw("foo", 5, 6)"""
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Python 3 does not support string exceptions")
+
+    # These should not be touched
+
+    def test_untouched_1(self):
+        s = """g.throw(Exception)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_untouched_2(self):
+        s = """g.throw(Exception(5, 6))"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_untouched_3(self):
+        s = """5 + g.throw(Exception(5, 6))"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    # These should result in traceback-assignment
+
+    def test_tb_1(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    g.throw(Exception, 5, 6)"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    g.throw(Exception(5).with_traceback(6))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_2(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    g.throw(Exception, 5, 6)
+                    b = 6"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    g.throw(Exception(5).with_traceback(6))
+                    b = 6"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_3(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    g.throw(Exception,5,6)"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    g.throw(Exception(5).with_traceback(6))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_4(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    g.throw(Exception,5,6)
+                    b = 6"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    g.throw(Exception(5).with_traceback(6))
+                    b = 6"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_5(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    g.throw(Exception, (5, 6, 7), 6)"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    g.throw(Exception(5, 6, 7).with_traceback(6))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_6(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    g.throw(Exception, (5, 6, 7), 6)
+                    b = 6"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    g.throw(Exception(5, 6, 7).with_traceback(6))
+                    b = 6"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_7(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    a + g.throw(Exception, 5, 6)"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    a + g.throw(Exception(5).with_traceback(6))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_tb_8(self):
+        b = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    a + g.throw(Exception, 5, 6)
+                    b = 6"""
+        a = """def foo():
+                    a = 5
+                    a + g.throw(Exception(5).with_traceback(6))
+                    b = 6"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_long(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "long"
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """x = long(x)"""
+        a = """x = int(x)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """y = isinstance(x, long)"""
+        a = """y = isinstance(x, int)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = """z = type(x) in (int, long)"""
+        a = """z = type(x) in (int, int)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        s = """long = True"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """s.long = True"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """def long(): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """class long(): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """def f(long): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """def f(g, long): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """def f(x, long=True): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """x =   long(  x  )"""
+        a = """x =   int(  x  )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+
+class Test_execfile(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "execfile"
+
+    def test_conversion(self):
+        b = """execfile("fn")"""
+        a = """exec(compile(open("fn").read(), "fn", 'exec'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """execfile("fn", glob)"""
+        a = """exec(compile(open("fn").read(), "fn", 'exec'), glob)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """execfile("fn", glob, loc)"""
+        a = """exec(compile(open("fn").read(), "fn", 'exec'), glob, loc)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """execfile("fn", globals=glob)"""
+        a = """exec(compile(open("fn").read(), "fn", 'exec'), globals=glob)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """execfile("fn", locals=loc)"""
+        a = """exec(compile(open("fn").read(), "fn", 'exec'), locals=loc)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """execfile("fn", globals=glob, locals=loc)"""
+        a = """exec(compile(open("fn").read(), "fn", 'exec'), globals=glob, locals=loc)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_spacing(self):
+        b = """execfile( "fn" )"""
+        a = """exec(compile(open( "fn" ).read(), "fn", 'exec'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """execfile("fn",  globals = glob)"""
+        a = """exec(compile(open("fn").read(), "fn", 'exec'),  globals = glob)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+
+class Test_isinstance(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "isinstance"
+
+    def test_remove_multiple_items(self):
+        b = """isinstance(x, (int, int, int))"""
+        a = """isinstance(x, int)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """isinstance(x, (int, float, int, int, float))"""
+        a = """isinstance(x, (int, float))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """isinstance(x, (int, float, int, int, float, str))"""
+        a = """isinstance(x, (int, float, str))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """isinstance(foo() + bar(), (x(), y(), x(), int, int))"""
+        a = """isinstance(foo() + bar(), (x(), y(), x(), int))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """if    isinstance(  foo(), (  bar, bar, baz )) : pass"""
+        a = """if    isinstance(  foo(), (  bar, baz )) : pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        self.unchanged("isinstance(x, (str, int))")
+
+class Test_dict(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "dict"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = "if   d. keys  (  )  : pass"
+        a = "if   list(d. keys  (  ))  : pass"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "if   d. items  (  )  : pass"
+        a = "if   list(d. items  (  ))  : pass"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "if   d. iterkeys  ( )  : pass"
+        a = "if   iter(d. keys  ( ))  : pass"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "[i for i in    d.  iterkeys(  )  ]"
+        a = "[i for i in    d.  keys(  )  ]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "if   d. viewkeys  ( )  : pass"
+        a = "if   d. keys  ( )  : pass"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "[i for i in    d.  viewkeys(  )  ]"
+        a = "[i for i in    d.  keys(  )  ]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_trailing_comment(self):
+        b = "d.keys() # foo"
+        a = "list(d.keys()) # foo"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "d.items()  # foo"
+        a = "list(d.items())  # foo"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "d.iterkeys()  # foo"
+        a = "iter(d.keys())  # foo"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """[i for i in d.iterkeys() # foo
+               ]"""
+        a = """[i for i in d.keys() # foo
+               ]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """[i for i in d.iterkeys() # foo
+               ]"""
+        a = """[i for i in d.keys() # foo
+               ]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "d.viewitems()  # foo"
+        a = "d.items()  # foo"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        for wrapper in fixer_util.consuming_calls:
+            s = "s = %s(d.keys())" % wrapper
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+            s = "s = %s(d.values())" % wrapper
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+            s = "s = %s(d.items())" % wrapper
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_01(self):
+        b = "d.keys()"
+        a = "list(d.keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "a[0].foo().keys()"
+        a = "list(a[0].foo().keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_02(self):
+        b = "d.items()"
+        a = "list(d.items())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_03(self):
+        b = "d.values()"
+        a = "list(d.values())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_04(self):
+        b = "d.iterkeys()"
+        a = "iter(d.keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_05(self):
+        b = "d.iteritems()"
+        a = "iter(d.items())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_06(self):
+        b = "d.itervalues()"
+        a = "iter(d.values())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_07(self):
+        s = "list(d.keys())"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_08(self):
+        s = "sorted(d.keys())"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_09(self):
+        b = "iter(d.keys())"
+        a = "iter(list(d.keys()))"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_10(self):
+        b = "foo(d.keys())"
+        a = "foo(list(d.keys()))"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_11(self):
+        b = "for i in d.keys(): print i"
+        a = "for i in list(d.keys()): print i"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_12(self):
+        b = "for i in d.iterkeys(): print i"
+        a = "for i in d.keys(): print i"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_13(self):
+        b = "[i for i in d.keys()]"
+        a = "[i for i in list(d.keys())]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_14(self):
+        b = "[i for i in d.iterkeys()]"
+        a = "[i for i in d.keys()]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_15(self):
+        b = "(i for i in d.keys())"
+        a = "(i for i in list(d.keys()))"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_16(self):
+        b = "(i for i in d.iterkeys())"
+        a = "(i for i in d.keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_17(self):
+        b = "iter(d.iterkeys())"
+        a = "iter(d.keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_18(self):
+        b = "list(d.iterkeys())"
+        a = "list(d.keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_19(self):
+        b = "sorted(d.iterkeys())"
+        a = "sorted(d.keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_20(self):
+        b = "foo(d.iterkeys())"
+        a = "foo(iter(d.keys()))"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_21(self):
+        b = "print h.iterkeys().next()"
+        a = "print iter(h.keys()).next()"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_22(self):
+        b = "print h.keys()[0]"
+        a = "print list(h.keys())[0]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_23(self):
+        b = "print list(h.iterkeys().next())"
+        a = "print list(iter(h.keys()).next())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_24(self):
+        b = "for x in h.keys()[0]: print x"
+        a = "for x in list(h.keys())[0]: print x"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_25(self):
+        b = "d.viewkeys()"
+        a = "d.keys()"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_26(self):
+        b = "d.viewitems()"
+        a = "d.items()"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_27(self):
+        b = "d.viewvalues()"
+        a = "d.values()"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_14(self):
+        b = "[i for i in d.viewkeys()]"
+        a = "[i for i in d.keys()]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_15(self):
+        b = "(i for i in d.viewkeys())"
+        a = "(i for i in d.keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_17(self):
+        b = "iter(d.viewkeys())"
+        a = "iter(d.keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_18(self):
+        b = "list(d.viewkeys())"
+        a = "list(d.keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_19(self):
+        b = "sorted(d.viewkeys())"
+        a = "sorted(d.keys())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_xrange(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "xrange"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """x =    xrange(  10  )"""
+        a = """x =    range(  10  )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = xrange(  1  ,  10   )"""
+        a = """x = range(  1  ,  10   )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = xrange(  0  ,  10 ,  2 )"""
+        a = """x = range(  0  ,  10 ,  2 )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_single_arg(self):
+        b = """x = xrange(10)"""
+        a = """x = range(10)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_two_args(self):
+        b = """x = xrange(1, 10)"""
+        a = """x = range(1, 10)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_three_args(self):
+        b = """x = xrange(0, 10, 2)"""
+        a = """x = range(0, 10, 2)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_wrap_in_list(self):
+        b = """x = range(10, 3, 9)"""
+        a = """x = list(range(10, 3, 9))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = foo(range(10, 3, 9))"""
+        a = """x = foo(list(range(10, 3, 9)))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = range(10, 3, 9) + [4]"""
+        a = """x = list(range(10, 3, 9)) + [4]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = range(10)[::-1]"""
+        a = """x = list(range(10))[::-1]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = range(10)  [3]"""
+        a = """x = list(range(10))  [3]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_xrange_in_for(self):
+        b = """for i in xrange(10):\n    j=i"""
+        a = """for i in range(10):\n    j=i"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """[i for i in xrange(10)]"""
+        a = """[i for i in range(10)]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_range_in_for(self):
+        self.unchanged("for i in range(10): pass")
+        self.unchanged("[i for i in range(10)]")
+
+    def test_in_contains_test(self):
+        self.unchanged("x in range(10, 3, 9)")
+
+    def test_in_consuming_context(self):
+        for call in fixer_util.consuming_calls:
+            self.unchanged("a = %s(range(10))" % call)
+
+class Test_raw_input(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "raw_input"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """x =    raw_input(   )"""
+        a = """x =    input(   )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = raw_input(   ''   )"""
+        a = """x = input(   ''   )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """x = raw_input()"""
+        a = """x = input()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """x = raw_input('')"""
+        a = """x = input('')"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = """x = raw_input('prompt')"""
+        a = """x = input('prompt')"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        b = """x = raw_input(foo(a) + 6)"""
+        a = """x = input(foo(a) + 6)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_5(self):
+        b = """x = raw_input(invite).split()"""
+        a = """x = input(invite).split()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_6(self):
+        b = """x = raw_input(invite) . split ()"""
+        a = """x = input(invite) . split ()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_8(self):
+        b = "x = int(raw_input())"
+        a = "x = int(input())"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_funcattrs(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "funcattrs"
+
+    attrs = ["closure", "doc", "name", "defaults", "code", "globals", "dict"]
+
+    def test(self):
+        for attr in self.attrs:
+            b = "a.func_%s" % attr
+            a = "a.__%s__" % attr
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+            b = "self.foo.func_%s.foo_bar" % attr
+            a = "self.foo.__%s__.foo_bar" % attr
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        for attr in self.attrs:
+            s = "foo(func_%s + 5)" % attr
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+            s = "f(foo.__%s__)" % attr
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+            s = "f(foo.__%s__.foo)" % attr
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+class Test_xreadlines(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "xreadlines"
+
+    def test_call(self):
+        b = "for x in f.xreadlines(): pass"
+        a = "for x in f: pass"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "for x in foo().xreadlines(): pass"
+        a = "for x in foo(): pass"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "for x in (5 + foo()).xreadlines(): pass"
+        a = "for x in (5 + foo()): pass"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_attr_ref(self):
+        b = "foo(f.xreadlines + 5)"
+        a = "foo(f.__iter__ + 5)"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "foo(f().xreadlines + 5)"
+        a = "foo(f().__iter__ + 5)"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "foo((5 + f()).xreadlines + 5)"
+        a = "foo((5 + f()).__iter__ + 5)"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        s = "for x in f.xreadlines(5): pass"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = "for x in f.xreadlines(k=5): pass"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = "for x in f.xreadlines(*k, **v): pass"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = "foo(xreadlines)"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+
+class ImportsFixerTests:
+
+    def test_import_module(self):
+        for old, new in self.modules.items():
+            b = "import %s" % old
+            a = "import %s" % new
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+            b = "import foo, %s, bar" % old
+            a = "import foo, %s, bar" % new
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_import_from(self):
+        for old, new in self.modules.items():
+            b = "from %s import foo" % old
+            a = "from %s import foo" % new
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+            b = "from %s import foo, bar" % old
+            a = "from %s import foo, bar" % new
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+            b = "from %s import (yes, no)" % old
+            a = "from %s import (yes, no)" % new
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_import_module_as(self):
+        for old, new in self.modules.items():
+            b = "import %s as foo_bar" % old
+            a = "import %s as foo_bar" % new
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+            b = "import %s as foo_bar" % old
+            a = "import %s as foo_bar" % new
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_import_from_as(self):
+        for old, new in self.modules.items():
+            b = "from %s import foo as bar" % old
+            a = "from %s import foo as bar" % new
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_star(self):
+        for old, new in self.modules.items():
+            b = "from %s import *" % old
+            a = "from %s import *" % new
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_import_module_usage(self):
+        for old, new in self.modules.items():
+            b = """
+                import %s
+                foo(%s.bar)
+                """ % (old, old)
+            a = """
+                import %s
+                foo(%s.bar)
+                """ % (new, new)
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+            b = """
+                from %s import x
+                %s = 23
+                """ % (old, old)
+            a = """
+                from %s import x
+                %s = 23
+                """ % (new, old)
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+            s = """
+                def f():
+                    %s.method()
+                """ % (old,)
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+            # test nested usage
+            b = """
+                import %s
+                %s.bar(%s.foo)
+                """ % (old, old, old)
+            a = """
+                import %s
+                %s.bar(%s.foo)
+                """ % (new, new, new)
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+            b = """
+                import %s
+                x.%s
+                """ % (old, old)
+            a = """
+                import %s
+                x.%s
+                """ % (new, old)
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+
+class Test_imports(FixerTestCase, ImportsFixerTests):
+    fixer = "imports"
+    from ..fixes.fix_imports import MAPPING as modules
+
+    def test_multiple_imports(self):
+        b = """import urlparse, cStringIO"""
+        a = """import urllib.parse, io"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_multiple_imports_as(self):
+        b = """
+            import copy_reg as bar, HTMLParser as foo, urlparse
+            s = urlparse.spam(bar.foo())
+            """
+        a = """
+            import copyreg as bar, html.parser as foo, urllib.parse
+            s = urllib.parse.spam(bar.foo())
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+
+class Test_imports2(FixerTestCase, ImportsFixerTests):
+    fixer = "imports2"
+    from ..fixes.fix_imports2 import MAPPING as modules
+
+
+class Test_imports_fixer_order(FixerTestCase, ImportsFixerTests):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(Test_imports_fixer_order, self).setUp(['imports', 'imports2'])
+        from ..fixes.fix_imports2 import MAPPING as mapping2
+        self.modules = mapping2.copy()
+        from ..fixes.fix_imports import MAPPING as mapping1
+        for key in ('dbhash', 'dumbdbm', 'dbm', 'gdbm'):
+            self.modules[key] = mapping1[key]
+
+    def test_after_local_imports_refactoring(self):
+        for fix in ("imports", "imports2"):
+            self.fixer = fix
+            self.assert_runs_after("import")
+
+
+class Test_urllib(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "urllib"
+    from ..fixes.fix_urllib import MAPPING as modules
+
+    def test_import_module(self):
+        for old, changes in self.modules.items():
+            b = "import %s" % old
+            a = "import %s" % ", ".join(map(itemgetter(0), changes))
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_import_from(self):
+        for old, changes in self.modules.items():
+            all_members = []
+            for new, members in changes:
+                for member in members:
+                    all_members.append(member)
+                    b = "from %s import %s" % (old, member)
+                    a = "from %s import %s" % (new, member)
+                    self.check(b, a)
+
+                    s = "from foo import %s" % member
+                    self.unchanged(s)
+
+                b = "from %s import %s" % (old, ", ".join(members))
+                a = "from %s import %s" % (new, ", ".join(members))
+                self.check(b, a)
+
+                s = "from foo import %s" % ", ".join(members)
+                self.unchanged(s)
+
+            # test the breaking of a module into multiple replacements
+            b = "from %s import %s" % (old, ", ".join(all_members))
+            a = "\n".join(["from %s import %s" % (new, ", ".join(members))
+                            for (new, members) in changes])
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_import_module_as(self):
+        for old in self.modules:
+            s = "import %s as foo" % old
+            self.warns_unchanged(s, "This module is now multiple modules")
+
+    def test_import_from_as(self):
+        for old, changes in self.modules.items():
+            for new, members in changes:
+                for member in members:
+                    b = "from %s import %s as foo_bar" % (old, member)
+                    a = "from %s import %s as foo_bar" % (new, member)
+                    self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_star(self):
+        for old in self.modules:
+            s = "from %s import *" % old
+            self.warns_unchanged(s, "Cannot handle star imports")
+
+    def test_import_module_usage(self):
+        for old, changes in self.modules.items():
+            for new, members in changes:
+                for member in members:
+                    new_import = ", ".join([n for (n, mems)
+                                            in self.modules[old]])
+                    b = """
+                        import %s
+                        foo(%s.%s)
+                        """ % (old, old, member)
+                    a = """
+                        import %s
+                        foo(%s.%s)
+                        """ % (new_import, new, member)
+                    self.check(b, a)
+                    b = """
+                        import %s
+                        %s.%s(%s.%s)
+                        """ % (old, old, member, old, member)
+                    a = """
+                        import %s
+                        %s.%s(%s.%s)
+                        """ % (new_import, new, member, new, member)
+                    self.check(b, a)
+
+
+class Test_input(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "input"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """x =   input(   )"""
+        a = """x =   eval(input(   ))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = input(   ''   )"""
+        a = """x = eval(input(   ''   ))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_trailing_comment(self):
+        b = """x = input()  #  foo"""
+        a = """x = eval(input())  #  foo"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_idempotency(self):
+        s = """x = eval(input())"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """x = eval(input(''))"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """x = eval(input(foo(5) + 9))"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """x = input()"""
+        a = """x = eval(input())"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """x = input('')"""
+        a = """x = eval(input(''))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = """x = input('prompt')"""
+        a = """x = eval(input('prompt'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        b = """x = input(foo(5) + 9)"""
+        a = """x = eval(input(foo(5) + 9))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_tuple_params(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "tuple_params"
+
+    def test_unchanged_1(self):
+        s = """def foo(): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_2(self):
+        s = """def foo(a, b, c): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_3(self):
+        s = """def foo(a=3, b=4, c=5): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """
+            def foo(((a, b), c)):
+                x = 5"""
+
+        a = """
+            def foo(xxx_todo_changeme):
+                ((a, b), c) = xxx_todo_changeme
+                x = 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """
+            def foo(((a, b), c), d):
+                x = 5"""
+
+        a = """
+            def foo(xxx_todo_changeme, d):
+                ((a, b), c) = xxx_todo_changeme
+                x = 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = """
+            def foo(((a, b), c), d) -> e:
+                x = 5"""
+
+        a = """
+            def foo(xxx_todo_changeme, d) -> e:
+                ((a, b), c) = xxx_todo_changeme
+                x = 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_semicolon(self):
+        b = """
+            def foo(((a, b), c)): x = 5; y = 7"""
+
+        a = """
+            def foo(xxx_todo_changeme): ((a, b), c) = xxx_todo_changeme; x = 5; y = 7"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_keywords(self):
+        b = """
+            def foo(((a, b), c), d, e=5) -> z:
+                x = 5"""
+
+        a = """
+            def foo(xxx_todo_changeme, d, e=5) -> z:
+                ((a, b), c) = xxx_todo_changeme
+                x = 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_varargs(self):
+        b = """
+            def foo(((a, b), c), d, *vargs, **kwargs) -> z:
+                x = 5"""
+
+        a = """
+            def foo(xxx_todo_changeme, d, *vargs, **kwargs) -> z:
+                ((a, b), c) = xxx_todo_changeme
+                x = 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_multi_1(self):
+        b = """
+            def foo(((a, b), c), (d, e, f)) -> z:
+                x = 5"""
+
+        a = """
+            def foo(xxx_todo_changeme, xxx_todo_changeme1) -> z:
+                ((a, b), c) = xxx_todo_changeme
+                (d, e, f) = xxx_todo_changeme1
+                x = 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_multi_2(self):
+        b = """
+            def foo(x, ((a, b), c), d, (e, f, g), y) -> z:
+                x = 5"""
+
+        a = """
+            def foo(x, xxx_todo_changeme, d, xxx_todo_changeme1, y) -> z:
+                ((a, b), c) = xxx_todo_changeme
+                (e, f, g) = xxx_todo_changeme1
+                x = 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_docstring(self):
+        b = """
+            def foo(((a, b), c), (d, e, f)) -> z:
+                "foo foo foo foo"
+                x = 5"""
+
+        a = """
+            def foo(xxx_todo_changeme, xxx_todo_changeme1) -> z:
+                "foo foo foo foo"
+                ((a, b), c) = xxx_todo_changeme
+                (d, e, f) = xxx_todo_changeme1
+                x = 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_lambda_no_change(self):
+        s = """lambda x: x + 5"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_lambda_parens_single_arg(self):
+        b = """lambda (x): x + 5"""
+        a = """lambda x: x + 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """lambda(x): x + 5"""
+        a = """lambda x: x + 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """lambda ((((x)))): x + 5"""
+        a = """lambda x: x + 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """lambda((((x)))): x + 5"""
+        a = """lambda x: x + 5"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_lambda_simple(self):
+        b = """lambda (x, y): x + f(y)"""
+        a = """lambda x_y: x_y[0] + f(x_y[1])"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """lambda(x, y): x + f(y)"""
+        a = """lambda x_y: x_y[0] + f(x_y[1])"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """lambda (((x, y))): x + f(y)"""
+        a = """lambda x_y: x_y[0] + f(x_y[1])"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """lambda(((x, y))): x + f(y)"""
+        a = """lambda x_y: x_y[0] + f(x_y[1])"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_lambda_one_tuple(self):
+        b = """lambda (x,): x + f(x)"""
+        a = """lambda x1: x1[0] + f(x1[0])"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """lambda (((x,))): x + f(x)"""
+        a = """lambda x1: x1[0] + f(x1[0])"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_lambda_simple_multi_use(self):
+        b = """lambda (x, y): x + x + f(x) + x"""
+        a = """lambda x_y: x_y[0] + x_y[0] + f(x_y[0]) + x_y[0]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_lambda_simple_reverse(self):
+        b = """lambda (x, y): y + x"""
+        a = """lambda x_y: x_y[1] + x_y[0]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_lambda_nested(self):
+        b = """lambda (x, (y, z)): x + y + z"""
+        a = """lambda x_y_z: x_y_z[0] + x_y_z[1][0] + x_y_z[1][1]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """lambda (((x, (y, z)))): x + y + z"""
+        a = """lambda x_y_z: x_y_z[0] + x_y_z[1][0] + x_y_z[1][1]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_lambda_nested_multi_use(self):
+        b = """lambda (x, (y, z)): x + y + f(y)"""
+        a = """lambda x_y_z: x_y_z[0] + x_y_z[1][0] + f(x_y_z[1][0])"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_methodattrs(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "methodattrs"
+
+    attrs = ["func", "self", "class"]
+
+    def test(self):
+        for attr in self.attrs:
+            b = "a.im_%s" % attr
+            if attr == "class":
+                a = "a.__self__.__class__"
+            else:
+                a = "a.__%s__" % attr
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+            b = "self.foo.im_%s.foo_bar" % attr
+            if attr == "class":
+                a = "self.foo.__self__.__class__.foo_bar"
+            else:
+                a = "self.foo.__%s__.foo_bar" % attr
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        for attr in self.attrs:
+            s = "foo(im_%s + 5)" % attr
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+            s = "f(foo.__%s__)" % attr
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+            s = "f(foo.__%s__.foo)" % attr
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+class Test_next(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "next"
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """it.next()"""
+        a = """next(it)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """a.b.c.d.next()"""
+        a = """next(a.b.c.d)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = """(a + b).next()"""
+        a = """next((a + b))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        b = """a().next()"""
+        a = """next(a())"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_5(self):
+        b = """a().next() + b"""
+        a = """next(a()) + b"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_6(self):
+        b = """c(      a().next() + b)"""
+        a = """c(      next(a()) + b)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation_1(self):
+        b = """
+            for a in b:
+                foo(a)
+                a.next()
+            """
+        a = """
+            for a in b:
+                foo(a)
+                next(a)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation_2(self):
+        b = """
+            for a in b:
+                foo(a) # abc
+                # def
+                a.next()
+            """
+        a = """
+            for a in b:
+                foo(a) # abc
+                # def
+                next(a)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation_3(self):
+        b = """
+            next = 5
+            for a in b:
+                foo(a)
+                a.next()
+            """
+        a = """
+            next = 5
+            for a in b:
+                foo(a)
+                a.__next__()
+            """
+        self.check(b, a, ignore_warnings=True)
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation_4(self):
+        b = """
+            next = 5
+            for a in b:
+                foo(a) # abc
+                # def
+                a.next()
+            """
+        a = """
+            next = 5
+            for a in b:
+                foo(a) # abc
+                # def
+                a.__next__()
+            """
+        self.check(b, a, ignore_warnings=True)
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation_5(self):
+        b = """
+            next = 5
+            for a in b:
+                foo(foo(a), # abc
+                    a.next())
+            """
+        a = """
+            next = 5
+            for a in b:
+                foo(foo(a), # abc
+                    a.__next__())
+            """
+        self.check(b, a, ignore_warnings=True)
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation_6(self):
+        b = """
+            for a in b:
+                foo(foo(a), # abc
+                    a.next())
+            """
+        a = """
+            for a in b:
+                foo(foo(a), # abc
+                    next(a))
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_method_1(self):
+        b = """
+            class A:
+                def next(self):
+                    pass
+            """
+        a = """
+            class A:
+                def __next__(self):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_method_2(self):
+        b = """
+            class A(object):
+                def next(self):
+                    pass
+            """
+        a = """
+            class A(object):
+                def __next__(self):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_method_3(self):
+        b = """
+            class A:
+                def next(x):
+                    pass
+            """
+        a = """
+            class A:
+                def __next__(x):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_method_4(self):
+        b = """
+            class A:
+                def __init__(self, foo):
+                    self.foo = foo
+
+                def next(self):
+                    pass
+
+                def __iter__(self):
+                    return self
+            """
+        a = """
+            class A:
+                def __init__(self, foo):
+                    self.foo = foo
+
+                def __next__(self):
+                    pass
+
+                def __iter__(self):
+                    return self
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_method_unchanged(self):
+        s = """
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_shadowing_assign_simple(self):
+        s = """
+            next = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_assign_tuple_1(self):
+        s = """
+            (next, a) = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_assign_tuple_2(self):
+        s = """
+            (a, (b, (next, c)), a) = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_assign_list_1(self):
+        s = """
+            [next, a] = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_assign_list_2(self):
+        s = """
+            [a, [b, [next, c]], a] = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_builtin_assign(self):
+        s = """
+            def foo():
+                __builtin__.next = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_builtin_assign_in_tuple(self):
+        s = """
+            def foo():
+                (a, __builtin__.next) = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_builtin_assign_in_list(self):
+        s = """
+            def foo():
+                [a, __builtin__.next] = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_assign_to_next(self):
+        s = """
+            def foo():
+                A.next = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_assign_to_next_in_tuple(self):
+        s = """
+            def foo():
+                (a, A.next) = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_assign_to_next_in_list(self):
+        s = """
+            def foo():
+                [a, A.next] = foo
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_shadowing_import_1(self):
+        s = """
+            import foo.bar as next
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_import_2(self):
+        s = """
+            import bar, bar.foo as next
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_import_3(self):
+        s = """
+            import bar, bar.foo as next, baz
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_import_from_1(self):
+        s = """
+            from x import next
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_import_from_2(self):
+        s = """
+            from x.a import next
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_import_from_3(self):
+        s = """
+            from x import a, next, b
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_import_from_4(self):
+        s = """
+            from x.a import a, next, b
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_funcdef_1(self):
+        s = """
+            def next(a):
+                pass
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self, a, b):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_funcdef_2(self):
+        b = """
+            def next(a):
+                pass
+
+            class A:
+                def next(self):
+                    pass
+
+            it.next()
+            """
+        a = """
+            def next(a):
+                pass
+
+            class A:
+                def __next__(self):
+                    pass
+
+            it.__next__()
+            """
+        self.warns(b, a, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_global_1(self):
+        s = """
+            def f():
+                global next
+                next = 5
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_global_2(self):
+        s = """
+            def f():
+                global a, next, b
+                next = 5
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_for_simple(self):
+        s = """
+            for next in it():
+                pass
+
+            b = 5
+            c = 6
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_for_tuple_1(self):
+        s = """
+            for next, b in it():
+                pass
+
+            b = 5
+            c = 6
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_shadowing_for_tuple_2(self):
+        s = """
+            for a, (next, c), b in it():
+                pass
+
+            b = 5
+            c = 6
+            """
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "Calls to builtin next() possibly shadowed")
+
+    def test_noncall_access_1(self):
+        b = """gnext = g.next"""
+        a = """gnext = g.__next__"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_noncall_access_2(self):
+        b = """f(g.next + 5)"""
+        a = """f(g.__next__ + 5)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_noncall_access_3(self):
+        b = """f(g().next + 5)"""
+        a = """f(g().__next__ + 5)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_nonzero(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "nonzero"
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """
+            class A:
+                def __nonzero__(self):
+                    pass
+            """
+        a = """
+            class A:
+                def __bool__(self):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """
+            class A(object):
+                def __nonzero__(self):
+                    pass
+            """
+        a = """
+            class A(object):
+                def __bool__(self):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged_1(self):
+        s = """
+            class A(object):
+                def __bool__(self):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_2(self):
+        s = """
+            class A(object):
+                def __nonzero__(self, a):
+                    pass
+            """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_func(self):
+        s = """
+            def __nonzero__(self):
+                pass
+            """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+class Test_numliterals(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "numliterals"
+
+    def test_octal_1(self):
+        b = """0755"""
+        a = """0o755"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_long_int_1(self):
+        b = """a = 12L"""
+        a = """a = 12"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_long_int_2(self):
+        b = """a = 12l"""
+        a = """a = 12"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_long_hex(self):
+        b = """b = 0x12l"""
+        a = """b = 0x12"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_comments_and_spacing(self):
+        b = """b =   0x12L"""
+        a = """b =   0x12"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """b = 0755 # spam"""
+        a = """b = 0o755 # spam"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged_int(self):
+        s = """5"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_float(self):
+        s = """5.0"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_octal(self):
+        s = """0o755"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_hex(self):
+        s = """0xABC"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_exp(self):
+        s = """5.0e10"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_complex_int(self):
+        s = """5 + 4j"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_complex_float(self):
+        s = """5.4 + 4.9j"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_complex_bare(self):
+        s = """4j"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+        s = """4.4j"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+class Test_renames(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "renames"
+
+    modules = {"sys":  ("maxint", "maxsize"),
+              }
+
+    def test_import_from(self):
+        for mod, (old, new) in self.modules.items():
+            b = "from %s import %s" % (mod, old)
+            a = "from %s import %s" % (mod, new)
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+            s = "from foo import %s" % old
+            self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_import_from_as(self):
+        for mod, (old, new) in self.modules.items():
+            b = "from %s import %s as foo_bar" % (mod, old)
+            a = "from %s import %s as foo_bar" % (mod, new)
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_import_module_usage(self):
+        for mod, (old, new) in self.modules.items():
+            b = """
+                import %s
+                foo(%s, %s.%s)
+                """ % (mod, mod, mod, old)
+            a = """
+                import %s
+                foo(%s, %s.%s)
+                """ % (mod, mod, mod, new)
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+    def XXX_test_from_import_usage(self):
+        # not implemented yet
+        for mod, (old, new) in self.modules.items():
+            b = """
+                from %s import %s
+                foo(%s, %s)
+                """ % (mod, old, mod, old)
+            a = """
+                from %s import %s
+                foo(%s, %s)
+                """ % (mod, new, mod, new)
+            self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_unicode(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "unicode"
+
+    def test_whitespace(self):
+        b = """unicode( x)"""
+        a = """str( x)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """ unicode(x )"""
+        a = """ str(x )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """ u'h'"""
+        a = """ 'h'"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unicode_call(self):
+        b = """unicode(x, y, z)"""
+        a = """str(x, y, z)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unichr(self):
+        b = """unichr(u'h')"""
+        a = """chr('h')"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unicode_literal_1(self):
+        b = '''u"x"'''
+        a = '''"x"'''
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unicode_literal_2(self):
+        b = """ur'x'"""
+        a = """r'x'"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unicode_literal_3(self):
+        b = """UR'''x''' """
+        a = """R'''x''' """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_callable(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "callable"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """callable(    x)"""
+        a = """import collections\nisinstance(    x, collections.Callable)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """if     callable(x): pass"""
+        a = """import collections
+if     isinstance(x, collections.Callable): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_callable_call(self):
+        b = """callable(x)"""
+        a = """import collections\nisinstance(x, collections.Callable)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_global_import(self):
+        b = """
+def spam(foo):
+    callable(foo)"""[1:]
+        a = """
+import collections
+def spam(foo):
+    isinstance(foo, collections.Callable)"""[1:]
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+import collections
+def spam(foo):
+    callable(foo)"""[1:]
+        # same output if it was already imported
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+from collections import *
+def spam(foo):
+    callable(foo)"""[1:]
+        a = """
+from collections import *
+import collections
+def spam(foo):
+    isinstance(foo, collections.Callable)"""[1:]
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+do_stuff()
+do_some_other_stuff()
+assert callable(do_stuff)"""[1:]
+        a = """
+import collections
+do_stuff()
+do_some_other_stuff()
+assert isinstance(do_stuff, collections.Callable)"""[1:]
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+if isinstance(do_stuff, Callable):
+    assert callable(do_stuff)
+    do_stuff(do_stuff)
+    if not callable(do_stuff):
+        exit(1)
+    else:
+        assert callable(do_stuff)
+else:
+    assert not callable(do_stuff)"""[1:]
+        a = """
+import collections
+if isinstance(do_stuff, Callable):
+    assert isinstance(do_stuff, collections.Callable)
+    do_stuff(do_stuff)
+    if not isinstance(do_stuff, collections.Callable):
+        exit(1)
+    else:
+        assert isinstance(do_stuff, collections.Callable)
+else:
+    assert not isinstance(do_stuff, collections.Callable)"""[1:]
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_callable_should_not_change(self):
+        a = """callable(*x)"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+        a = """callable(x, y)"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+        a = """callable(x, kw=y)"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+        a = """callable()"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+class Test_filter(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "filter"
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """x =   filter(    foo,     'abc'   )"""
+        a = """x =   list(filter(    foo,     'abc'   ))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x =   filter(  None , 'abc'  )"""
+        a = """x =   [_f for _f in 'abc' if _f]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_filter_basic(self):
+        b = """x = filter(None, 'abc')"""
+        a = """x = [_f for _f in 'abc' if _f]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = len(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        a = """x = len(list(filter(f, 'abc')))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = filter(lambda x: x%2 == 0, range(10))"""
+        a = """x = [x for x in range(10) if x%2 == 0]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        # Note the parens around x
+        b = """x = filter(lambda (x): x%2 == 0, range(10))"""
+        a = """x = [x for x in range(10) if x%2 == 0]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        # XXX This (rare) case is not supported
+##         b = """x = filter(f, 'abc')[0]"""
+##         a = """x = list(filter(f, 'abc'))[0]"""
+##         self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_filter_nochange(self):
+        a = """b.join(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """(a + foo(5)).join(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """iter(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """list(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """list(filter(f, 'abc'))[0]"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """set(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """set(filter(f, 'abc')).pop()"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """tuple(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """any(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """all(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sum(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sorted(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sorted(filter(f, 'abc'), key=blah)"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sorted(filter(f, 'abc'), key=blah)[0]"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """for i in filter(f, 'abc'): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """[x for x in filter(f, 'abc')]"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """(x for x in filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+    def test_future_builtins(self):
+        a = "from future_builtins import spam, filter; filter(f, 'ham')"
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+        b = """from future_builtins import spam; x = filter(f, 'abc')"""
+        a = """from future_builtins import spam; x = list(filter(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        a = "from future_builtins import *; filter(f, 'ham')"
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+class Test_map(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "map"
+
+    def check(self, b, a):
+        self.unchanged("from future_builtins import map; " + b, a)
+        super(Test_map, self).check(b, a)
+
+    def test_prefix_preservation(self):
+        b = """x =    map(   f,    'abc'   )"""
+        a = """x =    list(map(   f,    'abc'   ))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_trailing_comment(self):
+        b = """x = map(f, 'abc')   #   foo"""
+        a = """x = list(map(f, 'abc'))   #   foo"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_None_with_multiple_arguments(self):
+        s = """x = map(None, a, b, c)"""
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "cannot convert map(None, ...) with "
+                             "multiple arguments")
+
+    def test_map_basic(self):
+        b = """x = map(f, 'abc')"""
+        a = """x = list(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = len(map(f, 'abc', 'def'))"""
+        a = """x = len(list(map(f, 'abc', 'def')))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = map(None, 'abc')"""
+        a = """x = list('abc')"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = map(lambda x: x+1, range(4))"""
+        a = """x = [x+1 for x in range(4)]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        # Note the parens around x
+        b = """x = map(lambda (x): x+1, range(4))"""
+        a = """x = [x+1 for x in range(4)]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+            foo()
+            # foo
+            map(f, x)
+            """
+        a = """
+            foo()
+            # foo
+            list(map(f, x))
+            """
+        self.warns(b, a, "You should use a for loop here")
+
+        # XXX This (rare) case is not supported
+##         b = """x = map(f, 'abc')[0]"""
+##         a = """x = list(map(f, 'abc'))[0]"""
+##         self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_map_nochange(self):
+        a = """b.join(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """(a + foo(5)).join(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """iter(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """list(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """list(map(f, 'abc'))[0]"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """set(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """set(map(f, 'abc')).pop()"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """tuple(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """any(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """all(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sum(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sorted(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sorted(map(f, 'abc'), key=blah)"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sorted(map(f, 'abc'), key=blah)[0]"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """for i in map(f, 'abc'): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """[x for x in map(f, 'abc')]"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """(x for x in map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+    def test_future_builtins(self):
+        a = "from future_builtins import spam, map, eggs; map(f, 'ham')"
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+        b = """from future_builtins import spam, eggs; x = map(f, 'abc')"""
+        a = """from future_builtins import spam, eggs; x = list(map(f, 'abc'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        a = "from future_builtins import *; map(f, 'ham')"
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+class Test_zip(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "zip"
+
+    def check(self, b, a):
+        self.unchanged("from future_builtins import zip; " + b, a)
+        super(Test_zip, self).check(b, a)
+
+    def test_zip_basic(self):
+        b = """x = zip(a, b, c)"""
+        a = """x = list(zip(a, b, c))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = len(zip(a, b))"""
+        a = """x = len(list(zip(a, b)))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_zip_nochange(self):
+        a = """b.join(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """(a + foo(5)).join(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """iter(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """list(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """list(zip(a, b))[0]"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """set(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """set(zip(a, b)).pop()"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """tuple(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """any(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """all(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sum(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sorted(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sorted(zip(a, b), key=blah)"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """sorted(zip(a, b), key=blah)[0]"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """for i in zip(a, b): pass"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """[x for x in zip(a, b)]"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+        a = """(x for x in zip(a, b))"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+    def test_future_builtins(self):
+        a = "from future_builtins import spam, zip, eggs; zip(a, b)"
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+        b = """from future_builtins import spam, eggs; x = zip(a, b)"""
+        a = """from future_builtins import spam, eggs; x = list(zip(a, b))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        a = "from future_builtins import *; zip(a, b)"
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+class Test_standarderror(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "standarderror"
+
+    def test(self):
+        b = """x =    StandardError()"""
+        a = """x =    Exception()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """x = StandardError(a, b, c)"""
+        a = """x = Exception(a, b, c)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """f(2 + StandardError(a, b, c))"""
+        a = """f(2 + Exception(a, b, c))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_types(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "types"
+
+    def test_basic_types_convert(self):
+        b = """types.StringType"""
+        a = """bytes"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """types.DictType"""
+        a = """dict"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """types . IntType"""
+        a = """int"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """types.ListType"""
+        a = """list"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """types.LongType"""
+        a = """int"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """types.NoneType"""
+        a = """type(None)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_idioms(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "idioms"
+
+    def test_while(self):
+        b = """while 1: foo()"""
+        a = """while True: foo()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """while   1: foo()"""
+        a = """while   True: foo()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+            while 1:
+                foo()
+            """
+        a = """
+            while True:
+                foo()
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_while_unchanged(self):
+        s = """while 11: foo()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """while 0: foo()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """while foo(): foo()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """while []: foo()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_eq_simple(self):
+        b = """type(x) == T"""
+        a = """isinstance(x, T)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """if   type(x) == T: pass"""
+        a = """if   isinstance(x, T): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_eq_reverse(self):
+        b = """T == type(x)"""
+        a = """isinstance(x, T)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """if   T == type(x): pass"""
+        a = """if   isinstance(x, T): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_eq_expression(self):
+        b = """type(x+y) == d.get('T')"""
+        a = """isinstance(x+y, d.get('T'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """type(   x  +  y) == d.get('T')"""
+        a = """isinstance(x  +  y, d.get('T'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_is_simple(self):
+        b = """type(x) is T"""
+        a = """isinstance(x, T)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """if   type(x) is T: pass"""
+        a = """if   isinstance(x, T): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_is_reverse(self):
+        b = """T is type(x)"""
+        a = """isinstance(x, T)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """if   T is type(x): pass"""
+        a = """if   isinstance(x, T): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_is_expression(self):
+        b = """type(x+y) is d.get('T')"""
+        a = """isinstance(x+y, d.get('T'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """type(   x  +  y) is d.get('T')"""
+        a = """isinstance(x  +  y, d.get('T'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_is_not_simple(self):
+        b = """type(x) is not T"""
+        a = """not isinstance(x, T)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """if   type(x) is not T: pass"""
+        a = """if   not isinstance(x, T): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_is_not_reverse(self):
+        b = """T is not type(x)"""
+        a = """not isinstance(x, T)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """if   T is not type(x): pass"""
+        a = """if   not isinstance(x, T): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_is_not_expression(self):
+        b = """type(x+y) is not d.get('T')"""
+        a = """not isinstance(x+y, d.get('T'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """type(   x  +  y) is not d.get('T')"""
+        a = """not isinstance(x  +  y, d.get('T'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_ne_simple(self):
+        b = """type(x) != T"""
+        a = """not isinstance(x, T)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """if   type(x) != T: pass"""
+        a = """if   not isinstance(x, T): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_ne_reverse(self):
+        b = """T != type(x)"""
+        a = """not isinstance(x, T)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """if   T != type(x): pass"""
+        a = """if   not isinstance(x, T): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_ne_expression(self):
+        b = """type(x+y) != d.get('T')"""
+        a = """not isinstance(x+y, d.get('T'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """type(   x  +  y) != d.get('T')"""
+        a = """not isinstance(x  +  y, d.get('T'))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_type_unchanged(self):
+        a = """type(x).__name__"""
+        self.unchanged(a)
+
+    def test_sort_list_call(self):
+        b = """
+            v = list(t)
+            v.sort()
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        a = """
+            v = sorted(t)
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+            v = list(foo(b) + d)
+            v.sort()
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        a = """
+            v = sorted(foo(b) + d)
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+            while x:
+                v = list(t)
+                v.sort()
+                foo(v)
+            """
+        a = """
+            while x:
+                v = sorted(t)
+                foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+            v = list(t)
+            # foo
+            v.sort()
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        a = """
+            v = sorted(t)
+            # foo
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = r"""
+            v = list(   t)
+            v.sort()
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        a = r"""
+            v = sorted(   t)
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = r"""
+            try:
+                m = list(s)
+                m.sort()
+            except: pass
+            """
+
+        a = r"""
+            try:
+                m = sorted(s)
+            except: pass
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = r"""
+            try:
+                m = list(s)
+                # foo
+                m.sort()
+            except: pass
+            """
+
+        a = r"""
+            try:
+                m = sorted(s)
+                # foo
+            except: pass
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = r"""
+            m = list(s)
+            # more comments
+            m.sort()"""
+
+        a = r"""
+            m = sorted(s)
+            # more comments"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_sort_simple_expr(self):
+        b = """
+            v = t
+            v.sort()
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        a = """
+            v = sorted(t)
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+            v = foo(b)
+            v.sort()
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        a = """
+            v = sorted(foo(b))
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+            v = b.keys()
+            v.sort()
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        a = """
+            v = sorted(b.keys())
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+            v = foo(b) + d
+            v.sort()
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        a = """
+            v = sorted(foo(b) + d)
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+            while x:
+                v = t
+                v.sort()
+                foo(v)
+            """
+        a = """
+            while x:
+                v = sorted(t)
+                foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+            v = t
+            # foo
+            v.sort()
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        a = """
+            v = sorted(t)
+            # foo
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = r"""
+            v =   t
+            v.sort()
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        a = r"""
+            v =   sorted(t)
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_sort_unchanged(self):
+        s = """
+            v = list(t)
+            w.sort()
+            foo(w)
+            """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """
+            v = list(t)
+            v.sort(u)
+            foo(v)
+            """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+class Test_basestring(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "basestring"
+
+    def test_basestring(self):
+        b = """isinstance(x, basestring)"""
+        a = """isinstance(x, str)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_buffer(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "buffer"
+
+    def test_buffer(self):
+        b = """x = buffer(y)"""
+        a = """x = memoryview(y)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_slicing(self):
+        b = """buffer(y)[4:5]"""
+        a = """memoryview(y)[4:5]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+class Test_future(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "future"
+
+    def test_future(self):
+        b = """from __future__ import braces"""
+        a = """"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """# comment\nfrom __future__ import braces"""
+        a = """# comment\n"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """from __future__ import braces\n# comment"""
+        a = """\n# comment"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_run_order(self):
+        self.assert_runs_after('print')
+
+class Test_itertools(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "itertools"
+
+    def checkall(self, before, after):
+        # Because we need to check with and without the itertools prefix
+        # and on each of the three functions, these loops make it all
+        # much easier
+        for i in ('itertools.', ''):
+            for f in ('map', 'filter', 'zip'):
+                b = before %(i+'i'+f)
+                a = after %(f)
+                self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_0(self):
+        # A simple example -- test_1 covers exactly the same thing,
+        # but it's not quite as clear.
+        b = "itertools.izip(a, b)"
+        a = "zip(a, b)"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """%s(f, a)"""
+        a = """%s(f, a)"""
+        self.checkall(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """itertools.ifilterfalse(a, b)"""
+        a = """itertools.filterfalse(a, b)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        b = """ifilterfalse(a, b)"""
+        a = """filterfalse(a, b)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_space_1(self):
+        b = """    %s(f, a)"""
+        a = """    %s(f, a)"""
+        self.checkall(b, a)
+
+    def test_space_2(self):
+        b = """    itertools.ifilterfalse(a, b)"""
+        a = """    itertools.filterfalse(a, b)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_run_order(self):
+        self.assert_runs_after('map', 'zip', 'filter')
+
+class Test_itertools_imports(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = 'itertools_imports'
+
+    def test_reduced(self):
+        b = "from itertools import imap, izip, foo"
+        a = "from itertools import foo"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "from itertools import bar, imap, izip, foo"
+        a = "from itertools import bar, foo"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_comments(self):
+        b = "#foo\nfrom itertools import imap, izip"
+        a = "#foo\n"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_none(self):
+        b = "from itertools import imap, izip"
+        a = ""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "from itertools import izip"
+        a = ""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_import_as(self):
+        b = "from itertools import izip, bar as bang, imap"
+        a = "from itertools import bar as bang"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "from itertools import izip as _zip, imap, bar"
+        a = "from itertools import bar"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "from itertools import imap as _map"
+        a = ""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "from itertools import imap as _map, izip as _zip"
+        a = ""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        s = "from itertools import bar as bang"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_ifilter(self):
+        b = "from itertools import ifilterfalse"
+        a = "from itertools import filterfalse"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "from itertools import imap, ifilterfalse, foo"
+        a = "from itertools import filterfalse, foo"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = "from itertools import bar, ifilterfalse, foo"
+        a = "from itertools import bar, filterfalse, foo"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        s = "from itertools import foo"
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+
+class Test_import(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "import"
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        super(Test_import, self).setUp()
+        # Need to replace fix_import's exists method
+        # so we can check that it's doing the right thing
+        self.files_checked = []
+        self.present_files = set()
+        self.always_exists = True
+        def fake_exists(name):
+            self.files_checked.append(name)
+            return self.always_exists or (name in self.present_files)
+
+        from ..fixes import fix_import
+        fix_import.exists = fake_exists
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        from lib2to3.fixes import fix_import
+        fix_import.exists = os.path.exists
+
+    def check_both(self, b, a):
+        self.always_exists = True
+        super(Test_import, self).check(b, a)
+        self.always_exists = False
+        super(Test_import, self).unchanged(b)
+
+    def test_files_checked(self):
+        def p(path):
+            # Takes a unix path and returns a path with correct separators
+            return os.path.pathsep.join(path.split("/"))
+
+        self.always_exists = False
+        self.present_files = set(['__init__.py'])
+        expected_extensions = ('.py', os.path.sep, '.pyc', '.so', '.sl', '.pyd')
+        names_to_test = (p("/spam/eggs.py"), "ni.py", p("../../shrubbery.py"))
+
+        for name in names_to_test:
+            self.files_checked = []
+            self.filename = name
+            self.unchanged("import jam")
+
+            if os.path.dirname(name):
+                name = os.path.dirname(name) + '/jam'
+            else:
+                name = 'jam'
+            expected_checks = set(name + ext for ext in expected_extensions)
+            expected_checks.add("__init__.py")
+
+            self.assertEqual(set(self.files_checked), expected_checks)
+
+    def test_not_in_package(self):
+        s = "import bar"
+        self.always_exists = False
+        self.present_files = set(["bar.py"])
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_in_package(self):
+        b = "import bar"
+        a = "from . import bar"
+        self.always_exists = False
+        self.present_files = set(["__init__.py", "bar.py"])
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_import_from_package(self):
+        b = "import bar"
+        a = "from . import bar"
+        self.always_exists = False
+        self.present_files = set(["__init__.py", "bar" + os.path.sep])
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_comments_and_indent(self):
+        b = "import bar # Foo"
+        a = "from . import bar # Foo"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_from(self):
+        b = "from foo import bar, baz"
+        a = "from .foo import bar, baz"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+        b = "from foo import bar"
+        a = "from .foo import bar"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+        b = "from foo import (bar, baz)"
+        a = "from .foo import (bar, baz)"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+    def test_dotted_from(self):
+        b = "from green.eggs import ham"
+        a = "from .green.eggs import ham"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+    def test_from_as(self):
+        b = "from green.eggs import ham as spam"
+        a = "from .green.eggs import ham as spam"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+    def test_import(self):
+        b = "import foo"
+        a = "from . import foo"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+        b = "import foo, bar"
+        a = "from . import foo, bar"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+        b = "import foo, bar, x"
+        a = "from . import foo, bar, x"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+        b = "import x, y, z"
+        a = "from . import x, y, z"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+    def test_import_as(self):
+        b = "import foo as x"
+        a = "from . import foo as x"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+        b = "import a as b, b as c, c as d"
+        a = "from . import a as b, b as c, c as d"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+    def test_local_and_absolute(self):
+        self.always_exists = False
+        self.present_files = set(["foo.py", "__init__.py"])
+
+        s = "import foo, bar"
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "absolute and local imports together")
+
+    def test_dotted_import(self):
+        b = "import foo.bar"
+        a = "from . import foo.bar"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+    def test_dotted_import_as(self):
+        b = "import foo.bar as bang"
+        a = "from . import foo.bar as bang"
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+    def test_prefix(self):
+        b = """
+        # prefix
+        import foo.bar
+        """
+        a = """
+        # prefix
+        from . import foo.bar
+        """
+        self.check_both(b, a)
+
+
+class Test_set_literal(FixerTestCase):
+
+    fixer = "set_literal"
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        b = """set([1, 2, 3])"""
+        a = """{1, 2, 3}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set((1, 2, 3))"""
+        a = """{1, 2, 3}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set((1,))"""
+        a = """{1}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([1])"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set((a, b))"""
+        a = """{a, b}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([a, b])"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set((a*234, f(args=23)))"""
+        a = """{a*234, f(args=23)}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([a*23, f(23)])"""
+        a = """{a*23, f(23)}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([a-234**23])"""
+        a = """{a-234**23}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_listcomps(self):
+        b = """set([x for x in y])"""
+        a = """{x for x in y}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([x for x in y if x == m])"""
+        a = """{x for x in y if x == m}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([x for x in y for a in b])"""
+        a = """{x for x in y for a in b}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([f(x) - 23 for x in y])"""
+        a = """{f(x) - 23 for x in y}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_whitespace(self):
+        b = """set( [1, 2])"""
+        a = """{1, 2}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([1 ,  2])"""
+        a = """{1 ,  2}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([ 1 ])"""
+        a = """{ 1 }"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set( [1] )"""
+        a = """{1}"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([  1,  2  ])"""
+        a = """{  1,  2  }"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set([x  for x in y ])"""
+        a = """{x  for x in y }"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """set(
+                   [1, 2]
+               )
+            """
+        a = """{1, 2}\n"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_comments(self):
+        b = """set((1, 2)) # Hi"""
+        a = """{1, 2} # Hi"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        # This isn't optimal behavior, but the fixer is optional.
+        b = """
+            # Foo
+            set( # Bar
+               (1, 2)
+            )
+            """
+        a = """
+            # Foo
+            {1, 2}
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        s = """set()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """set(a)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """set(a, b, c)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        # Don't transform generators because they might have to be lazy.
+        s = """set(x for x in y)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """set(x for x in y if z)"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """set(a*823-23**2 + f(23))"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+
+class Test_sys_exc(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "sys_exc"
+
+    def test_0(self):
+        b = "sys.exc_type"
+        a = "sys.exc_info()[0]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = "sys.exc_value"
+        a = "sys.exc_info()[1]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = "sys.exc_traceback"
+        a = "sys.exc_info()[2]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = "sys.exc_type # Foo"
+        a = "sys.exc_info()[0] # Foo"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        b = "sys.  exc_type"
+        a = "sys.  exc_info()[0]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_5(self):
+        b = "sys  .exc_type"
+        a = "sys  .exc_info()[0]"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+
+class Test_paren(FixerTestCase):
+    fixer = "paren"
+
+    def test_0(self):
+        b = """[i for i in 1, 2 ]"""
+        a = """[i for i in (1, 2) ]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_1(self):
+        b = """[i for i in 1, 2, ]"""
+        a = """[i for i in (1, 2,) ]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        b = """[i for i  in     1, 2 ]"""
+        a = """[i for i  in     (1, 2) ]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        b = """[i for i in 1, 2 if i]"""
+        a = """[i for i in (1, 2) if i]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        b = """[i for i in 1,    2    ]"""
+        a = """[i for i in (1,    2)    ]"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_5(self):
+        b = """(i for i in 1, 2)"""
+        a = """(i for i in (1, 2))"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_6(self):
+        b = """(i for i in 1   ,2   if i)"""
+        a = """(i for i in (1   ,2)   if i)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged_0(self):
+        s = """[i for i in (1, 2)]"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_1(self):
+        s = """[i for i in foo()]"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_2(self):
+        s = """[i for i in (1, 2) if nothing]"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_3(self):
+        s = """(i for i in (1, 2))"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_unchanged_4(self):
+        s = """[i for i in m]"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+class Test_metaclass(FixerTestCase):
+
+    fixer = 'metaclass'
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        self.unchanged("class X(): pass")
+        self.unchanged("class X(object): pass")
+        self.unchanged("class X(object1, object2): pass")
+        self.unchanged("class X(object1, object2, object3): pass")
+        self.unchanged("class X(metaclass=Meta): pass")
+        self.unchanged("class X(b, arg=23, metclass=Meta): pass")
+        self.unchanged("class X(b, arg=23, metaclass=Meta, other=42): pass")
+
+        s = """
+        class X:
+            def __metaclass__(self): pass
+        """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """
+        class X:
+            a[23] = 74
+        """
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_comments(self):
+        b = """
+        class X:
+            # hi
+            __metaclass__ = AppleMeta
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(metaclass=AppleMeta):
+            # hi
+            pass
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+        class X:
+            __metaclass__ = Meta
+            # Bedtime!
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(metaclass=Meta):
+            pass
+            # Bedtime!
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_meta(self):
+        # no-parent class, odd body
+        b = """
+        class X():
+            __metaclass__ = Q
+            pass
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(metaclass=Q):
+            pass
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        # one parent class, no body
+        b = """class X(object): __metaclass__ = Q"""
+        a = """class X(object, metaclass=Q): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+
+        # one parent, simple body
+        b = """
+        class X(object):
+            __metaclass__ = Meta
+            bar = 7
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(object, metaclass=Meta):
+            bar = 7
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+        class X:
+            __metaclass__ = Meta; x = 4; g = 23
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(metaclass=Meta):
+            x = 4; g = 23
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        # one parent, simple body, __metaclass__ last
+        b = """
+        class X(object):
+            bar = 7
+            __metaclass__ = Meta
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(object, metaclass=Meta):
+            bar = 7
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        # redefining __metaclass__
+        b = """
+        class X():
+            __metaclass__ = A
+            __metaclass__ = B
+            bar = 7
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(metaclass=B):
+            bar = 7
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        # multiple inheritance, simple body
+        b = """
+        class X(clsA, clsB):
+            __metaclass__ = Meta
+            bar = 7
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(clsA, clsB, metaclass=Meta):
+            bar = 7
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        # keywords in the class statement
+        b = """class m(a, arg=23): __metaclass__ = Meta"""
+        a = """class m(a, arg=23, metaclass=Meta): pass"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+        class X(expression(2 + 4)):
+            __metaclass__ = Meta
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(expression(2 + 4), metaclass=Meta):
+            pass
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+        class X(expression(2 + 4), x**4):
+            __metaclass__ = Meta
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(expression(2 + 4), x**4, metaclass=Meta):
+            pass
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """
+        class X:
+            __metaclass__ = Meta
+            save.py = 23
+        """
+        a = """
+        class X(metaclass=Meta):
+            save.py = 23
+        """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+
+class Test_getcwdu(FixerTestCase):
+
+    fixer = 'getcwdu'
+
+    def test_basic(self):
+        b = """os.getcwdu"""
+        a = """os.getcwd"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """os.getcwdu()"""
+        a = """os.getcwd()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """meth = os.getcwdu"""
+        a = """meth = os.getcwd"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """os.getcwdu(args)"""
+        a = """os.getcwd(args)"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_comment(self):
+        b = """os.getcwdu() # Foo"""
+        a = """os.getcwd() # Foo"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_unchanged(self):
+        s = """os.getcwd()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """getcwdu()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+        s = """os.getcwdb()"""
+        self.unchanged(s)
+
+    def test_indentation(self):
+        b = """
+            if 1:
+                os.getcwdu()
+            """
+        a = """
+            if 1:
+                os.getcwd()
+            """
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_multilation(self):
+        b = """os .getcwdu()"""
+        a = """os .getcwd()"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """os.  getcwdu"""
+        a = """os.  getcwd"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+        b = """os.getcwdu (  )"""
+        a = """os.getcwd (  )"""
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+
+class Test_operator(FixerTestCase):
+
+    fixer = "operator"
+
+    def test_operator_isCallable(self):
+        b = "operator.isCallable(x)"
+        a = "hasattr(x, '__call__')"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_operator_sequenceIncludes(self):
+        b = "operator.sequenceIncludes(x, y)"
+        a = "operator.contains(x, y)"
+        self.check(b, a)
+
+    def test_bare_isCallable(self):
+        s = "isCallable(x)"
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "You should use hasattr(x, '__call__') here.")
+
+    def test_bare_sequenceIncludes(self):
+        s = "sequenceIncludes(x, y)"
+        self.warns_unchanged(s, "You should use operator.contains here.")
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_main.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_main.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..586b8df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_main.py
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+import sys
+import codecs
+import logging
+import StringIO
+import unittest
+
+from lib2to3 import main
+
+
+class TestMain(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        # Clean up logging configuration down by main.
+        del logging.root.handlers[:]
+
+    def run_2to3_capture(self, args, in_capture, out_capture, err_capture):
+        save_stdin = sys.stdin
+        save_stdout = sys.stdout
+        save_stderr = sys.stderr
+        sys.stdin = in_capture
+        sys.stdout = out_capture
+        sys.stderr = err_capture
+        try:
+            return main.main("lib2to3.fixes", args)
+        finally:
+            sys.stdin = save_stdin
+            sys.stdout = save_stdout
+            sys.stderr = save_stderr
+
+    def test_unencodable_diff(self):
+        input_stream = StringIO.StringIO(u"print 'nothing'\nprint u'über'\n")
+        out = StringIO.StringIO()
+        out_enc = codecs.getwriter("ascii")(out)
+        err = StringIO.StringIO()
+        ret = self.run_2to3_capture(["-"], input_stream, out_enc, err)
+        self.assertEqual(ret, 0)
+        output = out.getvalue()
+        self.assertTrue("-print 'nothing'" in output)
+        self.assertTrue("WARNING: couldn't encode <stdin>'s diff for "
+                        "your terminal" in err.getvalue())
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_parser.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_parser.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..92fe522
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_parser.py
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+"""Test suite for 2to3's parser and grammar files.
+
+This is the place to add tests for changes to 2to3's grammar, such as those
+merging the grammars for Python 2 and 3. In addition to specific tests for
+parts of the grammar we've changed, we also make sure we can parse the
+test_grammar.py files from both Python 2 and Python 3.
+"""
+
+# Testing imports
+from . import support
+from .support import driver, test_dir
+
+# Python imports
+import os
+import io
+import sys
+
+# Local imports
+from lib2to3.pgen2 import tokenize
+from ..pgen2.parse import ParseError
+
+
+class GrammarTest(support.TestCase):
+    def validate(self, code):
+        support.parse_string(code)
+
+    def invalid_syntax(self, code):
+        try:
+            self.validate(code)
+        except ParseError:
+            pass
+        else:
+            raise AssertionError("Syntax shouldn't have been valid")
+
+
+class TestRaiseChanges(GrammarTest):
+    def test_2x_style_1(self):
+        self.validate("raise")
+
+    def test_2x_style_2(self):
+        self.validate("raise E, V")
+
+    def test_2x_style_3(self):
+        self.validate("raise E, V, T")
+
+    def test_2x_style_invalid_1(self):
+        self.invalid_syntax("raise E, V, T, Z")
+
+    def test_3x_style(self):
+        self.validate("raise E1 from E2")
+
+    def test_3x_style_invalid_1(self):
+        self.invalid_syntax("raise E, V from E1")
+
+    def test_3x_style_invalid_2(self):
+        self.invalid_syntax("raise E from E1, E2")
+
+    def test_3x_style_invalid_3(self):
+        self.invalid_syntax("raise from E1, E2")
+
+    def test_3x_style_invalid_4(self):
+        self.invalid_syntax("raise E from")
+
+
+# Adapated from Python 3's Lib/test/test_grammar.py:GrammarTests.testFuncdef
+class TestFunctionAnnotations(GrammarTest):
+    def test_1(self):
+        self.validate("""def f(x) -> list: pass""")
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        self.validate("""def f(x:int): pass""")
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        self.validate("""def f(*x:str): pass""")
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        self.validate("""def f(**x:float): pass""")
+
+    def test_5(self):
+        self.validate("""def f(x, y:1+2): pass""")
+
+    def test_6(self):
+        self.validate("""def f(a, (b:1, c:2, d)): pass""")
+
+    def test_7(self):
+        self.validate("""def f(a, (b:1, c:2, d), e:3=4, f=5, *g:6): pass""")
+
+    def test_8(self):
+        s = """def f(a, (b:1, c:2, d), e:3=4, f=5,
+                        *g:6, h:7, i=8, j:9=10, **k:11) -> 12: pass"""
+        self.validate(s)
+
+
+class TestExcept(GrammarTest):
+    def test_new(self):
+        s = """
+            try:
+                x
+            except E as N:
+                y"""
+        self.validate(s)
+
+    def test_old(self):
+        s = """
+            try:
+                x
+            except E, N:
+                y"""
+        self.validate(s)
+
+
+# Adapted from Python 3's Lib/test/test_grammar.py:GrammarTests.testAtoms
+class TestSetLiteral(GrammarTest):
+    def test_1(self):
+        self.validate("""x = {'one'}""")
+
+    def test_2(self):
+        self.validate("""x = {'one', 1,}""")
+
+    def test_3(self):
+        self.validate("""x = {'one', 'two', 'three'}""")
+
+    def test_4(self):
+        self.validate("""x = {2, 3, 4,}""")
+
+
+class TestNumericLiterals(GrammarTest):
+    def test_new_octal_notation(self):
+        self.validate("""0o7777777777777""")
+        self.invalid_syntax("""0o7324528887""")
+
+    def test_new_binary_notation(self):
+        self.validate("""0b101010""")
+        self.invalid_syntax("""0b0101021""")
+
+
+class TestClassDef(GrammarTest):
+    def test_new_syntax(self):
+        self.validate("class B(t=7): pass")
+        self.validate("class B(t, *args): pass")
+        self.validate("class B(t, **kwargs): pass")
+        self.validate("class B(t, *args, **kwargs): pass")
+        self.validate("class B(t, y=9, *args, **kwargs): pass")
+
+
+class TestParserIdempotency(support.TestCase):
+
+    """A cut-down version of pytree_idempotency.py."""
+
+    def test_all_project_files(self):
+        if sys.platform.startswith("win"):
+            # XXX something with newlines goes wrong on Windows.
+            return
+        for filepath in support.all_project_files():
+            with open(filepath, "rb") as fp:
+                encoding = tokenize.detect_encoding(fp.readline)[0]
+            self.assertTrue(encoding is not None,
+                            "can't detect encoding for %s" % filepath)
+            with io.open(filepath, "r", encoding=encoding) as fp:
+                source = fp.read()
+            tree = driver.parse_string(source)
+            new = unicode(tree)
+            if diff(filepath, new, encoding):
+                self.fail("Idempotency failed: %s" % filepath)
+
+    def test_extended_unpacking(self):
+        driver.parse_string("a, *b, c = x\n")
+        driver.parse_string("[*a, b] = x\n")
+        driver.parse_string("(z, *y, w) = m\n")
+        driver.parse_string("for *z, m in d: pass\n")
+
+class TestLiterals(GrammarTest):
+
+    def validate(self, s):
+        driver.parse_string(support.dedent(s) + "\n\n")
+
+    def test_multiline_bytes_literals(self):
+        s = """
+            md5test(b"\xaa" * 80,
+                    (b"Test Using Larger Than Block-Size Key "
+                     b"and Larger Than One Block-Size Data"),
+                    "6f630fad67cda0ee1fb1f562db3aa53e")
+            """
+        self.validate(s)
+
+    def test_multiline_bytes_tripquote_literals(self):
+        s = '''
+            b"""
+            <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
+            <!DOCTYPE plist PUBLIC "-//Apple Computer//DTD PLIST 1.0//EN">
+            """
+            '''
+        self.validate(s)
+
+    def test_multiline_str_literals(self):
+        s = """
+            md5test("\xaa" * 80,
+                    ("Test Using Larger Than Block-Size Key "
+                     "and Larger Than One Block-Size Data"),
+                    "6f630fad67cda0ee1fb1f562db3aa53e")
+            """
+        self.validate(s)
+
+
+def diff(fn, result, encoding):
+    f = io.open("@", "w", encoding=encoding)
+    try:
+        f.write(result)
+    finally:
+        f.close()
+    try:
+        return os.system("diff -u %r @" % fn)
+    finally:
+        os.remove("@")
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_pytree.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_pytree.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..870970c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_pytree.py
@@ -0,0 +1,464 @@
+# Copyright 2006 Google, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+# Licensed to PSF under a Contributor Agreement.
+
+"""Unit tests for pytree.py.
+
+NOTE: Please *don't* add doc strings to individual test methods!
+In verbose mode, printing of the module, class and method name is much
+more helpful than printing of (the first line of) the docstring,
+especially when debugging a test.
+"""
+
+import warnings
+
+# Testing imports
+from . import support
+
+from lib2to3 import pytree
+
+try:
+    sorted
+except NameError:
+    def sorted(lst):
+        l = list(lst)
+        l.sort()
+        return l
+
+class TestNodes(support.TestCase):
+
+    """Unit tests for nodes (Base, Leaf, Node)."""
+
+    def test_deprecated_prefix_methods(self):
+        l = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        with warnings.catch_warnings(record=True) as w:
+            warnings.simplefilter("always", DeprecationWarning)
+            self.assertEqual(l.get_prefix(), "")
+            l.set_prefix("hi")
+        self.assertEqual(l.prefix, "hi")
+        self.assertEqual(len(w), 2)
+        for warning in w:
+            self.assertTrue(warning.category is DeprecationWarning)
+        self.assertEqual(str(w[0].message), "get_prefix() is deprecated; " \
+                             "use the prefix property")
+        self.assertEqual(str(w[1].message), "set_prefix() is deprecated; " \
+                             "use the prefix property")
+
+    def test_instantiate_base(self):
+        if __debug__:
+            # Test that instantiating Base() raises an AssertionError
+            self.assertRaises(AssertionError, pytree.Base)
+
+    def test_leaf(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(l1.type, 100)
+        self.assertEqual(l1.value, "foo")
+
+    def test_leaf_repr(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(repr(l1), "Leaf(100, 'foo')")
+
+    def test_leaf_str(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(str(l1), "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo", context=(" ", (10, 1)))
+        self.assertEqual(str(l2), " foo")
+
+    def test_leaf_str_numeric_value(self):
+        # Make sure that the Leaf's value is stringified. Failing to
+        #  do this can cause a TypeError in certain situations.
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(2, 5)
+        l1.prefix = "foo_"
+        self.assertEqual(str(l1), "foo_5")
+
+    def test_leaf_equality(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo", context=(" ", (1, 0)))
+        self.assertEqual(l1, l2)
+        l3 = pytree.Leaf(101, "foo")
+        l4 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        self.assertNotEqual(l1, l3)
+        self.assertNotEqual(l1, l4)
+
+    def test_leaf_prefix(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(l1.prefix, "")
+        self.assertFalse(l1.was_changed)
+        l1.prefix = "  ##\n\n"
+        self.assertEqual(l1.prefix, "  ##\n\n")
+        self.assertTrue(l1.was_changed)
+
+    def test_node(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(200, "bar")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+        self.assertEqual(n1.type, 1000)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.children, [l1, l2])
+
+    def test_node_repr(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar", context=(" ", (1, 0)))
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+        self.assertEqual(repr(n1),
+                         "Node(1000, [%s, %s])" % (repr(l1), repr(l2)))
+
+    def test_node_str(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar", context=(" ", (1, 0)))
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+        self.assertEqual(str(n1), "foo bar")
+
+    def test_node_prefix(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        self.assertEqual(l1.prefix, "")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1])
+        self.assertEqual(n1.prefix, "")
+        n1.prefix = " "
+        self.assertEqual(n1.prefix, " ")
+        self.assertEqual(l1.prefix, " ")
+
+    def test_get_suffix(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo", prefix="a")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar", prefix="b")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+
+        self.assertEqual(l1.get_suffix(), l2.prefix)
+        self.assertEqual(l2.get_suffix(), "")
+        self.assertEqual(n1.get_suffix(), "")
+
+        l3 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar", prefix="c")
+        n2 = pytree.Node(1000, [n1, l3])
+
+        self.assertEqual(n1.get_suffix(), l3.prefix)
+        self.assertEqual(l3.get_suffix(), "")
+        self.assertEqual(n2.get_suffix(), "")
+
+    def test_node_equality(self):
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, ())
+        n2 = pytree.Node(1000, [], context=(" ", (1, 0)))
+        self.assertEqual(n1, n2)
+        n3 = pytree.Node(1001, ())
+        self.assertNotEqual(n1, n3)
+
+    def test_node_recursive_equality(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1])
+        n2 = pytree.Node(1000, [l2])
+        self.assertEqual(n1, n2)
+        l3 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        n3 = pytree.Node(1000, [l3])
+        self.assertNotEqual(n1, n3)
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "+")
+        l3 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2, l3])
+        self.assertEqual(n1.children, [l1, l2, l3])
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(n1.children, list))
+        self.assertFalse(n1.was_changed)
+        l2new = pytree.Leaf(100, "-")
+        l2.replace(l2new)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.children, [l1, l2new, l3])
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(n1.children, list))
+        self.assertTrue(n1.was_changed)
+
+    def test_replace_with_list(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "+")
+        l3 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2, l3])
+
+        l2.replace([pytree.Leaf(100, "*"), pytree.Leaf(100, "*")])
+        self.assertEqual(str(n1), "foo**bar")
+        self.assertTrue(isinstance(n1.children, list))
+
+    def test_post_order(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+        self.assertEqual(list(n1.post_order()), [l1, l2, n1])
+
+    def test_pre_order(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+        self.assertEqual(list(n1.pre_order()), [n1, l1, l2])
+
+    def test_changed(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "f")
+        self.assertFalse(l1.was_changed)
+        l1.changed()
+        self.assertTrue(l1.was_changed)
+
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "f")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1])
+        self.assertFalse(n1.was_changed)
+        n1.changed()
+        self.assertTrue(n1.was_changed)
+
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "+")
+        l3 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2, l3])
+        n2 = pytree.Node(1000, [n1])
+        self.assertFalse(l1.was_changed)
+        self.assertFalse(n1.was_changed)
+        self.assertFalse(n2.was_changed)
+
+        n1.changed()
+        self.assertTrue(n1.was_changed)
+        self.assertTrue(n2.was_changed)
+        self.assertFalse(l1.was_changed)
+
+    def test_leaf_constructor_prefix(self):
+        for prefix in ("xyz_", ""):
+            l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "self", prefix=prefix)
+            self.assertTrue(str(l1), prefix + "self")
+            self.assertEqual(l1.prefix, prefix)
+
+    def test_node_constructor_prefix(self):
+        for prefix in ("xyz_", ""):
+            l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "self")
+            l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo", prefix="_")
+            n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2], prefix=prefix)
+            self.assertTrue(str(n1), prefix + "self_foo")
+            self.assertEqual(n1.prefix, prefix)
+            self.assertEqual(l1.prefix, prefix)
+            self.assertEqual(l2.prefix, "_")
+
+    def test_remove(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+        n2 = pytree.Node(1000, [n1])
+
+        self.assertEqual(n1.remove(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(n2.children, [])
+        self.assertEqual(l1.parent, n1)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.parent, None)
+        self.assertEqual(n2.parent, None)
+        self.assertFalse(n1.was_changed)
+        self.assertTrue(n2.was_changed)
+
+        self.assertEqual(l2.remove(), 1)
+        self.assertEqual(l1.remove(), 0)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.children, [])
+        self.assertEqual(l1.parent, None)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.parent, None)
+        self.assertEqual(n2.parent, None)
+        self.assertTrue(n1.was_changed)
+        self.assertTrue(n2.was_changed)
+
+    def test_remove_parentless(self):
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [])
+        n1.remove()
+        self.assertEqual(n1.parent, None)
+
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l1.remove()
+        self.assertEqual(l1.parent, None)
+
+    def test_node_set_child(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1])
+
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        n1.set_child(0, l2)
+        self.assertEqual(l1.parent, None)
+        self.assertEqual(l2.parent, n1)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.children, [l2])
+
+        n2 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1])
+        n2.set_child(0, n1)
+        self.assertEqual(l1.parent, None)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.parent, n2)
+        self.assertEqual(n2.parent, None)
+        self.assertEqual(n2.children, [n1])
+
+        self.assertRaises(IndexError, n1.set_child, 4, l2)
+        # I don't care what it raises, so long as it's an exception
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, n1.set_child, 0, list)
+
+    def test_node_insert_child(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1])
+
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        n1.insert_child(0, l2)
+        self.assertEqual(l2.parent, n1)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.children, [l2, l1])
+
+        l3 = pytree.Leaf(100, "abc")
+        n1.insert_child(2, l3)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.children, [l2, l1, l3])
+
+        # I don't care what it raises, so long as it's an exception
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, n1.insert_child, 0, list)
+
+    def test_node_append_child(self):
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [])
+
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        n1.append_child(l1)
+        self.assertEqual(l1.parent, n1)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.children, [l1])
+
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        n1.append_child(l2)
+        self.assertEqual(l2.parent, n1)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.children, [l1, l2])
+
+        # I don't care what it raises, so long as it's an exception
+        self.assertRaises(Exception, n1.append_child, list)
+
+    def test_node_next_sibling(self):
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [])
+        n2 = pytree.Node(1000, [])
+        p1 = pytree.Node(1000, [n1, n2])
+
+        self.assertTrue(n1.next_sibling is n2)
+        self.assertEqual(n2.next_sibling, None)
+        self.assertEqual(p1.next_sibling, None)
+
+    def test_leaf_next_sibling(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "a")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "b")
+        p1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+
+        self.assertTrue(l1.next_sibling is l2)
+        self.assertEqual(l2.next_sibling, None)
+        self.assertEqual(p1.next_sibling, None)
+
+    def test_node_prev_sibling(self):
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [])
+        n2 = pytree.Node(1000, [])
+        p1 = pytree.Node(1000, [n1, n2])
+
+        self.assertTrue(n2.prev_sibling is n1)
+        self.assertEqual(n1.prev_sibling, None)
+        self.assertEqual(p1.prev_sibling, None)
+
+    def test_leaf_prev_sibling(self):
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "a")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "b")
+        p1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+
+        self.assertTrue(l2.prev_sibling is l1)
+        self.assertEqual(l1.prev_sibling, None)
+        self.assertEqual(p1.prev_sibling, None)
+
+
+class TestPatterns(support.TestCase):
+
+    """Unit tests for tree matching patterns."""
+
+    def test_basic_patterns(self):
+        # Build a tree
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        l3 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+        n2 = pytree.Node(1000, [l3])
+        root = pytree.Node(1000, [n1, n2])
+        # Build a pattern matching a leaf
+        pl = pytree.LeafPattern(100, "foo", name="pl")
+        r = {}
+        self.assertFalse(pl.match(root, results=r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {})
+        self.assertFalse(pl.match(n1, results=r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {})
+        self.assertFalse(pl.match(n2, results=r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {})
+        self.assertTrue(pl.match(l1, results=r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {"pl": l1})
+        r = {}
+        self.assertFalse(pl.match(l2, results=r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {})
+        # Build a pattern matching a node
+        pn = pytree.NodePattern(1000, [pl], name="pn")
+        self.assertFalse(pn.match(root, results=r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {})
+        self.assertFalse(pn.match(n1, results=r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {})
+        self.assertTrue(pn.match(n2, results=r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {"pn": n2, "pl": l3})
+        r = {}
+        self.assertFalse(pn.match(l1, results=r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {})
+        self.assertFalse(pn.match(l2, results=r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {})
+
+    def test_wildcard(self):
+        # Build a tree for testing
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(100, "bar")
+        l3 = pytree.Leaf(100, "foo")
+        n1 = pytree.Node(1000, [l1, l2])
+        n2 = pytree.Node(1000, [l3])
+        root = pytree.Node(1000, [n1, n2])
+        # Build a pattern
+        pl = pytree.LeafPattern(100, "foo", name="pl")
+        pn = pytree.NodePattern(1000, [pl], name="pn")
+        pw = pytree.WildcardPattern([[pn], [pl, pl]], name="pw")
+        r = {}
+        self.assertFalse(pw.match_seq([root], r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {})
+        self.assertFalse(pw.match_seq([n1], r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {})
+        self.assertTrue(pw.match_seq([n2], r))
+        # These are easier to debug
+        self.assertEqual(sorted(r.keys()), ["pl", "pn", "pw"])
+        self.assertEqual(r["pl"], l1)
+        self.assertEqual(r["pn"], n2)
+        self.assertEqual(r["pw"], [n2])
+        # But this is equivalent
+        self.assertEqual(r, {"pl": l1, "pn": n2, "pw": [n2]})
+        r = {}
+        self.assertTrue(pw.match_seq([l1, l3], r))
+        self.assertEqual(r, {"pl": l3, "pw": [l1, l3]})
+        self.assertTrue(r["pl"] is l3)
+        r = {}
+
+    def test_generate_matches(self):
+        la = pytree.Leaf(1, "a")
+        lb = pytree.Leaf(1, "b")
+        lc = pytree.Leaf(1, "c")
+        ld = pytree.Leaf(1, "d")
+        le = pytree.Leaf(1, "e")
+        lf = pytree.Leaf(1, "f")
+        leaves = [la, lb, lc, ld, le, lf]
+        root = pytree.Node(1000, leaves)
+        pa = pytree.LeafPattern(1, "a", "pa")
+        pb = pytree.LeafPattern(1, "b", "pb")
+        pc = pytree.LeafPattern(1, "c", "pc")
+        pd = pytree.LeafPattern(1, "d", "pd")
+        pe = pytree.LeafPattern(1, "e", "pe")
+        pf = pytree.LeafPattern(1, "f", "pf")
+        pw = pytree.WildcardPattern([[pa, pb, pc], [pd, pe],
+                                     [pa, pb], [pc, pd], [pe, pf]],
+                                    min=1, max=4, name="pw")
+        self.assertEqual([x[0] for x in pw.generate_matches(leaves)],
+                         [3, 5, 2, 4, 6])
+        pr = pytree.NodePattern(type=1000, content=[pw], name="pr")
+        matches = list(pytree.generate_matches([pr], [root]))
+        self.assertEqual(len(matches), 1)
+        c, r = matches[0]
+        self.assertEqual(c, 1)
+        self.assertEqual(str(r["pr"]), "abcdef")
+        self.assertEqual(r["pw"], [la, lb, lc, ld, le, lf])
+        for c in "abcdef":
+            self.assertEqual(r["p" + c], pytree.Leaf(1, c))
+
+    def test_has_key_example(self):
+        pattern = pytree.NodePattern(331,
+                                     (pytree.LeafPattern(7),
+                                      pytree.WildcardPattern(name="args"),
+                                      pytree.LeafPattern(8)))
+        l1 = pytree.Leaf(7, "(")
+        l2 = pytree.Leaf(3, "x")
+        l3 = pytree.Leaf(8, ")")
+        node = pytree.Node(331, [l1, l2, l3])
+        r = {}
+        self.assertTrue(pattern.match(node, r))
+        self.assertEqual(r["args"], [l2])
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_refactor.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_refactor.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1729027
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_refactor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+"""
+Unit tests for refactor.py.
+"""
+
+import sys
+import os
+import codecs
+import operator
+import StringIO
+import tempfile
+import shutil
+import unittest
+import warnings
+
+from lib2to3 import refactor, pygram, fixer_base
+from lib2to3.pgen2 import token
+
+from . import support
+
+
+TEST_DATA_DIR = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "data")
+FIXER_DIR = os.path.join(TEST_DATA_DIR, "fixers")
+
+sys.path.append(FIXER_DIR)
+try:
+    _DEFAULT_FIXERS = refactor.get_fixers_from_package("myfixes")
+finally:
+    sys.path.pop()
+
+_2TO3_FIXERS = refactor.get_fixers_from_package("lib2to3.fixes")
+
+class TestRefactoringTool(unittest.TestCase):
+
+    def setUp(self):
+        sys.path.append(FIXER_DIR)
+
+    def tearDown(self):
+        sys.path.pop()
+
+    def check_instances(self, instances, classes):
+        for inst, cls in zip(instances, classes):
+            if not isinstance(inst, cls):
+                self.fail("%s are not instances of %s" % instances, classes)
+
+    def rt(self, options=None, fixers=_DEFAULT_FIXERS, explicit=None):
+        return refactor.RefactoringTool(fixers, options, explicit)
+
+    def test_print_function_option(self):
+        rt = self.rt({"print_function" : True})
+        self.assertTrue(rt.grammar is pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement)
+        self.assertTrue(rt.driver.grammar is
+                        pygram.python_grammar_no_print_statement)
+
+    def test_fixer_loading_helpers(self):
+        contents = ["explicit", "first", "last", "parrot", "preorder"]
+        non_prefixed = refactor.get_all_fix_names("myfixes")
+        prefixed = refactor.get_all_fix_names("myfixes", False)
+        full_names = refactor.get_fixers_from_package("myfixes")
+        self.assertEqual(prefixed, ["fix_" + name for name in contents])
+        self.assertEqual(non_prefixed, contents)
+        self.assertEqual(full_names,
+                         ["myfixes.fix_" + name for name in contents])
+
+    def test_detect_future_print(self):
+        run = refactor._detect_future_print
+        self.assertFalse(run(""))
+        self.assertTrue(run("from __future__ import print_function"))
+        self.assertFalse(run("from __future__ import generators"))
+        self.assertFalse(run("from __future__ import generators, feature"))
+        input = "from __future__ import generators, print_function"
+        self.assertTrue(run(input))
+        input ="from __future__ import print_function, generators"
+        self.assertTrue(run(input))
+        input = "from __future__ import (print_function,)"
+        self.assertTrue(run(input))
+        input = "from __future__ import (generators, print_function)"
+        self.assertTrue(run(input))
+        input = "from __future__ import (generators, nested_scopes)"
+        self.assertFalse(run(input))
+        input = """from __future__ import generators
+from __future__ import print_function"""
+        self.assertTrue(run(input))
+        self.assertFalse(run("from"))
+        self.assertFalse(run("from 4"))
+        self.assertFalse(run("from x"))
+        self.assertFalse(run("from x 5"))
+        self.assertFalse(run("from x im"))
+        self.assertFalse(run("from x import"))
+        self.assertFalse(run("from x import 4"))
+        input = "'docstring'\nfrom __future__ import print_function"
+        self.assertTrue(run(input))
+        input = "'docstring'\n'somng'\nfrom __future__ import print_function"
+        self.assertFalse(run(input))
+        input = "# comment\nfrom __future__ import print_function"
+        self.assertTrue(run(input))
+        input = "# comment\n'doc'\nfrom __future__ import print_function"
+        self.assertTrue(run(input))
+        input = "class x: pass\nfrom __future__ import print_function"
+        self.assertFalse(run(input))
+
+    def test_get_headnode_dict(self):
+        class NoneFix(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+            pass
+
+        class FileInputFix(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+            PATTERN = "file_input< any * >"
+
+        class SimpleFix(fixer_base.BaseFix):
+            PATTERN = "'name'"
+
+        no_head = NoneFix({}, [])
+        with_head = FileInputFix({}, [])
+        simple = SimpleFix({}, [])
+        d = refactor._get_headnode_dict([no_head, with_head, simple])
+        top_fixes = d.pop(pygram.python_symbols.file_input)
+        self.assertEqual(top_fixes, [with_head, no_head])
+        name_fixes = d.pop(token.NAME)
+        self.assertEqual(name_fixes, [simple, no_head])
+        for fixes in d.itervalues():
+            self.assertEqual(fixes, [no_head])
+
+    def test_fixer_loading(self):
+        from myfixes.fix_first import FixFirst
+        from myfixes.fix_last import FixLast
+        from myfixes.fix_parrot import FixParrot
+        from myfixes.fix_preorder import FixPreorder
+
+        rt = self.rt()
+        pre, post = rt.get_fixers()
+
+        self.check_instances(pre, [FixPreorder])
+        self.check_instances(post, [FixFirst, FixParrot, FixLast])
+
+    def test_naughty_fixers(self):
+        self.assertRaises(ImportError, self.rt, fixers=["not_here"])
+        self.assertRaises(refactor.FixerError, self.rt, fixers=["no_fixer_cls"])
+        self.assertRaises(refactor.FixerError, self.rt, fixers=["bad_order"])
+
+    def test_refactor_string(self):
+        rt = self.rt()
+        input = "def parrot(): pass\n\n"
+        tree = rt.refactor_string(input, "<test>")
+        self.assertNotEqual(str(tree), input)
+
+        input = "def f(): pass\n\n"
+        tree = rt.refactor_string(input, "<test>")
+        self.assertEqual(str(tree), input)
+
+    def test_refactor_stdin(self):
+
+        class MyRT(refactor.RefactoringTool):
+
+            def print_output(self, old_text, new_text, filename, equal):
+                results.extend([old_text, new_text, filename, equal])
+
+        results = []
+        rt = MyRT(_DEFAULT_FIXERS)
+        save = sys.stdin
+        sys.stdin = StringIO.StringIO("def parrot(): pass\n\n")
+        try:
+            rt.refactor_stdin()
+        finally:
+            sys.stdin = save
+        expected = ["def parrot(): pass\n\n",
+                    "def cheese(): pass\n\n",
+                    "<stdin>", False]
+        self.assertEqual(results, expected)
+
+    def check_file_refactoring(self, test_file, fixers=_2TO3_FIXERS):
+        def read_file():
+            with open(test_file, "rb") as fp:
+                return fp.read()
+        old_contents = read_file()
+        rt = self.rt(fixers=fixers)
+
+        rt.refactor_file(test_file)
+        self.assertEqual(old_contents, read_file())
+
+        try:
+            rt.refactor_file(test_file, True)
+            new_contents = read_file()
+            self.assertNotEqual(old_contents, new_contents)
+        finally:
+            with open(test_file, "wb") as fp:
+                fp.write(old_contents)
+        return new_contents
+
+    def test_refactor_file(self):
+        test_file = os.path.join(FIXER_DIR, "parrot_example.py")
+        self.check_file_refactoring(test_file, _DEFAULT_FIXERS)
+
+    def test_refactor_dir(self):
+        def check(structure, expected):
+            def mock_refactor_file(self, f, *args):
+                got.append(f)
+            save_func = refactor.RefactoringTool.refactor_file
+            refactor.RefactoringTool.refactor_file = mock_refactor_file
+            rt = self.rt()
+            got = []
+            dir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="2to3-test_refactor")
+            try:
+                os.mkdir(os.path.join(dir, "a_dir"))
+                for fn in structure:
+                    open(os.path.join(dir, fn), "wb").close()
+                rt.refactor_dir(dir)
+            finally:
+                refactor.RefactoringTool.refactor_file = save_func
+                shutil.rmtree(dir)
+            self.assertEqual(got,
+                             [os.path.join(dir, path) for path in expected])
+        check([], [])
+        tree = ["nothing",
+                "hi.py",
+                ".dumb",
+                ".after.py",
+                "sappy"]
+        expected = ["hi.py"]
+        check(tree, expected)
+        tree = ["hi.py",
+                os.path.join("a_dir", "stuff.py")]
+        check(tree, tree)
+
+    def test_file_encoding(self):
+        fn = os.path.join(TEST_DATA_DIR, "different_encoding.py")
+        self.check_file_refactoring(fn)
+
+    def test_bom(self):
+        fn = os.path.join(TEST_DATA_DIR, "bom.py")
+        data = self.check_file_refactoring(fn)
+        self.assertTrue(data.startswith(codecs.BOM_UTF8))
+
+    def test_crlf_newlines(self):
+        old_sep = os.linesep
+        os.linesep = "\r\n"
+        try:
+            fn = os.path.join(TEST_DATA_DIR, "crlf.py")
+            fixes = refactor.get_fixers_from_package("lib2to3.fixes")
+            self.check_file_refactoring(fn, fixes)
+        finally:
+            os.linesep = old_sep
+
+    def test_refactor_docstring(self):
+        rt = self.rt()
+
+        def example():
+            """
+            >>> example()
+            42
+            """
+        out = rt.refactor_docstring(example.__doc__, "<test>")
+        self.assertEqual(out, example.__doc__)
+
+        def parrot():
+            """
+            >>> def parrot():
+            ...      return 43
+            """
+        out = rt.refactor_docstring(parrot.__doc__, "<test>")
+        self.assertNotEqual(out, parrot.__doc__)
+
+    def test_explicit(self):
+        from myfixes.fix_explicit import FixExplicit
+
+        rt = self.rt(fixers=["myfixes.fix_explicit"])
+        self.assertEqual(len(rt.post_order), 0)
+
+        rt = self.rt(explicit=["myfixes.fix_explicit"])
+        for fix in rt.post_order:
+            if isinstance(fix, FixExplicit):
+                break
+        else:
+            self.fail("explicit fixer not loaded")
diff --git a/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_util.py b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_util.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6186b4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Lib/lib2to3/tests/test_util.py
@@ -0,0 +1,577 @@
+""" Test suite for the code in fixer_util """
+
+# Testing imports
+from . import support
+
+# Python imports
+import os.path
+
+# Local imports
+from lib2to3.pytree import Node, Leaf
+from lib2to3 import fixer_util
+from lib2to3.fixer_util import Attr, Name, Call, Comma
+from lib2to3.pgen2 import token
+
+def parse(code, strip_levels=0):
+    # The topmost node is file_input, which we don't care about.
+    # The next-topmost node is a *_stmt node, which we also don't care about
+    tree = support.parse_string(code)
+    for i in range(strip_levels):
+        tree = tree.children[0]
+    tree.parent = None
+    return tree
+
+class MacroTestCase(support.TestCase):
+    def assertStr(self, node, string):
+        if isinstance(node, (tuple, list)):
+            node = Node(fixer_util.syms.simple_stmt, node)
+        self.assertEqual(str(node), string)
+
+
+class Test_is_tuple(support.TestCase):
+    def is_tuple(self, string):
+        return fixer_util.is_tuple(parse(string, strip_levels=2))
+
+    def test_valid(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.is_tuple("(a, b)"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.is_tuple("(a, (b, c))"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.is_tuple("((a, (b, c)),)"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.is_tuple("(a,)"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.is_tuple("()"))
+
+    def test_invalid(self):
+        self.assertFalse(self.is_tuple("(a)"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.is_tuple("('foo') % (b, c)"))
+
+
+class Test_is_list(support.TestCase):
+    def is_list(self, string):
+        return fixer_util.is_list(parse(string, strip_levels=2))
+
+    def test_valid(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.is_list("[]"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.is_list("[a]"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.is_list("[a, b]"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.is_list("[a, [b, c]]"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.is_list("[[a, [b, c]],]"))
+
+    def test_invalid(self):
+        self.assertFalse(self.is_list("[]+[]"))
+
+
+class Test_Attr(MacroTestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        call = parse("foo()", strip_levels=2)
+
+        self.assertStr(Attr(Name("a"), Name("b")), "a.b")
+        self.assertStr(Attr(call, Name("b")), "foo().b")
+
+    def test_returns(self):
+        attr = Attr(Name("a"), Name("b"))
+        self.assertEqual(type(attr), list)
+
+
+class Test_Name(MacroTestCase):
+    def test(self):
+        self.assertStr(Name("a"), "a")
+        self.assertStr(Name("foo.foo().bar"), "foo.foo().bar")
+        self.assertStr(Name("a", prefix="b"), "ba")
+
+
+class Test_Call(MacroTestCase):
+    def _Call(self, name, args=None, prefix=None):
+        """Help the next test"""
+        children = []
+        if isinstance(args, list):
+            for arg in args:
+                children.append(arg)
+                children.append(Comma())
+            children.pop()
+        return Call(Name(name), children, prefix)
+
+    def test(self):
+        kids = [None,
+                [Leaf(token.NUMBER, 1), Leaf(token.NUMBER, 2),
+                 Leaf(token.NUMBER, 3)],
+                [Leaf(token.NUMBER, 1), Leaf(token.NUMBER, 3),
+                 Leaf(token.NUMBER, 2), Leaf(token.NUMBER, 4)],
+                [Leaf(token.STRING, "b"), Leaf(token.STRING, "j", prefix=" ")]
+                ]
+        self.assertStr(self._Call("A"), "A()")
+        self.assertStr(self._Call("b", kids[1]), "b(1,2,3)")
+        self.assertStr(self._Call("a.b().c", kids[2]), "a.b().c(1,3,2,4)")
+        self.assertStr(self._Call("d", kids[3], prefix=" "), " d(b, j)")
+
+
+class Test_does_tree_import(support.TestCase):
+    def _find_bind_rec(self, name, node):
+        # Search a tree for a binding -- used to find the starting
+        # point for these tests.
+        c = fixer_util.find_binding(name, node)
+        if c: return c
+        for child in node.children:
+            c = self._find_bind_rec(name, child)
+            if c: return c
+
+    def does_tree_import(self, package, name, string):
+        node = parse(string)
+        # Find the binding of start -- that's what we'll go from
+        node = self._find_bind_rec('start', node)
+        return fixer_util.does_tree_import(package, name, node)
+
+    def try_with(self, string):
+        failing_tests = (("a", "a", "from a import b"),
+                         ("a.d", "a", "from a.d import b"),
+                         ("d.a", "a", "from d.a import b"),
+                         (None, "a", "import b"),
+                         (None, "a", "import b, c, d"))
+        for package, name, import_ in failing_tests:
+            n = self.does_tree_import(package, name, import_ + "\n" + string)
+            self.assertFalse(n)
+            n = self.does_tree_import(package, name, string + "\n" + import_)
+            self.assertFalse(n)
+
+        passing_tests = (("a", "a", "from a import a"),
+                         ("x", "a", "from x import a"),
+                         ("x", "a", "from x import b, c, a, d"),
+                         ("x.b", "a", "from x.b import a"),
+                         ("x.b", "a", "from x.b import b, c, a, d"),
+                         (None, "a", "import a"),
+                         (None, "a", "import b, c, a, d"))
+        for package, name, import_ in passing_tests:
+            n = self.does_tree_import(package, name, import_ + "\n" + string)
+            self.assertTrue(n)
+            n = self.does_tree_import(package, name, string + "\n" + import_)
+            self.assertTrue(n)
+
+    def test_in_function(self):
+        self.try_with("def foo():\n\tbar.baz()\n\tstart=3")
+
+class Test_find_binding(support.TestCase):
+    def find_binding(self, name, string, package=None):
+        return fixer_util.find_binding(name, parse(string), package)
+
+    def test_simple_assignment(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "a = b"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "a = [b, c, d]"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "a = foo()"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "a = foo().foo.foo[6][foo]"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "foo = a"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "foo = (a, b, c)"))
+
+    def test_tuple_assignment(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "(a,) = b"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "(a, b, c) = [b, c, d]"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "(c, (d, a), b) = foo()"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "(a, b) = foo().foo[6][foo]"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "(foo, b) = (b, a)"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "(foo, (b, c)) = (a, b, c)"))
+
+    def test_list_assignment(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "[a] = b"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "[a, b, c] = [b, c, d]"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "[c, [d, a], b] = foo()"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "[a, b] = foo().foo[a][foo]"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "[foo, b] = (b, a)"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "[foo, [b, c]] = (a, b, c)"))
+
+    def test_invalid_assignments(self):
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "foo.a = 5"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "foo[a] = 5"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "foo(a) = 5"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "foo(a, b) = 5"))
+
+    def test_simple_import(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "import a"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "import b, c, a, d"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "import b"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "import b, c, d"))
+
+    def test_from_import(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x import a"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from a import a"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x import b, c, a, d"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x.b import a"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x.b import b, c, a, d"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from a import b"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from a.d import b"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from d.a import b"))
+
+    def test_import_as(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "import b as a"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "import b as a, c, a as f, d"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "import a as f"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "import b, c as f, d as e"))
+
+    def test_from_import_as(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x import b as a"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x import g as a, d as b"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x.b import t as a"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x.b import g as a, d"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from a import b as t"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from a.d import b as t"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from d.a import b as t"))
+
+    def test_simple_import_with_package(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("b", "import b"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("b", "import b, c, d"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("b", "import b", "b"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("b", "import b, c, d", "c"))
+
+    def test_from_import_with_package(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x import a", "x"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from a import a", "a"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x import *", "x"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x import b, c, a, d", "x"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x.b import a", "x.b"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x.b import *", "x.b"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "from x.b import b, c, a, d", "x.b"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from a import b", "a"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from a.d import b", "a.d"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from d.a import b", "a.d"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from x.y import *", "a.b"))
+
+    def test_import_as_with_package(self):
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "import b.c as a", "b.c"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "import a as f", "f"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "import a as f", "a"))
+
+    def test_from_import_as_with_package(self):
+        # Because it would take a lot of special-case code in the fixers
+        # to deal with from foo import bar as baz, we'll simply always
+        # fail if there is an "from ... import ... as ..."
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from x import b as a", "x"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from x import g as a, d as b", "x"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from x.b import t as a", "x.b"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from x.b import g as a, d", "x.b"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from a import b as t", "a"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from a import b as t", "b"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "from a import b as t", "t"))
+
+    def test_function_def(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "def a(): pass"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "def a(b, c, d): pass"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "def a(): b = 7"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "def d(b, (c, a), e): pass"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "def d(a=7): pass"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "def d(a): pass"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "def d(): a = 7"))
+
+        s = """
+            def d():
+                def a():
+                    pass"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+    def test_class_def(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "class a: pass"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "class a(): pass"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "class a(b): pass"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "class a(b, c=8): pass"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "class d: pass"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "class d(a): pass"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "class d(b, a=7): pass"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "class d(b, *a): pass"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "class d(b, **a): pass"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "class d: a = 7"))
+
+        s = """
+            class d():
+                class a():
+                    pass"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+    def test_for(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "for a in r: pass"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "for a, b in r: pass"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "for (a, b) in r: pass"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "for c, (a,) in r: pass"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "for c, (a, b) in r: pass"))
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "for c in r: a = c"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "for c in a: pass"))
+
+    def test_for_nested(self):
+        s = """
+            for b in r:
+                for a in b:
+                    pass"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            for b in r:
+                for a, c in b:
+                    pass"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            for b in r:
+                for (a, c) in b:
+                    pass"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            for b in r:
+                for (a,) in b:
+                    pass"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            for b in r:
+                for c, (a, d) in b:
+                    pass"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            for b in r:
+                for c in b:
+                    a = 7"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            for b in r:
+                for c in b:
+                    d = a"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            for b in r:
+                for c in a:
+                    d = 7"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+    def test_if(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "if b in r: a = c"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "if a in r: d = e"))
+
+    def test_if_nested(self):
+        s = """
+            if b in r:
+                if c in d:
+                    a = c"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            if b in r:
+                if c in d:
+                    c = a"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+    def test_while(self):
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", "while b in r: a = c"))
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", "while a in r: d = e"))
+
+    def test_while_nested(self):
+        s = """
+            while b in r:
+                while c in d:
+                    a = c"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            while b in r:
+                while c in d:
+                    c = a"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+    def test_try_except(self):
+        s = """
+            try:
+                a = 6
+            except:
+                b = 8"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            except:
+                a = 6"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            except KeyError:
+                pass
+            except:
+                a = 6"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            except:
+                b = 6"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+    def test_try_except_nested(self):
+        s = """
+            try:
+                try:
+                    a = 6
+                except:
+                    pass
+            except:
+                b = 8"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            except:
+                try:
+                    a = 6
+                except:
+                    pass"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            except:
+                try:
+                    pass
+                except:
+                    a = 6"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                try:
+                    b = 8
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+                except:
+                    a = 6
+            except:
+                pass"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                pass
+            except:
+                try:
+                    b = 8
+                except KeyError:
+                    pass
+                except:
+                    a = 6"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            except:
+                b = 6"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                try:
+                    b = 8
+                except:
+                    c = d
+            except:
+                try:
+                    b = 6
+                except:
+                    t = 8
+                except:
+                    o = y"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+    def test_try_except_finally(self):
+        s = """
+            try:
+                c = 6
+            except:
+                b = 8
+            finally:
+                a = 9"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            finally:
+                a = 6"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            finally:
+                b = 6"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            except:
+                b = 9
+            finally:
+                b = 6"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+    def test_try_except_finally_nested(self):
+        s = """
+            try:
+                c = 6
+            except:
+                b = 8
+            finally:
+                try:
+                    a = 9
+                except:
+                    b = 9
+                finally:
+                    c = 9"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            finally:
+                try:
+                    pass
+                finally:
+                    a = 6"""
+        self.assertTrue(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+        s = """
+            try:
+                b = 8
+            finally:
+                try:
+                    b = 6
+                finally:
+                    b = 7"""
+        self.assertFalse(self.find_binding("a", s))
+
+class Test_touch_import(support.TestCase):
+
+    def test_after_docstring(self):
+        node = parse('"""foo"""\nbar()')
+        fixer_util.touch_import(None, "foo", node)
+        self.assertEqual(str(node), '"""foo"""\nimport foo\nbar()\n\n')
+
+    def test_after_imports(self):
+        node = parse('"""foo"""\nimport bar\nbar()')
+        fixer_util.touch_import(None, "foo", node)
+        self.assertEqual(str(node), '"""foo"""\nimport bar\nimport foo\nbar()\n\n')
+
+    def test_beginning(self):
+        node = parse('bar()')
+        fixer_util.touch_import(None, "foo", node)
+        self.assertEqual(str(node), 'import foo\nbar()\n\n')
+
+    def test_from_import(self):
+        node = parse('bar()')
+        fixer_util.touch_import("cgi", "escape", node)
+        self.assertEqual(str(node), 'from cgi import escape\nbar()\n\n')
+
+    def test_name_import(self):
+        node = parse('bar()')
+        fixer_util.touch_import(None, "cgi", node)
+        self.assertEqual(str(node), 'import cgi\nbar()\n\n')