bpo-41815: SQLite: segfault if backup called on closed database (GH-22322)

# [bpo-41815](): SQLite: fix segfault if backup called on closed database

Attempting to backup a closed database will trigger segfault:

```python
import sqlite3
target = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
source = sqlite3.connect(':memory:')
source.close()
source.backup(target)
```

1 files changed, 7 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/Lib/sqlite3/test/backup.py b/Lib/sqlite3/test/backup.py
index 2752a4d..3637c4b 100644
--- a/Lib/sqlite3/test/backup.py
+++ b/Lib/sqlite3/test/backup.py
@@ -35,6 +35,13 @@ class BackupTests(unittest.TestCase):
         with self.assertRaises(sqlite.ProgrammingError):
             self.cx.backup(bck)
 
+    def test_bad_source_closed_connection(self):
+        bck = sqlite.connect(':memory:')
+        source = sqlite.connect(":memory:")
+        source.close()
+        with self.assertRaises(sqlite.ProgrammingError):
+            source.backup(bck)
+
     def test_bad_target_in_transaction(self):
         bck = sqlite.connect(':memory:')
         bck.execute('CREATE TABLE bar (key INTEGER)')