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author	Erlend Egeberg Aasland <erlend.aasland@protonmail.com>	2022-06-14 14:02:52 (GMT)
committer	GitHub <noreply@github.com>	2022-06-14 14:02:52 (GMT)
commit	d773c6e95a1675d0d34ddc57290d624b982b7158 (patch)
tree	f417b82ba25db7c6c3d65b34564f951d2eb8ccdc /Python/pystrcmp.c
parent	cdf7097612c986d4eb79cd7e76e32b5a467513a0 (diff)
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gh-93795: Use test.support TESTFN/unlink in sqlite3 tests (#93796)

Diffstat (limited to 'Python/pystrcmp.c')

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%!PS-Adobe-3.0 %%BoundingBox: (atend) %%Pages: (atend) %%PageOrder: (atend) %%DocumentFonts: (atend) %%Creator: Frame 4.0 %%DocumentData: Clean7Bit %%EndComments %%BeginProlog % % Frame ps_prolog 5.0, for use with Frame 5.0 products % This ps_prolog file is Copyright (c) 1986-1995 Frame Technology % Corporation. All rights reserved. This ps_prolog file may be % freely copied and distributed in conjunction with documents created % using FrameMaker, FrameMaker/SGML and FrameViewer as long as this % copyright notice is preserved. % % FrameMaker users specify the proper paper size for each print job in the % "Print" dialog's "Printer Paper Size" "Width" and "Height~ fields. If the % printer that the PS file is sent to does not support the requested paper % size, or if there is no paper tray of the proper size currently installed, % then the job will not be printed. The following flag, if set to true, will % cause the job to print on the default paper in such cases. /FMAllowPaperSizeMismatch true def % % Frame products normally print colors as their true color on a color printer % or as shades of gray, based on luminance, on a black-and white printer. The % following flag, if set to true, forces all non-white colors to print as pure % black. This has no effect on bitmap images. /FMPrintAllColorsAsBlack false def % % Frame products can either set their own line screens or use a printer's % default settings. Three flags below control this separately for no % separations, spot separations and process separations. If a flag % is true, then the default printer settings will not be changed. If it is % false, Frame products will use their own settings from a table based on % the printer's resolution. /FMUseDefaultNoSeparationScreen true def /FMUseDefaultSpotSeparationScreen true def /FMUseDefaultProcessSeparationScreen false def % % For any given PostScript printer resolution, Frame products have two sets of % screen angles and frequencies for printing process separations, which are % recomended by Adobe. The following variable chooses the higher frequencies % when set to true or the lower frequencies when set to false. This is only % effective if the appropriate FMUseDefault...SeparationScreen flag is false. /FMUseHighFrequencyScreens true def % % The following is a set of predefined optimal frequencies and angles for various % common dpi settings. This is taken from "Advances in Color Separation Using % PostScript Software Technology," from Adobe Systems (3/13/89 P.N. LPS 0043) % and corrolated with information which is in various PPD (4.0) files. % % The "dpiranges" figure is the minimum dots per inch device resolution which % can support this setting. The "low" and "high" values are controlled by the % setting of the FMUseHighFrequencyScreens flag above. The "TDot" flags control % the use of the "Yellow Triple Dot" feature whereby the frequency id divided by % three, but the dot function is "trippled" giving a block of 3x3 dots per cell. % % PatFreq is a compromise pattern frequency for ps Level 2 printers which is close % to the ideal WYSIWYG pattern frequency of 9 repetitions/inch but does not beat % (too badly) against the screen frequencies of any separations for that DPI. /dpiranges [ 2540 2400 1693 1270 1200 635 600 0 ] def /CMLowFreqs [ 100.402 94.8683 89.2289 100.402 94.8683 66.9349 63.2456 47.4342 ] def /YLowFreqs [ 95.25 90.0 84.65 95.25 90.0 70.5556 66.6667 50.0 ] def /KLowFreqs [ 89.8026 84.8528 79.8088 89.8026 84.8528 74.8355 70.7107 53.033 ] def /CLowAngles [ 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 ] def /MLowAngles [ 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 ] def /YLowTDot [ true true false true true false false false ] def /CMHighFreqs [ 133.87 126.491 133.843 108.503 102.523 100.402 94.8683 63.2456 ] def /YHighFreqs [ 127.0 120.0 126.975 115.455 109.091 95.25 90.0 60.0 ] def /KHighFreqs [ 119.737 113.137 119.713 128.289 121.218 89.8026 84.8528 63.6395 ] def /CHighAngles [ 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 70.0169 70.0169 71.5651 71.5651 71.5651 ] def /MHighAngles [ 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 19.9831 19.9831 18.4349 18.4349 18.4349 ] def /YHighTDot [ false false true false false true true false ] def /PatFreq [ 10.5833 10.0 9.4055 10.5833 10.0 10.5833 10.0 9.375 ] def % % PostScript Level 2 printers contain an "Accurate Screens" feature which can % improve process separation rendering at the expense of compute time. This % flag is ignored by PostScript Level 1 printers. /FMUseAcccurateScreens true def % % The following PostScript procedure defines the spot function that Frame % products will use for process separations. You may un-comment-out one of % the alternative functions below, or use your own. % % Dot function /FMSpotFunction {abs exch abs 2 copy add 1 gt {1 sub dup mul exch 1 sub dup mul add 1 sub } {dup mul exch dup mul add 1 exch sub }ifelse } def % % Line function % /FMSpotFunction { pop } def % % Elipse function % /FMSpotFunction { dup 5 mul 8 div mul exch dup mul exch add % sqrt 1 exch sub } def % % /FMversion (5.0) def /fMLevel1 /languagelevel where {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse 2 lt def /FMPColor fMLevel1 { false /colorimage where {pop pop true} if } { true } ifelse def /FrameDict 400 dict def systemdict /errordict known not {/errordict 10 dict def errordict /rangecheck {stop} put} if % The readline in PS 23.0 doesn't recognize cr's as nl's on AppleTalk FrameDict /tmprangecheck errordict /rangecheck get put errordict /rangecheck {FrameDict /bug true put} put FrameDict /bug false put mark % Some PS machines read past the CR, so keep the following 3 lines together! currentfile 5 string readline 00 0000000000 cleartomark errordict /rangecheck FrameDict /tmprangecheck get put FrameDict /bug get { /readline { /gstring exch def /gfile exch def /gindex 0 def { gfile read pop dup 10 eq {exit} if dup 13 eq {exit} if gstring exch gindex exch put /gindex gindex 1 add def } loop pop gstring 0 gindex getinterval true } bind def } if /FMshowpage /showpage load def /FMquit /quit load def /FMFAILURE { dup = flush FMshowpage /Helvetica findfont 12 scalefont setfont 72 200 moveto show 72 220 moveto show FMshowpage FMquit } def /FMVERSION { FMversion ne { (Frame product version does not match ps_prolog! Check installation;) (also check ~/fminit and ./fminit for old versions) FMFAILURE } if } def /FMBADEPSF { (Adobe's PostScript Language Reference Manual, 2nd Edition, section H.2.4) (says your EPS file is not valid, as it calls X ) dup dup (X) search pop exch pop exch pop length 5 -1 roll putinterval FMFAILURE } def /fmConcatProcs { /proc2 exch cvlit def/proc1 exch cvlit def/newproc proc1 length proc2 length add array def newproc 0 proc1 putinterval newproc proc1 length proc2 putinterval newproc cvx }def FrameDict begin [ /ALDsave /FMdicttop /FMoptop /FMpointsize /FMsaveobject /b /bitmapsave /blut /bpside /bs /bstring /bwidth /c /cf /cs /cynu /depth /edown /fh /fillvals /fw /fx /fy /g /gfile /gindex /grnt /gryt /gstring /height /hh /i /im /indx /is /k /kk /landscape /lb /len /llx /lly /m /magu /manualfeed /n /offbits /onbits /organgle /orgbangle /orgbfreq /orgbproc /orgbxfer /orgfreq /orggangle /orggfreq /orggproc /orggxfer /orgmatrix /orgproc /orgrangle /orgrfreq /orgrproc /orgrxfer /orgxfer /pagesave /paperheight /papersizedict /paperwidth /pos /pwid /r /rad /redt /sl /str /tran /u /urx /ury /val /width /width /ws /ww /x /x1 /x2 /xindex /xpoint /xscale /xx /y /y1 /y2 /yelu /yindex /ypoint /yscale /yy ] { 0 def } forall /FmBD {bind def} bind def systemdict /pdfmark known { /fMAcrobat true def /FmPD /pdfmark load def /FmPT /show load def currentdistillerparams /CoreDistVersion get 2000 ge { /FmPD2 /pdfmark load def /FmPA { mark exch /Dest exch 5 3 roll /View [ /XYZ null 6 -2 roll FmDC exch pop null] /DEST FmPD }FmBD } { /FmPD2 /cleartomark load def /FmPA {pop pop pop}FmBD } ifelse } { /fMAcrobat false def /FmPD /cleartomark load def /FmPD2 /cleartomark load def /FmPT /pop load def /FmPA {pop pop pop}FmBD } ifelse /FmDC { transform fMDefaultMatrix itransform cvi exch cvi exch }FmBD /FmBx { dup 3 index lt {3 1 roll exch} if 1 index 4 index lt {4 -1 roll 3 1 roll exch 4 1 roll} if }FmBD /FMnone 0 def /FMcyan 1 def /FMmagenta 2 def /FMyellow 3 def /FMblack 4 def /FMcustom 5 def /fMNegative false def /FrameSepIs FMnone def /FrameSepBlack 0 def /FrameSepYellow 0 def /FrameSepMagenta 0 def /FrameSepCyan 0 def /FrameSepRed 1 def /FrameSepGreen 1 def /FrameSepBlue 1 def /FrameCurGray 1 def /FrameCurPat null def /FrameCurColors [ 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 ] def /FrameColorEpsilon .001 def /eqepsilon { sub dup 0 lt {neg} if FrameColorEpsilon le } bind def /FrameCmpColorsCMYK { 2 copy 0 get exch 0 get eqepsilon { 2 copy 1 get exch 1 get eqepsilon { 2 copy 2 get exch 2 get eqepsilon { 3 get exch 3 get eqepsilon } {pop pop false} ifelse }{pop pop false} ifelse } {pop pop false} ifelse } bind def /FrameCmpColorsRGB { 2 copy 4 get exch 0 get eqepsilon { 2 copy 5 get exch 1 get eqepsilon { 6 get exch 2 get eqepsilon }{pop pop false} ifelse } {pop pop false} ifelse } bind def /RGBtoCMYK { 1 exch sub 3 1 roll 1 exch sub 3 1 roll 1 exch sub 3 1 roll 3 copy 2 copy le { pop } { exch pop } ifelse 2 copy le { pop } { exch pop } ifelse dup dup dup 6 1 roll 4 1 roll 7 1 roll sub 6 1 roll sub 5 1 roll sub 4 1 roll } bind def /CMYKtoRGB { dup dup 4 -1 roll add 5 1 roll 3 -1 roll add 4 1 roll add 1 exch sub dup 0 lt {pop 0} if 3 1 roll 1 exch sub dup 0 lt {pop 0} if exch 1 exch sub dup 0 lt {pop 0} if exch } bind def /FrameSepInit { 1.0 RealSetgray } bind def /FrameSetSepColor { /FrameSepBlue exch def /FrameSepGreen exch def /FrameSepRed exch def /FrameSepBlack exch def /FrameSepYellow exch def /FrameSepMagenta exch def /FrameSepCyan exch def /FrameSepIs FMcustom def setCurrentScreen } bind def /FrameSetCyan { /FrameSepBlue 1.0 def /FrameSepGreen 1.0 def /FrameSepRed 0.0 def /FrameSepBlack 0.0 def /FrameSepYellow 0.0 def /FrameSepMagenta 0.0 def /FrameSepCyan 1.0 def /FrameSepIs FMcyan def setCurrentScreen } bind def /FrameSetMagenta { /FrameSepBlue 1.0 def /FrameSepGreen 0.0 def /FrameSepRed 1.0 def /FrameSepBlack 0.0 def /FrameSepYellow 0.0 def /FrameSepMagenta 1.0 def /FrameSepCyan 0.0 def /FrameSepIs FMmagenta def setCurrentScreen } bind def /FrameSetYellow { /FrameSepBlue 0.0 def /FrameSepGreen 1.0 def /FrameSepRed 1.0 def /FrameSepBlack 0.0 def /FrameSepYellow 1.0 def /FrameSepMagenta 0.0 def /FrameSepCyan 0.0 def /FrameSepIs FMyellow def setCurrentScreen } bind def /FrameSetBlack { /FrameSepBlue 0.0 def /FrameSepGreen 0.0 def /FrameSepRed 0.0 def /FrameSepBlack 1.0 def /FrameSepYellow 0.0 def /FrameSepMagenta 0.0 def /FrameSepCyan 0.0 def /FrameSepIs FMblack def setCurrentScreen } bind def /FrameNoSep { /FrameSepIs FMnone def setCurrentScreen } bind def /FrameSetSepColors { FrameDict begin [ exch 1 add 1 roll ] /FrameSepColors exch def end } bind def /FrameColorInSepListCMYK { FrameSepColors { exch dup 3 -1 roll FrameCmpColorsCMYK { pop true exit } if } forall dup true ne {pop false} if } bind def /FrameColorInSepListRGB { FrameSepColors { exch dup 3 -1 roll FrameCmpColorsRGB { pop true exit } if } forall dup true ne {pop false} if } bind def /RealSetgray /setgray load def /RealSetrgbcolor /setrgbcolor load def /RealSethsbcolor /sethsbcolor load def end /setgray { FrameDict begin FrameSepIs FMnone eq { RealSetgray } { FrameSepIs FMblack eq { RealSetgray } { FrameSepIs FMcustom eq FrameSepRed 0 eq and FrameSepGreen 0 eq and FrameSepBlue 0 eq and { RealSetgray } { 1 RealSetgray pop } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse end } bind def /setrgbcolor { FrameDict begin FrameSepIs FMnone eq { RealSetrgbcolor } { 3 copy [ 4 1 roll ] FrameColorInSepListRGB { FrameSepBlue eq exch FrameSepGreen eq and exch FrameSepRed eq and { 0 } { 1 } ifelse } { FMPColor { RealSetrgbcolor currentcmykcolor } { RGBtoCMYK } ifelse FrameSepIs FMblack eq {1.0 exch sub 4 1 roll pop pop pop} { FrameSepIs FMyellow eq {pop 1.0 exch sub 3 1 roll pop pop} { FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq {pop pop 1.0 exch sub exch pop } { FrameSepIs FMcyan eq {pop pop pop 1.0 exch sub } {pop pop pop pop 1} ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse RealSetgray } ifelse end } bind def /sethsbcolor { FrameDict begin FrameSepIs FMnone eq { RealSethsbcolor } { RealSethsbcolor currentrgbcolor setrgbcolor } ifelse end } bind def FrameDict begin /setcmykcolor where { pop /RealSetcmykcolor /setcmykcolor load def } { /RealSetcmykcolor { 4 1 roll 3 { 3 index add 0 max 1 min 1 exch sub 3 1 roll} repeat RealSetrgbcolor pop } bind def } ifelse userdict /setcmykcolor { FrameDict begin FrameSepIs FMnone eq { RealSetcmykcolor } { 4 copy [ 5 1 roll ] FrameColorInSepListCMYK { FrameSepBlack eq exch FrameSepYellow eq and exch FrameSepMagenta eq and exch FrameSepCyan eq and { 0 } { 1 } ifelse } { FrameSepIs FMblack eq {1.0 exch sub 4 1 roll pop pop pop} { FrameSepIs FMyellow eq {pop 1.0 exch sub 3 1 roll pop pop} { FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq {pop pop 1.0 exch sub exch pop } { FrameSepIs FMcyan eq {pop pop pop 1.0 exch sub } {pop pop pop pop 1} ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse RealSetgray } ifelse end } bind put fMLevel1 { /patScreenDict 7 dict dup begin <0f1e3c78f0e1c387> [ 45 { pop } {exch pop} .5 2 sqrt] FmBD <0f87c3e1f0783c1e> [ 135 { pop } {exch pop} .5 2 sqrt] FmBD <cccccccccccccccc> [ 0 { pop } dup .5 2 ] FmBD <ffff0000ffff0000> [ 90 { pop } dup .5 2 ] FmBD <8142241818244281> [ 45 { 2 copy lt {exch} if pop} dup .75 2 sqrt] FmBD <03060c183060c081> [ 45 { pop } {exch pop} .875 2 sqrt] FmBD <8040201008040201> [ 135 { pop } {exch pop} .875 2 sqrt] FmBD end def } { /patProcDict 5 dict dup begin <0f1e3c78f0e1c387> { 3 setlinewidth -1 -1 moveto 9 9 lineto stroke 4 -4 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke -4 4 moveto 4 12 lineto stroke} bind def <0f87c3e1f0783c1e> { 3 setlinewidth -1 9 moveto 9 -1 lineto stroke -4 4 moveto 4 -4 lineto stroke 4 12 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke} bind def <8142241818244281> { 1 setlinewidth -1 9 moveto 9 -1 lineto stroke -1 -1 moveto 9 9 lineto stroke } bind def <03060c183060c081> { 1 setlinewidth -1 -1 moveto 9 9 lineto stroke 4 -4 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke -4 4 moveto 4 12 lineto stroke} bind def <8040201008040201> { 1 setlinewidth -1 9 moveto 9 -1 lineto stroke -4 4 moveto 4 -4 lineto stroke 4 12 moveto 12 4 lineto stroke} bind def end def /patDict 15 dict dup begin /PatternType 1 def /PaintType 2 def /TilingType 3 def /BBox [ 0 0 8 8 ] def /XStep 8 def /YStep 8 def /PaintProc { begin patProcDict bstring known { patProcDict bstring get exec } { 8 8 true [1 0 0 -1 0 8] bstring imagemask } ifelse end } bind def end def } ifelse /combineColor { FrameSepIs FMnone eq { graymode fMLevel1 or not { [/Pattern [/DeviceCMYK]] setcolorspace FrameCurColors 0 4 getinterval aload pop FrameCurPat setcolor } { FrameCurColors 3 get 1.0 ge { FrameCurGray RealSetgray } { fMAcrobat not FMPColor graymode and and { 0 1 3 { FrameCurColors exch get 1 FrameCurGray sub mul } for RealSetcmykcolor } { 4 1 6 { FrameCurColors exch get graymode { 1 exch sub 1 FrameCurGray sub mul 1 exch sub } { 1.0 lt {FrameCurGray} {1} ifelse } ifelse } for RealSetrgbcolor } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } { FrameCurColors 0 4 getinterval aload FrameColorInSepListCMYK { FrameSepBlack eq exch FrameSepYellow eq and exch FrameSepMagenta eq and exch FrameSepCyan eq and FrameSepIs FMcustom eq and { FrameCurGray } { 1 } ifelse } { FrameSepIs FMblack eq {FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub 4 1 roll pop pop pop} { FrameSepIs FMyellow eq {pop FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub 3 1 roll pop pop} { FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq {pop pop FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub exch pop } { FrameSepIs FMcyan eq {pop pop pop FrameCurGray 1.0 exch sub mul 1.0 exch sub } {pop pop pop pop 1} ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse graymode fMLevel1 or not { [/Pattern [/DeviceGray]] setcolorspace FrameCurPat setcolor } { graymode not fMLevel1 and { dup 1 lt {pop FrameCurGray} if } if RealSetgray } ifelse } ifelse } bind def /savematrix { orgmatrix currentmatrix pop } bind def /restorematrix { orgmatrix setmatrix } bind def /fMDefaultMatrix matrix defaultmatrix def /fMatrix2 matrix def /dpi 72 0 fMDefaultMatrix dtransform dup mul exch dup mul add sqrt def /freq dpi dup 72 div round dup 0 eq {pop 1} if 8 mul div def /sangle 1 0 fMDefaultMatrix dtransform exch atan def sangle fMatrix2 rotate fMDefaultMatrix fMatrix2 concatmatrix dup 0 get /sflipx exch def 3 get /sflipy exch def /screenIndex { 0 1 dpiranges length 1 sub { dup dpiranges exch get 1 sub dpi le {exit} {pop} ifelse } for } bind def /getCyanScreen { FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { CHighAngles CMHighFreqs} {CLowAngles CMLowFreqs} ifelse screenIndex dup 3 1 roll get 3 1 roll get /FMSpotFunction load } bind def /getMagentaScreen { FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { MHighAngles CMHighFreqs } {MLowAngles CMLowFreqs} ifelse screenIndex dup 3 1 roll get 3 1 roll get /FMSpotFunction load } bind def /getYellowScreen { FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { YHighTDot YHighFreqs} { YLowTDot YLowFreqs } ifelse screenIndex dup 3 1 roll get 3 1 roll get { 3 div {2 { 1 add 2 div 3 mul dup floor sub 2 mul 1 sub exch} repeat FMSpotFunction } } {/FMSpotFunction load } ifelse 0.0 exch } bind def /getBlackScreen { FMUseHighFrequencyScreens { KHighFreqs } { KLowFreqs } ifelse screenIndex get 45.0 /FMSpotFunction load } bind def /getSpotScreen { getBlackScreen } bind def /getCompositeScreen { getBlackScreen } bind def /FMSetScreen fMLevel1 { /setscreen load }{ { 8 dict begin /HalftoneType 1 def /SpotFunction exch def /Angle exch def /Frequency exch def /AccurateScreens FMUseAcccurateScreens def currentdict end sethalftone } bind } ifelse def /setDefaultScreen { FMPColor { orgrxfer cvx orggxfer cvx orgbxfer cvx orgxfer cvx setcolortransfer } { orgxfer cvx settransfer } ifelse orgfreq organgle orgproc cvx setscreen } bind def /setCurrentScreen { FrameSepIs FMnone eq { FMUseDefaultNoSeparationScreen { setDefaultScreen } { getCompositeScreen FMSetScreen } ifelse } { FrameSepIs FMcustom eq { FMUseDefaultSpotSeparationScreen { setDefaultScreen } { getSpotScreen FMSetScreen } ifelse } { FMUseDefaultProcessSeparationScreen { setDefaultScreen } { FrameSepIs FMcyan eq { getCyanScreen FMSetScreen } { FrameSepIs FMmagenta eq { getMagentaScreen FMSetScreen } { FrameSepIs FMyellow eq { getYellowScreen FMSetScreen } { getBlackScreen FMSetScreen } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } ifelse } bind def end /FMDOCUMENT { array /FMfonts exch def /#copies exch def FrameDict begin 0 ne /manualfeed exch def /paperheight exch def /paperwidth exch def 0 ne /fMNegative exch def 0 ne /edown exch def /yscale exch def /xscale exch def fMLevel1 { manualfeed {setmanualfeed} if /FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def /FMoptop count def setpapername manualfeed {true} {papersize} ifelse {manualpapersize} {false} ifelse {desperatepapersize} {false} ifelse {papersizefailure} if count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for } {2 dict dup /PageSize [paperwidth paperheight] put manualfeed {dup /ManualFeed manualfeed put} if {setpagedevice} stopped {papersizefailure} if } ifelse FMPColor { currentcolorscreen cvlit /orgproc exch def /organgle exch def /orgfreq exch def cvlit /orgbproc exch def /orgbangle exch def /orgbfreq exch def cvlit /orggproc exch def /orggangle exch def /orggfreq exch def cvlit /orgrproc exch def /orgrangle exch def /orgrfreq exch def currentcolortransfer fMNegative { 1 1 4 { pop { 1 exch sub } fmConcatProcs 4 1 roll } for 4 copy setcolortransfer } if cvlit /orgxfer exch def cvlit /orgbxfer exch def cvlit /orggxfer exch def cvlit /orgrxfer exch def } { currentscreen cvlit /orgproc exch def /organgle exch def /orgfreq exch def currenttransfer fMNegative { { 1 exch sub } fmConcatProcs dup settransfer } if cvlit /orgxfer exch def } ifelse end } def /FMBEGINPAGE { FrameDict begin /pagesave save def 3.86 setmiterlimit /landscape exch 0 ne def landscape { 90 rotate 0 exch dup /pwid exch def neg translate pop }{ pop /pwid exch def } ifelse edown { [-1 0 0 1 pwid 0] concat } if 0 0 moveto paperwidth 0 lineto paperwidth paperheight lineto 0 paperheight lineto 0 0 lineto 1 setgray fill xscale yscale scale /orgmatrix matrix def gsave } def /FMENDPAGE { grestore pagesave restore end showpage } def /FMFONTDEFINE { FrameDict begin findfont ReEncode 1 index exch definefont FMfonts 3 1 roll put end } def /FMFILLS { FrameDict begin dup array /fillvals exch def dict /patCache exch def end } def /FMFILL { FrameDict begin fillvals 3 1 roll put end } def /FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS { newpath 1 setlinewidth 0 setlinecap 0 0 0 sethsbcolor 0 setgray } bind def /FMBEGINEPSF { end /FMEPSF save def /showpage {} def % See Adobe's "PostScript Language Reference Manual, 2nd Edition", page 714. % "...the following operators MUST NOT be used in an EPS file:" (emphasis ours) /banddevice {(banddevice) FMBADEPSF} def /clear {(clear) FMBADEPSF} def /cleardictstack {(cleardictstack) FMBADEPSF} def /copypage {(copypage) FMBADEPSF} def /erasepage {(erasepage) FMBADEPSF} def /exitserver {(exitserver) FMBADEPSF} def /framedevice {(framedevice) FMBADEPSF} def /grestoreall {(grestoreall) FMBADEPSF} def /initclip {(initclip) FMBADEPSF} def /initgraphics {(initgraphics) FMBADEPSF} def /quit {(quit) FMBADEPSF} def /renderbands {(renderbands) FMBADEPSF} def /setglobal {(setglobal) FMBADEPSF} def /setpagedevice {(setpagedevice) FMBADEPSF} def /setshared {(setshared) FMBADEPSF} def /startjob {(startjob) FMBADEPSF} def /lettertray {(lettertray) FMBADEPSF} def /letter {(letter) FMBADEPSF} def /lettersmall {(lettersmall) FMBADEPSF} def /11x17tray {(11x17tray) FMBADEPSF} def /11x17 {(11x17) FMBADEPSF} def /ledgertray {(ledgertray) FMBADEPSF} def /ledger {(ledger) FMBADEPSF} def /legaltray {(legaltray) FMBADEPSF} def /legal {(legal) FMBADEPSF} def /statementtray {(statementtray) FMBADEPSF} def /statement {(statement) FMBADEPSF} def /executivetray {(executivetray) FMBADEPSF} def /executive {(executive) FMBADEPSF} def /a3tray {(a3tray) FMBADEPSF} def /a3 {(a3) FMBADEPSF} def /a4tray {(a4tray) FMBADEPSF} def /a4 {(a4) FMBADEPSF} def /a4small {(a4small) FMBADEPSF} def /b4tray {(b4tray) FMBADEPSF} def /b4 {(b4) FMBADEPSF} def /b5tray {(b5tray) FMBADEPSF} def /b5 {(b5) FMBADEPSF} def FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS [/fy /fx /fh /fw /ury /urx /lly /llx] {exch def} forall fx fw 2 div add fy fh 2 div add translate rotate fw 2 div neg fh 2 div neg translate fw urx llx sub div fh ury lly sub div scale llx neg lly neg translate /FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def /FMoptop count def } bind def /FMENDEPSF { count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for FMEPSF restore FrameDict begin } bind def FrameDict begin /setmanualfeed { %%BeginFeature *ManualFeed True statusdict /manualfeed true put %%EndFeature } bind def /max {2 copy lt {exch} if pop} bind def /min {2 copy gt {exch} if pop} bind def /inch {72 mul} def /pagedimen { paperheight sub abs 16 lt exch paperwidth sub abs 16 lt and {/papername exch def} {pop} ifelse } bind def /setpapername { /papersizedict 14 dict def papersizedict begin /papername /unknown def /Letter 8.5 inch 11.0 inch pagedimen /LetterSmall 7.68 inch 10.16 inch pagedimen /Tabloid 11.0 inch 17.0 inch pagedimen /Ledger 17.0 inch 11.0 inch pagedimen /Legal 8.5 inch 14.0 inch pagedimen /Statement 5.5 inch 8.5 inch pagedimen /Executive 7.5 inch 10.0 inch pagedimen /A3 11.69 inch 16.5 inch pagedimen /A4 8.26 inch 11.69 inch pagedimen /A4Small 7.47 inch 10.85 inch pagedimen /B4 10.125 inch 14.33 inch pagedimen /B5 7.16 inch 10.125 inch pagedimen end } bind def /papersize { papersizedict begin /Letter {lettertray letter} def /LetterSmall {lettertray lettersmall} def /Tabloid {11x17tray 11x17} def /Ledger {ledgertray ledger} def /Legal {legaltray legal} def /Statement {statementtray statement} def /Executive {executivetray executive} def /A3 {a3tray a3} def /A4 {a4tray a4} def /A4Small {a4tray a4small} def /B4 {b4tray b4} def /B5 {b5tray b5} def /unknown {unknown} def papersizedict dup papername known {papername} {/unknown} ifelse get end statusdict begin stopped end } bind def /manualpapersize { papersizedict begin /Letter {letter} def /LetterSmall {lettersmall} def /Tabloid {11x17} def /Ledger {ledger} def /Legal {legal} def /Statement {statement} def /Executive {executive} def /A3 {a3} def /A4 {a4} def /A4Small {a4small} def /B4 {b4} def /B5 {b5} def /unknown {unknown} def papersizedict dup papername known {papername} {/unknown} ifelse get end stopped } bind def /desperatepapersize { statusdict /setpageparams known { paperwidth paperheight 0 1 statusdict begin {setpageparams} stopped end } {true} ifelse } bind def /papersizefailure { FMAllowPaperSizeMismatch not { (The requested paper size is not available in any currently-installed tray) (Edit the PS file to "FMAllowPaperSizeMismatch true" to use default tray) FMFAILURE } if } def /DiacriticEncoding [ /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /space /exclam /quotedbl /numbersign /dollar /percent /ampersand /quotesingle /parenleft /parenright /asterisk /plus /comma /hyphen /period /slash /zero /one /two /three /four /five /six /seven /eight /nine /colon /semicolon /less /equal /greater /question /at /A /B /C /D /E /F /G /H /I /J /K /L /M /N /O /P /Q /R /S /T /U /V /W /X /Y /Z /bracketleft /backslash /bracketright /asciicircum /underscore /grave /a /b /c /d /e /f /g /h /i /j /k /l /m /n /o /p /q /r /s /t /u /v /w /x /y /z /braceleft /bar /braceright /asciitilde /.notdef /Adieresis /Aring /Ccedilla /Eacute /Ntilde /Odieresis /Udieresis /aacute /agrave /acircumflex /adieresis /atilde /aring /ccedilla /eacute /egrave /ecircumflex /edieresis /iacute /igrave /icircumflex /idieresis /ntilde /oacute /ograve /ocircumflex /odieresis /otilde /uacute /ugrave /ucircumflex /udieresis /dagger /.notdef /cent /sterling /section /bullet /paragraph /germandbls /registered /copyright /trademark /acute /dieresis /.notdef /AE /Oslash /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /yen /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /.notdef /ordfeminine /ordmasculine /.notdef /ae /oslash /questiondown /exclamdown /logicalnot /.notdef /florin /.notdef /.notdef /guillemotleft /guillemotright /ellipsis /.notdef /Agrave /Atilde /Otilde /OE /oe /endash /emdash /quotedblleft /quotedblright /quoteleft /quoteright /.notdef /.notdef /ydieresis /Ydieresis /fraction /currency /guilsinglleft /guilsinglright /fi /fl /daggerdbl /periodcentered /quotesinglbase /quotedblbase /perthousand /Acircumflex /Ecircumflex /Aacute /Edieresis /Egrave /Iacute /Icircumflex /Idieresis /Igrave /Oacute /Ocircumflex /.notdef /Ograve /Uacute /Ucircumflex /Ugrave /dotlessi /circumflex /tilde /macron /breve /dotaccent /ring /cedilla /hungarumlaut /ogonek /caron ] def /ReEncode { dup length dict begin { 1 index /FID ne {def} {pop pop} ifelse } forall 0 eq {/Encoding DiacriticEncoding def} if currentdict end } bind def FMPColor { /BEGINBITMAPCOLOR { BITMAPCOLOR} def /BEGINBITMAPCOLORc { BITMAPCOLORc} def /BEGINBITMAPTRUECOLOR { BITMAPTRUECOLOR } def /BEGINBITMAPTRUECOLORc { BITMAPTRUECOLORc } def /BEGINBITMAPCMYK { BITMAPCMYK } def /BEGINBITMAPCMYKc { BITMAPCMYKc } def } { /BEGINBITMAPCOLOR { BITMAPGRAY} def /BEGINBITMAPCOLORc { BITMAPGRAYc} def /BEGINBITMAPTRUECOLOR { BITMAPTRUEGRAY } def /BEGINBITMAPTRUECOLORc { BITMAPTRUEGRAYc } def /BEGINBITMAPCMYK { BITMAPCMYKGRAY } def /BEGINBITMAPCMYKc { BITMAPCMYKGRAYc } def } ifelse /K { FMPrintAllColorsAsBlack { dup 1 eq 2 index 1 eq and 3 index 1 eq and not {7 {pop} repeat 0 0 0 1 0 0 0} if } if FrameCurColors astore pop combineColor } bind def /graymode true def fMLevel1 { /fmGetFlip { fMatrix2 exch get mul 0 lt { -1 } { 1 } ifelse } FmBD } if /setPatternMode { fMLevel1 { 2 index patScreenDict exch known { pop pop patScreenDict exch get aload pop freq mul 5 2 roll fMatrix2 currentmatrix 1 get 0 ne { 3 -1 roll 90 add 3 1 roll sflipx 1 fmGetFlip sflipy 2 fmGetFlip neg mul } { sflipx 0 fmGetFlip sflipy 3 fmGetFlip mul } ifelse 0 lt {exch pop} {pop} ifelse fMNegative { {neg} fmConcatProcs } if bind systemdict /setscreen get exec /FrameCurGray exch def } { /bwidth exch def /bpside exch def /bstring exch def /onbits 0 def /offbits 0 def freq sangle landscape {90 add} if {/ypoint exch def /xpoint exch def /xindex xpoint 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def /yindex ypoint 1 add 2 div bpside mul cvi def bstring yindex bwidth mul xindex 8 idiv add get 1 7 xindex 8 mod sub bitshift and 0 ne fMNegative {not} if {/onbits onbits 1 add def 1} {/offbits offbits 1 add def 0} ifelse } setscreen offbits offbits onbits add div fMNegative {1.0 exch sub} if /FrameCurGray exch def } ifelse } { pop pop dup patCache exch known { patCache exch get } { dup patDict /bstring 3 -1 roll put patDict 9 PatFreq screenIndex get div dup matrix scale makepattern dup patCache 4 -1 roll 3 -1 roll put } ifelse /FrameCurGray 0 def /FrameCurPat exch def } ifelse /graymode false def combineColor } bind def /setGrayScaleMode { graymode not { /graymode true def fMLevel1 { setCurrentScreen } if } if /FrameCurGray exch def combineColor } bind def /normalize { transform round exch round exch itransform } bind def /dnormalize { dtransform round exch round exch idtransform } bind def /lnormalize { 0 dtransform exch cvi 2 idiv 2 mul 1 add exch idtransform pop } bind def /H { lnormalize setlinewidth } bind def /Z { setlinecap } bind def /PFill { graymode fMLevel1 or not { gsave 1 setgray eofill grestore } if } bind def /PStroke { graymode fMLevel1 or not { gsave 1 setgray stroke grestore } if stroke } bind def /X { fillvals exch get dup type /stringtype eq {8 1 setPatternMode} {setGrayScaleMode} ifelse } bind def /V { PFill gsave eofill grestore } bind def /Vclip { clip } bind def /Vstrk { currentlinewidth exch setlinewidth PStroke setlinewidth } bind def /N { PStroke } bind def /Nclip { strokepath clip newpath } bind def /Nstrk { currentlinewidth exch setlinewidth PStroke setlinewidth } bind def /M {newpath moveto} bind def /E {lineto} bind def /D {curveto} bind def /O {closepath} bind def /L { /n exch def newpath normalize moveto 2 1 n {pop normalize lineto} for } bind def /Y { L closepath } bind def /R { /y2 exch def /x2 exch def /y1 exch def /x1 exch def x1 y1 x2 y1 x2 y2 x1 y2 4 Y } bind def /rarc {rad arcto } bind def /RR { /rad exch def normalize /y2 exch def /x2 exch def normalize /y1 exch def /x1 exch def mark newpath { x1 y1 rad add moveto x1 y2 x2 y2 rarc x2 y2 x2 y1 rarc x2 y1 x1 y1 rarc x1 y1 x1 y2 rarc closepath } stopped {x1 y1 x2 y2 R} if cleartomark } bind def /RRR { /rad exch def normalize /y4 exch def /x4 exch def normalize /y3 exch def /x3 exch def normalize /y2 exch def /x2 exch def normalize /y1 exch def /x1 exch def newpath normalize moveto mark { x2 y2 x3 y3 rarc x3 y3 x4 y4 rarc x4 y4 x1 y1 rarc x1 y1 x2 y2 rarc closepath } stopped {x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 x4 y4 newpath moveto lineto lineto lineto closepath} if cleartomark } bind def /C { grestore gsave R clip setCurrentScreen } bind def /CP { grestore gsave Y clip setCurrentScreen } bind def /F { FMfonts exch get FMpointsize scalefont setfont } bind def /Q { /FMpointsize exch def F } bind def /T { moveto show } bind def /RF { rotate 0 ne {-1 1 scale} if } bind def /TF { gsave moveto RF show grestore } bind def /P { moveto 0 32 3 2 roll widthshow } bind def /PF { gsave moveto RF 0 32 3 2 roll widthshow grestore } bind def /S { moveto 0 exch ashow } bind def /SF { gsave moveto RF 0 exch ashow grestore } bind def /B { moveto 0 32 4 2 roll 0 exch awidthshow } bind def /BF { gsave moveto RF 0 32 4 2 roll 0 exch awidthshow grestore } bind def /G { gsave newpath normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto dnormalize scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc closepath PFill fill grestore } bind def /Gstrk { savematrix newpath 2 index 2 div add exch 3 index 2 div sub exch normalize 2 index 2 div sub exch 3 index 2 div add exch translate scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc restorematrix currentlinewidth exch setlinewidth PStroke setlinewidth } bind def /Gclip { newpath savematrix normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto dnormalize scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc closepath clip newpath restorematrix } bind def /GG { gsave newpath normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto rotate dnormalize scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc closepath PFill fill grestore } bind def /GGclip { savematrix newpath normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto rotate dnormalize scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc closepath clip newpath restorematrix } bind def /GGstrk { savematrix newpath normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto rotate dnormalize scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc closepath restorematrix currentlinewidth exch setlinewidth PStroke setlinewidth } bind def /A { gsave savematrix newpath 2 index 2 div add exch 3 index 2 div sub exch normalize 2 index 2 div sub exch 3 index 2 div add exch translate scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc restorematrix PStroke grestore } bind def /Aclip { newpath savematrix normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto dnormalize scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc closepath strokepath clip newpath restorematrix } bind def /Astrk { Gstrk } bind def /AA { gsave savematrix newpath 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div sub exch normalize 3 index 2 div sub exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc restorematrix PStroke grestore } bind def /AAclip { savematrix newpath normalize translate 0.0 0.0 moveto rotate dnormalize scale 0.0 0.0 1.0 5 3 roll arc closepath strokepath clip newpath restorematrix } bind def /AAstrk { GGstrk } bind def /BEGINPRINTCODE { /FMdicttop countdictstack 1 add def /FMoptop count 7 sub def /FMsaveobject save def userdict begin /showpage {} def FMNORMALIZEGRAPHICS 3 index neg 3 index neg translate } bind def /ENDPRINTCODE { count -1 FMoptop {pop pop} for countdictstack -1 FMdicttop {pop end} for FMsaveobject restore } bind def /gn { 0 { 46 mul cf read pop 32 sub dup 46 lt {exit} if 46 sub add } loop add } bind def /cfs { /str sl string def 0 1 sl 1 sub {str exch val put} for str def } bind def /ic [ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0223 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0223 0 {0 hx} {1 hx} {2 hx} {3 hx} {4 hx} {5 hx} {6 hx} {7 hx} {8 hx} {9 hx} {10 hx} {11 hx} {12 hx} {13 hx} {14 hx} {15 hx} {16 hx} {17 hx} {18 hx} {19 hx} {gn hx} {0} {1} {2} {3} {4} {5} {6} {7} {8} {9} {10} {11} {12} {13} {14} {15} {16} {17} {18} {19} {gn} {0 wh} {1 wh} {2 wh} {3 wh} {4 wh} {5 wh} {6 wh} {7 wh} {8 wh} {9 wh} {10 wh} {11 wh} {12 wh} {13 wh} {14 wh} {gn wh} {0 bl} {1 bl} {2 bl} {3 bl} {4 bl} {5 bl} {6 bl} {7 bl} {8 bl} {9 bl} {10 bl} {11 bl} {12 bl} {13 bl} {14 bl} {gn bl} {0 fl} {1 fl} {2 fl} {3 fl} {4 fl} {5 fl} {6 fl} {7 fl} {8 fl} {9 fl} {10 fl} {11 fl} {12 fl} {13 fl} {14 fl} {gn fl} ] def /ms { /sl exch def /val 255 def /ws cfs /im cfs /val 0 def /bs cfs /cs cfs } bind def 400 ms /ip { is 0 cf cs readline pop { ic exch get exec add } forall pop } bind def /rip { bis ris copy pop is 0 cf cs readline pop { ic exch get exec add } forall pop pop ris gis copy pop dup is exch cf cs readline pop { ic exch get exec add } forall pop pop gis bis copy pop dup add is exch cf cs readline pop { ic exch get exec add } forall pop } bind def /rip4 { kis cis copy pop is 0 cf cs readline pop { ic exch get exec add } forall pop pop cis mis copy pop dup is exch cf cs readline pop { ic exch get exec add } forall pop pop mis yis copy pop dup dup add is exch cf cs readline pop { ic exch get exec add } forall pop pop yis kis copy pop 3 mul is exch cf cs readline pop { ic exch get exec add } forall pop } bind def /wh { /len exch def /pos exch def ws 0 len getinterval im pos len getinterval copy pop pos len } bind def /bl { /len exch def /pos exch def bs 0 len getinterval im pos len getinterval copy pop pos len } bind def /s1 1 string def /fl { /len exch def /pos exch def /val cf s1 readhexstring pop 0 get def pos 1 pos len add 1 sub {im exch val put} for pos len } bind def /hx { 3 copy getinterval cf exch readhexstring pop pop } bind def /wbytes { dup dup 8 gt { pop 8 idiv mul } { 8 eq {pop} {1 eq {7 add 8 idiv} {3 add 4 idiv} ifelse} ifelse } ifelse } bind def /BEGINBITMAPBWc { 1 {} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /BEGINBITMAPGRAYc { 8 {} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /BEGINBITMAP2BITc { 2 {} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /COMMONBITMAPc { /cvtProc exch def /depth exch def gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /lb width depth wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def cvtProc /is im 0 lb getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def width height depth [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] {ip} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BEGINBITMAPBW { 1 {} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /BEGINBITMAPGRAY { 8 {} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /BEGINBITMAP2BIT { 2 {} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /COMMONBITMAP { /cvtProc exch def /depth exch def gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /bitmapsave save def cvtProc /is width depth wbytes string def /cf currentfile def width height depth [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] {cf is readhexstring pop} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /ngrayt 256 array def /nredt 256 array def /nbluet 256 array def /ngreent 256 array def fMLevel1 { /colorsetup { currentcolortransfer /gryt exch def /blut exch def /grnt exch def /redt exch def 0 1 255 { /indx exch def /cynu 1 red indx get 255 div sub def /magu 1 green indx get 255 div sub def /yelu 1 blue indx get 255 div sub def /kk cynu magu min yelu min def /u kk currentundercolorremoval exec def % /u 0 def nredt indx 1 0 cynu u sub max sub redt exec put ngreent indx 1 0 magu u sub max sub grnt exec put nbluet indx 1 0 yelu u sub max sub blut exec put ngrayt indx 1 kk currentblackgeneration exec sub gryt exec put } for {255 mul cvi nredt exch get} {255 mul cvi ngreent exch get} {255 mul cvi nbluet exch get} {255 mul cvi ngrayt exch get} setcolortransfer {pop 0} setundercolorremoval {} setblackgeneration } bind def } { /colorSetup2 { [ /Indexed /DeviceRGB 255 {dup red exch get 255 div exch dup green exch get 255 div exch blue exch get 255 div} ] setcolorspace } bind def } ifelse /fakecolorsetup { /tran 256 string def 0 1 255 {/indx exch def tran indx red indx get 77 mul green indx get 151 mul blue indx get 28 mul add add 256 idiv put} for currenttransfer {255 mul cvi tran exch get 255.0 div} exch fmConcatProcs settransfer } bind def /BITMAPCOLOR { /depth 8 def gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /bitmapsave save def fMLevel1 { colorsetup /is width depth wbytes string def /cf currentfile def width height depth [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] {cf is readhexstring pop} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage } { colorSetup2 /is width depth wbytes string def /cf currentfile def 7 dict dup begin /ImageType 1 def /Width width def /Height height def /ImageMatrix [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] def /DataSource {cf is readhexstring pop} bind def /BitsPerComponent depth def /Decode [0 255] def end image } ifelse bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPCOLORc { /depth 8 def gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /lb width depth wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def fMLevel1 { colorsetup /is im 0 lb getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def width height depth [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] {ip} {is} {is} true 3 colorimage } { colorSetup2 /is im 0 lb getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def 7 dict dup begin /ImageType 1 def /Width width def /Height height def /ImageMatrix [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] def /DataSource {ip} bind def /BitsPerComponent depth def /Decode [0 255] def end image } ifelse bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPTRUECOLORc { /depth 24 def gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /lb width depth wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def /is im 0 lb getinterval def /ris im 0 width getinterval def /gis im width width getinterval def /bis im width 2 mul width getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def width height 8 [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] {width rip pop ris} {gis} {bis} true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPCMYKc { /depth 32 def gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /lb width depth wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def /is im 0 lb getinterval def /cis im 0 width getinterval def /mis im width width getinterval def /yis im width 2 mul width getinterval def /kis im width 3 mul width getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def width height 8 [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] {width rip4 pop cis} {mis} {yis} {kis} true 4 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPTRUECOLOR { gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /bitmapsave save def /is width string def /gis width string def /bis width string def /cf currentfile def width height 8 [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] { cf is readhexstring pop } { cf gis readhexstring pop } { cf bis readhexstring pop } true 3 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPCMYK { gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /bitmapsave save def /is width string def /mis width string def /yis width string def /kis width string def /cf currentfile def width height 8 [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] { cf is readhexstring pop } { cf mis readhexstring pop } { cf yis readhexstring pop } { cf kis readhexstring pop } true 4 colorimage bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPTRUEGRAYc { /depth 24 def gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /lb width depth wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def /is im 0 lb getinterval def /ris im 0 width getinterval def /gis im width width getinterval def /bis im width 2 mul width getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def width height 8 [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] {width rip pop ris gis bis width gray} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPCMYKGRAYc { /depth 32 def gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /lb width depth wbytes def sl lb lt {lb ms} if /bitmapsave save def /is im 0 lb getinterval def /cis im 0 width getinterval def /mis im width width getinterval def /yis im width 2 mul width getinterval def /kis im width 3 mul width getinterval def ws 0 lb getinterval is copy pop /cf currentfile def width height 8 [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] {width rip pop cis mis yis kis width cgray} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /cgray { /ww exch def /k exch def /y exch def /m exch def /c exch def 0 1 ww 1 sub { /i exch def c i get m i get y i get k i get CMYKtoRGB .144 mul 3 1 roll .587 mul 3 1 roll .299 mul add add c i 3 -1 roll floor cvi put } for c } bind def /gray { /ww exch def /b exch def /g exch def /r exch def 0 1 ww 1 sub { /i exch def r i get .299 mul g i get .587 mul b i get .114 mul add add r i 3 -1 roll floor cvi put } for r } bind def /BITMAPTRUEGRAY { gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /bitmapsave save def /is width string def /gis width string def /bis width string def /cf currentfile def width height 8 [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] { cf is readhexstring pop cf gis readhexstring pop cf bis readhexstring pop width gray} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPCMYKGRAY { gsave 3 index 2 div add exch 4 index 2 div add exch translate rotate 1 index 2 div neg 1 index 2 div neg translate scale /height exch def /width exch def /bitmapsave save def /is width string def /yis width string def /mis width string def /kis width string def /cf currentfile def width height 8 [width 0 0 height neg 0 height] { cf is readhexstring pop cf mis readhexstring pop cf yis readhexstring pop cf kis readhexstring pop width cgray} image bitmapsave restore grestore } bind def /BITMAPGRAY { 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAP } bind def /BITMAPGRAYc { 8 {fakecolorsetup} COMMONBITMAPc } bind def /ENDBITMAP { } bind def end /ALDmatrix matrix def ALDmatrix currentmatrix pop /StartALD { /ALDsave save def savematrix ALDmatrix setmatrix } bind def /InALD { restorematrix } 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72 712.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (All Rights Reserved) 261.39 693.67 T 0.41 0.05 (Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and) 72 668.67 B 0.41 0.01 (without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that both) 72 655.67 B -0.13 (that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in supporting documentation, and that the names of) 72 642.67 P 0.08 (Stichting Mathematisch Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or CNRI not be) 72 629.67 P -0.29 (used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the software without specific, written prior per-) 72 616.67 P (mission.) 72 603.67 T 0.18 (While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version is made available by the Corporation) 72 578.67 P (for National Research Initiatives \050CNRI\051 at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org.) 72 565.67 T -0.04 (STICHTING MATHEMATISCH 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273 456.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (4) 535.01 456.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Whitespace between tokens) 216 441.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 351 441.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (5) 535.01 441.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Other tokens) 216 426.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 279 426.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (5) 535.01 426.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Identifiers and keywords) 216 411.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 336 411.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (5) 535.01 411.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Keywords) 216 396.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 267 396.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (6) 535.01 396.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Reserved classes of identifiers) 216 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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 324 170.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (18) 529.01 170.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Basic customization) 216 155.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 315 155.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (18) 529.01 155.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Customizing attribute access) 216 140.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 354 140.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (19) 529.01 140.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Emulating callable objects) 216 125.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 345 125.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (20) 529.01 125.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "i" 3 %%Page: "ii" 4 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 486 63 522 99 R 3 X 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K V 491.65 64.15 518.65 84.03 R V 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 K 0 12 Q 7 X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 K (ii) 491.65 76.03 T 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 55.04 98.81 614.38 98.81 2 L 0.75 H 2 Z 3 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K N 486 -97.92 486 99 2 L N 0 9 612 783 R 1 H 0 X N 531.54 458.43 696 458.43 2 L 0.75 H 3 X N 531.54 278.14 695.46 278.14 2 L N 531 620.73 696 620.73 2 L N 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 0 36 Q 0 X 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K (T) 221.22 714 T (ab) 240.34 714 T (le of Contents) 281.99 714 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 12 Q 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Emulating sequence and mapping types) 178.99 629.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 372 629.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (20) 492 629.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Additional methods for emulation of sequence types) 198 614.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . .) 453 614.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (20) 492 614.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Emulating numeric types) 178.99 600.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 300 600.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (21) 492 600.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 5 10 Q (CHAPTER) 106.99 567.3 T 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 4 36 Q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K (4) 157.55 567.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K 3 14 Q 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (Execution model) 178.99 567.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 287 567.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (23) 490 567.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 12 Q 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Code blocks, execution frames, and name spaces) 178.99 550.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . .) 414 550.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (23) 492 550.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Exceptions) 178.99 535.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 234 535.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (25) 492 535.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 5 10 Q (CHAPTER) 106.99 502.3 T 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 4 36 Q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K (5) 157.55 502.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K 3 14 Q 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (Expressions) 178.99 502.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 262.5 502.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (27) 490 502.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 12 Q 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Arithmetic conversions) 178.99 485.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 294 485.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (27) 492 485.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Atoms) 178.99 470.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 213 470.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (27) 492 470.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Identifiers \050Names\051) 178.99 455.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 273 455.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (27) 492 455.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Literals) 178.99 440.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 216 440.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (28) 492 440.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Parenthesized forms) 178.99 425.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 279 425.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (28) 492 425.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (List displays) 178.99 410.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 240 410.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (28) 492 410.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Dictionary displays) 178.99 395.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 273 395.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (28) 492 395.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (String conversions) 178.99 380.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 270 380.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (29) 492 380.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Primaries) 178.99 365.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 225 365.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (29) 492 365.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Attribute references) 178.99 350.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 276 350.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (29) 492 350.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Subscriptions) 178.99 335.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 246 335.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (29) 492 335.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Slicings) 178.99 320.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 219 320.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (30) 492 320.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Calls) 178.99 305.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 204 305.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (31) 492 305.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The power operator) 178.99 290.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 276 290.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (32) 492 290.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Unary arithmetic operations) 178.99 275.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 315 275.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (32) 492 275.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Binary arithmetic operations) 178.99 260.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 318 260.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (32) 492 260.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Shifting operations) 178.99 245.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 273 245.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (33) 492 245.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Binary bit-wise operations) 178.99 230.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 309 230.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (33) 492 230.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Comparisons) 178.99 215.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 243 215.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (34) 492 215.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Boolean operations) 178.99 200.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 273 200.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (35) 492 200.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Expression lists) 178.99 185.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 255 185.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (36) 492 185.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Summary) 178.99 170.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 228 170.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (37) 492 170.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "ii" 4 %%Page: "iii" 5 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 53.79 62.85 89.79 98.85 R 3 X 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K V 59.44 64 86.44 83.88 R V 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 K 0 12 Q 7 X 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 K (iii) 59.44 75.88 T 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 37 98.81 614.38 98.81 2 L 0.75 H 2 Z 3 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K N 90.23 21.88 90.23 98.81 2 L N 0 9 612 783 R 1 H 0 X N -83.3 458.43 132 458.43 2 L 0.75 H 3 X N -83.3 278.14 131.29 278.14 2 L N -84 620.73 132 620.73 2 L N 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 0 36 Q 0 X 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K (T) 259.91 714 T (ab) 279.02 714 T (le of Contents) 320.68 714 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 5 10 Q 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (CHAPTER) 144 628.3 T 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 4 36 Q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K (6) 194.56 628.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K 3 14 Q 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (Simple statements) 216 628.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 332.5 628.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (39) 527.01 628.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 12 Q 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Expression statements) 216 611.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 324 611.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (39) 529.01 611.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Assert statements) 216 596.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 303 596.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (39) 529.01 596.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Assignment statements) 216 581.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 327 581.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (40) 529.01 581.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The pass statement) 216 566.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 309 566.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (41) 529.01 566.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The del statement) 216 551.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 303 551.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (41) 529.01 551.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The print statement) 216 536.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 312 536.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (42) 529.01 536.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The return statement) 216 521.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 318 521.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (42) 529.01 521.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The raise statement) 216 506.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 312 506.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (42) 529.01 506.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The break statement) 216 491.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 315 491.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (43) 529.01 491.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The continue statement) 216 476.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 330 476.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (43) 529.01 476.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The import statement) 216 461.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 321 461.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (43) 529.01 461.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The global statement) 216 446.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 318 446.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (44) 529.01 446.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The exec statement) 216 431.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 309 431.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (44) 529.01 431.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 5 10 Q (CHAPTER) 144 398.3 T 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 4 36 Q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K (7) 194.56 398.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K 3 14 Q 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (Compound statements) 216 398.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 357 398.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (47) 527.01 398.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 12 Q 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The if statement) 216 381.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 294 381.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (47) 529.01 381.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 216 366.63 T 2 F (while) 237.66 366.63 T 1 F ( statement) 273.66 366.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 324 366.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (48) 529.01 366.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 216 351.63 T 2 F (for) 237.66 351.63 T 1 F ( statement) 259.26 351.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 309 351.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (48) 529.01 351.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 216 336.63 T 2 F (try) 237.66 336.63 T 1 F ( statement) 259.26 336.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 309 336.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (49) 529.01 336.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Function definitions) 216 321.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 315 321.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (50) 529.01 321.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Class definitions) 216 306.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 297 306.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (51) 529.01 306.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 5 10 Q (CHAPTER) 144 273.3 T 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K 4 36 Q 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 K (8) 194.56 273.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K 3 14 Q 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (Top-level components) 216 273.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 353.5 273.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (53) 527.01 273.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 12 Q 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Complete Python programs) 216 256.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 348 256.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (53) 529.01 256.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (File input) 216 241.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 264 241.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (53) 529.01 241.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Interactive input) 216 226.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 297 226.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (53) 529.01 226.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Expression input) 216 211.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 297 211.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (54) 529.01 211.63 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K 3 14 Q 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (Index) 216 178.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K ( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .) 248.5 178.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 K (55) 527.01 178.3 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "iii" 5 %%Page: "iv" 6 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "iv" 6 %%Page: "1" 7 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (1) 535 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Introduction) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 16 Q (C) 99 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (HAPTER) 110.55 709.33 T 0 16 Q (1:) 167.62 709.33 T (I) 198 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (NTRODUCTION) 202.45 709.33 T 1 11 Q (This reference manual describes the Python programming language. It is not intended as a tutorial.) 99 672.67 T -0.04 (While I am trying to be as precise as possible, I have chosen to use English rather than formal speci-) 99 653.67 P -0.21 (fications for everything except syntax and lexical analysis. This should make the document more un-) 99 640.67 P 0.58 (derstandable to the average reader, but will leave room for ambiguities. Consequently, if you were) 99 627.67 P 0.6 (coming from Mars and tried to re-implement Python from this document alone, you might have to) 99 614.67 P -0.03 (guess things and in fact you would probably end up implementing quite a different language. On the) 99 601.67 P 0.25 (other hand, if you are using Python and wonder what the precise rules about a particular area of the) 99 588.67 P -0.06 (language are, you should definitely be able to find them here. If you would like to see a more formal) 99 575.67 P -0.28 (definitition of the language, maybe you could volunteer your time \321 or invent a cloning machine :-\051.) 99 562.67 P -0.01 (It is dangerous to add too many implementation details to a language reference document \321 the im-) 99 543.67 P -0.46 (plementation may change, and other implementations of the same language may work differently. On) 99 530.67 P -0.64 (the other hand, there is currently only one Python implementation in widespread use, and its particular) 99 517.67 P -0.52 (quirks are sometimes worth being mentioned, especially where the implementation imposes addition-) 99 504.67 P (al limitations. Therefore, you\325ll find short \322implementation notes\323 sprinkled throughout the text.) 99 491.67 T 0.1 (Every Python implementation comes with a number of built-in and standard modules. These are not) 99 472.67 P -0.53 (documented here, but in the separate) 99 459.67 P 3 F -0.53 (Python Library Reference) 259.84 459.67 P 1 F -0.53 ( document. A few built-in modules are) 373.03 459.67 P (mentioned when they interact in a significant way with the language definition.) 99 446.67 T 0 14 Q (1.1) 99 419.67 T (Notation) 135 419.67 T 1 11 Q -0.01 (The descriptions of lexical analysis and syntax use a modified BNF grammar notation. This uses the) 99 394.67 P (following style of definition:) 99 381.67 T 2 10 Q (name: lc_letter \050lc_letter | "_"\051*) 99 363.33 T (lc_letter: "a"..."z") 99 351.33 T 1 11 Q 0.41 0.43 (The first line says that a) 99 326.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.43 (name) 221.35 326.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.43 ( is an) 249.48 326.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.43 (lc_letter) 279.73 326.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.43 ( followed by a sequence of zero or more) 343.04 326.67 B 2 F 0.93 (lc_letter) 99 313.67 P 1 F 0.39 (s and underscores. An) 158.4 313.67 P 2 F 0.93 (lc_letter) 259.84 313.67 P 1 F 0.39 ( in turn is any of the single characters \324a\325 through) 319.24 313.67 P 0.41 0.04 (\324z\325. \050This rule is actually adhered to for the names used in lexical and grammar rules in this docu-) 99 300.67 B (ment.\051) 99 287.67 T -0.01 (Each rule begins with a name \050which is the name defined by the rule\051 and a colon. A vertical bar \050) 99 262.67 P 2 F -0.04 (|) 529.74 262.67 P 1 F -0.01 (\051) 536.34 262.67 P 0.01 (is used to separate alternatives; it is the least binding operator in this notation. A star \050) 99 249.67 P 2 F 0.04 (*) 477.17 249.67 P 1 F 0.01 (\051 means zero) 483.77 249.67 P 0.3 (or more repetitions of the preceding item; likewise, a plus \050) 99 236.67 P 2 F 0.73 (+) 362.64 236.67 P 1 F 0.3 (\051 means one or more repetitions, and a) 369.24 236.67 P -0.55 (phrase enclosed in square brackets \050) 99 223.67 P 2 F -1.31 ([ ]) 254.8 223.67 P 1 F -0.55 (\051 means zero or one occurrences \050in other words, the enclosed) 273.29 223.67 P -0.25 (phrase is optional\051. The) 99 210.67 P 2 F -0.59 (*) 204.64 210.67 P 1 F -0.25 ( and) 211.24 210.67 P 2 F -0.59 (+) 232.13 210.67 P 1 F -0.25 ( operators bind as tightly as possible; parentheses are used for group-) 238.73 210.67 P 0.19 (ing. Literal strings are enclosed in quotes. White space is only meaningful to separate tokens. Rules) 99 197.67 P 0.12 (are normally contained on a single line; rules with many alternatives may be formatted alternatively) 99 184.67 P (with each line after the first beginning with a vertical bar.) 99 171.67 T 0.16 (In lexical definitions \050as in the example above\051, two more conventions are used: Two literal charac-) 99 146.67 P 0.41 0.02 (ters separated by three dots mean a choice of any single character in the given \050inclusive\051 range of) 99 133.67 B 0.23 (ASCII characters. A phrase between angular brackets \050) 99 120.67 P 2 F 0.54 (<...>) 342.5 120.67 P 1 F 0.23 (\051 gives an informal description of the) 375.5 120.67 P (symbol defined; e.g. this could be used to describe the notion of \324control character\325 if needed.) 99 107.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "1" 7 %%Page: "2" 8 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (2) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.35 (Even though the notation used is almost the same, there is a big difference between the meaning of) 76.5 712.67 P -0.32 (lexical and syntactic definitions: a lexical definition operates on the individual characters of the input) 76.5 699.67 P 0.3 (source, while a syntax definition operates on the stream of tokens generated by the lexical analysis.) 76.5 686.67 P 0.34 (All uses of BNF in the next chapter \050\322Lexical Analysis\323\051 are lexical definitions; uses in subsequent) 76.5 673.67 P (chapters are syntactic definitions.) 76.5 660.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "2" 8 %%Page: "3" 9 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (3) 535 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Lexical analysis) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 16 Q (C) 99 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (HAPTER) 110.55 709.33 T 0 16 Q (2:) 167.62 709.33 T (L) 198 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (EXICAL) 207.78 709.33 T (ANALYSIS) 259.16 709.33 T 1 11 Q -0.07 (A Python program is read by a) 99 672.67 P 3 F -0.07 (parser) 236.31 672.67 P 1 F -0.07 (. Input to the parser is a stream of) 265.03 672.67 P 3 F -0.07 (tokens) 414.73 672.67 P 1 F -0.07 (, generated by the) 442.83 672.67 P 3 F -0.07 (lex-) 523.51 672.67 P (ical analyzer) 99 659.67 T 1 F (. This chapter describes how the lexical analyzer breaks a file into tokens.) 156.13 659.67 T -0.22 (Python uses the 7-bit ASCII character set for program text and string literals. 8-bit characters may be) 99 634.67 P -0.07 (used in string literals and comments but their interpretation is platform dependent; the proper way to) 99 621.67 P (insert 8-bit characters in string literals is by using octal or hexadecimal escape sequences.) 99 608.67 T -0.35 (The run-time character set depends on the I/O devices connected to the program but is generally a su-) 99 583.67 P (perset of ASCII.) 99 570.67 T 4 F 0.3 (Future compatibility note:) 99 545.67 P 1 F 0.3 (It may be tempting to assume that the character set for 8-bit characters) 226.69 545.67 P 0.41 0.01 (is ISO Latin-1 \050an ASCII superset that covers most western languages that use the Latin alphabet\051,) 99 532.67 B -0.33 (but it is possible that in the future Unicode text editors will become common. These generally use the) 99 519.67 P -0.12 (UTF-8 encoding, which is also an ASCII superset, but with very different use for the characters with) 99 506.67 P -0.25 (ordinals 128-255. While there is no consensus on this subject yet, it is unwise to assume either Latin-) 99 493.67 P -0.51 (1 or UTF-8, even though the current implementation appears to favor Latin-1. This applies both to the) 99 480.67 P (source character set and the run-time character set.) 99 467.67 T 0 14 Q (2.1) 99 440.67 T (Line structure) 135 440.67 T 1 11 Q (A Python program is divided in a number of) 99 415.67 T 3 F (logical lines) 296.68 415.67 T 1 F (.) 350.77 415.67 T 0 12 Q (2.1.1) 99 390 T (Logical lines) 144 390 T 1 11 Q 0.07 (The end of each logical line is represented by the token NEWLINE. Statements cannot cross logical) 99 370.67 P 0.21 (line boundaries except where NEWLINE is allowed by the syntax \050e.g. between statements in com-) 99 357.67 P -0.22 (pound statements\051. A logical line is constructed from one or more) 99 344.67 P 3 F -0.22 (physical lines) 388.64 344.67 P 1 F -0.22 ( by following the ex-) 448.61 344.67 P (plicit or implicit) 99 331.67 T 3 F (line joining) 173.26 331.67 T 1 F ( rules.) 223.68 331.67 T 0 12 Q (2.1.2) 99 306 T (Physical lines) 144 306 T 1 11 Q -0.52 (A physical line ends in whatever the current platform\325s convention is for terminating lines. On UNIX,) 99 286.67 P -0.24 (this is the ASCII LF \050linefeed\051 character. On DOS/Windows, it is the ASCII sequence CR LF \050return) 99 273.67 P (followed by linefeed\051. On Macintosh, it is the ASCII CR \050return\051 character.) 99 260.67 T 0 12 Q (2.1.3) 99 235 T (Comments) 144 235 T 1 11 Q 0.35 (A comment starts with a hash character \050) 99 215.67 P 2 F 0.84 (#) 281.36 215.67 P 1 F 0.35 (\051 that is not part of a string literal, and ends at the end of) 287.96 215.67 P -0.23 (the physical line. A comment signifies the end of the logical line unless the implicit line joining rules) 99 202.67 P (are invoked. Comments are ignored by the syntax\255\255; they are not tokens.) 99 189.67 T 0 12 Q (2.1.4) 99 164 T (Explicit line joining) 144 164 T 1 11 Q -0.63 (Two or more physical lines may be joined into logical lines using backslash characters \050) 99 144.67 P 2 F -1.52 (\134) 477.53 144.67 P 1 F -0.63 (\051, as follows:) 484.13 144.67 P -0.39 (when a physical line ends in a backslash that is not part of a string literal or comment, it is joined with) 99 131.67 P -0.34 (the following forming a single logical line, deleting the backslash and the following end-of-line char-) 99 118.67 P (acter. For example:) 99 105.67 T 2 10 Q (if 1900 < year < 2100 and 1 <= month <= 12 \134) 99 87.33 T ( and 1 <= day <= 31 and 0 <= hour < 24 \134) 99 75.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "3" 9 %%Page: "4" 10 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (4) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F ( and 0 <= minute < 60 and 0 <= second < 60: # Looks like a valid date) 72 713.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( return 1) 72 701.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.2 (A line ending in a backslash cannot carry a comment. A backslash does not continue a comment. A back-) 72 676.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.29 (slash does not continue a token except for string literals \050i.e., tokens other than string literals cannot be split) 72 663.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (across physical lines using a backslash\051. A backslash is illegal elsewhere on a line outside a string literal.) 72 650.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 12 Q (2.1.5) 72 625 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Implicit line joining) 117 625 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.51 (Expressions in parentheses, square brackets or curly braces can be split over more than one physical line) 72 605.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (without using backslashes. For example:) 72 592.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (month_names = [\325Januari\325, \325Februari\325, \325Maart\325, # These are the) 72 574.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( \325April\325, \325Mei\325, \325Juni\325, # Dutch names) 72 562.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( \325Juli\325, \325Augustus\325, \325September\325, # for the months) 72 550.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( \325Oktober\325, \325November\325, \325December\325] # of the year) 72 538.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.3 (Implicitly continued lines can carry comments. The indentation of the continuation lines is not important.) 72 513.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.53 (Blank continuation lines are allowed. There is no NEWLINE token between implicit continuation lines. Im-) 72 500.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.04 (plicit continued lines can also occur within triple-quoted strings \050see below\051; in that case they cannot carry) 72 487.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (comments.) 72 474.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 12 Q (2.1.6) 72 449 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Blank lines) 117 449 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.4 (A logical line that contains only spaces, tabs, formfeeds, and possibly a comment, is ignored \050i.e., no NEW-) 72 429.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.3 (LINE token is generated\051, except that during interactive input of statements, an entirely blank logical line) 72 416.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\050i.e. one containing not even whitespace or a comment\051 terminates a multi-line statement.) 72 403.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 12 Q (2.1.7) 72 378 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Indentation) 117 378 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.23 (Leading whitespace \050spaces and tabs\051 at the beginning of a logical line is used to compute the indentation) 72 358.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (level of the line, which in turn is used to determine the grouping of statements.) 72 345.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.26 (First, tabs are replaced \050from left to right\051 by one to eight spaces such that the total number of characters up) 72 320.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.29 (to there is a multiple of eight \050this is intended to be the same rule as used by UNIX\051. The total number of) 72 307.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.24 (spaces preceding the first non-blank character then determines the line\325s indentation. Indentation cannot be) 72 294.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.15 (split over multiple physical lines using backslashes; the whitespace up to the first backslash determines the) 72 281.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (indentation.) 72 268.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 F -0.25 (Cross-platform compatibility note:) 72 243.67 P 1 F -0.25 ( because of the nature of text editors on non-UNIX platforms, it is un-) 235.26 243.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (wise to use a mixture of spaces and tabs for the indentation in a single source file.) 72 230.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.23 (A formfeed character may be present at the start of the line; formfeed characters occurring elsewhere in the) 72 205.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (leading whitespace have an undefined effect \050for instance, they may reset the space count to zero\051.) 72 192.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.06 (The indentation levels of consecutive lines are used to generate INDENT and DEDENT tokens, using a) 72 167.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (stack, as follows.) 72 154.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.03 (Before the first line of the file is read, a single zero is pushed on the stack; this will never be popped off) 72 129.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.31 (again. The numbers pushed on the stack will always be strictly increasing from bottom to top. At the begin-) 72 116.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.09 (ning of each logical line, the line\325s indentation level is compared to the top of the stack. If it is equal, noth-) 72 103.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.04 (ing happens. If it is larger, it is pushed on the stack, and one INDENT token is generated. If it is smaller, it) 72 90.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "4" 10 %%Page: "5" 11 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (5) 535 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Lexical analysis) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 3 11 Q -0.44 (must) 99 712.67 P 1 F -0.44 ( be one of the numbers occurring on the stack; all numbers on the stack that are larger are popped) 119.78 712.67 P -0.52 (off, and for each number popped off a DEDENT token is generated. At the end of the file, a DEDENT) 99 699.67 P (token is generated for each number remaining on the stack that is larger than zero.) 99 686.67 T (Here is an example of a correctly \050though confusingly\051 indented piece of Python code:) 99 667.67 T 2 10 Q (def perm\050l\051:) 99 649.33 T ( # Compute the list of all permutations of l) 99 637.33 T ( if len\050l\051 <= 1:) 99 625.33 T ( return [l]) 99 613.33 T ( r = []) 99 601.33 T ( for i in range\050len\050l\051\051:) 99 589.33 T ( s = l[:i] + l[i+1:]) 99 577.33 T ( p = perm\050s\051) 99 565.33 T ( for x in p:) 99 553.33 T ( r.append\050l[i:i+1] + x\051) 99 541.33 T ( return r) 99 529.33 T 1 11 Q (The following example shows various indentation errors:) 99 504.67 T 2 10 Q ( def perm\050l\051: # error: first line indented) 99 486.33 T ( for i in range\050len\050l\051\051: # error: not indented) 99 474.33 T ( s = l[:i] + l[i+1:]) 99 462.33 T ( p = perm\050l[:i] + l[i+1:]\051 # error: unexpected indent) 99 450.33 T ( for x in p:) 99 438.33 T ( r.append\050l[i:i+1] + x\051) 99 426.33 T ( return r # error: inconsistent dedent) 99 414.33 T 1 11 Q -0.49 (\050Actually, the first three errors are detected by the parser; only the last error is found by the lexical an-) 99 389.67 P (alyzer \321 the indentation of) 99 376.67 T 2 F (return r) 222.73 376.67 T 1 F ( does not match a level popped off the stack.\051) 275.53 376.67 T 0 12 Q (2.1.8) 99 351 T (Whitespace between tokens) 144 351 T 1 11 Q -0.06 (Except at the beginning of a logical line or in string literals, the whitespace characters space, tab and) 99 325.67 P 0.09 (formfeed can be used interchangeably to separate tokens. Whitespace is needed between two tokens) 99 312.67 P 0.12 (only if their concatenation could otherwise be interpreted as a different token \050e.g.,) 99 299.67 P 2 F 0.29 (ab) 467.77 299.67 P 1 F 0.12 ( is one token,) 480.97 299.67 P (but) 99 286.67 T 2 F (a) 115.81 286.67 T (b) 125.16 286.67 T 1 F ( is two tokens\051.) 131.76 286.67 T 0 14 Q (2.2) 99 259.67 T (Other tokens) 135 259.67 T 1 11 Q 0.93 (Besides NEWLINE, INDENT and DEDENT, the following categories of tokens exist:) 99 234.67 P 3 F 0.93 (identifiers) 492.63 234.67 P 1 F 0.93 (,) 537.25 234.67 P 3 F -0.24 (keywords) 99 221.67 P 1 F -0.24 (,) 140.55 221.67 P 3 F -0.24 (literals) 145.81 221.67 P 1 F -0.24 (,) 176.99 221.67 P 3 F -0.24 (operators) 182.25 221.67 P 1 F -0.24 (, and) 225.03 221.67 P 3 F -0.24 (delimiters) 248.69 221.67 P 1 F -0.24 (. Whitespace characters \050other than line terminators, dis-) 292.69 221.67 P -0.3 (cussed earlier\051 are not tokens, but serve to delimit tokens. Where ambiguity exists, a token comprises) 99 208.67 P (the longest possible string that forms a legal token when read from left to right.) 99 195.67 T 0 14 Q (2.3) 99 168.67 T (Identifiers and keywords) 135 168.67 T 1 11 Q (Identifiers \050also referred to as) 99 143.67 T 3 F (names) 231.87 143.67 T 1 F (\051 are described by the following lexical definitions:) 259.97 143.67 T 2 10 Q (identifier: \050letter|"_"\051 \050letter|digit|"_"\051*) 99 125.33 T (letter: lowercase | uppercase) 99 113.33 T (lowercase: "a"..."z") 99 101.33 T (uppercase: "A"..."Z") 99 89.33 T (digit: "0"..."9") 99 77.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "5" 11 %%Page: "6" 12 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (6) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (Identifiers are unlimited in length. Case is significant.) 72 712.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 12 Q (2.3.1) 72 687 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Keywords) 117 687 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.38 (The following identifiers are used as reserved words, or) 72 667.67 P 3 F 0.38 (keywords) 323.45 667.67 P 1 F 0.38 ( of the language, and cannot be used as) 364.99 667.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (ordinary identifiers. They must be spelled exactly as written here:) 72 654.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (and del for is raise) 72 636.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (assert elif from lambda return) 72 624.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (break else global not try) 72 612.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (class except if or while) 72 600.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (continue exec import pass) 72 588.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (def finally in print) 72 576.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 12 Q (2.3.2) 72 551 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Reserved classes of identifiers) 117 551 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (Certain classes of identifiers \050besides keywords\051 have special meanings. These are:) 72 525 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\050XXX need section references here.\051) 72 377.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (2.4) 72 350.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Literals) 108 350.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (Literals are notations for constant values of some built-in types) 72 325.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 12 Q (2.4.1) 72 300 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (String literals) 117 300 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (String literals are described by the following lexical definitions:) 72 280.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (stringliteral: [rawprefix] \050shortstring | longstring\051) 72 262.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (rawprefix: "r" | "R") 72 250.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (shortstring: "\325" shortstringitem* "\325" | \325"\325 shortstringitem* \325"\325) 72 238.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (longstring: "\325\325\325" longstringitem* "\325\325\325" | \325"""\325 longstringitem* \325"""\325) 72 226.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (shortstringitem: shortstringchar | escapeseq) 72 214.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (longstringitem: longstringchar | escapeseq) 72 202.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (shortstringchar: <any ASCII character except "\134" or newline or the quote>) 72 190.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (longstringchar: <any ASCII character except "\134">) 72 178.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (escapeseq: "\134" <any ASCII character>) 72 166.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.21 (In plain English: String literals can be enclosed in single quotes \050\325\051 or double quotes \050"\051. They can also be) 72 141.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.33 (enclosed in groups of three single or double quotes \050these are generally referred to as) 72 128.67 P 3 F -0.33 (triple-quoted strings) 443.77 128.67 P 1 F -0.33 (\051.) 533.59 128.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.39 (The backslash \050\134\051 character is used to escape characters that otherwise have a special meaning, such as new-) 72 115.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.03 (line, backslash itself, or the quote character. String literals may optionally be prefixed with a letter \324r\325 or) 72 102.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\324R\325; such strings are called) 72 89.67 T 3 F (raw strings) 192.67 89.67 T 1 F ( and use different rules for backslash escape sequences.) 242.49 89.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 12 Q (T) 132.71 501 T (able 1: Special Meanings of Identi\336ers) 139.61 501 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (F) 95.09 475 T (orm) 101.58 475 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Meaning) 248.67 475 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q ( _*) 78 452.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 12 Q (Not imported by) 150 451 T 2 F (from) 232.33 451 T 3 F ( module) 261.13 451 T 2 F (import) 302.46 451 T (*) 348.66 451 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( __*__) 78 429 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (System-de\336ned name) 150 429 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F ( __*) 78 407 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Class-pri) 150 407 T (v) 193.03 407 T (ate name mangling) 198.73 407 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 72 490.75 72 399.25 2 L V 0.5 H 0 Z N 144 491.25 144 398.75 2 L V N 396 490.75 396 399.25 2 L V N 71.75 491 396.25 491 2 L V N 72.25 466.25 395.75 466.25 2 L V N 72.25 463.75 395.75 463.75 2 L V N 71.75 443 396.25 443 2 L V N 71.75 421 396.25 421 2 L V N 71.75 399 396.25 399 2 L V N 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "6" 12 %%Page: "7" 13 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (7) 535 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Lexical analysis) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.07 (In \322long strings\323 \050strings surrounded by sets of three quotes\051, unescaped newlines and quotes are al-) 99 712.67 P -0.35 (lowed \050and are retained\051, except that three unescaped quotes in a row terminate the string. \050A \322quote\323) 99 699.67 P (is the character used to open the string, i.e. either) 99 686.67 T 2 F (\325) 317.43 686.67 T 1 F ( or) 324.03 686.67 T 2 F (") 338.69 686.67 T 1 F (.\051) 345.29 686.67 T 0.41 0.01 (Unless an \324r\325 or \324R\325 prefix is present, escape sequences in strings are interpreted according to rules) 99 661.67 B (similar to those used by Standard C. The recognized escape sequences are:) 99 648.67 T -0.24 (In strict compatibility with Standard C, up to three octal digits are accepted, but an unlimited number) 99 281.67 P -0.12 (of hex digits is taken to be part of the hex escape \050and then the lower 8 bits of the resulting hex num-) 99 268.67 P (ber are used in all current implementations...\051.) 99 255.67 T -0.21 (Unlike Standard C, all unrecognized escape sequences are left in the string unchanged, i.e.,) 99 230.67 P 3 F -0.21 (the back-) 499.59 230.67 P -0.39 (slash is left in the string.) 99 217.67 P 1 F -0.39 ( \050This behavior is useful when debugging: if an escape sequence is mistyped,) 205.24 217.67 P (the resulting output is more easily recognized as broken.\051) 99 204.67 T -0.04 (When an \324r\325 or \324R\325 prefix is present,) 99 179.67 P 3 F -0.04 (all backslashes are left in the string.) 260.26 179.67 P 1 F -0.04 ( For example, the string lit-) 419.82 179.67 P -0.29 (eral) 99 166.67 P 2 F -0.7 (r"\134n") 117.95 166.67 P 1 F -0.29 ( consists of two characters: a backslash and a lowercase \324n\325. String quotes can be escaped) 150.95 166.67 P -0.1 (with a backslash, but the backslash remains in the string; for example,) 99 153.67 P 2 F -0.24 (r"\134"") 408.81 153.67 P 1 F -0.1 ( is a valid string literal) 441.81 153.67 P (consisting of two characters: a backslash and a double quote.) 99 140.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 12 Q (T) 188.55 625 T (able 2: Escape Sequences) 195.45 625 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Escape Sequence) 109.27 599 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Meaning) 286.92 599 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134) 105 575 T 3 F (ne) 112.2 575 T (wline) 123.35 575 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( Ignored) 208.5 575 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134\134) 105 553 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( Backslash \050) 208.5 553 T 2 F (\134) 267.16 553 T 1 F (\051) 274.36 553 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134\325) 105 531 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( Single quote \050) 208.5 531 T 2 F (\325) 278.83 531 T 1 F (\051) 286.03 531 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134") 105 509 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( Double quote \050) 208.5 509 T 2 F (") 283.49 509 T 1 F (\051) 290.69 509 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134a) 105 487 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( ASCII Bell \050BEL\051) 208.5 487 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134b) 105 465 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( ASCII Backspace \050BS\051) 208.5 465 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134f) 105 443 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( ASCII F) 208.5 443 T (ormfeed \050FF\051) 252.32 443 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134n) 105 421 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( ASCII Linefeed \050LF\051) 208.5 421 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134r) 105 399 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( ASCII Carriage Return \050CR\051) 208.5 399 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134t) 105 377 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( ASCII Horizontal T) 208.5 377 T (ab \050T) 306.53 377 T (AB\051) 331.07 377 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134v) 105 355 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( ASCII V) 208.5 355 T (ertical T) 253.16 355 T (ab \050VT\051) 292.52 355 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134) 105 333 T 3 F (ooo) 112.2 333 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( ASCII character with octal v) 208.5 333 T (alue) 349.16 333 T 3 F (ooo) 372.16 333 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (\134x) 105 311 T 3 F (xx...) 119.4 311 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( ASCII character with he) 208.5 311 T (x v) 328.28 311 T (alue) 342.98 311 T 3 F (xx...) 365.98 311 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 99 614.75 99 303.25 2 L V 0.5 H 0 Z N 202.5 615.25 202.5 302.75 2 L V N 414 614.75 414 303.25 2 L V N 98.75 615 414.25 615 2 L V N 99.25 590.25 413.75 590.25 2 L V N 99.25 587.75 413.75 587.75 2 L V N 98.75 567 414.25 567 2 L V N 98.75 545 414.25 545 2 L V N 98.75 523 414.25 523 2 L V N 98.75 501 414.25 501 2 L V N 98.75 479 414.25 479 2 L V N 98.75 457 414.25 457 2 L V N 98.75 435 414.25 435 2 L V N 98.75 413 414.25 413 2 L V N 98.75 391 414.25 391 2 L V N 98.75 369 414.25 369 2 L V N 98.75 347 414.25 347 2 L V N 98.75 325 414.25 325 2 L V N 98.75 303 414.25 303 2 L V N 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "7" 13 %%Page: "8" 14 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (8) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 11 Q (2.4.1.1) 76.5 712.67 T (String literal concatenation) 121.5 712.67 T 1 F 0.21 (Multiple adjacent string literals \050delimited by whitespace\051, possibly using different quoting conven-) 76.5 687.67 P -0.02 (tions, are allowed, and their meaning is the same as their concatenation. Thus,) 76.5 674.67 P 2 F -0.05 ("hello") 422.37 674.67 P -0.05 (\325world\325) 471.3 674.67 P 1 F 0.41 0.12 (is equivalent to) 76.5 661.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.12 ("helloworld") 149.81 661.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.12 (. This feature can be used to reduce the number of backslashes) 230.49 661.67 B 0.41 0.15 (needed, to split long strings conveniently across long lines, or even to add comments to parts of) 76.5 648.67 B (strings, for example:) 76.5 635.67 T 2 10 Q (regex.compile\050"[A-Za-z_]" # letter or underscore) 76.5 617.33 T ( "[A-Za-z0-9_]*" # letter, digit or underscore) 76.5 605.33 T ( \051) 76.5 593.33 T 1 11 Q -0.32 (Note that this feature is defined at the syntactical level, but implemented at compile time. The \324+\325 op-) 76.5 568.67 P -0.17 (erator must be used to concatenate string expressions at run time. Also note that literal concatenation) 76.5 555.67 P (can use different quoting styles for each component.) 76.5 542.67 T 0 12 Q (2.4.2) 76.5 517 T (Numeric literals) 121.5 517 T 1 11 Q 0.97 (There are four types of numeric literals: plain integers, long integers, floating point numbers, and) 76.5 497.67 P (imaginary numbers.) 76.5 484.67 T 0 F (2.4.2.1) 76.5 462.67 T (Integer and long integer literals) 121.5 462.67 T 1 F (Integer and long integer literals are described by the following lexical definitions:) 76.5 437.67 T 2 10 Q (longinteger: integer \050"l"|"L"\051) 76.5 419.33 T (integer: decimalinteger | octinteger | hexinteger) 76.5 407.33 T (decimalinteger: nonzerodigit digit* | "0") 76.5 395.33 T (octinteger: "0" octdigit+) 76.5 383.33 T (hexinteger: "0" \050"x"|"X"\051 hexdigit+) 76.5 371.33 T (nonzerodigit: "1"..."9") 76.5 359.33 T (octdigit: "0"..."7") 76.5 347.33 T (hexdigit: digit|"a"..."f"|"A"..."F") 76.5 335.33 T 1 11 Q -0.03 (Although both lower case \324l\325 and upper case \324L\325 are allowed as suffix for long integers, it is strongly) 76.5 310.67 P (recommended to always use \324L\325, since the letter \324l\325 looks too much like the digit \3241\325.) 76.5 297.67 T -0.24 (Plain integer decimal literals must be at most 2147483647 \050i.e., the largest positive integer, using 32-) 76.5 272.67 P -0.23 (bit arithmetic\051. Plain octal and hexadecimal literals may be as large as 4294967295, but values larger) 76.5 259.67 P -0.05 (than 2147483647 are converted to a negative value by subtracting 4294967296. There is no limit for) 76.5 246.67 P (long integer literals apart from what can be stored in available memory.) 76.5 233.67 T (Some examples of plain and long integer literals:) 76.5 208.67 T 2 10 Q (7 2147483647 0177 0x80000000) 76.5 190.33 T (3L 79228162514264337593543950336L 0377L 0x100000000L) 76.5 178.33 T 0 11 Q (2.4.2.2) 76.5 156.67 T (Floating point literals) 121.5 156.67 T 1 F (Floating point literals are described by the following lexical definitions:) 76.5 131.67 T 2 10 Q (floatnumber: pointfloat | exponentfloat) 76.5 113.33 T (pointfloat: [intpart] fraction | intpart ".") 76.5 101.33 T (exponentfloat: \050intpart | pointfloat\051 exponent) 76.5 89.33 T (intpart: nonzerodigit digit* | "0") 76.5 77.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "8" 14 %%Page: "9" 15 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (9) 535 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Lexical analysis) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (fraction: "." digit+) 99 713.33 T (exponent: \050"e"|"E"\051 ["+"|"-"] digit+) 99 701.33 T 1 11 Q 0.41 0.01 (Note that the integer part of a floating point number cannot look like an octal integer. The allowed) 99 676.67 B 0.22 (range of floating point literals is implementation-dependent. Some examples of floating point liter-) 99 663.67 P (als:) 99 650.67 T 2 10 Q (3.14 10. .001 1e100 3.14e-10) 99 632.33 T 0 11 Q (2.4.2.3) 99 610.67 T (Imaginary literals) 144 610.67 T 1 F (Imaginary literals are described by the following lexical definitions:) 99 585.67 T 2 10 Q (imagnumber: \050floatnumber | intpart\051 \050"j"|"J"\051) 99 567.33 T 1 11 Q 0.3 (An imaginary literals yields a complex number with a real part of 0.0. Complex numbers are repre-) 99 542.67 P 0.28 (sented as a pair of floating point numbers and have the same restrictions on their range. To create a) 99 529.67 P -0.19 (complex number with a nonzero real part, add a floating point number to it, e.g.) 99 516.67 P 2 F -0.46 (\0503+4j\051.) 449.58 516.67 P 1 F -0.19 ( Some ex-) 495.78 516.67 P (amples of imaginary literals:) 99 503.67 T 2 10 Q (3.14j 10.j 10 j .001j 1e100j 3.14e-10j) 99 485.33 T 1 11 Q -0.05 (Note that numeric literals do not include a sign; a phrase like) 99 460.67 P 2 F -0.12 (-1) 369.1 460.67 P 1 F -0.05 ( is actually an expression composed) 382.3 460.67 P (of the unary operator \324) 99 447.67 T 2 F (-) 197.97 447.67 T 1 F (\325 and the literal) 204.57 447.67 T 2 F (1) 274.22 447.67 T 1 F (.) 280.82 447.67 T 0 14 Q (2.5) 99 420.67 T (Operators) 135 420.67 T 1 11 Q (The following tokens are operators:) 99 395.67 T 2 10 Q (+ - * ** / %) 99 377.33 T (<< >> & | ^ ~) 99 365.33 T (< > <= >= == != <>) 99 353.33 T 1 11 Q -0.06 (The comparison operators) 99 328.67 P 2 F -0.14 (<>) 216.44 328.67 P 1 F -0.06 ( and) 229.64 328.67 P 2 F -0.14 (!=) 250.9 328.67 P 1 F -0.06 ( are alternate spellings of the same operator; != is the preferred) 264.1 328.67 P (spelling, <> is obsolescent.) 99 315.67 T 0 14 Q (2.6) 99 288.67 T (Delimiters) 135 288.67 T 1 11 Q (The following tokens serve as delimiters in the grammar:) 99 263.67 T 2 10 Q (\050 \051 [ ] { }) 99 245.33 T (, : . \324 = ;) 99 233.33 T 1 11 Q 0.05 (The period can also occur in floating-point and imaginary literals. A sequence of three periods has a) 99 208.67 P (special meaning as ellipses in slices.) 99 195.67 T 0.41 0.01 (The following printing ASCII characters have special meaning as part of other tokens or are other-) 99 170.67 B (wise significant to the lexical analyzer:) 99 157.67 T 2 10 Q (\325 " # \134) 99 139.33 T 1 11 Q 0.19 (The following printing ASCII characters are not used in Python. Their occurrence outside string lit-) 99 114.67 P (erals and comments is an unconditional error:) 99 101.67 T 2 10 Q (@ $ ?) 99 83.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "9" 15 %%Page: "10" 16 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (10) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "10" 16 %%Page: "11" 17 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (11) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Data model) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 16 Q (C) 99 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (HAPTER) 110.55 709.33 T 0 16 Q (3:) 167.62 709.33 T (D) 198 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (ATA) 209.55 709.33 T (MODEL) 240.3 709.33 T 0 14 Q (3.1) 99 670.67 T (Objects, values and types) 135 670.67 T 3 11 Q 0.32 (Objects) 99 645.67 P 1 F 0.32 ( are Python\325s abstraction for data. All data in a Python program is represented by objects or) 132.6 645.67 P 0.1 (by relations between objects. \050In conformance to Von Neumann\325s model of a \322stored program com-) 99 632.67 P (puter\323, code is also represented by objects.\051) 99 619.67 T 0.13 (Every object has an identity, a type and a value. An object\325s) 99 594.67 P 3 F 0.13 (identity) 367.55 594.67 P 1 F 0.13 ( never changes once it has been) 400.55 594.67 P -0.28 (created; you may think of it as the object\325s address in memory. The \324) 99 581.67 P 2 F -0.67 (is) 398.41 581.67 P 1 F -0.28 (\325 operator compares the iden-) 411.61 581.67 P 0.15 (tity of two objects; the \324) 99 568.67 P 2 F 0.37 (id\050\051) 205.18 568.67 P 1 F 0.15 (\325 function returns an integer representing its identity \050currently imple-) 231.58 568.67 P 0.41 0.06 (mented as its address\051. An object\325s) 99 555.67 B 3 F 0.41 0.06 (type) 259.84 555.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.06 ( is also unchangeable. It determines the operations that an) 278.42 555.67 B 0.01 (object supports \050e.g. \322does it have a length?\323\051 and also defines the possible values for objects of that) 99 542.67 P 0.19 (type. The \324) 99 529.67 P 2 F 0.46 (type\050\051) 147.34 529.67 P 1 F 0.19 (\325 function returns an object\325s type \050which is an object itself\051. The) 186.94 529.67 P 3 F 0.19 (value) 477.91 529.67 P 1 F 0.19 ( of some) 501.74 529.67 P 0.36 (objects can change. The \324) 99 516.67 P 2 F 0.85 (==) 212.52 516.67 P 1 F 0.36 (\325 operator compares the value of two objects. Objects whose value can) 225.72 516.67 P 0.11 (change are said to be) 99 503.67 P 3 F 0.11 (mutable) 194.54 503.67 P 1 F 0.11 (; objects whose value is unchangeable once they are created are called) 229.98 503.67 P 3 F 0.41 0.01 (immutable) 99 490.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.01 (. An object\325s \050im\051mutability is determined by its type; for instance, numbers, strings and) 145.49 490.67 B (tuples are immutable, while dictionaries and lists are mutable.) 99 477.67 T 0.41 0.05 (Objects are never explicitly destroyed; however, when they become unreachable they may be gar-) 99 452.67 B -0.25 (bage-collected. An implementation is allowed to postpone garbage collection or omit it altogether \321) 99 439.67 P -0.18 (it is a matter of implementation quality how garbage collection is implemented, as long as no objects) 99 426.67 P 0.27 (are collected that are still reachable. \050Implementation note: the current implementation uses a refer-) 99 413.67 P 0.41 0.05 (ence-counting scheme which collects most objects as soon as they become unreachable, but never) 99 400.67 B (collects garbage containing circular references.\051) 99 387.67 T 0.09 (Note that the use of the implementation\325s tracing or debugging facilities may keep objects alive that) 99 362.67 P -0.32 (would normally be collectable. Also note that catching an exception with a \324) 99 349.67 P 2 F -0.77 (try...except) 430.88 349.67 P 1 F -0.32 (\325 state-) 510.08 349.67 P (ment may keep objects alive.) 99 336.67 T 0.41 0 (Some objects contain references to \322external\323 resources such as open files or windows. It is under-) 99 311.67 B -0.38 (stood that these resources are freed when the object is garbage-collected, but since garbage collection) 99 298.67 P -0.5 (is not guaranteed to happen, such objects also provide an explicit way to release the external resource,) 99 285.67 P -0.42 (usually a) 99 272.67 P 2 F -1 (close\050\051) 140.33 272.67 P 1 F -0.42 ( method. Programs are strongly recommended to always explicitly close such ob-) 186.53 272.67 P (jects. The \324) 99 259.67 T 2 F (try...finally) 148.18 259.67 T 1 F (\325 statement provides a convenient way to do this.) 233.98 259.67 T -0.25 (Some objects contain references to other objects; these are called) 99 234.67 P 3 F -0.25 (containers) 385.54 234.67 P 1 F -0.25 (. Examples of containers) 431.98 234.67 P 0.26 (are tuples, lists and dictionaries. The references are part of a container\325s value. In most cases, when) 99 221.67 P -0.42 (we talk about the value of a container, we imply the values, not the identities of the contained objects;) 99 208.67 P -0.32 (however, when we talk about the \050im\051mutability of a container, only the identities of the immediately) 99 195.67 P 0.41 0.01 (contained objects are implied. So, if an immutable container \050like a tuple\051 contains a reference to a) 99 182.67 B (mutable object, its value changes if that mutable object is changed.) 99 169.67 T 0.03 (Types affect almost all aspects of object behavior. Even the importance of object identity is affected) 99 144.67 P -0.05 (in some sense: for immutable types, operations that compute new values may actually return a refer-) 99 131.67 P 0.41 0.08 (ence to any existing object with the same type and value, while for mutable objects this is not al-) 99 118.67 B -0.36 (lowed. E.g. after \324\324) 99 105.67 P 2 F -0.86 (a = 1; b =) 181.01 105.67 P 1 F -0.36 (1\325\325,) 249.3 105.67 P 2 F -0.86 (a) 267.26 105.67 P 1 F -0.36 ( and) 273.86 105.67 P 2 F -0.86 (b) 294.53 105.67 P 1 F -0.36 ( may or may not refer to the same object with the value) 301.13 105.67 P -0.1 (one, depending on the implementation, but after \324\324) 99 92.67 P 2 F -0.24 (c = []; d = []) 319.79 92.67 P 1 F -0.1 (\325\325,) 410.99 92.67 P 2 F -0.24 (c) 423.71 92.67 P 1 F -0.1 ( and) 430.31 92.67 P 2 F -0.24 (d) 451.5 92.67 P 1 F -0.1 (are guaranteed to) 464.45 92.67 P 0.41 0.03 (refer to two different, unique, newly created empty lists. \050Note that \324\324) 99 79.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.03 (c = d = []) 410.5 79.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.03 (\325\325 assigns the) 480.75 79.67 B (same object to both) 99 66.67 T 2 F (c) 187.6 66.67 T 1 F ( and) 194.21 66.67 T 2 F (d) 215.59 66.67 T 1 F (.\051) 222.19 66.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "11" 17 %%Page: "12" 18 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (12) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (3.2) 76.5 710.67 T (The standard type hierarchy) 112.5 710.67 T 1 11 Q 0.12 (Below is a list of the types that are built into Python. Extension modules written in C can define ad-) 76.5 685.67 P 0.01 (ditional types. Future versions of Python may add types to the type hierarchy \050e.g. rational numbers,) 76.5 672.67 P (efficiently stored arrays of integers, etc.\051.) 76.5 659.67 T 1.02 (Some of the type descriptions below contain a paragraph listing \324special attributes\325. These are at-) 76.5 640.67 P 0.03 (tributes that provide access to the implementation and are not intended for general use. Their defini-) 76.5 627.67 P 0.87 (tion may change in the future. There are also some \324generic\325 special attributes, not listed with the) 76.5 614.67 P 0.38 (individual objects:) 76.5 601.67 P 2 F 0.92 (__methods__) 161.6 601.67 P 1 F 0.38 (is a list of the method names of a built-in object, if it has any;) 241.73 601.67 P 2 F (__members__) 76.5 588.67 T 1 F ( is a list of the data attribute names of a built-in object, if it has any.) 149.1 588.67 T 4 F (None) 76.5 569.67 T 1 F 0.12 (This type has a single value. There is a single object with this value. This object is accessed) 112.5 569.67 P 0.49 (through the built-in name) 112.5 556.67 P 2 F 1.17 (None) 229.34 556.67 P 1 F 0.49 (. It is used to signify the absence of a value in many situa-) 255.74 556.67 P -0.03 (tions, e.g. it is returned from functions that don\325t explicitly return anything. Its truth value is) 112.5 543.67 P (false.) 112.5 530.67 T 4 F (Ellipsis) 76.5 511.67 T 1 F 0.06 (This type has a single value. There is a single object with this value. This object is accessed) 113.49 511.67 P 0.04 (through the built-in name) 112.5 498.67 P 2 F 0.09 (Ellipsis) 227.53 498.67 P 1 F 0.04 (. It is used to indicate the presence of the \324\324...\325\325 syntax) 280.33 498.67 P (in a slice. Its truth value is true.) 112.5 485.67 T 4 F (Numbers) 76.5 466.67 T 1 F 0.6 (These are created by numeric literals and returned as results by arithmetic operators and) 122.63 466.67 P -0.01 (arithmetic built-in functions. Numeric objects are immutable; once created their value never) 112.5 453.67 P -0.52 (changes. Python numbers are of course strongly related to mathematical numbers, but subject) 112.5 440.67 P (to the limitations of numerical representation in computers.) 112.5 427.67 T (Python distinguishes between integers and floating point numbers:) 112.5 410.67 T 4 F (Integers) 112.5 391.67 T 1 F (These represent elements from the mathematical set of whole numbers) 153.74 391.67 T (There are two types of integers:) 130.5 374.67 T 4 F (Plain integers) 130.5 355.67 T 1 F -0.47 (These represent numbers in the range -2147483648 through 2147483647.) 197.72 355.67 P 0.61 (\050The range may be larger on machines with a larger natural word size, but not) 166.5 342.67 P 0.33 (smaller.\051 When the result of an operation falls outside this range, the exception) 166.5 329.67 P 2 F -0.33 (OverflowError) 166.5 316.67 P 1 F -0.14 ( is raised. For the purpose of shift and mask operations, inte-) 252.3 316.67 P 0.69 0.01 (gers are assumed to have a binary, 2\325s complement notation using 32 or more) 166.5 303.67 B 0.18 (bits, and hiding no bits from the user \050i.e., all 4294967296 different bit patterns) 166.5 290.67 P (correspond to different values\051.) 166.5 277.67 T 4 F (Long integers) 130.5 258.67 T 1 F 0.05 (These represent numbers in an unlimited range, subject to available \050vir-) 197.72 258.67 P -0.24 (tual\051 memory only. For the purpose of shift and mask operations, a binary repre-) 166.5 245.67 P 0.69 0 (sentation is assumed, and negative numbers are represented in a variant of 2\325s) 166.5 232.67 B 0.32 (complement which gives the illusion of an infinite string of sign bits extending) 166.5 219.67 P (to the left.) 166.5 206.67 T 0.02 (The rules for integer representation are intended to give the most meaningful interpreta-) 130.5 189.67 P -0.48 (tion of shift and mask operations involving negative integers and the least surprises when) 130.5 176.67 P -0.62 (switching between the plain and long integer domains. For any operation except left shift,) 130.5 163.67 P -0.08 (if it yields a result in the plain integer domain without causing overflow, it will yield the) 130.5 150.67 P (same result in the long integer domain or when using mixed operands.) 130.5 137.67 T 4 F (Floating point numbers) 112.5 118.67 T 1 F -0.98 (These represent machine-level double precision floating point num-) 225.88 118.67 P -0.22 (bers. You are at the mercy of the underlying machine architecture and C implementation) 130.5 105.67 P 0.4 (for the accepted range and handling of overflow. Python does not support single-preci-) 130.5 92.67 P 0.23 (sion floating point numbers; the savings in CPU and memory usage that are usually the) 130.5 79.67 P 0.07 (reason for using these is dwarfed by the overhead of using objects in Python, so there is) 130.5 66.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "12" 18 %%Page: "13" 19 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (13) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Data model) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (no reason to complicate the language with two kinds of floating point numbers.) 153 712.67 T 4 F (Complex numbers) 135 693.67 T 1 F -0.44 (These represent complex numbers as a pair of machine-level double pre-) 224.22 693.67 P -0.43 (cision floating point numbers. The same caveats apply as for floating point numbers. The) 153 680.67 P 0.16 (real and imaginary value of a complex number) 153 667.67 P 2 F 0.38 (z) 362.6 667.67 P 1 F 0.16 ( can be retrieved through the attributes) 369.2 667.67 P 2 F (z.real) 153 654.67 T 1 F ( and) 192.6 654.67 T 2 F (z.imag) 213.98 654.67 T 1 F (.) 253.58 654.67 T 4 F (Sequences) 99 635.67 T 1 F 1.51 (These represent finite ordered sets indexed by natural numbers. The built-in function) 150.03 635.67 P 2 F 0.82 (len\050\051) 135 622.67 P 1 F 0.34 ( returns the number of items of a sequence. When the length of a sequence is) 168 622.67 P 2 F 0.82 (n) 514.11 622.67 P 1 F 0.34 (, the) 520.71 622.67 P (index set contains the numbers 0, 1, ...,) 135 609.67 T 2 F (n) 309.15 609.67 T 1 F (. Item) 315.75 609.67 T 2 F (i) 344.17 609.67 T 1 F ( of sequence) 350.77 609.67 T 2 F (a) 408.49 609.67 T 1 F ( is selected by) 415.09 609.67 T 2 F (a[i]) 479.86 609.67 T 1 F (.) 506.26 609.67 T 4.29 (Sequences also support slicing:) 135 592.67 P 2 F 10.28 (a[i:j]) 292.69 592.67 P 1 F 4.29 ( selects all items with index) 332.29 592.67 P 2 F 10.28 (k) 482.67 592.67 P 1 F 4.29 ( such that) 489.27 592.67 P 2 F 1.18 (i) 135 579.67 P 1.18 (<=) 148.2 579.67 P 1.18 (k) 168 579.67 P 1.18 (<) 181.2 579.67 P 1.18 (j) 194.4 579.67 P 1 F 0.49 (. When used as an expression, a slice is a sequence of the same type \321 this) 201 579.67 P (implies that the index set is renumbered so that it starts at 0 again.) 135 566.67 T (Sequences are distinguished according to their mutability:) 135 549.67 T 4 F (Immutable sequences) 135 530.67 T 1 F -0.82 (An object of an immutable sequence type cannot change once it is cre-) 238.88 530.67 P -0.16 (ated. \050If the object contains references to other objects, these other objects may be muta-) 153 517.67 P 2.87 (ble and may be changed; however the array of objects directly referenced by an) 153 504.67 P (immutable object cannot change.\051) 153 491.67 T (The following types are immutable sequences:) 153 474.67 T 4 F (Strings) 153 455.67 T 1 F 0.13 (The items of a string are characters. There is no separate character type; a char-) 189 455.67 P 0.31 (acter is represented by a string of one item. Characters represent \050at least\051 8-bit) 189 442.67 P -0.49 (bytes. The built-in functions) 189 429.67 P 2 F -1.18 (chr\050\051) 314.45 429.67 P 1 F -0.49 ( and) 347.45 429.67 P 2 F -1.18 (ord\050\051) 367.85 429.67 P 1 F -0.49 ( convert between characters and) 400.85 429.67 P 0.55 (nonnegative integers representing the byte values. Bytes with the values 0-127) 189 416.67 P 0.24 (usually represent the corresponding ASCII values, but the interpretation of val-) 189 403.67 P 0.15 (ues is up to the program. The string data type is also used to represent arrays of) 189 390.67 P (bytes, e.g. to hold data read from a file.) 189 377.67 T (\050What should be done on systems whose native character set is not ASCII???\051) 189 360.67 T 4 F (Tuples) 153 341.67 T 1 F 0.56 (The items of a tuple are arbitrary Python objects. Tuples of two or more items) 189 341.67 P -0.21 (are formed by comma-separated lists of expressions. A tuple of one item \050a \324sin-) 189 328.67 P 0.14 (gleton\325\051 can be formed by affixing a comma to an expression \050an expression by) 189 315.67 P 0.59 (itself does not create a tuple, since parentheses must be usable for grouping of) 189 302.67 P -0.14 (expressions\051. An empty tuple can be formed by enclosing \324nothing\325 in parenthe-) 189 289.67 P (ses: \324\324) 189 276.67 T 2 F (\050\051) 215.58 276.67 T 1 F (\325\325.) 228.78 276.67 T 4 F (Mutable sequences) 135 257.67 T 1 F -0.22 (Mutable sequences can be changed after they are created. The subscrip-) 226.66 257.67 P -0.14 (tion and slicing notations can be used as the target of assignment and) 153 244.67 P 2 F -0.34 (del) 457.57 244.67 P 1 F -0.14 ( \050delete\051 state-) 477.37 244.67 P (ments.) 153 231.67 T (There is currently a single mutable sequence type:) 153 214.67 T 4 F (Lists) 153 195.67 T 1 F 0.69 0.04 (The items of a list are arbitrary Python objects. Lists are formed by placing a) 189 195.67 B 0.42 (comma-separated list of expressions in square brackets. \050Note that there are no) 189 182.67 P (special cases needed to form lists of length 0 or 1.\051) 189 169.67 T -0.52 (The optional module) 153 150.67 P 2 F -1.24 (array) 245.86 150.67 P 1 F -0.52 ( provides an additional example of a mutable sequence type.) 278.86 150.67 P 4 F (Mappings) 99 131.67 T 1 F -0.88 (These represent finite sets of objects indexed by arbitrary index sets. The subscript notation) 148.82 131.67 P 2 F -0.47 (a[k]) 135 118.67 P 1 F -0.2 ( selects the item indexed by) 161.4 118.67 P 2 F -0.47 (k) 284.86 118.67 P 1 F -0.2 ( from the mapping) 291.46 118.67 P 2 F -0.47 (a) 375 118.67 P 1 F -0.2 (; this can be used in expressions and) 381.6 118.67 P -0.62 (as the target of assignments or) 135 105.67 P 2 F -1.48 (del) 267.56 105.67 P 1 F -0.62 ( statements. The built-in function) 287.36 105.67 P 2 F -1.48 (len\050\051) 433.39 105.67 P 1 F -0.62 ( returns the num-) 466.39 105.67 P (ber of items in a mapping.) 135 92.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "13" 19 %%Page: "14" 20 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (14) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (There is currently a single intrinsic mapping type:) 112.5 712.67 T 4 F (Dictionaries) 112.5 693.67 T 1 F 0.85 (These represent finite sets of objects indexed by nearly arbitrary values. The) 172.08 693.67 P 0.23 (only types of values not acceptable as keys are values containing lists or dictionaries or) 130.5 680.67 P -0.09 (other mutable types that are compared by value rather than by object identity \321 the rea-) 130.5 667.67 P 0.51 (son being that the efficient implementation of dictionaries requires a key\325s value to re-) 130.5 654.67 P 3.46 (main constant. Numeric types used for keys obey the normal rules for numeric) 130.5 641.67 P 0.18 (comparison: if two numbers compare equal \050e.g. 1 and 1.0\051 then they can be used inter-) 130.5 628.67 P (changeably to index the same dictionary entry.) 130.5 615.67 T -0.29 (Dictionaries are mutable; they are created by the) 130.5 598.67 P 2 F -0.7 ({...}) 344.44 598.67 P 1 F -0.29 (notation. \050See \322Dictionary dis-) 383.34 598.67 P (plays\323 on page) 130.5 585.67 T (28.\051) 198.62 585.67 T 0.29 (The optional library modules) 112.5 568.67 P 2 F 0.7 (dbm) 244.43 568.67 P 1 F 0.29 (,) 264.23 568.67 P 2 F 0.7 (gdbm) 270.02 568.67 P 1 F 0.29 ( and) 296.42 568.67 P 2 F 0.7 (bsddb) 318.38 568.67 P 1 F 0.29 ( provide additional examples of map-) 351.38 568.67 P (ping types.) 112.5 555.67 T 4 F (Callable types) 76.5 536.67 T 1 F 0.22 (These are the types to which the function call operation \050for invocation, See \322Calls\323) 145.56 536.67 P (on page) 112.5 523.67 T (31.\051 is applied:) 149.77 523.67 T 4 F (User-defined functions) 112.5 504.67 T 1 F 0.8 (A user-defined function object is created by a function definition.) 221.88 504.67 P (\050See \322Function definitions\323 on page) 130.5 491.67 T (50.\051) 291.51 491.67 T 0.53 (Special read-only attributes:) 130.5 474.67 P 2 F 1.27 (func_doc) 258.88 474.67 P 1 F 0.53 ( or) 311.68 474.67 P 2 F 1.27 (__doc__) 327.41 474.67 P 1 F 0.53 ( is the function\325s documentation) 373.61 474.67 P 1.75 (string, or) 130.5 461.67 P 2 F 4.2 (None) 176.47 461.67 P 1 F 1.75 ( if unavailable;) 202.87 461.67 P 2 F 4.2 (func_name) 276.86 461.67 P 1 F 1.75 ( or) 336.26 461.67 P 2 F 4.2 (__name__) 354.43 461.67 P 1 F 1.75 ( is the function\325s name;) 407.23 461.67 P 2 F 2.63 (func_defaults) 130.5 448.67 P 1 F 1.1 ( is a tuple containing default argument values for those arguments) 216.3 448.67 P 0.81 (that have defaults, or) 130.5 435.67 P 2 F 1.93 (None) 228.73 435.67 P 1 F 0.81 ( if no arguments have a default value;) 255.13 435.67 P 2 F 1.93 (func_code) 430.21 435.67 P 1 F 0.81 ( is the) 489.61 435.67 P 0.54 (code object representing the compiled function body;) 130.5 422.67 P 2 F 1.29 (func_globals) 371.64 422.67 P 1 F 0.54 ( is \050a reference) 450.84 422.67 P -0.07 (to\051 the dictionary that holds the function\325s global variables \321 it defines the global name) 130.5 409.67 P 0.35 (space of the module in which the function was defined. Additional information about a) 130.5 396.67 P -0.19 (function\325s definition can be retrieved from its code object; see the description of internal) 130.5 383.67 P (types below.) 130.5 370.67 T 4 F (User-defined methods) 112.5 351.67 T 1 F 2.17 (A user-defined method object \050a.k.a.) 218.21 351.67 P 3 F 2.17 (object closure) 392.77 351.67 P 1 F 2.17 (\051 combines a) 456.96 351.67 P (class, a class instance \050or) 130.5 338.67 T 2 F (None) 243.52 338.67 T 1 F (\051 and a user-defined function.) 269.92 338.67 T 0.15 (Special read-only attributes:) 130.5 325.67 P 2 F 0.35 (im_self) 257.72 325.67 P 1 F 0.15 ( is the instance object;) 303.92 325.67 P 2 F 0.35 (im_func) 405.17 325.67 P 1 F 0.15 ( is the function) 451.37 325.67 P -0.38 (object;) 130.5 312.67 P 2 F -0.92 (im_class) 162.81 312.67 P 1 F -0.38 ( is the class that defined the method \050which may be a base class of the) 215.61 312.67 P 1.76 (class of which) 130.5 299.67 P 2 F 4.22 (im_self) 201.45 299.67 P 1 F 1.76 ( is an instance\051;) 247.65 299.67 P 2 F 4.22 (__doc__) 326.17 299.67 P 1 F 1.76 ( is the method\325s documentation) 372.37 299.67 P 6.14 (\050same as) 130.5 286.67 P 2 F 14.74 (im_func.__doc__) 183.71 286.67 P 1 F 6.14 (\051;) 282.71 286.67 P 2 F 14.74 (__name__) 298.32 286.67 P 1 F 6.14 ( is the method name \050same as) 351.12 286.67 P 2 F (im_func.__name__) 130.5 273.67 T 1 F (\051.) 236.1 273.67 T -0.42 (User-defined method objects are created in two ways: when getting an attribute of a class) 130.5 256.67 P -0.47 (that is a user-defined function object, or when getting an attributes of a class instance that) 130.5 243.67 P 0.53 (is a user-defined function object. In the former case \050class attribute\051, the) 130.5 230.67 P 2 F 1.28 (im_self) 456.41 230.67 P 1 F 0.53 ( at-) 502.61 230.67 P -0.01 (tribute is) 130.5 217.67 P 2 F -0.03 (None) 172.03 217.67 P 1 F -0.01 (, and the method object is said to be) 198.43 217.67 P 3 F -0.01 (unbound) 359.02 217.67 P 1 F -0.01 (; in the latter case \050instance) 397.52 217.67 P 0.4 (attribute\051,) 130.5 204.67 P 2 F 0.95 (im_self) 176.72 204.67 P 1 F 0.4 ( is the instance, and the method object is said to be) 222.92 204.67 P 3 F 0.4 (bound) 453.46 204.67 P 1 F 0.4 (. For in-) 480.96 204.67 P -0.29 (stance, when) 130.5 191.67 P 2 F -0.7 (C) 189.48 191.67 P 1 F -0.29 ( is a class which contains a definition for a function) 196.08 191.67 P 2 F -0.7 (f) 422.3 191.67 P 1 F -0.29 (,) 428.9 191.67 P 2 F -0.7 (C.f) 434.11 191.67 P 1 F -0.29 ( does not yield) 453.91 191.67 P -0.49 (the function object) 130.5 178.67 P 2 F -1.18 (f) 214.26 178.67 P 1 F -0.49 (; rather, it yields an unbound method object m where) 220.86 178.67 P 2 F -1.18 (m.im_class) 451.5 178.67 P 1 F 0.17 (is) 130.5 165.67 P 2 F 0.41 (C) 140.76 165.67 P 1 F 0.17 (,) 147.36 165.67 P 2 F 0.41 (m.im_function) 153.03 165.67 P 1 F 0.17 ( is) 238.83 165.67 P 2 F 0.41 (f) 252.01 165.67 P 1 F 0.17 (, and m) 258.61 165.67 P 2 F 0.41 (.im_self) 291.64 165.67 P 1 F 0.17 ( is) 344.44 165.67 P 2 F 0.41 (None) 357.62 165.67 P 1 F 0.17 (. When) 384.02 165.67 P 2 F 0.41 (x) 418.88 165.67 P 1 F 0.17 ( is a) 425.48 165.67 P 2 F 0.41 (C) 446.46 165.67 P 1 F 0.17 ( instance,) 453.06 165.67 P 2 F 0.41 (x.f) 497.7 165.67 P 1 F -0.44 (yields a bound method object) 130.5 152.67 P 2 F -1.05 (m) 260.61 152.67 P 1 F -0.44 ( where) 267.21 152.67 P 2 F -1.05 (m.im_class) 298.71 152.67 P 1 F -0.44 ( is) 364.71 152.67 P 2 F -1.05 (C) 376.68 152.67 P 1 F -0.44 (,) 383.28 152.67 P 2 F -1.05 (m.im_function) 388.34 152.67 P 1 F -0.44 ( is) 474.14 152.67 P 2 F -1.05 (f,) 486.1 152.67 P 1 F -0.44 ( and) 499.3 152.67 P 2 F (m.im_self) 130.5 139.67 T 1 F ( is) 189.9 139.67 T 2 F (x) 202.74 139.67 T 1 F (.) 209.34 139.67 T 3.54 (When an unbound user-defined method object is called, the underlying function) 130.5 122.67 P 0.32 (\050) 130.5 109.67 P 2 F 0.76 (im_func) 134.16 109.67 P 1 F 0.32 (\051 is called, with the restriction that the first argument must be an instance of) 180.36 109.67 P (the proper class \050) 130.5 96.67 T 2 F (im_class) 205.95 96.67 T 1 F (\051 or of a derived class thereof.) 258.75 96.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "14" 20 %%Page: "15" 21 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (15) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Data model) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.4 (When a bound user-defined method object is called, the underlying function \050) 153 712.67 P 2 F -0.96 (im_func) 490.14 712.67 P 1 F -0.4 (\051) 536.34 712.67 P 0.82 (is called, inserting the class instance \050) 153 699.67 P 2 F 1.96 (im_self) 323.8 699.67 P 1 F 0.82 (\051 in front of the argument list. For in-) 370 699.67 P -0.44 (stance, when) 153 686.67 P 2 F -1.06 (C) 211.68 686.67 P 1 F -0.44 ( is a class which contains a definition for a function) 218.28 686.67 P 2 F -1.06 (f) 442.86 686.67 P 1 F -0.44 (, and) 449.46 686.67 P 2 F -1.06 (x) 472.71 686.67 P 1 F -0.44 ( is an instance) 479.31 686.67 P (of) 153 673.67 T 2 F (C) 164.91 673.67 T 1 F (, calling) 171.51 673.67 T 2 F (x.f\0501\051) 209.71 673.67 T 1 F ( is equivalent to calling) 249.3 673.67 T 2 F (C.f\050x, 1\051) 354.72 673.67 T 1 F (.) 414.12 673.67 T 0.17 (Note that the transformation from function object to \050unbound or bound\051 method object) 153 656.67 P 0.4 (happens each time the attribute is retrieved from the class or instance. In some cases, a) 153 643.67 P 0.32 (fruitful optimization is to assign the attribute to a local variable and call that local vari-) 153 630.67 P 0.08 (able. Also notice that this transformation only happens for user-defined functions; other) 153 617.67 P (callable objects \050and all non-callable objects\051 are retrieved without transformation.) 153 604.67 T 4 F (Built-in functions) 135 585.67 T 1 F 0.01 (A built-in function object is a wrapper around a C function. Examples of) 219.96 585.67 P 0.86 (built-in functions are) 153 572.67 P 2 F 2.06 (len) 250.59 572.67 P 1 F 0.86 ( and) 270.39 572.67 P 2 F 2.06 (math.sin) 293.49 572.67 P 1 F 0.86 ( \050) 346.29 572.67 P 2 F 2.06 (math) 353.56 572.67 P 1 F 0.86 ( is a standard built-in module\051. The) 379.96 572.67 P 0.44 (number and type of the arguments are determined by the C function. Special read-only) 153 559.67 P 1.47 (attributes:) 153 546.67 P 2 F 3.52 (__doc__) 201.22 546.67 P 1 F 1.47 ( is the function\325s documentation string, or) 247.42 546.67 P 2 F 3.52 (None) 444.68 546.67 P 1 F 1.47 ( if unavailable;) 471.08 546.67 P 2 F 1.61 (__name__) 153 533.67 P 1 F 0.67 ( is the function\325s name;) 205.8 533.67 P 2 F 1.61 (__self__) 315.16 533.67 P 1 F 0.67 ( is set to) 367.96 533.67 P 2 F 1.61 (None) 409.76 533.67 P 1 F 0.67 ( \050but see the next para-) 436.16 533.67 P (graph\051.) 153 520.67 T 4 F (Built-in methods) 135 501.67 T 1 F -0.65 (This is really a different disguise of a built-in function, this time containing) 216.29 501.67 P 0.11 (an object passed to the C function as an implicit extra argument. An example of a built-) 153 488.67 P 0.73 (in method is) 153 475.67 P 2 F 1.76 (list.append) 212.34 475.67 P 1 F 0.73 (, assuming) 284.94 475.67 P 2 F 1.76 (list) 336.22 475.67 P 1 F 0.73 ( is a list object. In this case, the special) 362.62 475.67 P (read-only attribute) 153 462.67 T 2 F (__self__) 237.32 462.67 T 1 F ( is set to the object denoted by) 290.11 462.67 T 2 F (list) 426.38 462.67 T 1 F (.) 452.78 462.67 T 4 F (Classes) 135 443.67 T 1 F -0.51 (Class objects are described below. When a class object is called, a new class instance) 171.97 443.67 P 2.98 (\050also described below\051 is created and returned. This implies a call to the class\325s) 153 430.67 P 2 F -0.98 (__init__) 153 417.67 P 1 F -0.41 ( method if it has one. Any arguments are passed on to the) 205.8 417.67 P 2 F -0.98 (__init__) 455.91 417.67 P 1 F -0.41 (meth-) 514.34 417.67 P (od \321 if there is no) 153 404.67 T 2 F (__init__) 238.55 404.67 T 1 F ( method, the class must be called without arguments.) 291.35 404.67 T 4 F (Class instances) 135 385.67 T 1 F -0.34 (Class instances are described below. Class instances can be called as a func-) 208.34 385.67 P 0.51 (tion only when the class has a) 153 372.67 P 2 F 1.24 (__call__) 290.73 372.67 P 1 F 0.51 ( method; in this case,) 343.53 372.67 P 2 F 1.24 (x\050arguments\051) 442.05 372.67 P 1 F 0.51 ( is a) 521.25 372.67 P (shorthand for) 153 359.67 T 2 F (x.__call__\050arguments\051) 214.71 359.67 T 1 F (.) 353.31 359.67 T 4 F (Modules) 99 340.67 T 1 F -0.46 (Modules are imported by the) 142.09 340.67 P 2 F -1.11 (import) 269.62 340.67 P 1 F -0.46 ( statement. \050See \322The import statement\323 on page) 309.22 340.67 P -0.46 (43.\051) 522.59 340.67 P -0.11 (A module object has a name space implemented by a dictionary object \050this is the dictionary) 135 327.67 P 0.35 (referenced by the) 135 314.67 P 2 F 0.83 (func_globals) 215.14 314.67 P 1 F 0.35 ( attribute of functions defined in the module\051. Attribute) 294.34 314.67 P 4.83 (references are translated to lookups in this dictionary, e.g.) 135 301.67 P 2 F 11.6 (m.x) 435.73 301.67 P 1 F 4.83 ( is equivalent to) 455.53 301.67 P 2 F 1.5 (m.__dict__["x"]) 135 288.67 P 1 F 0.62 (. A module object does not contain the code object used to initialize) 234 288.67 P (the module \050since it isn\325t needed once the initialization is done\051.) 135 275.67 T -0.54 (Attribute assignment update the module\325s name space dictionary, e.g. \324\324) 135 258.67 P 2 F -1.3 (m.x) 446.62 258.67 P -1.3 (=) 473.02 258.67 P -1.3 (1) 486.22 258.67 P 1 F -0.54 (\325\325 is equiv-) 492.82 258.67 P (alent to \324\324) 135 245.67 T 2 F (m.__dict__["x"] = 1) 177.77 245.67 T 1 F (\325\325.) 303.17 245.67 T 0.89 (Special read-only attribute:) 135 228.67 P 2 F 2.13 (__dict__) 260.16 228.67 P 1 F 0.89 ( is the dictionary object that is the module\325s name) 312.96 228.67 P (space.) 135 215.67 T -0.44 (Predefined \050writable\051 attributes:) 135 198.67 P 2 F -1.07 (__name__) 276.94 198.67 P 1 F -0.44 (is the module name;) 335.28 198.67 P 2 F -1.07 (__doc__) 425.16 198.67 P 1 F -0.44 ( is the module\325s) 471.36 198.67 P 0.38 (documentation string, or) 135 185.67 P 2 F 0.92 (None) 246.76 185.67 P 1 F 0.38 ( if unavailable;) 273.16 185.67 P 2 F 0.92 (__file__) 343.05 185.67 P 1 F 0.38 ( is the pathname of the file from) 395.86 185.67 P 0.47 (which the module was loaded, if it was loaded from a file. The) 135 172.67 P 2 F 1.14 (__file__) 419.47 172.67 P 1 F 0.47 ( attribute is not) 472.27 172.67 P 0.86 (present for C modules that are statically linked into the interpreter; for extension modules) 135 159.67 P (loaded dynamically from a shared library, it is the pathname of the shared library file.) 135 146.67 T 4 F (Classes) 99 127.67 T 1 F 0.34 (Class objects are created by class definitions \050See \322Class definitions\323 on page) 135.97 127.67 P 0.34 (51.\051. A class) 484.33 127.67 P -0.62 (has a name space implemented by a dictionary object. Class attribute references are translated) 135 114.67 P 0.72 (to lookups in this dictionary, e.g. \324\324) 135 101.67 P 2 F 1.72 (C.x) 294.21 101.67 P 1 F 0.72 (\325\325 is translated to \324\324) 314.01 101.67 P 2 F 1.72 (C.__dict__["x"]) 401.19 101.67 P 1 F 0.72 (\325\325. When) 500.19 101.67 P 0.38 (the attribute name is not found there, the attribute search continues in the base classes. The) 135 88.67 P 0.02 (search is depth-first, left-to-right in the order of their occurrence in the base class list. When) 135 75.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "15" 21 %%Page: "16" 22 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (16) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.46 (a class attribute reference would yield a user-defined function object, it is transformed into) 112.5 712.67 P -0.56 (an unbound user-defined method object \050see above\051. The) 112.5 699.67 P 2 F -1.35 (im_class) 361.23 699.67 P 1 F -0.56 ( attribute of this method) 414.03 699.67 P -0.22 (object is the class in which the function object was found, not necessarily the class for which) 112.5 686.67 P (the attribute reference was initiated.) 112.5 673.67 T -0.53 (Class attribute assignments update the class\325s dictionary, never the dictionary of a base class.) 112.5 656.67 P (A class object can be called as a function \050see above\051 to yield a class instance \050see below\051.) 112.5 639.67 T 1.45 (Special read-only attributes:) 112.5 622.67 P 2 F 3.47 (__dict__) 243.63 622.67 P 1 F 1.45 ( is the dictionary that is the class\325s name space;) 296.43 622.67 P 2 F 0.96 (__name__) 112.5 609.67 P 1 F 0.4 ( is the class name;) 165.3 609.67 P 2 F 0.96 (__bases__) 250.1 609.67 P 1 F 0.4 ( is a tuple \050possibly empty or a singleton\051 con-) 309.5 609.67 P (taining the base classes, in the order of their occurrence in the base class list.) 112.5 596.67 T -0.43 (Predefined \050writable\051 attribute:) 112.5 579.67 P 2 F -1.04 (__doc__) 250.2 579.67 P 1 F -0.43 ( is the class\325s documentation string, or) 296.4 579.67 P 2 F -1.04 (None) 465.08 579.67 P 1 F -0.43 ( if un-) 491.48 579.67 P (defined.) 112.5 566.67 T 4 F (Class instances) 76.5 547.67 T 1 F -0.33 (A class instance is created by calling a class object as a function \050see above\051. A class) 149.84 547.67 P 0.89 (instance has a name space implemented as a dictionary, which is the first place where in-) 112.5 534.67 P -0.35 (stance attributes are searched. When an attribute is not found there, the search continues with) 112.5 521.67 P 0.24 (the class attributes. If a class attribute is found that is a user-defined function object \050and in) 112.5 508.67 P -0.53 (no other case\051, it is transformed into an unbound user-defined method object \050see above\051. The) 112.5 495.67 P 2 F 3.5 (im_class) 112.5 482.67 P 1 F 1.46 ( attribute of this method object is the class in which the function object was) 165.3 482.67 P -0.35 (found, not necessarily the class of the instance for which the attribute reference was initiated.) 112.5 469.67 P 0.96 (If no class attribute is found, and the object\325s class has a) 112.5 456.67 P 2 F 2.3 (__getattr__) 374.19 456.67 P 1 F 0.96 ( method, that is) 446.79 456.67 P (called to satisfy the lookup.) 112.5 443.67 T 0.38 (Attribute assignments and deletions update the instance\325s dictionary, never a class\325s dictio-) 112.5 426.67 P 0.18 (nary. If the class has a) 112.5 413.67 P 2 F 0.44 (__setattr__) 214.1 413.67 P 1 F 0.18 ( or) 286.7 413.67 P 2 F 0.44 (__delattr__) 301.72 413.67 P 1 F 0.18 ( method, this is called instead of) 374.32 413.67 P (updating the instance dictionary directly.) 112.5 400.67 T 1.16 (Class instances can pretend to be numbers, sequences, mappings, or callable objects, and) 112.5 383.67 P 0.55 (override various other special operations, if they have methods with certain special names.) 112.5 370.67 P (See \322Special method names\323 on page) 112.5 357.67 T (18.) 279.91 357.67 T 1.29 (Special attributes:) 112.5 340.67 P 2 F 3.1 (__dict__) 196.97 340.67 P 1 F 1.29 ( yields the attribute dictionary;) 249.77 340.67 P 2 F 3.1 (__class__) 394.03 340.67 P 1 F 1.29 ( yields the in-) 453.43 340.67 P 0.41 (stance\325s class. In some implementations these may be assigned a new value; the new value) 112.5 327.67 P (must have the same type as the old value.) 112.5 314.67 T 4 F (Files) 76.5 295.67 T 1 F -0.59 (A file object represents an open file. File objects are created by the) 112.5 295.67 P 2 F -1.41 (open\050\051) 401.77 295.67 P 1 F -0.59 ( built-in function,) 441.37 295.67 P 0.78 (and also by) 112.5 282.67 P 2 F 1.86 (os.popen\050\051) 167.68 282.67 P 1 F 0.78 (,) 233.68 282.67 P 2 F 1.86 (os.fdopen\050\051) 239.96 282.67 P 1 F 0.78 ( and the) 312.56 282.67 P 2 F 1.86 (makefile\050\051) 352.46 282.67 P 1 F 0.78 ( method of socket ob-) 418.46 282.67 P 0.51 (jects \050and perhaps by other functions or methods provided by extension modules\051. The ob-) 112.5 269.67 P 4.25 (jects) 112.5 256.67 P 2 F 10.2 (sys.stdin) 139.66 256.67 P 1 F 4.25 (,) 199.06 256.67 P 2 F 10.2 (sys.stdout) 208.81 256.67 P 1 F 4.25 ( and) 274.81 256.67 P 2 F 10.2 (sys.stderr) 304.69 256.67 P 1 F 4.25 ( are initialized to file objects) 370.69 256.67 P -0.6 (corresponding to the interpreter\325s standard input, output and error streams. See the Python Li-) 112.5 243.67 P (brary Reference for complete documentation of file objects.) 112.5 230.67 T 4 F (Internal types) 76.5 211.67 T 1 F -0.69 (A few types used internally by the interpreter are exposed to the user. Their definitions) 144.94 211.67 P -0.42 (may change with future versions of the interpreter, but they are mentioned here for complete-) 112.5 198.67 P (ness.) 112.5 185.67 T 4 F (Code objects) 112.5 166.67 T 1 F -0.45 (Code objects represent) 175.43 166.67 P 3 F -0.45 (byte-compile) 277.04 166.67 P 1 F -0.45 ( executable Python code, or) 333.85 166.67 P 3 F -0.45 (bytecode) 456.25 166.67 P 1 F -0.45 (. The) 495.34 166.67 P -0.5 (difference between a code object and a function object is that the function object contains) 130.5 153.67 P 0.23 (an explicit reference to the function\325s globals \050the name space dictionary of the module) 130.5 140.67 P 0.18 (in which it was defined\051, while a code object contains no context; also the default argu-) 130.5 127.67 P -0.02 (ment values are stored in the function object, not in the code object \050because they repre-) 130.5 114.67 P 0.1 (sent values calculated at run-time\051. Unlike function objects, code objects are immutable) 130.5 101.67 P (and contain no references \050directly or indirectly\051 to mutable objects.) 130.5 88.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "16" 22 %%Page: "17" 23 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (17) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Data model) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.03 (Special read-only attributes:) 153 712.67 P 2 F -0.07 (co_argcount) 279.7 712.67 P 1 F -0.03 ( is the number of positional arguments \050in-) 352.3 712.67 P 0.21 (cluding arguments with default values\051;) 153 699.67 P 2 F 0.51 (co_nlocals) 331.58 699.67 P 1 F 0.21 ( is the number of local variables) 397.58 699.67 P 1 (used by the function \050including arguments\051;) 153 686.67 P 2 F 2.4 (co_varnames) 354.54 686.67 P 1 F 1 ( is a tuple containing the) 427.14 686.67 P 0.76 (names of the local variables \050starting with the argument names\051;) 153 673.67 P 2 F 1.83 (co_code) 445.98 673.67 P 1 F 0.76 ( is a string) 492.18 673.67 P 0.8 (representing the sequence of bytecode instructions;) 153 660.67 P 2 F 1.93 (co_consts) 385.72 660.67 P 1 F 0.8 ( is a tuple containing) 445.12 660.67 P -0.31 (the literals used by the bytecode;) 153 647.67 P 2 F -0.74 (co_names) 298.41 647.67 P 1 F -0.31 ( is a tuple containing the names used by the) 351.21 647.67 P 4.13 (bytecode;) 153 634.67 P 2 F 9.91 (co_filename) 202.65 634.67 P 1 F 4.13 ( is the filename from which the code was compiled;) 275.25 634.67 P 2 F 1.13 (co_flags) 153 621.67 P 1 F 0.47 ( is an integer encoding a number of flags for the interpreter. The following) 205.8 621.67 P -0.56 (flag bits are defined: bit 2 is set if the function uses the \322) 153 608.67 P 2 F -1.34 (*arguments) 394.73 608.67 P 1 F -0.56 (\325\325 syntax to accept) 460.73 608.67 P 2.81 (an arbitrary number of positional arguments; bit 3 is set if the function uses the) 153 595.67 P 0.11 (\324\324) 153 582.67 P 2 F 0.25 (**keywords) 160.33 582.67 P 1 F 0.11 (\325\325 syntax to accept arbitrary keyword arguments; other bits are used in-) 226.33 582.67 P 0.48 (ternally or reserved for future use. The first item in) 153 569.67 P 2 F 1.15 (co_consts) 384.75 569.67 P 1 F 0.48 ( is the documentation) 444.15 569.67 P 0.1 (string of the function, or) 153 556.67 P 2 F 0.23 (None) 263.47 556.67 P 1 F 0.1 ( if undefined. To find out the first line number of a func-) 289.87 556.67 P 1.57 (tion, you have to disassemble the bytecode instructions; the standard library module) 153 543.67 P 2 F 2.59 (codehack) 153 530.67 P 1 F 1.08 ( defines a function) 205.8 530.67 P 2 F 2.59 (getlineno\050\051) 294.42 530.67 P 1 F 1.08 ( that returns the first line number of a) 367.02 530.67 P (code object.) 153 517.67 T 4 F (Frame objects) 135 498.67 T 1 F 0.15 (Frame objects represent execution frames. They may occur in traceback ob-) 204.64 498.67 P (jects \050see below\051.) 153 485.67 T -0.2 (Special read-only attributes:) 153 468.67 P 2 F -0.48 (f_back) 279.19 468.67 P 1 F -0.2 ( is to the previous stack frame \050towards the caller\051,) 318.79 468.67 P 0.09 (or) 153 455.67 P 2 F 0.21 (None) 165 455.67 P 1 F 0.09 ( if this is the bottom stack frame;) 191.4 455.67 P 2 F 0.21 (f_code) 340 455.67 P 1 F 0.09 ( is the code object being executed in) 379.6 455.67 P 0.34 (this frame;) 153 442.67 P 2 F 0.82 (f_locals) 203.79 442.67 P 1 F 0.34 ( is the dictionary used to look up locals variables;) 256.59 442.67 P 2 F 0.82 (f_globals) 480.6 442.67 P 1 F 2.99 (is used for global variables;) 153 429.67 P 2 F 7.18 (f_builtins) 292.29 429.67 P 1 F 2.99 ( is used for built-in \050intrinsic\051 names;) 358.29 429.67 P 2 F 0.46 (f_restricted) 153 416.67 P 1 F 0.19 ( is a flag indicating whether the function is executing in restricted ex-) 232.2 416.67 P -0.54 (ecution mode;) 153 403.67 P 2 F -1.3 (f_lineno) 217.3 403.67 P 1 F -0.54 ( gives the current line number and) 270.1 403.67 P 2 F -1.3 (f_lasti) 419.36 403.67 P 1 F -0.54 ( gives the precise) 465.56 403.67 P (instruction \050this is an index into the instruction string of the code object\051.) 153 390.67 T 0.9 (Special writable attributes:) 153 373.67 P 2 F 2.15 (f_trace) 276.37 373.67 P 1 F 0.9 (, if not) 322.57 373.67 P 2 F 2.15 (None) 357.04 373.67 P 1 F 0.9 (, is a function called at the start of) 383.44 373.67 P (each source code line \050this is used by the debugger\051.) 153 360.67 T 4 F (Traceback objects) 135 341.67 T 1 F 0.44 ( Traceback objects represent a stack trace of an exception. A traceback) 223.59 341.67 P -0.52 (object is created when an exception occurs. When the search for an exception handler un-) 153 328.67 P 0.3 (winds the execution stack, at each unwound level a traceback object is inserted in front) 153 315.67 P 0.46 (of the current traceback. When an exception handler is entered, the stack trace is made) 153 302.67 P 2.23 (available to the program. \050See \322The try statement\323 on page) 153 289.67 P 2.23 (49.\051 It is accessible as) 434.86 289.67 P 2 F 11.56 (sys.exc_traceback) 153 276.67 P 1 F 4.82 (, and also as the third item of the tuple returned by) 265.2 276.67 P 2 F 0.23 (sys.exc_info\050\051) 153 263.67 P 1 F 0.1 (. The latter is the preferred interface, since it works correctly when) 245.4 263.67 P -0.06 (the program is using multiple threads. When the program contains no suitable exception) 153 250.67 P 0.1 (handler, the stack trace is printed on the standard error stream; if the interpreter is inter-) 153 237.67 P (active, it is also made available to the user as) 153 224.67 T 2 F (sys.last_traceback) 353.72 224.67 T 1 F (.) 472.52 224.67 T 0.58 (Special read-only attributes:) 153 207.67 P 2 F 1.38 (tb_next) 281.52 207.67 P 1 F 0.58 ( is the next level in the stack trace \050towards the) 327.72 207.67 P 1.45 (frame where the exception occurred\051, or) 153 194.67 P 2 F 3.48 (None) 340.98 194.67 P 1 F 1.45 ( if there is no next level;) 367.38 194.67 P 2 F 3.48 (tb_frame) 487.2 194.67 P 1 F 0.74 (points to the execution frame of the current level;) 153 181.67 P 2 F 1.77 (tb_lineno) 379.89 181.67 P 1 F 0.74 ( gives the line number) 439.29 181.67 P 1.5 (where the exception occurred;) 153 168.67 P 2 F 3.59 (tb_lasti) 294.61 168.67 P 1 F 1.5 ( indicates the precise instruction. The line) 347.41 168.67 P -0.25 (number and last instruction in the traceback may differ from the line number of its frame) 153 155.67 P -0.21 (object if the exception occurred in a) 153 142.67 P 2 F -0.51 (try) 312.51 142.67 P 1 F -0.21 ( statement with no matching) 332.31 142.67 P 2 F -0.51 (except) 458.67 142.67 P 1 F -0.21 ( clause or) 498.27 142.67 P (with a) 153 129.67 T 2 F (finally) 182.94 129.67 T 1 F ( clause.) 229.14 129.67 T 4 F (Slice objects) 135 110.67 T 1 F -0.74 (Slice objects are used to represent slices when) 195.49 110.67 P 3 F -0.74 (extended slice syntax) 395.51 110.67 P 1 F -0.74 ( is used \050this) 486.9 110.67 P 1.72 (is a slice using two colons, or multiple slices or ellipses separated by commas, e.g.) 153 97.67 P 2 F 3.58 (a[i:j:step]) 153 84.67 P 1 F 1.49 (,) 225.6 84.67 P 2 F 3.58 (a[i:j,) 232.59 84.67 P 3.58 (k:l]) 278.79 84.67 P 1 F 1.49 (, or) 305.19 84.67 P 2 F 3.58 (a[...,) 325.58 84.67 P 3.58 (i:j]) 371.79 84.67 P 1 F 1.49 (\051. They are also created by the) 398.18 84.67 P (built-in) 153 71.67 T 2 F (slice\050\051) 188.15 71.67 T 1 F ( function.) 234.35 71.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "17" 23 %%Page: "18" 24 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (18) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.03 (Special read-only attributes:) 130.5 712.67 P 2 F -0.08 (start) 257.19 712.67 P 1 F -0.03 ( is the lowerbound;) 290.19 712.67 P 2 F -0.08 (stop) 377.44 712.67 P 1 F -0.03 ( is the upperbound;) 403.84 712.67 P 2 F -0.08 (step) 491.1 712.67 P 1 F (is the step value; each is) 130.5 699.67 T 2 F (None) 239.87 699.67 T 1 F ( if omitted. These attributes can have any type.) 266.27 699.67 T 0 14 Q (3.3) 76.5 672.67 T (Special method names) 112.5 672.67 T 1 11 Q -0.41 (This section describes how user-defined classes can customize their behavior or emulate the behavior) 76.5 643.67 P 0.14 (of other object types. In the following, if a class defines a particular method, any class derived from) 76.5 630.67 P (it is also understood to define that method \050implicitly\051.) 76.5 617.67 T -0.27 (A class can implement certain operations that are invoked by special syntax \050such as arithmetic oper-) 76.5 592.67 P -0.51 (ations or subscripting and slicing\051 by defining methods with special names. For instance, if a class de-) 76.5 579.67 P -0.13 (fines a method named) 76.5 566.67 P 2 F -0.31 (__getitem__) 175.58 566.67 P 1 F -0.13 (, and) 248.18 566.67 P 2 F -0.31 (x) 272.05 566.67 P 1 F -0.13 ( is an instance of this class, then) 278.65 566.67 P 2 F -0.31 (x[i]) 421.52 566.67 P 1 F -0.13 ( is equivalent to) 447.92 566.67 P 2 F 0.45 (x.__getitem__\050i\051) 76.5 553.67 P 1 F 0.19 (. \050The reverse is not true; e.g. if) 182.1 553.67 P 2 F 0.45 (x) 325.03 553.67 P 1 F 0.19 ( is a list object,) 331.63 553.67 P 2 F 0.45 (x.__getitem__\050i\051) 401.63 553.67 P 1 F 0.19 ( is) 507.23 553.67 P 0.2 (not equivalent to) 76.5 540.67 P 2 F 0.48 (x[i]) 153.79 540.67 P 1 F 0.2 (.\051 Except where mentioned, attempts to execute an operation raise an excep-) 180.19 540.67 P (tion when no appropriate method is defined.) 76.5 527.67 T 0 12 Q (3.3.1) 76.5 502 T (Basic customization) 121.5 502 T 2 11 Q (__init__\050self, [args...]\051) 76.5 482.67 T 1 F 0.13 (Called when the instance is created. The arguments are those) 248.1 482.67 P -0.67 (that were passed to the class constructor expression. If a base class has an) 112.5 469.67 P 2 F -1.62 (__init__) 429.62 469.67 P 1 F -0.67 ( method) 482.42 469.67 P 0.32 (the derived class\325s) 112.5 456.67 P 2 F 0.78 (__init__) 197.48 456.67 P 1 F 0.32 ( method must explicitly call it to ensure proper initialization) 250.28 456.67 P (of the base class part of the instance, e.g.) 112.5 443.67 T (\324\324) 112.5 430.67 T 2 F (BaseClass.__init__\050self,) 119.83 430.67 T ([args...]\051) 284.83 430.67 T 1 F (\325\325.) 350.83 430.67 T 2 F (__del__\050self\051) 76.5 411.67 T 1 F -0.65 (Called when the instance is about to be destroyed. If a base class has a) 168.9 411.67 P 2 F -1.57 (__del__) 471.3 411.67 P 1 F -0.39 (method the derived class\325s) 112.5 398.67 P 2 F -0.94 (__del__) 230.69 398.67 P 1 F -0.39 ( method must explicitly call it to ensure proper deletion) 276.89 398.67 P 0.07 (of the base class part of the instance. e.g. \324\324) 112.5 385.67 P 2 F 0.17 (BaseClass.__del__\050self\051) 303.16 385.67 P 1 F 0.07 (\325\325. Note that it) 454.96 385.67 P -0.09 (is possible \050though not recommended!\051 for the) 112.5 372.67 P 2 F -0.22 (__del__) 318.69 372.67 P 1 F -0.09 ( method to postpone destruction of) 364.89 372.67 P 0.12 (the instance by creating a new reference to it. It may then be called at a later time when this) 112.5 359.67 P 0.38 (new reference is deleted. It is not guaranteed that) 112.5 346.67 P 2 F 0.92 (__del__) 334.67 346.67 P 1 F 0.38 ( methods are called for objects) 380.86 346.67 P (that still exist when the interpreter exits.) 112.5 333.67 T 4 F 0.41 (Programmer\325s note:) 112.5 316.67 P 1 F 0.41 ( \324\324) 208.51 316.67 P 2 F 0.99 (del) 219 316.67 P 0.99 (x) 241.96 316.67 P 1 F 0.41 (\325\325 doesn\325t directly call) 248.56 316.67 P 2 F 0.99 (x.__del__\050\051) 350.4 316.67 P 1 F 0.41 ( \321 the former decre-) 423 316.67 P -0.03 (ments the reference count for) 112.5 303.67 P 2 F -0.08 (x) 243.99 303.67 P 1 F -0.03 ( by one, and the latter is only called when its reference count) 250.59 303.67 P 0.28 (reaches zero. Some common situations that may prevent the reference count of an object to) 112.5 290.67 P -0.35 (go to zero include: circular references between objects \050e.g. a doubly-linked list or a tree data) 112.5 277.67 P 0.88 (structure with parent and child pointers\051; a reference to the object on the stack frame of a) 112.5 264.67 P -0.57 (function that caught an exception \050the traceback stored in) 112.5 251.67 P 2 F -1.37 (sys.exc_traceback) 362.45 251.67 P 1 F -0.57 ( keeps the) 474.65 251.67 P 0.57 (stack frame alive\051; or a reference to the object on the stack frame that raised an unhandled) 112.5 238.67 P 0.33 (exception in interactive mode \050the traceback stored in) 112.5 225.67 P 2 F 0.8 (sys.last_traceback) 354.05 225.67 P 1 F 0.33 ( keeps the) 472.85 225.67 P -0.25 (stack frame alive\051. The first situation can only be remedied by explicitly breaking the cycles;) 112.5 212.67 P 1.37 (the latter two situations can be resolved by storing) 112.5 199.67 P 2 F 3.3 (None) 348.81 199.67 P 1 F 1.37 ( in) 375.21 199.67 P 2 F 3.3 (sys.exc_traceback) 392.01 199.67 P 1 F 1.37 ( or) 504.21 199.67 P 2 F (sys.last_traceback) 112.5 186.67 T 1 F (.) 231.3 186.67 T 4 F -0.38 (Warning:) 112.5 169.67 P 1 F -0.38 ( due to the precarious circumstances under which) 158.34 169.67 P 2 F -0.9 (__del__) 375.27 169.67 P 1 F -0.38 ( methods are invoked,) 421.48 169.67 P 2.72 (exceptions that occur during their execution are) 112.5 156.67 P 3 F 2.72 (ignored) 343.84 156.67 P 1 F 2.72 (, and a warning is printed to) 378.06 156.67 P 2 F 0.41 (sys.stderr) 112.5 143.67 P 1 F 0.17 ( instead. Also, when) 178.5 143.67 P 2 F 0.41 (__del__) 271.46 143.67 P 1 F 0.17 ( is invoked is response to a module being de-) 317.66 143.67 P -0.53 (leted \050e.g. when execution of the program is done\051, other globals referenced by the) 112.5 130.67 P 2 F -1.28 (__del__) 471.3 130.67 P 1 F -0.56 (method may already have been deleted. For this reason,) 112.5 117.67 P 2 F -1.34 (__del__) 355.23 117.67 P 1 F -0.56 ( methods should do the ab-) 401.43 117.67 P 0.51 (solute minimum needed to maintain external invariants. Python 1.5 guarantees that globals) 112.5 104.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "18" 24 %%Page: "19" 25 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (19) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Data model) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.09 (whose name begins with a single underscore are deleted from their module before other glo-) 135 712.67 P 0.62 (bals are deleted; if no other references to such globals exist, this may help in assuring that) 135 699.67 P (imported modules are still available at the time when the) 135 686.67 T 2 F (__del__) 387.36 686.67 T 1 F ( method is called.) 433.56 686.67 T 2 F (__repr__\050self\051) 99 667.67 T 1 F 1.28 (Called by the) 198 667.67 P 2 F 3.07 (repr\050\051) 263.24 667.67 P 1 F 1.28 ( built-in function and by string conversions \050reverse) 302.84 667.67 P 1.09 (quotes\051 to compute the \322official\323 string representation of an object. This should normally) 135 654.67 P -0.6 (look like a valid Python expression that can be used to recreate an object with the same value.) 135 641.67 P 2 F (__str__\050self\051) 99 622.67 T 1 F -0.77 (Called by the) 191.4 622.67 P 2 F -1.84 (str\050\051) 250.51 622.67 P 1 F -0.77 ( built-in function and by the) 283.51 622.67 P 2 F -1.84 (print) 404.79 622.67 P 1 F -0.77 (statement compute the) 442.55 622.67 P -0.45 (\324\324informal\325\325 string representation of an object. This differs from) 135 609.67 P 2 F -1.08 (__repr__) 414.44 609.67 P 1 F -0.45 ( in that it doesn\325t) 467.24 609.67 P -0.44 (have to look like a valid Python expression: a more convenient or concise representation may) 135 596.67 P (be used instead.) 135 583.67 T 2 F (__cmp__\050self, other\051) 99 564.67 T 1 F -0.35 (Called by all comparison operations. Should return a negative integer) 237.6 564.67 P 1.61 (if) 135 551.67 P 2 F 3.86 (self) 146.08 551.67 P 3.86 (<) 175.23 551.67 P 3.86 (other) 184.58 551.67 P 1 F 1.61 (, zero if) 217.58 551.67 P 2 F 3.86 (self) 259.06 551.67 P 3.86 (==) 288.21 551.67 P 3.86 (other) 304.16 551.67 P 1 F 1.61 (, a positive integer if) 337.16 551.67 P 2 F 3.86 (self) 438.7 551.67 P 3.86 (>) 467.85 551.67 P 3.86 (other) 477.2 551.67 P 1 F 1.61 (. If no) 510.2 551.67 P 2 F 2.1 (__cmp__) 135 538.67 P 1 F 0.88 ( method is defined, class instances are compared by object identity \050\322address\323\051.) 181.2 538.67 P 0.27 (\050Note: the restriction that exceptions are not propagated by) 135 525.67 P 2 F 0.65 (__cmp__) 399.24 525.67 P 1 F 0.27 ( has been removed in) 445.44 525.67 P (Python 1.5\051) 135 512.67 T 2 F (__hash__\050self\051) 99 493.67 T 1 F -0.35 (Called for the key object for dictionary operations, and by the built-in function) 198 493.67 P 2 F -0.73 (hash\050\051) 135 480.67 P 1 F -0.3 (. Should return a 32-bit integer usable as a hash value for dictionary operations. The) 174.6 480.67 P 0.62 (only required property is that objects which compare equal have the same hash value; it is) 135 467.67 P 0.69 (advised to somehow mix together \050e.g. using exclusive or\051 the hash values for the compo-) 135 454.67 P -0.24 (nents of the object that also play a part in comparison of objects. If no) 135 441.67 P 2 F -0.57 (__hash__) 441.84 441.67 P 1 F -0.24 ( method is) 494.64 441.67 P 0.04 (defined, class instances are hashed by object identity \050\324\324address\325\325\051. If a class does not define) 135 428.67 P -0.3 (a) 135 415.67 P 2 F -0.72 (__cmp__) 142.34 415.67 P 1 F -0.3 ( method it should not define a) 188.54 415.67 P 2 F -0.72 (__hash__) 320.58 415.67 P 1 F -0.3 ( method either; if it defines) 373.38 415.67 P 2 F -0.72 (__cmp__) 493.8 415.67 P 1 F -0 (but not) 135 402.67 P 2 F -0.01 (__hash__) 168.61 402.67 P 1 F -0 ( its instances will not be usable as dictionary keys. If a class defines mu-) 221.41 402.67 P -0.32 (table objects and implements a) 135 389.67 P 2 F -0.76 (__cmp__) 271.81 389.67 P 1 F -0.32 ( method it should not implement) 318.01 389.67 P 2 F -0.76 (__hash__) 462.16 389.67 P 1 F -0.32 ( since) 514.96 389.67 P 0.34 (the dictionary implementation requires that a key\325s hash value is immutable \050if the object\325s) 135 376.67 P (hash value changes, it will be in the wrong hash bucket\051.) 135 363.67 T 2 F (__nonzero__\050self\051) 99 344.67 T 1 F 0.6 (Called to implement truth value testing; should return 0 or 1. When this) 217.8 344.67 P -0.06 (method is not defined,) 135 331.67 P 2 F -0.15 (__len__) 235.88 331.67 P 1 F -0.06 ( is called, if it is defined \050see below\051. If a class defines nei-) 282.08 331.67 P (ther) 135 318.67 T 2 F (__len__) 154.85 318.67 T 1 F ( nor) 201.05 318.67 T 2 F (__nonzero__) 221.22 318.67 T 1 F (, all its instances are considered true.) 293.82 318.67 T 0 12 Q (3.3.2) 99 293 T (Customizing attribute access) 144 293 T 1 11 Q 0.28 (The following methods can be defined to customize the meaning of attribute access \050use of, assign-) 99 267.67 P 0.41 0.12 (ment to, or deletion of) 99 254.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.12 (x.) 204.89 254.67 B 3 F 0.41 0.12 (name) 218.34 254.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.12 (\051 for class instances. For performance reasons, these methods are) 242.67 254.67 B 0.41 0.02 (cached in the class object at class definition time; therefore, they cannot be changed after the class) 99 241.67 B (definition is executed.) 99 228.67 T 2 F (__getattr__\050self, name\051) 99 209.67 T 1 F -0.39 (Called when an attribute lookup has not found the attribute in the) 257.4 209.67 P -0.6 (usual places \050i.e. it is not an instance attribute nor is it found in the class tree for) 135 196.67 P 2 F -1.43 (self) 478.63 196.67 P 1 F -0.6 (\051.) 505.03 196.67 P 2 F -1.43 (name) 513.6 196.67 P 1 F 0.67 (is the attribute name. This method should return the \050computed\051 attribute value or raise an) 135 183.67 P 2 F (AttributeError) 135 170.67 T 1 F ( exception.) 227.4 170.67 T 1.22 (Note that if the attribute is found through the normal mechanism,) 135 153.67 P 2 F 2.93 (__getattr__) 438.06 153.67 P 1 F 1.22 ( is not) 510.66 153.67 P 1.13 (called. \050This is an intentional asymmetry between) 135 140.67 P 2 F 2.72 (__getattr__) 364.74 140.67 P 1 F 1.13 ( and) 437.34 140.67 P 2 F 2.72 (__setattr__) 460.99 140.67 P 1 F 1.13 (.\051) 533.59 140.67 P 0 (This is done both for efficiency reasons and because otherwise) 135 127.67 P 2 F 0.01 (__setattr__) 413.63 127.67 P 1 F 0 ( would have) 486.23 127.67 P -0.23 (no way to access other attributes of the instance. Note that at least for instance variables, you) 135 114.67 P 0.14 (can fake total control by not inserting any values in the instance attribute dictionary \050but in-) 135 101.67 P (stead inserting them in another object\051.) 135 88.67 T 2 F (__setattr__\050self, name, value\051) 99 69.67 T 1 F -0.27 (Called whenever an attribute assignment is attempted.) 303.6 69.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "19" 25 %%Page: "20" 26 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (20) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.66 (This is called instead of the normal mechanism \050i.e. instead of storing the value in the instance) 112.5 712.67 P (dictionary\051.) 112.5 699.67 T 2 F (name) 166.27 699.67 T 1 F ( is the attribute name,) 192.67 699.67 T 2 F (value) 290.44 699.67 T 1 F ( is the value to be assigned to it.) 323.44 699.67 T 1.55 (If) 112.5 682.67 P 2 F 3.72 (__setattr__) 124.12 682.67 P 1 F 1.55 ( wants to assign to an instance attribute, it should) 196.73 682.67 P 3 F 1.55 (not) 431.3 682.67 P 1 F 1.55 ( simply execute) 445.35 682.67 P 0.27 (\324\324) 112.5 669.67 P 2 F 0.65 (self.) 119.83 669.67 P 3 F 0.27 (name) 152.83 669.67 P 2 F 0.65 ( = value) 176.65 669.67 P 1 F 0.27 (\325\325 \321 this would cause a recursive call to itself. Instead, it should) 230.75 669.67 P (insert the value in the dictionary of instance attributes, e.g.) 112.5 656.67 T (\324\324) 112.5 643.67 T 2 F (self.__dict__[name]) 119.83 643.67 T (=) 251.83 643.67 T (value) 265.03 643.67 T 1 F (\325\325.) 298.03 643.67 T 2 F (__delattr__\050self, name\051) 76.5 624.67 T 1 F -0.33 (Like) 234.9 624.67 P 2 F -0.79 (__setattr__) 257.48 624.67 P 1 F -0.33 ( but for attribute deletion instead of assign-) 330.08 624.67 P (ment.) 112.5 611.67 T 0 12 Q (3.3.3) 76.5 586 T (Emulating callable objects) 121.5 586 T 2 11 Q (__call__\050self, [args...]\051) 76.5 566.67 T 1 F -0.75 (Called when the instance is \322called\323 as a function; if this meth-) 248.1 566.67 P -0.23 (od is defined,) 112.5 553.67 P 2 F -0.55 (x\050arg1, arg2, ...\051) 174.13 553.67 P 1 F -0.23 ( is a shorthand for) 291.83 553.67 P 2 F -0.55 (x.__call__\050arg1, arg2,) 372.85 553.67 P (...\051) 112.5 540.67 T 1 F (.) 138.9 540.67 T 0 12 Q (3.3.4) 76.5 515 T (Emulating sequence and mapping types) 121.5 515 T 1 11 Q -0.37 (The following methods can be defined to emulate sequence or mapping objects. The first set of meth-) 76.5 489.67 P -0.49 (ods is used either to emulate a sequence or to emulate a mapping; the difference is that for a sequence,) 76.5 476.67 P 0.41 0.07 (the allowable keys should be the integers) 76.5 463.67 B 3 F 0.41 0.07 (k) 266.11 463.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 ( for which 0) 271.06 463.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (<=) 329.89 463.67 B 3 F 0.41 0.07 (k) 346.47 463.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (<) 354.66 463.67 B 3 F 0.41 0.07 (N) 364.58 463.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 ( where) 371.99 463.67 B 3 F 0.41 0.07 (N) 405.7 463.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 ( is the length of the se-) 413.11 463.67 B -0.52 (quence, and the method) 76.5 450.67 P 2 F -1.24 (__getslice__) 181.66 450.67 P 1 F -0.52 ( \050see below\051 should be defined. 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Also, an object that doesn\325t define a) 204.03 340.67 P 2 F -0.39 (__nonzero__\050\051) 377.64 340.67 P 1 F -0.16 ( method and) 463.44 340.67 P (whose) 112.5 327.67 T 2 F (__len__\050\051) 143.35 327.67 T 1 F ( method returns zero is considered to be false in a Boolean context.) 202.76 327.67 T 2 F (__getitem__\050self, key\051) 76.5 308.67 T 1 F -0.74 (Called to implement evaluation of) 228.3 308.67 P 2 F -1.78 (self[key]) 377.67 308.67 P 1 F -0.74 (. Note that the spe-) 437.07 308.67 P 0.38 (cial interpretation of negative keys \050if the class wishes to emulate a sequence type\051 is up to) 112.5 295.67 P (the) 112.5 282.67 T 2 F (__getitem__) 128.69 282.67 T 1 F ( method.) 201.29 282.67 T 2 F (__setitem__\050self, key, value\051) 76.5 263.67 T 1 F -0.41 (Called to implement assignment to) 274.5 263.67 P 2 F -1 (self[key]) 428.57 263.67 P 1 F -0.41 (. Same) 487.97 263.67 P (note as for) 112.5 250.67 T 2 F (__getitem__) 161.68 250.67 T 1 F (.) 234.28 250.67 T 2 F (__delitem__\050self, key\051) 76.5 231.67 T 1 F 0.89 (Called to implement deletion of) 228.3 231.67 P 2 F 2.13 (self[key]) 375.43 231.67 P 1 F 0.89 (. Same note as for) 434.83 231.67 P 2 F (__getitem__) 112.5 218.67 T 1 F (.) 185.1 218.67 T 0 F (3.3.4.1) 76.5 196.67 T (Additional methods for emulation of sequence types) 121.5 196.67 T 1 F -0.39 (The following methods can be defined to further emulate sequence objects. For immutable sequences) 76.5 171.67 P -0.15 (methods, only) 76.5 158.67 P 2 F -0.35 (__getslice__) 141.29 158.67 P 1 F -0.15 ( should be defined; for mutable sequences, all three methods should) 220.49 158.67 P (be defined.) 76.5 145.67 T 2 F (__getslice__\050self, i, j\051) 76.5 126.67 T 1 F 0.22 (Called to implement evaluation of) 241.5 126.67 P 2 F 0.52 (self[i:j]) 395.66 126.67 P 1 F 0.22 (. The returned) 455.06 126.67 P 0.15 (object should be of the same type as) 112.5 113.67 P 2 F 0.37 (self) 275.64 113.67 P 1 F 0.15 (. Note that missing) 302.04 113.67 P 2 F 0.37 (i) 388.51 113.67 P 1 F 0.15 ( or) 395.11 113.67 P 2 F 0.37 (j) 410.08 113.67 P 1 F 0.15 ( in the slice expression) 416.68 113.67 P 0.09 (are replaced by 0 or) 112.5 100.67 P 2 F 0.22 (len\050self\051) 203.07 100.67 P 1 F 0.09 (, respectively, and) 262.47 100.67 P 2 F 0.22 (len\050self\051) 345.53 100.67 P 1 F 0.09 ( has been added \050once\051 to) 404.93 100.67 P (originally negative) 112.5 87.67 T 2 F (i) 198.05 87.67 T 1 F ( or) 204.65 87.67 T 2 F (j) 219.31 87.67 T 1 F ( by the time this function is called \050unlike for) 225.91 87.67 T 2 F (__getitem__) 427.56 87.67 T 1 F (\051.) 500.16 87.67 T 2 F (__setslice__\050self, i, j, sequence\051) 76.5 68.67 T 1 F -1.66 (Called to implement assignment to) 307.5 68.67 P 2 F -3.98 (self[i:j]) 455.35 68.67 P 1 F -1.66 (.) 514.75 68.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "20" 26 %%Page: "21" 27 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (21) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Data model) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.16 (The) 135 712.67 P 2 F -0.39 (sequence) 154.69 712.67 P 1 F -0.16 ( argument can have any type. The return value should be) 207.49 712.67 P 2 F -0.39 (None) 458.02 712.67 P 1 F -0.16 (. Same notes) 484.42 712.67 P (for) 135 699.67 T 2 F (i) 150.58 699.67 T 1 F ( and) 157.18 699.67 T 2 F (j) 178.56 699.67 T 1 F ( as for) 185.16 699.67 T 2 F (__getslice__) 215.4 699.67 T 1 F (.) 294.6 699.67 T 2 F (__delslice__\050self, i, j\051) 99 680.67 T 1 F -0.77 (Called to implement deletion of) 264 680.67 P 2 F -1.85 (self[i:j]) 402.84 680.67 P 1 F -0.77 (. Same notes for) 462.24 680.67 P 2 F -1.85 (i) 533.4 680.67 P 1 F (and) 135 667.67 T 2 F (j) 153.63 667.67 T 1 F ( as for) 160.23 667.67 T 2 F (__getslice__) 190.47 667.67 T 1 F (.) 269.67 667.67 T 0.08 (Notice that these methods are only invoked when a single slice with a single colon is used. For slice) 99 642.67 P 0.33 (operations involving) 99 629.67 P 3 F 0.33 (extended slice notation) 193.15 629.67 P 1 F 0.33 (,) 295.23 629.67 P 2 F 0.78 (__getitem__) 301.06 629.67 P 1 F 0.33 (,) 373.66 629.67 P 2 F 0.78 (__setitem__) 379.49 629.67 P 1 F 0.33 ( or) 452.08 629.67 P 2 F 0.78 (__delitem__) 467.4 629.67 P 1 F (is called.) 99 616.67 T 0 12 Q (3.3.5) 99 591 T (Emulating numeric types) 144 591 T 1 11 Q -0.15 (The following methods can be defined to emulate numeric objects. Methods corresponding to opera-) 99 565.67 P -0.54 (tions that are not supported by the particular kind of number implemented \050e.g., bitwise operations for) 99 552.67 P (non-integral numbers\051 should be left undefined.) 99 539.67 T 2 F (__add__\050self, right\051) 99 520.67 T (__sub__\050self, right\051) 99 507.67 T (__mul__\050self, right\051) 99 494.67 T (__div__\050self, right\051) 99 481.67 T (__mod__\050self, right\051) 99 468.67 T (__divmod__\050self, right\051) 99 455.67 T (__pow__\050self, right\051) 99 442.67 T (__lshift__\050self, right\051) 99 429.67 T (__rshift__\050self, right\051) 99 416.67 T (__and__\050self, right\051) 99 403.67 T (__xor__\050self, right\051) 99 390.67 T (__or__\050self, right\051) 99 377.67 T 1 F 0.44 (These functions are called to implement the binary arithmetic operations \050+, -, *, /, %, div-) 135 364.67 P 0.67 (mod\050\051, pow\050\051, <<, >>, &, ^, |\051. For instance: to evaluate the expression x+y, where x is an) 135 351.67 P (instance of a class that has an __add__ method, x.__add__\050y\051 is called.) 135 338.67 T 2 F (__radd__\050self, left\051) 99 319.67 T (__rsub__\050self, left\051) 99 306.67 T (__rmul__\050self, left\051) 99 293.67 T (__rdiv__\050self, left\051) 99 280.67 T (__rmod__\050self, left\051) 99 267.67 T (__rdivmod__\050self, left\051) 99 254.67 T (__rpow__\050self, left\051) 99 241.67 T (__rlshift__\050self, left\051) 99 228.67 T (__rrshift__\050self, left\051) 99 215.67 T (__rand__\050self, left\051) 99 202.67 T (__rxor__\050self, left\051) 99 189.67 T (__ror__\050self, left\051) 99 176.67 T 1 F -1.3 ( These functions are called to implement the binary arithmetic operations) 231 176.67 P -0.5 (\050) 135 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (+) 138.66 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 145.26 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (-) 150.26 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 156.86 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (*) 161.85 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 168.46 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (/) 173.45 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 180.05 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (%) 185.05 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 191.65 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (divmod\050\051) 196.64 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 249.44 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (pow\050\051) 254.44 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 287.44 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (<<) 292.44 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 305.64 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (>>) 310.63 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 323.83 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (&) 328.83 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 335.43 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (^) 340.42 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (,) 347.02 163.67 P 2 F -1.21 (|) 352.02 163.67 P 1 F -0.5 (\051 with reversed operands. These functions) 358.62 163.67 P -0.38 (are only called if the left operand does not support the corresponding operation. For instance:) 135 150.67 P 1.72 (to evaluate the expression x+y, where x is an instance of a class that does not have an) 135 137.67 P 2 F (__add__) 135 124.67 T 1 F ( method,) 181.2 124.67 T 2 F (y.__radd\050x\051) 222.45 124.67 T 1 F ( is called.) 295.05 124.67 T 2 F (__neg__\050self\051) 99 105.67 T (__pos__\050self\051) 99 92.67 T (__abs__\050self\051) 99 79.67 T (__invert__\050self\051) 99 66.67 T 1 F -0.14 ( Called to implement the unary arithmetic operations \050) 211.2 66.67 P 2 F -0.34 (-) 448.98 66.67 P 1 F -0.14 (,) 455.58 66.67 P 2 F -0.34 (+) 460.93 66.67 P 1 F -0.14 (,) 467.53 66.67 P 2 F -0.34 (abs\050\051) 472.89 66.67 P 1 F -0.14 ( and) 505.89 66.67 P 2 F -0.34 (~) 526.99 66.67 P 1 F -0.14 (\051.) 533.59 66.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "21" 27 %%Page: "22" 28 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (22) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 11 Q (__int__\050self\051) 76.5 712.67 T (__long__\050self\051) 76.5 699.67 T (__float__\050self\051) 76.5 686.67 T 1 F -0.34 ( Called to implement the built-in functions) 182.1 686.67 P 2 F -0.82 (int\050\051) 370.09 686.67 P 1 F -0.34 (,) 403.09 686.67 P 2 F -0.82 (long\050\051) 408.25 686.67 P 1 F -0.34 ( and) 447.85 686.67 P 2 F -0.82 (float\050\051) 468.55 686.67 P 1 F -0.34 (.) 514.75 686.67 P (Should return a value of the appropriate type.) 112.5 673.67 T 2 F (__oct__\050self\051) 76.5 654.67 T (__hex__\050self\051) 76.5 641.67 T 1 F -0.21 ( Called to implement the built-in functions) 168.9 641.67 P 2 F -0.5 (oct\050\051) 357.82 641.67 P 1 F -0.21 ( and) 390.82 641.67 P 2 F -0.5 (hex\050\051) 411.79 641.67 P 1 F -0.21 (. Should return a) 444.79 641.67 P (string value.) 112.5 628.67 T 2 F (__coerce__\050self, other\051) 76.5 609.67 T 1 F 0.3 (Called to implement \322mixed-mode\323 numeric arithmetic. Should) 234.9 609.67 P -0.34 (either return a 2-tuple containing) 112.5 596.67 P 2 F -0.82 (self) 258.34 596.67 P 1 F -0.34 ( and) 284.74 596.67 P 2 F -0.82 (other) 305.43 596.67 P 1 F -0.34 ( converted to a common numeric type, or) 338.43 596.67 P 2 F 0.6 (None) 112.5 583.67 P 1 F 0.25 ( if no conversion is possible. 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If an exception occurs at any point, the evaluation is abandoned and) 165.3 501.67 P (exception handling takes over.) 112.5 488.67 T (0.) 112.5 469.67 T 0.31 (If x is a string object and) 130.5 469.67 P 3 F 0.31 (op) 244.77 469.67 P 1 F 0.31 ( is the modulo operator \050) 255.77 469.67 P 2 F 0.74 (%) 365.77 469.67 P 1 F 0.31 (\051, the string formatting operation) 372.37 469.67 P (\050see [Ref:XXX]\051 is invoked and the remaining steps are skipped.) 130.5 456.67 T (1.) 112.5 437.67 T (If x is a class instance:) 130.5 437.67 T (1a.) 130.5 418.67 T 0.54 (If x has a) 166.5 418.67 P 2 F 1.3 (__coerce__) 212.05 418.67 P 1 F 0.54 ( method: replace x and y with the 2-tuple returned by) 278.05 418.67 P 2 F (x.__coerce__\050y\051) 166.5 405.67 T 1 F (; skip to step 2 if the coercion returns) 265.5 405.67 T 2 F (None) 432.01 405.67 T 1 F (.) 458.41 405.67 T (1b.) 130.5 386.67 T (If neither x nor y is a class instance after coercion, go to step 3.) 166.5 386.67 T (1c.) 130.5 367.67 T -0.41 (If x has a method) 166.5 367.67 P 2 F -0.98 (__op__) 243.59 367.67 P 1 F -0.41 (, return) 283.19 367.67 P 2 F -0.98 (x.__op__\050y\051) 316.89 367.67 P 1 F -0.41 (; otherwise, restore x and y to) 389.49 367.67 P (their value before step 1a.) 166.5 354.67 T (2.) 112.5 335.67 T (If y is a class instance:) 130.5 335.67 T (2a.) 130.5 316.67 T 0.54 (If y has a) 166.5 316.67 P 2 F 1.3 (__coerce__) 212.05 316.67 P 1 F 0.54 ( method: replace y and x with the 2-tuple returned by) 278.05 316.67 P 2 F (y.__coerce__\050x\051) 166.5 303.67 T 1 F (; skip to step 3 if the coercion returns None.) 265.5 303.67 T (2b.) 130.5 284.67 T (If neither x nor y is a class instance after coercion, go to step 3.) 166.5 284.67 T (2b.) 130.5 265.67 T 0.1 (If y has a method) 166.5 265.67 P 2 F 0.23 (__rop__) 246.11 265.67 P 1 F 0.1 (, return) 292.31 265.67 P 2 F 0.23 (y.__rop__\050x\051) 327.02 265.67 P 1 F 0.1 (; otherwise, restore x and) 406.22 265.67 P (y to their value before step 2a.) 166.5 252.67 T (3.) 112.5 233.67 T (We only get here if neither x nor y is a class instance.) 130.5 233.67 T (3a.) 130.5 214.67 T (If) 166.5 214.67 T 3 F (op) 176.58 214.67 T 1 F ( is \324) 187.58 214.67 T 2 F (+) 204.08 214.67 T 1 F (\325 and x is a sequence, sequence concatenation is invoked.) 210.68 214.67 T (3b.) 130.5 195.67 T -0.37 (If) 166.5 195.67 P 3 F -0.37 (op) 176.2 195.67 P 1 F -0.37 ( is \324) 187.2 195.67 P 2 F -0.89 (*) 202.96 195.67 P 1 F -0.37 (\325 and one operand is a sequence and the other an integer, sequence rep-) 209.56 195.67 P (etition is invoked.) 166.5 182.67 T (3c.) 130.5 163.67 T 0.05 (Otherwise, both operands must be numbers; they are coerced to a common type) 166.5 163.67 P (if possible, and the numeric operation is invoked for that type.) 166.5 150.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "22" 28 %%Page: "23" 29 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (23) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Execution model) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 16 Q (C) 99 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (HAPTER) 110.55 709.33 T 0 16 Q (4:) 167.62 709.33 T (E) 198 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (XECUTION) 208.67 709.33 T (MODEL) 279.26 709.33 T 0 14 Q (4.1) 99 670.67 T (Code blocks, execution frames, and name spaces) 135 670.67 T 1 11 Q 0.53 (A) 99 645.67 P 3 F 0.53 (code block) 110.22 645.67 P 1 F 0.53 ( is a piece of Python program text that can be executed as a unit, such as a module, a) 158.1 645.67 P 1.1 (class definition or a function body. Some code blocks \050like modules\051 are normally executed only) 99 632.67 P 0.12 (once, others \050like function bodies\051 may be executed many times. Code blocks may textually contain) 99 619.67 P -0.19 (other code blocks. Code blocks may invoke other code blocks \050that may or may not be textually con-) 99 606.67 P (tained in them\051 as part of their execution, e.g. by invoking \050calling\051 a function.) 99 593.67 T 0.3 (The following are code blocks: A module is a code block. A function body is a code block. A class) 99 568.67 P -0.15 (definition is a code block. Each command typed interactively is a separate code block; a script file \050a) 99 555.67 P -0.24 (file given as standard input to the interpreter or specified on the interpreter command line the first ar-) 99 542.67 P 0.41 0.02 (gument\051 is a code block; a script command \050a command specified on the interpreter command line) 99 529.67 B -0.24 (with the \324) 99 516.67 P 4 F -0.24 (-c) 140.69 516.67 P 1 F -0.24 (\325 option\051 is a code block. The string argument passed to the built-in function) 149.24 516.67 P 2 F -0.57 (eval) 484.13 516.67 P 1 F -0.24 ( and to) 510.53 516.67 P 0.41 0.14 (the) 99 503.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.14 (exec) 116.15 503.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.14 ( statement are code blocks. The file read by the built-in function) 143.09 503.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.14 (execfile) 442.15 503.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.14 ( is a code) 496.03 503.67 B -0.3 (block. And finally, the expression read and evaluated by the built-in function) 99 490.67 P 2 F -0.71 (input) 437 490.67 P 1 F -0.3 ( is a code block.) 470 490.67 P -0.42 (A code block is executed in an execution frame. An) 99 477.67 P 3 F -0.42 (execution frame) 325.47 477.67 P 1 F -0.42 ( contains some administrative in-) 395.62 477.67 P 0.41 0.23 (formation \050used for debugging\051, determines where and how execution continues after the code) 99 464.67 B -0.13 (block\325s execution has completed, and \050perhaps most importantly\051 defines two name spaces, the local) 99 451.67 P (and the global name space, that affect execution of the code block.) 99 438.67 T -0.04 (A) 99 413.67 P 3 F -0.04 (name space) 109.65 413.67 P 1 F -0.04 ( is a mapping from names \050identifiers\051 to objects. A particular name space may be ref-) 161.23 413.67 P 0.03 (erenced by more than one execution frame, and from other places as well. Adding a name to a name) 99 400.67 P -0.38 (space is called) 99 387.67 P 3 F -0.38 (binding) 164.14 387.67 P 1 F -0.38 ( a name \050to an object\051; changing the mapping of a name is called) 197.76 387.67 P 3 F -0.38 (rebinding) 479.58 387.67 P 1 F -0.38 (; re-) 522.36 387.67 P 0.05 (moving a name is) 99 374.67 P 3 F 0.05 (unbinding) 179.88 374.67 P 1 F 0.05 (. Name spaces are functionally equivalent to dictionaries \050and often im-) 224.49 374.67 P (plemented as dictionaries\051.) 99 361.67 T 0.41 0.01 (The) 99 336.67 B 3 F 0.41 0.01 (local name space) 119.3 336.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.01 ( of an execution frame determines the default place where names are defined) 196.62 336.67 B -0.5 (and searched. The) 99 323.67 P 3 F -0.5 (global name space) 179.96 323.67 P 1 F -0.5 ( determines the place where names listed in) 261.44 323.67 P 2 F -1.21 (global) 451.71 323.67 P 1 F -0.5 ( statements) 491.31 323.67 P -0.36 (are defined and searched, and where names that are not bound anywhere in the current code block are) 99 310.67 P (searched.) 99 297.67 T -0.31 (Whether a name is local or global in a code block is determined by static inspection of the source text) 99 272.67 P -0.19 (for the code block: in the absence of) 99 259.67 P 2 F -0.45 (global) 260.01 259.67 P 1 F -0.19 ( statements, a name that is bound anywhere in the code) 299.61 259.67 P -0.21 (block is local in the entire code block; all other names are considered global. The) 99 246.67 P 2 F -0.51 (global) 455.7 246.67 P 1 F -0.21 ( statement) 495.3 246.67 P 0.27 (forces global interpretation of specified names throughout the code block. The following constructs) 99 233.67 P 0.41 0.17 (bind names: formal parameters to functions,) 99 220.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.17 (import) 306.04 220.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.17 ( statements, class and function definitions) 346.67 220.67 B -0.01 (\050these bind the class or function name in the defining block\051, and targets that are identifiers if occur-) 99 207.67 P -0.54 (ring in an assignment,) 99 194.67 P 2 F -1.3 (for) 196.75 194.67 P 1 F -0.54 ( loop header, or in the second position of an) 216.55 194.67 P 2 F -1.3 (except) 409.17 194.67 P 1 F -0.54 ( clause header. Local) 448.77 194.67 P 0.3 (names are searched only on the local name space; global names are searched only in the global and) 99 181.67 P (built-in namespace.) 99 168.67 T 1 8.8 Q (1) 185.15 173.07 T 1 11 Q -0.4 (A target occurring in a) 99 143.67 P 2 F -0.96 (del) 199.33 143.67 P 1 F -0.4 ( statement is also considered bound for this purpose \050though the actual se-) 219.13 143.67 P (mantics are to \322unbind\323 the name\051.) 99 130.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 99 99 540 114 C 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 108 112 252 112 2 L 0.5 H 2 Z 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K N 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 612 792 C 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (1.) 108 92.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.35 (If the code block contains) 121.5 92.33 P 2 F -0.83 (exec) 225.57 92.33 P 1 F -0.35 ( statements or the construct \324\324) 249.57 92.33 P 2 F -0.83 (from) 366.42 92.33 P -0.83 (...) 392.57 92.33 P -0.83 (import) 412.72 92.33 P -0.83 (*) 450.88 92.33 P 1 F -0.35 (\325\325, the semantics) 456.88 92.33 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.61 (of local names change subtly: local name lookup first searches in the local namespace, then in the) 121.46 80.33 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (global namespace and in the built-in namespace.) 121.46 68.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "23" 29 %%Page: "24" 30 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (24) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.41 0.03 (When a global name is not found in the global name space, it is searched in the built-in namespace. The) 72 712.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.02 (built-in namespace associated with the execution of a code block is actually found by looking up the name) 72 699.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F -0.87 (__builtins__) 72 686.67 P 1 F -0.36 ( is its global name space; this should be a dictionary or a module \050in the latter case its dic-) 151.2 686.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.24 (tionary is used\051. Normally, the) 72 673.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.24 (__builtins__) 218.94 673.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.24 ( namespace is the dictionary of the built-in module) 301.03 673.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F 0.99 0.05 (__builtin__) 72 660.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( \050note: no \324s\325\051; if it isn\325t,) 145.11 660.67 B 3 F 0.41 0.05 (restricted execution mode) 258.78 660.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( is in effect, see [Ref:XXX]. When a) 374.41 660.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (name is not found at all, a) 72 647.67 T 2 F (NameError) 188.71 647.67 T 1 F ( exception is raised.) 248.11 647.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.19 (The following table lists the local and global name space used for all types of code blocks. The name space) 72 622.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.28 (for a particular module is automatically created when the module is first imported. Note that in almost all) 72 609.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.16 (cases, the global name space is the name space of the containing module \321 scopes in Python do not nest!) 72 596.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Notes:) 72 313.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 F (n.s.) 72 294.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (means) 108 294.67 T 3 F (name space) 138.85 294.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 F (\0501\051) 72 275.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (The main module for a script is always called) 108 275.67 T 2 F (__main__) 311.16 275.67 T 1 F (; \324\324the filename don\325t enter into it.\325\325) 363.96 275.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 F (\0502\051) 72 256.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (The global and local name space for these can be overridden with optional extra arguments.) 108 256.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 F (\0503\051) 72 237.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F 0.86 (The) 108 237.67 P 2 F 2.07 (exec) 128.72 237.67 P 1 F 0.86 ( statement and the) 155.12 237.67 P 2 F 2.07 (eval\050\051) 241.07 237.67 P 1 F 0.86 ( and) 280.67 237.67 P 2 F 2.07 (execfile\050\051) 303.78 237.67 P 1 F 0.86 ( functions have optional arguments to) 369.78 237.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (override the global and local namespace. If only one namespace is specified, it is used for both.) 108 224.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.05 (The built-in functions) 72 199.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.05 (globals\050\051) 173.1 199.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( and) 232.95 199.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.05 (locals\050\051) 255.41 199.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( returns a dictionary representing the current global) 308.62 199.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.27 (and local name space, respectively. The effect of modifications to this dictionary on the name space are un-) 72 186.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (defined.) 72 173.67 T 1 8.8 Q (1) 107.74 178.07 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 72 108 540 123 C 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 81 121 225 121 2 L 0.5 H 2 Z 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K N 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 612 792 C 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (1.) 81 101.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.46 (The current implementations return the dictionary actually used to implement the name space,) 94.5 101.33 P 3 11 Q 0.5 (except) 479.29 101.33 P 1 10 Q 0.46 ( for) 507.38 101.33 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2.45 (functions, where the optimizer may cause the local name space to be implemented differently, and) 94.46 89.33 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (locals\050\051) 94.46 77.33 T 1 F ( returns a dictionary that is a shadow copy of the actual local name space.) 142.46 77.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 12 Q (T) 179.93 573 T (able 3: Name Spaces f) 186.84 573 T (or V) 298.52 573 T (arious Code Blocks) 320.41 573 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Code block type) 101.8 547 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( Global name space) 240.04 547 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( Local name space) 377.46 547 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( Notes) 487.89 547 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (Module) 78 523.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( n.s. for this module) 216.25 523.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( same as global) 370.12 523.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Script \050\336le or command\051) 78 502.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( n.s. for) 216.25 502.67 T 2 F (__main__) 252.61 502.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( same as global) 370.12 502.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\0501\051) 485.77 502.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Interacti) 78 481.67 T (v) 114.38 481.67 T (e command) 119.71 481.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( n.s. for) 216.25 481.67 T 2 F (__main__) 252.61 481.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( same as global) 370.12 481.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Class de\336nition) 78 460.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( global n.s. of containing block) 216.25 460.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( ne) 370.12 460.67 T (w n.s.) 382.98 460.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Function body) 78 439.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( global n.s. of containing block) 216.25 439.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( ne) 370.12 439.67 T (w n.s.) 382.98 439.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (String passed to) 78 418.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (exec) 78 405.67 T 1 F ( statement) 104.4 405.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( global n.s. of containing block) 216.25 418.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.47 ( local n.s. of containing) 370.12 418.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (block) 370.12 405.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( \0502\051, \0503\051) 485.77 418.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (String passed to) 78 384.67 T 2 F (eval\050\051) 151.03 384.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( global n.s. of caller) 216.25 384.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( local n.s. of caller) 370.12 384.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( \0502\051, \0503\051) 485.77 384.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.3 (File read by) 78 363.67 P 2 F -0.73 (execfile\050\051) 132.38 363.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( global n.s. of caller) 216.25 363.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( local n.s. of caller) 370.12 363.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( \0502\051, \0503\051) 485.77 363.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.08 (Expression read by) 78 342.67 P 2 F -0.18 (input) 164.84 342.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F ( global n.s. of caller) 216.25 342.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( local n.s. of caller) 370.12 342.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 72 562.75 72 335.25 2 L V 0.5 H 0 Z N 210.25 563.25 210.25 334.75 2 L V N 364.12 563.25 364.12 334.75 2 L V N 479.77 563.25 479.77 334.75 2 L V N 527.02 562.75 527.02 335.25 2 L V N 71.75 563 527.27 563 2 L V N 72.25 538.25 526.77 538.25 2 L V N 72.25 535.75 526.77 535.75 2 L V N 71.75 516 527.27 516 2 L V N 71.75 495 527.27 495 2 L V N 71.75 474 527.27 474 2 L V N 71.75 453 527.27 453 2 L V N 71.75 432 527.27 432 2 L V N 71.75 398 527.27 398 2 L V N 71.75 377 527.27 377 2 L V N 71.75 356 527.27 356 2 L V N 71.75 335 527.27 335 2 L V N 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "24" 30 %%Page: "25" 31 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (25) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Execution model) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (4.2) 99 710.67 T (Exceptions) 135 710.67 T 1 11 Q -0.22 (Exceptions are a means of breaking out of the normal flow of control of a code block in order to han-) 99 685.67 P 0.35 (dle errors or other exceptional conditions. An exception is) 99 672.67 P 3 F 0.35 (raised) 360.62 672.67 P 1 F 0.35 ( at the point where the error is de-) 388.12 672.67 P 1.81 (tected; it may be) 99 659.67 P 3 F 1.81 (handled) 181.99 659.67 P 1 F 1.81 ( by the surrounding code block or by any code block that directly or) 217.43 659.67 P (indirectly invoked the code block where the error occurred.) 99 646.67 T -0.29 (The Python interpreter raises an exception when it detects a run-time error \050such as division by zero\051.) 99 621.67 P 0.19 (A Python program can also explicitly raise an exception with the) 99 608.67 P 2 F 0.44 (raise) 389.13 608.67 P 1 F 0.19 ( statement. Exception han-) 422.13 608.67 P 0.41 0.06 (dlers are specified with the) 99 595.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.06 (try...except) 224.2 595.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.06 ( statement. The) 304.18 595.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.06 (try) 376.71 595.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.06 (...) 396.7 595.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.06 (finally) 405.15 595.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.06 ( statement specifies) 451.8 595.67 B -0.09 (cleanup code which does not handle the exception, but is executed whether an exception occurred or) 99 582.67 P (not in the preceding code.) 99 569.67 T 0.13 (Python uses the \322termination\323 model of error handling: an exception handler can find out what hap-) 99 544.67 P -0.33 (pened and continue execution at an outer level, but it cannot repair the cause of the error and retry the) 99 531.67 P (failing operation \050except by re-entering the the offending piece of code from the top\051.) 99 518.67 T 0.41 0.01 (When an exception is not handled at all, the interpreter terminates execution of the program, or re-) 99 493.67 B (turns to its interactive main loop. In this case, the interpreter normally prints a stack backtrace.) 99 480.67 T -0.42 (Exceptions are identified by string objects or class instances. Selection of a matching) 99 455.67 P 2 F -1 (except) 470.58 455.67 P 1 F -0.42 ( clause) 510.18 455.67 P -0.39 (is based on object identity \050i.e. two different string objects with the same value represent different ex-) 99 442.67 P -0.46 (ceptions\051. For string exceptions, the except clause must reference the same string object. For class ex-) 99 429.67 P (ceptions, the except clause must reference the same class or a base class of it.) 99 416.67 T 0.41 0.05 (When an exception is raised, an object \050maybe) 99 391.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.05 (None) 312.57 391.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 (\051 is passed as the exception\325s \322parameter\323 or) 339.17 391.67 B -0.47 (\324\324value\325\325; this object does not affect the selection of an exception handler, but is passed to the selected) 99 378.67 P 0.16 (exception handler as additional information. For class exceptions, this object must be an instance of) 99 365.67 P (the exception class being raised.) 99 352.67 T (See also the description of the) 99 327.67 T 2 F (try) 234.04 327.67 T 1 F ( and) 253.84 327.67 T 2 F (raise) 275.22 327.67 T 1 F ( statements in \322Compound statements\323 on page) 308.22 327.67 T (47.) 519.34 327.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "25" 31 %%Page: "26" 32 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (26) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "26" 32 %%Page: "27" 33 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (27) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Expressions) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 16 Q (C) 99 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (HAPTER) 110.55 709.33 T 0 16 Q (5:) 167.62 709.33 T (E) 198 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (XPRESSIONS) 208.67 709.33 T 1 11 Q (This chapter explains the meaning of the elements of expressions in Python.) 99 672.67 T 4 F -0.53 (Syntax notes:) 99 653.67 P 1 F -0.53 ( in this and the following chapters, extended BNF notation will be used to describe syn-) 161.72 653.67 P (tax, not lexical analysis. When \050one alternative of\051 a syntax rule has the form) 99 640.67 T 2 10 Q (name: othername) 99 622.33 T 1 11 Q (and no semantics are given, the semantics of this form of) 99 597.67 T 2 F (name) 352.57 597.67 T 1 F ( are the same as for) 378.97 597.67 T 2 F (othername) 466.94 597.67 T 1 F (.) 526.34 597.67 T 0 14 Q (5.1) 99 570.67 T (Arithmetic conversions) 135 570.67 T 1 11 Q -0.15 (When a description of an arithmetic operator below uses the phrase \322the numeric arguments are con-) 99 545.67 P 0.86 (verted to a common type\323, the arguments are coerced using the coercion rules listed at the end of) 99 532.67 P (chapter 3. If both arguments are standard numeric types, the following coercions are applied:) 99 519.67 T (\245) 99 500.67 T (If either argument is a complex number, the other is converted to complex;) 113.4 500.67 T (\245) 99 481.67 T (otherwise, if either argument is a floating point number, the other is converted to floating point;) 113.4 481.67 T (\245) 99 462.67 T (otherwise, if either argument is a long integer, the other is converted to long integer;) 113.4 462.67 T (\245) 99 443.67 T (otherwise, both must be plain integers and no conversion is necessary.) 113.4 443.67 T -0.13 (Some additional rules apply for certain operators \050e.g. a string left argument to the \324) 99 418.67 P 2 F -0.32 (%) 465.56 418.67 P 1 F -0.13 (\325 operator\051. Ex-) 472.16 418.67 P (tensions can define their own coercions.) 99 405.67 T 0 14 Q (5.2) 99 378.67 T (Atoms) 135 378.67 T 1 11 Q 1.43 (Atoms are the most basic elements of expressions. The simplest atoms are identifiers or literals.) 99 353.67 P 0.1 (Forms enclosed in reverse quotes or in parentheses, brackets or braces are also categorized syntacti-) 99 340.67 P (cally as atoms. The syntax for atoms is:) 99 327.67 T 2 10 Q (atom: identifier | literal | enclosure) 99 309.33 T (enclosure: parenth_form|list_display|dict_display|string_conversion) 99 297.33 T 0 12 Q (5.2.1) 99 272 T (Identifiers \050Names\051) 144 272 T 1 11 Q -0.25 (An identifier occurring as an atom is a reference to a local, global or built-in name binding. If a name) 99 252.67 P 1.68 (is assigned to anywhere in a code block \050even in unreachable code\051, and is not mentioned in a) 99 239.67 P 2 F -1.17 (global) 99 226.67 P 1 F -0.49 ( statement in that code block, then it refers to a local name throughout that code block. When) 138.6 226.67 P 0.83 (it is not assigned to anywhere in the block, or when it is assigned to but also explicitly listed in a) 99 213.67 P 2 F 0.64 (global) 99 200.67 P 1 F 0.27 ( statement, it refers to a global name if one exists, else to a built-in name \050and this binding) 138.6 200.67 P (may dynamically change\051.) 99 187.67 T 0.14 (When the name is bound to an object, evaluation of the atom yields that object. When a name is not) 99 168.67 P (bound, an attempt to evaluate it raises a) 99 155.67 T 2 F (NameError) 275.89 155.67 T 1 F ( exception.) 335.29 155.67 T 4 F 0.77 (Private name mangling:) 99 136.67 P 1 F 0.77 ( when an identifier that textually occurs in a class definition begins with) 213.59 136.67 P 0.53 (two or more underscore characters and does not end in two or more underscores, it is considered a) 99 123.67 P -0.29 (\322private name\323 of that class. Private names are transformed to a longer form before code is generated) 99 110.67 P 0.62 (for them. The transformation inserts the class name in front of the name, with leading underscores) 99 97.67 P 1.25 (removed, and a single underscore inserted in front of the class name. For example, the identifier) 99 84.67 P -0.3 (__spam occurring in a class named Ham will be transformed to _Ham__spam. This transformation is) 99 71.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "27" 33 %%Page: "28" 34 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (28) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.16 (independent of the syntactical context in which the identifier is used. If the transformed name is ex-) 99 712.67 P -0.64 (tremely long \050longer than 255 characters\051, implementation defined truncation may happen. If the class) 99 699.67 P (name consists only of underscores, no transformation is done.) 99 686.67 T 0 12 Q (5.2.2) 99 661 T (Literals) 144 661 T 1 11 Q (Python supports string literals and various numeric literals:) 99 641.67 T 2 10 Q -0.82 (literal: stringliteral | integer | longinteger | floatnumber | imagnumber) 99 623.33 P 1 11 Q 0.35 (Evaluation of a literal yields an object of the given type \050string, integer, long integer, floating point) 99 598.67 P -0.2 (number, complex number\051 with the given value. The value may be approximated in the case of float-) 99 585.67 P (ing point and imaginary \050complex\051 literals. \050See \322Literals\323 on page) 99 572.67 T (6 for details.\051) 399 572.67 T -0.13 (All literals correspond to immutable data types, and hence the object\325s identity is less important than) 99 547.67 P 0.01 (its value. Multiple evaluations of literals with the same value \050either the same occurrence in the pro-) 99 534.67 P 0.41 0 (gram text or a different occurrence\051 may obtain the same object or a different object with the same) 99 521.67 B (value.) 99 508.67 T 0 12 Q (5.2.3) 99 483 T (Parenthesized forms) 144 483 T 1 11 Q (A parenthesized form is an optional expression list enclosed in parentheses:) 99 463.67 T 2 10 Q (parenth_form: "\050" [expression_list] "\051") 99 445.33 T 1 11 Q -0.03 (A parenthesized expression list yields whatever that expression list yields: if the list contains at least) 99 420.67 P 0.18 (one comma, it yields a tuple; otherwise, it yields the single expression that makes up the expression) 99 407.67 P (list.) 99 394.67 T 0.07 (An empty pair of parentheses yields an empty tuple object. Since tuples are immutable, the rules for) 99 369.67 P (literals apply\050i.e., two occurrences of the empty tuple may or may not yield the same object\051.) 99 356.67 T -0.08 (Note that tuples are not formed by the parentheses, but rather by use of the comma operator. The ex-) 99 331.67 P -0.53 (ception is the empty tuple, for which parentheses) 99 318.67 P 3 F -0.53 (are) 313.21 318.67 P 1 F -0.53 ( required \321 allowing unparenthesized \322nothing\323) 327.88 318.67 P (in expressions would cause ambiguities and allow common typos to pass uncaught.) 99 305.67 T 0 12 Q (5.2.4) 99 280 T (List displays) 144 280 T 1 11 Q (A list display is a possibly empty series of expressions enclosed in square brackets:) 99 260.67 T 2 10 Q (list_display: "[" [expression_list] "]") 99 242.33 T 1 11 Q 0.16 (A list display yields a new list object. If it has no expression list, the list object has no items. Other-) 99 217.67 P -0.06 (wise, the elements of the expression list are evaluated from left to right and inserted in the list object) 99 204.67 P (in that order.) 99 191.67 T 0 12 Q (5.2.5) 99 166 T (Dictionary displays) 144 166 T 1 11 Q (A dictionary display is a possibly empty series of key/datum pairs enclosed in curly braces:) 99 146.67 T 2 10 Q (dict_display: "{" [key_datum_list] "}") 99 128.33 T (key_datum_list: key_datum \050"," key_datum\051* [","]) 99 116.33 T (key_datum: expression ":" expression) 99 104.33 T 1 11 Q (A dictionary display yields a new dictionary object) 99 79.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "28" 34 %%Page: "29" 35 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (29) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Expressions) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.19 (The key/datum pairs are evaluated from left to right to define the entries of the dictionary: each key) 99 712.67 P (object is used as a key into the dictionary to store the corresponding datum.) 99 699.67 T 0.41 0.14 (Restrictions on the types of the key values are listed earlier in \322The standard type hierarchy\323 on) 99 674.67 B -0.19 (page) 99 661.67 P -0.19 (12 \050to summarize, the key type should be hashable, which excludes all mutable objects\051. Clash-) 122.52 661.67 P 0.09 (es between duplicate keys are not detected; the last datum \050textually rightmost in the display\051 stored) 99 648.67 P (for a given key value prevails.) 99 635.67 T 0 12 Q (5.2.6) 99 610 T (String conversions) 144 610 T 1 11 Q (A string conversion is an expression list enclosed in reverse \050a.k.a. backward\051 quotes:) 99 590.67 T 2 10 Q (string_conversion: "\324" expression_list "\324") 99 572.33 T 1 11 Q 0.41 0.04 (A string conversion evaluates the contained expression list and converts the resulting object into a) 99 547.67 B (string according to rules specific to its type.) 99 534.67 T 0.12 (If the object is a string, a number,) 99 509.67 P 2 F 0.29 (None) 250.87 509.67 P 1 F 0.12 (, or a tuple, list or dictionary containing only objects whose) 277.27 509.67 P -0.27 (type is one of these, the resulting string is a valid Python expression which can be passed to the built-) 99 496.67 P 0.41 0.11 (in function) 99 483.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.11 (eval\050\051) 151.84 483.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.11 ( to yield an expression with the same value \050or an approximation, if floating) 192.09 483.67 B (point numbers are involved\051.) 99 470.67 T -0.29 (\050In particular, converting a string adds quotes around it and converts \322funny\323 characters to escape se-) 99 445.67 P (quences that are safe to print.\051) 99 432.67 T -0.17 (It is illegal to attempt to convert recursive objects \050e.g. lists or dictionaries that contain a reference to) 99 407.67 P (themselves, directly or indirectly.\051) 99 394.67 T 0.21 (The built-in function) 99 369.67 P 2 F 0.51 (repr\050\051) 194.06 369.67 P 1 F 0.21 ( performs exactly the same conversion in its argument as enclosing it) 233.66 369.67 P 0.41 0.07 (in parentheses and reverse quotes does. The built-in function) 99 356.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (str\050\051) 377.08 356.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 ( performs a similar but more) 410.43 356.67 B (user-friendly conversion.) 99 343.67 T 0 14 Q (5.3) 99 316.67 T (Primaries) 135 316.67 T 1 11 Q (Primaries represent the most tightly bound operations of the language. Their syntax is:) 99 291.67 T 2 10 Q (primary: atom | attributeref | subscription | slicing | call) 99 273.33 T 0 12 Q (5.3.1) 99 248 T (Attribute references) 144 248 T 1 11 Q (An attribute reference is a primary followed by a period and a name:) 99 228.67 T 2 10 Q (attributeref: primary "." identifier) 99 210.33 T 1 11 Q -0.33 (The primary must evaluate to an object of a type that supports attribute references. This object is then) 99 185.67 P -0.42 (asked to produce the attribute whose name is the identifier. If this attribute is not available, the excep-) 99 172.67 P 0.41 0.08 (tion) 99 159.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.08 (AttributeError) 119.68 159.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.08 ( is raised. Otherwise, the type and value of the object produced is deter-) 213.21 159.67 B -0.19 (mined by the object. Multiple evaluations of the same attribute reference may yield different objects.) 99 146.67 P 0 12 Q (5.3.2) 99 121 T (Subscriptions) 144 121 T 1 11 Q (A subscription selects an item of a sequence \050string, tuple or list\051 or mapping \050dictionary\051 object:) 99 101.67 T 2 10 Q (subscription: primary "[" expression_list "]") 99 83.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "29" 35 %%Page: "30" 36 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (30) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (The primary must evaluate to an object of a sequence or mapping type.) 99 712.67 T 0.22 (If the primary is a mapping, the expression list must evaluate to an object whose value is one of the) 99 687.67 P 0.41 0.01 (keys of the mapping, and the subscription selects the value in the mapping that corresponds to that) 99 674.67 B (key.) 99 661.67 T -0.22 (If the primary is a sequence, the expression \050list\051 must evaluate to a plain integer. If this value is neg-) 99 636.67 P -0.18 (ative, the length of the sequence is added to it \050so that, e.g.) 99 623.67 P 2 F -0.42 (x[-1]) 357.31 623.67 P 1 F -0.18 ( selects the last item of) 390.31 623.67 P 2 F -0.42 (x) 492.52 623.67 P 1 F -0.18 (.\051 The re-) 499.12 623.67 P 0.41 0.03 (sulting value must be a nonnegative integer less than the number of items in the sequence, and the) 99 610.67 B (subscription selects the item whose index is that value \050counting from zero\051.) 99 597.67 T -0.42 (A string\325s items are characters. A character is not a separate data type but a string of exactly one char-) 99 572.67 P (acter.) 99 559.67 T 0 12 Q (5.3.3) 99 534 T (Slicings) 144 534 T 1 11 Q 0.14 (A slicing selects a range of items in a sequence \050string, tuple or list\051 object. Slicings may be used as) 99 514.67 P (expressions or as targets in assignment or) 99 501.67 T 2 F (del) 284.45 501.67 T 1 F ( statements. The syntax for a slicing:) 304.25 501.67 T 2 10 Q (slicing: simple_slicing | extended_slicing) 99 483.33 T (simple_slicing: primary "[" short_slice "]") 99 471.33 T (extended_slicing: primary "[" slice_list "]") 99 459.33 T (slice_list: slice_item \050"," slice_item\051* [","]) 99 447.33 T (slice_item: expression | proper_slice | ellipsis) 99 435.33 T (proper_slice: short_slice | long_slice) 99 423.33 T (short_slice: [lower_bound] ":" [upper_bound]) 99 411.33 T (long_slice: short_slice ":" [stride]) 99 399.33 T (lower_bound: expression) 99 387.33 T (upper_bound: expression) 99 375.33 T (stride: expression) 99 363.33 T (ellipsis: "...") 99 351.33 T 1 11 Q -0.09 (There\325s an ambiguity in the formal syntax here: anything that looks like an expression list also looks) 99 326.67 P 0.3 (like a slice list, so any subscription can be interpreted as a slicing. Rather than further complicating) 99 313.67 P 0.41 0.09 (the syntax, this is disambiguated by declaring that in this case the interpretation as a subscription) 99 300.67 B 0.41 0.03 (takes priority over the interpretation as a slicing \050this is the case if the slice list contains no proper) 99 287.67 B -0.37 (slice nor ellipses\051. Similarly, when the slice list has exactly one short slice and no trailing comma, the) 99 274.67 P (interpretation as a simple slicing takes priority over that as an extended slicing.) 99 261.67 T 0.41 0.02 (The semantics for a simple slicing are as follows. The primary must evaluate to a sequence object.) 99 236.67 B 0.01 (The lower and upper bound expressions, if present, must evaluate to plain integers; defaults are zero) 99 223.67 P -0.17 (and the sequence\325s length, respectively. If either bound is negative, the sequence\325s length is added to) 99 210.67 P 0.38 (it. The slicing now selects all items with index) 99 197.67 P 3 F 0.38 (k) 309.58 197.67 P 1 F 0.38 ( such that) 314.46 197.67 P 3 F 0.38 (i) 360.51 197.67 P 1 F 0.38 ( <=) 363.57 197.67 P 3 F 0.38 (k) 382.23 197.67 P 1 F 0.38 ( <) 387.12 197.67 P 3 F 0.38 (j) 399.58 197.67 P 1 F 0.38 ( where) 402.64 197.67 P 3 F 0.38 (i) 435.77 197.67 P 1 F 0.38 ( and) 438.83 197.67 P 3 F 0.38 (j) 460.97 197.67 P 1 F 0.38 ( are the specified) 464.03 197.67 P 0.41 0.06 (lower and upper bounds. This may be an empty sequence. It is not an error if) 99 184.67 B 3 F 0.41 0.06 (i) 451.37 184.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.06 ( or) 454.49 184.67 B 3 F 0.41 0.06 (j) 470.23 184.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.06 ( lie outside the) 473.35 184.67 B (range of valid indexes \050such items don\325t exist so they aren\325t selected\051.) 99 171.67 T -0.35 (The semantics for an extended slicing are as follows. The primary must evaluate to a mapping object,) 99 146.67 P -0.01 (and it is indexed with a key that is constructed from the slice list, as follows. If the slice list contains) 99 133.67 P -0.42 (at least one comma, the key is a tuple containing the conversion of the slice items; otherwise, the con-) 99 120.67 P -0.39 (version of the lone slice item is the key. The conversion of a slice item that is an expression is that ex-) 99 107.67 P -0.38 (pression. The conversion of an ellipsis slice item is the built-in) 99 94.67 P 2 F -0.9 (Ellipsis) 373.53 94.67 P 1 F -0.38 ( object. The conversion of) 426.33 94.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "30" 36 %%Page: "31" 37 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (31) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Expressions) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.18 (a proper slice is a slice object \050see page) 99 712.67 P -0.18 (17\051 whose) 273.78 712.67 P 2 F -0.44 (start) 321.68 712.67 P 1 F -0.18 (,) 354.68 712.67 P 2 F -0.44 (stop) 360 712.67 P 1 F -0.18 ( and) 386.4 712.67 P 2 F -0.44 (step) 407.42 712.67 P 1 F -0.18 ( attributes are the values) 433.82 712.67 P -0.17 (of the expressions given as lower bound, upper bound and stride, respectively, substituting) 99 699.67 P 2 F -0.42 (None) 498.2 699.67 P 1 F -0.17 ( for) 524.6 699.67 P (missing expressions.) 99 686.67 T 0 12 Q (5.3.4) 99 661 T (Calls) 144 661 T 1 11 Q (A call calls a callable object \050e.g. a function\051 with a possibly empty series of arguments:) 99 641.67 T 2 10 Q (call: primary "\050" [argument_list [","]] "\051") 99 623.33 T (argument_list: positional_arguments ["," keyword_arguments]) 99 611.33 T ( | keyword_arguments) 99 599.33 T (positional_arguments: expression \050"," expression\051*) 99 587.33 T (keyword_arguments: keyword_item \050"," keyword_item\051*) 99 575.33 T (keyword_item: identifier "=" expression) 99 563.33 T 1 11 Q (A trailing comma may be present after an argument list but does not affect the semantics.) 99 538.67 T -0.32 (The primary must evaluate to a callable object \050user-defined functions, built-in functions, methods of) 99 513.67 P 0.22 (built-in objects, class objects, methods of class instances, and certain class instances themselves are) 99 500.67 P -0.15 (callable; extensions may define additional callable object types\051. All argument expressions are eval-) 99 487.67 P -0.05 (uated before the call is attempted. Please refer to \322Function definitions\323 on page) 99 474.67 P -0.05 (50 for the syntax of) 454.04 474.67 P (formal parameter lists.) 99 461.67 T 0.08 (If keyword arguments are present, they are first converted to positional arguments, as follows. First,) 99 436.67 P 0.3 (a list of unfilled slots is created for the formal parameters. If there are N positional arguments, they) 99 423.67 P -0.47 (are placed in the first N slots. Next, for each keyword argument, the identifier is used to determine the) 99 410.67 P 0.41 0.06 (corresponding slot \050if the identifier is the same as the first formal parameter name, the first slot is) 99 397.67 B -0.16 (used, and so on\051. If the slot is already filled, a) 99 384.67 P 2 F -0.38 (TypeError) 300.71 384.67 P 1 F -0.16 ( exception is raised. Otherwise, the value) 360.11 384.67 P -0.06 (of the argument is placed in the slot, filling it \050even if the expression is) 99 371.67 P 2 F -0.15 (None) 412.16 371.67 P 1 F -0.06 (, it fills the slot\051. When) 438.56 371.67 P -0.52 (all arguments have been processed, the slots that are still unfilled are filled with the corresponding de-) 99 358.67 P -0.38 (fault value from the function definition. \050Default values are calculated, once, when the function is de-) 99 345.67 P 0.41 0.04 (fined; thus, a mutable object such as a list or dictionary used as default value will be shared by all) 99 332.67 B -0.3 (calls that don\325t specify an argument value for the corresponding slot; this should usually be avoided.\051) 99 319.67 P 0.41 0.08 (If there are any unfilled slots for which no default value is specified, a) 99 306.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.08 (TypeError) 422.4 306.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.08 ( exception is) 482.56 306.67 B (raised. Otherwise, the list of filled slots is used as the argument list for the call.) 99 293.67 T 0.27 (If there are more positional arguments than there are formal parameter slots, a) 99 268.67 P 2 F 0.64 (TypeError) 448.27 268.67 P 1 F 0.27 ( excep-) 507.67 268.67 P 0.13 (tion is raised, unless a formal parameter using the syntax\324\324) 99 255.67 P 2 F 0.31 (*identifier) 357.39 255.67 P 1 F 0.13 (\325\325 is present; in this case,) 429.99 255.67 P -0.05 (that formal parameter receives a tuple containing the excess positional arguments \050or an empty tuple) 99 242.67 P (if there were no excess positional arguments\051.) 99 229.67 T -0.3 (If any keyword argument does not correspond to a formal parameter name, a) 99 204.67 P 2 F -0.72 (TypeError) 435.38 204.67 P 1 F -0.3 ( exception) 494.78 204.67 P -0.46 (is raised, unless a formal parameter using the syntax \324\324) 99 191.67 P 2 F -1.11 (**identifier) 334.95 191.67 P 1 F -0.46 (\325\325 is present; in this case, that) 414.15 191.67 P 0.41 0.12 (formal parameter receives a dictionary containing the excess keyword arguments \050using the key-) 99 178.67 B -0.33 (words as keys and the argument values as corresponding values\051, or a \050new\051 empty dictionary if there) 99 165.67 P (were no excess keyword arguments.) 99 152.67 T 0.41 0.01 (Formal parameters using the syntax \324\324) 99 127.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.01 (*identifier) 268.55 127.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.01 (\325\325 or \324\324) 341.26 127.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.01 (**identifier) 371.48 127.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.01 (\325\325 cannot be used as) 450.8 127.67 B 0.41 0.25 (positional argument slots or as keyword argument names. Formal parameters using the syntax) 99 114.67 B -0.14 (\324\324) 99 101.67 P 2 F -0.33 (\050sublist\051) 106.33 101.67 P 1 F -0.14 (\325\325 cannot be used as keyword argument names; the outermost sublist corresponds to a) 165.73 101.67 P -0.18 (single unnamed argument slot, and the argument value is assigned to the sublist using the usual tuple) 99 88.67 P (assignment rules after all other parameter processing is done.) 99 75.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "31" 37 %%Page: "32" 38 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (32) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.41 0.07 (A call always returns some value, possibly) 99 712.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (None) 295.6 712.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 (, unless it raises an exception. How this value is) 322.28 712.67 B (computed depends on the type of the callable object.) 99 699.67 T (If it is:) 99 674.67 T 4 F (a user-defined function:) 99 655.67 T 1 F -0.41 (the code block for the function is executed, passing it the argument list. The) 211.44 655.67 P 0.3 (first thing the code block will do is bind the formal parameters to the arguments; this is de-) 135 642.67 P 0.74 (scribed in section\322Function definitions\323 on page) 135 629.67 P 0.74 (50. When the code block executes a) 354.38 629.67 P 2 F 1.76 (re-) 520.2 629.67 P (turn) 135 616.67 T 1 F ( statement, this specifies the return value of the function call.) 161.4 616.67 T 4 F (a built-in function or method:) 99 597.67 T 1 F -0.17 (the result is up to the interpreter; see the library reference manual for) 238.95 597.67 P (the descriptions of built-in functions and methods.) 135 584.67 T 4 F (a class object:) 99 565.67 T 1 F (a new instance of that class is returned.) 164.37 565.67 T 4 F (a class instance method:) 99 546.67 T 1 F -0.57 (the corresponding user-defined function is called, with an argument list that) 212.35 546.67 P (is one longer than the argument list of the call. The instance becomes the first argument.) 135 533.67 T 0 14 Q (5.4) 99 506.67 T (The power operator) 135 506.67 T 1 11 Q -0.32 (The power operator binds more tightly than unary operators on its left; it binds less tightly than unary) 99 477.67 P (operators on its right. The syntax is:) 99 464.67 T 2 10 Q (power: primary ["**" u_expr]) 99 446.33 T 1 11 Q -0.4 (Thus, in an unparenthesized sequence of power and unary operators, the operators are evaluated from) 99 421.67 P (right to left \050this does not constrain the evaluation order for the operands\051.) 99 408.67 T -0.32 (The power operator has the same semantics as the built-in) 99 383.67 P 2 F -0.76 (pow\050\051) 353.68 383.67 P 1 F -0.32 ( function: it yields its left argument) 386.68 383.67 P 0.41 0.05 (raised to the power of its right argument. The numeric arguments are first converted to a common) 99 370.67 B -0.33 (type. The result type is that of the arguments after coercion; if the result is not expressible in that type) 99 357.67 P -0.08 (\050as in raising an integer to a negative power, or a negative floating point number to a broken power\051,) 99 344.67 P (a) 99 331.67 T 2 F (TypeError) 106.63 331.67 T 1 F ( exception is raised.) 166.03 331.67 T 0 14 Q (5.5) 99 304.67 T (Unary arithmetic operations) 135 304.67 T 1 11 Q (All unary arithmetic \050and bit-wise\051 operations have the same priority:) 99 279.67 T 2 10 Q (u_expr: power | "-" u_expr | "+" u_expr | "~" u_expr) 99 261.33 T 1 11 Q (The unary) 99 236.67 T 2 F ("-") 146.65 236.67 T 1 F ( \050minus\051 operator yields the negation of its numeric argument.) 166.45 236.67 T (The unary) 99 211.67 T 2 F ("+") 146.65 211.67 T 1 F ( \050plus\051 operator yields its numeric argument unchanged.) 166.45 211.67 T 0.41 0.01 (The unary) 99 186.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.01 ("~") 147.55 186.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.01 ( \050invert\051 operator yields the bit-wise inversion of its plain or long integer argument.) 167.37 186.67 B (The bit-wise inversion of) 99 173.67 T 2 F (x) 212.65 173.67 T 1 F ( is defined as) 219.25 173.67 T 2 F (-\050x+1\051) 279.74 173.67 T 1 F (. It only applies to integral numbers.) 319.34 173.67 T (In all three cases, if the argument does not have the proper type, a) 99 148.67 T 2 F (TypeError) 391.04 148.67 T 1 F ( exception is raised.) 450.44 148.67 T 0 14 Q (5.6) 99 121.67 T (Binary arithmetic operations) 135 121.67 T 1 11 Q 0.18 (The remaining binary arithmetic operations have the conventional priority levels. Note that some of) 99 96.67 P 0.65 (these operations also apply to certain non-numeric types. Apart from the power operator, there are) 99 83.67 P (only two levels, one for multiplicative operators and one for additive operators:) 99 70.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "32" 38 %%Page: "33" 39 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (33) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Expressions) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (m_expr: u_expr | m_expr "*" u_expr) 99 713.33 T ( | m_expr "/" u_expr | m_expr "%" u_expr) 99 701.33 T (a_expr: m_expr | aexpr "+" m_expr | aexpr "-" m_expr) 99 689.33 T 1 11 Q -0.45 (The ") 99 664.67 P 2 F -1.08 (*) 122.89 664.67 P 1 F -0.45 (" \050multiplication\051 operator yields the product of its arguments. The arguments must either both) 129.49 664.67 P -0.12 (be numbers, or one argument must be a plain integer and the other must be a sequence. In the former) 99 651.67 P -0.29 (case, the numbers are converted to a common type and then multiplied together. In the latter case, se-) 99 638.67 P (quence repetition is performed; a negative repetition factor yields an empty sequence.) 99 625.67 T -0.4 (The ") 99 600.67 P 2 F -0.95 (/) 122.95 600.67 P 1 F -0.4 (" \050division\051 operator yields the quotient of its arguments. The numeric arguments are first con-) 129.55 600.67 P 0.04 (verted to a common type. Plain or long integer division yields an integer of the same type; the result) 99 587.67 P -0.22 (is that of mathematical division with the \324floor\325 function applied to the result. Division by zero raises) 99 574.67 P (the) 99 561.67 T 2 F (ZeroDivisionError) 115.19 561.67 T 1 F ( exception) 227.39 561.67 T -0.47 (The ") 99 536.67 P 2 F -1.12 (%) 122.88 536.67 P 1 F -0.47 (" \050modulo\051 operator yields the remainder from the division of the first argument by the second.) 129.48 536.67 P 0.41 0.21 (The numeric arguments are first converted to a common type. A zero right argument raises the) 99 523.67 B 2 F -0.63 (ZeroDivisionError) 99 510.67 P 1 F -0.26 ( exception. The arguments may be floating point numbers, e.g.) 211.2 510.67 P 2 F -0.63 (3.14%0.7) 487.2 510.67 P 1 F 0.34 (equals) 99 497.67 P 2 F 0.83 (0.34) 130.2 497.67 P 1 F 0.34 ( \050since) 156.6 497.67 P 2 F 0.83 (3.14) 189.06 497.67 P 1 F 0.34 ( equals) 215.46 497.67 P 2 F 0.83 (4*0.7+0.34) 249.75 497.67 P 1 F 0.34 (\051. The modulo operator always yields a result with) 315.75 497.67 P 0.16 (the same sign as its second operand \050or zero\051; the absolute value of the result is strictly smaller than) 99 484.67 P (the second operand.) 99 471.67 T -0.4 (The integer division and modulo operators are connected by the following identity:) 99 446.67 P 2 F -0.95 (x == \050x/y\051*y) 462.7 446.67 P 0.99 0.04 (+ \050x%y\051) 99 433.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.04 (. Integer division and modulo are also connected with the built-in function) 146.44 433.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.04 (divmod\050\051) 483.81 433.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.04 (:) 536.9 433.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.02 (divmod\050x, y\051 == \050x/y, x%y\051) 99 420.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.02 (. These identities don\325t hold for floating point and complex) 274.99 420.67 B (numbers; there a similar identity holds where) 99 407.67 T 2 F (x/y) 300.95 407.67 T 1 F ( is replaced by) 320.75 407.67 T 2 F (floor\050x/y\051) 387.34 407.67 T 1 F (\051 or) 453.34 407.67 T 2 F (floor\050\050x/y\051.real\051) 99 394.67 T 1 F (, respectively.) 211.2 394.67 T -0.54 (The) 99 369.67 P 2 F -1.3 ("+") 118.31 369.67 P 1 F -0.54 ( \050addition\051 operator yields the sum of its arguments. The arguments must either both be num-) 138.11 369.67 P -0.23 (bers, or both sequences of the same type. In the former case, the numbers are converted to a common) 99 356.67 P (type and then added together. In the latter case, the sequences are concatenated.) 99 343.67 T 0.41 0.05 (The) 99 318.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.05 ("-") 119.49 318.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( \050subtraction\051 operator yields the difference of its arguments. The numeric arguments are) 139.45 318.67 B (first converted to a common type.) 99 305.67 T 0 14 Q (5.7) 99 278.67 T (Shifting operations) 135 278.67 T 1 11 Q (The shifting operations have lower priority than the arithmetic operations:) 99 253.67 T 2 10 Q (shift_expr: a_expr | shift_expr \050 "<<" | ">>" \051 a_expr) 99 235.33 T 1 11 Q 0.36 (These operators accept plain or long integers as arguments. The arguments are converted to a com-) 99 210.67 P 0.04 (mon type. They shift the first argument to the left or right by the number of bits given by the second) 99 197.67 P (argument.) 99 184.67 T 0.2 (A right shift by) 99 159.67 P 3 F 0.2 (n) 170.07 159.67 P 1 F 0.2 ( bits is defined as division by) 175.57 159.67 P 2 F 0.48 (pow\0502,) 308.05 159.67 P 1 F 0.2 (n\051. A left shift by) 347.65 159.67 P 3 F 0.2 (n) 427.48 159.67 P 1 F 0.2 ( bits is defined as multi-) 432.98 159.67 P -0.34 (plication with) 99 146.67 P 2 F -0.83 (pow\0502,) 161.87 146.67 P 1 F -0.34 (n\051; for plain integers there is no overflow check so this drops bits and flips the) 201.47 146.67 P 0.19 (sign if the result is not less than) 99 133.67 P 2 F 0.46 (pow\0502,31\051) 242.3 133.67 P 1 F 0.19 ( in absolute value. Negative shift counts raise a) 301.7 133.67 P 2 F 0.46 (Val-) 513.6 133.67 P (ueError) 99 120.67 T 1 F ( exception.) 145.2 120.67 T 0 14 Q (5.8) 99 93.67 T (Binary bit-wise operations) 135 93.67 T 1 11 Q (Each of the three bitwise operations has a different priority level:) 99 68.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "33" 39 %%Page: "34" 40 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (34) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (and_expr: shift_expr | and_expr "&" shift_expr) 76.5 713.33 T (xor_expr: and_expr | xor_expr "^" and_expr) 76.5 701.33 T (or_expr: xor_expr | or_expr "|" xor_expr) 76.5 689.33 T 1 11 Q 0.41 0.03 (The) 76.5 664.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.03 ("&") 96.88 664.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.03 ( operator yields the bit-wise AND of its arguments, which must be plain or long integers.) 116.77 664.67 B (The arguments are converted to a common type.) 76.5 651.67 T 0.41 0 (The) 76.5 626.67 B 2 F 0.99 0 ("^") 96.77 626.67 B 1 F 0.41 0 ( operator yields the bitwise XOR \050exclusive OR\051 of its arguments, which must be plain or) 116.57 626.67 B (long integers. The arguments are converted to a common type.) 76.5 613.67 T -0.17 (The) 76.5 588.67 P 2 F -0.41 ("|") 96.19 588.67 P 1 F -0.17 ( operator yields the bitwise \050inclusive\051 OR of its arguments, which must be plain or long in-) 115.99 588.67 P (tegers. The arguments are converted to a common type.) 76.5 575.67 T 0 14 Q (5.9) 76.5 548.67 T (Comparisons) 112.5 548.67 T 1 11 Q 0.26 (Contrary to C, all comparison operations in Python have the same priority, which is lower than that) 76.5 523.67 P 0.47 (of any arithmetic, shifting or bitwise operation. Also contrary to C, expressions like) 76.5 510.67 P 2 F 1.13 (a < b < c) 453.56 510.67 P 1 F (have the interpretation that is conventional in mathematics:) 76.5 497.67 T 2 10 Q (comparison: or_expr \050comp_operator or_expr\051*) 76.5 479.33 T -1.8 (comp_operator: "<"|">"|"=="|">="|"<="|"<>"|"!="|"is" ["not"]|["not"] "in") 76.5 467.33 P 1 11 Q (Comparisons yield integer values: 1 for true, 0 for false.) 76.5 442.67 T -0.2 (Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily, e.g.) 76.5 417.67 P 2 F -0.49 (x < y <= z) 272.31 417.67 P 1 F -0.2 ( is equivalent to) 336.35 417.67 P 2 F -0.49 (x < y and y <= z,) 408.25 417.67 P 1 F -0.14 (except that) 76.5 404.67 P 2 F -0.35 (y) 126.92 404.67 P 1 F -0.14 ( is evaluated only once \050but in both cases) 133.52 404.67 P 2 F -0.35 (z) 315.83 404.67 P 1 F -0.14 ( is not evaluated at all when) 322.43 404.67 P 2 F -0.35 (x < y) 446.98 404.67 P 1 F -0.14 ( is found) 479.29 404.67 P (to be false\051.) 76.5 391.67 T -0.31 (Formally, if) 76.5 366.67 P 3 F -0.31 (a) 131.18 366.67 P 1 F -0.31 (,) 136.68 366.67 P 3 F -0.31 (b) 141.87 366.67 P 1 F -0.31 (,) 147.37 366.67 P 3 F -0.31 (c) 152.56 366.67 P 1 F -0.31 (, ...,) 157.44 366.67 P 3 F -0.31 (y) 176.06 366.67 P 1 F -0.31 (,) 180.95 366.67 P 3 F -0.31 (z) 186.13 366.67 P 1 F -0.31 ( are expressions and) 190.41 366.67 P 3 F -0.31 (opa) 280.8 366.67 P 1 F -0.31 (,) 297.3 366.67 P 3 F -0.31 (opb) 302.49 366.67 P 1 F -0.31 (, ...,) 318.99 366.67 P 3 F -0.31 (opy) 337.61 366.67 P 1 F -0.31 ( are comparison operators, then) 353.5 366.67 P 3 F -0.31 (a opa) 493.06 366.67 P 0.05 (b opb c) 76.5 353.67 P 1 F 0.05 ( ...) 108.98 353.67 P 3 F 0.05 (y opy z) 122.82 353.67 P 1 F 0.05 ( is equivalent to) 153.47 353.67 P 3 F 0.05 (a opa b) 226.38 353.67 P 2 F 0.12 (and) 262.27 353.67 P 3 F 0.05 (b opb c) 288.79 353.67 P 2 F 0.12 (and) 324.06 353.67 P 1 F 0.05 ( ...) 343.86 353.67 P 3 F 0.05 (y opy z) 360.51 353.67 P 1 F 0.05 (, except that each expression) 391.15 353.67 P (is evaluated at most once.) 76.5 340.67 T 0.18 (Note that) 76.5 315.67 P 3 F 0.18 (a opa b opb c) 120.24 315.67 P 1 F 0.18 ( doesn\325t imply any kind of comparison between) 180.84 315.67 P 3 F 0.18 (a) 394.9 315.67 P 1 F 0.18 ( and) 400.4 315.67 P 3 F 0.18 (c) 422.14 315.67 P 1 F 0.18 (, so that e.g.) 427.02 315.67 P 2 F 0.43 (x < y) 483.65 315.67 P (> z) 76.5 302.67 T 1 F ( is perfectly legal \050though perhaps not pretty\051.) 96.3 302.67 T -0.27 (The forms) 76.5 277.67 P 2 F -0.66 (<>) 124.22 277.67 P 1 F -0.27 ( and) 137.42 277.67 P 2 F -0.66 (!=) 158.25 277.67 P 1 F -0.27 ( are equivalent; for consistency with C,) 171.45 277.67 P 2 F -0.66 (!=) 344.89 277.67 P 1 F -0.27 ( is preferred; where) 358.1 277.67 P 2 F -0.66 (!=) 445.57 277.67 P 1 F -0.27 ( is mentioned) 458.77 277.67 P (below) 76.5 264.67 T 2 F (<>) 106.13 264.67 T 1 F ( is also implied.) 119.33 264.67 T -0.01 (The operators) 76.5 239.67 P 2 F -0.02 ("<", ">", "==", ">=", "<=") 140.02 239.67 P 1 F -0.01 (, and) 311.54 239.67 P 2 F -0.02 ("!=") 335.65 239.67 P 1 F -0.01 ( compare the values of two objects.) 362.05 239.67 P 0.25 (The objects needn\325t have the same type. If both are numbers, they are converted to a common type.) 76.5 226.67 P -0.03 (Otherwise, objects of different types) 76.5 213.67 P 3 F -0.03 (always) 239.46 213.67 P 1 F -0.03 ( compare unequal, and are ordered consistently but arbi-) 270.02 213.67 P 0.41 0.05 (trarily. \050This unusual definition of comparison is done to simplify the definition of operations like) 76.5 200.67 B (sorting and the) 76.5 187.67 T 2 F (in) 144.63 187.67 T 1 F ( and) 157.83 187.67 T 2 F (not) 179.22 187.67 T (in) 201.77 187.67 T 1 F ( operators.\051) 214.97 187.67 T (Comparison of objects of the same type depends on the type:) 76.5 162.67 T (\245) 76.5 143.67 T (Numbers are compared arithmetically.) 90.9 143.67 T (\245) 76.5 124.67 T 0.77 (Strings are compared lexicographically using the numeric equivalents \050the result of the built-in) 90.9 124.67 P (function) 90.9 111.67 T 2 F (ord) 130.31 111.67 T 1 F (\051 of their characters.) 150.11 111.67 T (\245) 76.5 92.67 T (Tuples and lists are compared lexicographically using comparison of corresponding items.) 90.9 92.67 T (\245) 76.5 73.67 T -0.38 (Mappings \050dictionaries\051 are compared through lexicographic comparison of their sorted \050key, val-) 90.9 73.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "34" 40 %%Page: "35" 41 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (35) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Expressions) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (ue\051 lists.) 113.4 712.67 T 1 8.8 Q (1) 150.68 717.07 T 1 11 Q (\245) 99 693.67 T -0.13 (Most other types compare unequal unless they are the same object; the choice whether one object) 113.4 693.67 P -0.3 (is considered smaller or larger than another one is made arbitrarily but consistently within one ex-) 113.4 680.67 P (ecution of a program.) 113.4 667.67 T 0.05 (The operators) 99 642.67 P 2 F 0.12 (in) 162.64 642.67 P 1 F 0.05 ( and) 175.84 642.67 P 2 F 0.12 (not in) 197.33 642.67 P 1 F 0.05 ( test for sequence membership: if) 237.05 642.67 P 3 F 0.05 (y) 386.44 642.67 P 1 F 0.05 ( is a sequence,) 391.33 642.67 P 3 F 0.05 (x) 457.82 642.67 P 1 F 0.05 ( in) 462.7 642.67 P 3 F 0.05 (y) 476.86 642.67 P 1 F 0.05 ( is true if and) 481.75 642.67 P -0.34 (only if there exists an index) 99 629.67 P 3 F -0.34 (i) 221.59 629.67 P 1 F -0.34 ( such that) 224.64 629.67 P 3 F -0.34 (x) 268.52 629.67 P 1 F -0.34 ( =) 273.41 629.67 P 3 F -0.34 (y) 284.42 629.67 P 1 F -0.34 ([) 289.3 629.67 P 3 F -0.34 (i) 292.97 629.67 P 1 F -0.34 (].) 296.03 629.67 P 3 F -0.34 (x) 304.84 629.67 P 1 F -0.34 ( not in) 309.73 629.67 P 3 F -0.34 (y) 339.56 629.67 P 1 F -0.34 ( yields the inverse truth value. The exception) 344.44 629.67 P 2 F 0.6 (TypeError) 99 616.67 P 1 F 0.25 ( is raised when) 158.4 616.67 P 3 F 0.25 (y) 227.84 616.67 P 1 F 0.25 ( is not a sequence, or when) 232.72 616.67 P 3 F 0.25 (y) 356.06 616.67 P 1 F 0.25 ( is a string and) 360.94 616.67 P 3 F 0.25 (x) 429.11 616.67 P 1 F 0.25 ( is not a string of length) 433.99 616.67 P (one.) 99 603.67 T 1 8.8 Q (2) 117.63 608.07 T 1 11 Q -0.47 (The operators) 99 578.67 P 2 F -1.14 (is) 161.59 578.67 P 1 F -0.47 ( and) 174.79 578.67 P 2 F -1.14 (is not) 195.22 578.67 P 1 F -0.47 ( test for object identity:) 233.68 578.67 P 3 F -0.47 (x) 336.72 578.67 P 2 F -1.14 (is) 343.88 578.67 P 3 F -0.47 (y) 359.36 578.67 P 1 F -0.47 ( is true if and only if) 364.24 578.67 P 3 F -0.47 (x) 453.49 578.67 P 1 F -0.47 ( and) 458.38 578.67 P 3 F -0.47 (y) 478.81 578.67 P 1 F -0.47 ( are the same) 483.7 578.67 P (object.) 99 565.67 T 3 F (x) 131.38 565.67 T 2 F (is not) 139.02 565.67 T 3 F (y) 181.37 565.67 T 1 F ( yields the inverse truth value.) 186.25 565.67 T 0 14 Q (5.10) 99 538.67 T (Boolean operations) 135 538.67 T 1 11 Q (Boolean operations have the lowest priority of all Python operations:) 99 513.67 T 2 10 Q (expression: or_test | lambda_form) 99 495.33 T (or_test: and_test | or_test "or" and_test) 99 483.33 T (and_test: not_test | and_test "and" not_test) 99 471.33 T (not_test: comparison | "not" not_test) 99 459.33 T (lambda_form:) 99 447.33 T ("lambda" [parameter_list]: expression) 171 447.33 T 1 11 Q -0.23 (In the context of Boolean operations, and also when expressions are used by control flow statements,) 99 422.67 P 0.41 0.17 (the following values are interpreted as false:) 99 409.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.17 (None) 307.52 409.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.17 (, numeric zero of all types, empty sequences) 334.6 409.67 B -0.32 (\050strings, tuples and lists\051, and empty mappings \050dictionaries\051. All other values are interpreted as true.) 99 396.67 P (The operator) 99 371.67 T 2 F (not) 158.26 371.67 T 1 F ( yields 1 if its argument is false, 0 otherwise.) 178.06 371.67 T 0.25 (The expression) 99 346.67 P 3 F 0.25 (x) 169.16 346.67 P 2 F 0.61 (and) 177.05 346.67 P 3 F 0.25 (y) 199.85 346.67 P 1 F 0.25 ( first evaluates) 204.73 346.67 P 3 F 0.25 (x) 272.4 346.67 P 1 F 0.25 (; if) 277.28 346.67 P 3 F 0.25 (x) 293.07 346.67 P 1 F 0.25 ( is false, its value is returned; otherwise,) 297.95 346.67 P 3 F 0.25 (y) 479.62 346.67 P 1 F 0.25 ( is evaluated) 484.5 346.67 P (and the resulting value is returned.) 99 333.67 T -0.18 (The expression) 99 308.67 P 3 F -0.18 (x) 168.3 308.67 P 2 F -0.43 (or) 175.75 308.67 P 3 F -0.18 (y) 191.52 308.67 P 1 F -0.18 ( first evaluates) 196.41 308.67 P 3 F -0.18 (x) 262.78 308.67 P 1 F -0.18 (; if) 267.66 308.67 P 3 F -0.18 (x) 282.58 308.67 P 1 F -0.18 ( is true, its value is returned; otherwise,) 287.47 308.67 P 3 F -0.18 (y) 462.02 308.67 P 1 F -0.18 ( is evaluated and) 466.91 308.67 P (the resulting value is returned.) 99 295.67 T 0.04 (\050Note that neither) 99 270.67 P 2 F 0.09 (and) 179.46 270.67 P 1 F 0.04 ( nor) 199.26 270.67 P 2 F 0.09 (or) 219.5 270.67 P 1 F 0.04 ( restrict the value and type they return to 0 and 1, but rather return the) 232.7 270.67 P -0.34 (last evaluated argument. This is sometimes useful, e.g. if) 99 257.67 P 2 F -0.82 (s) 348.61 257.67 P 1 F -0.34 ( is a string that should be replaced by a de-) 355.21 257.67 P -0.08 (fault value if it is empty, the expression) 99 244.67 P 2 F -0.19 (s or \325foo\325) 275.27 244.67 P 1 F -0.08 ( yields the desired value. Because) 340.89 244.67 P 2 F -0.19 (not) 491.64 244.67 P 1 F -0.08 ( has to) 511.44 244.67 P 0.36 (invent a value anyway, it does not bother to return a value of the same type as its argument, so e.g.) 99 231.67 P 2 F (not \325foo\325) 99 218.67 T 1 F ( yields) 158.4 218.67 T 2 F (0) 190.18 218.67 T 1 F (, not) 196.78 218.67 T 2 F (\325\325) 219.09 218.67 T 1 F (.\051) 232.29 218.67 T 0.41 0.12 (Lambda forms \050lambda expressions\051 have the same syntactic position as expressions. They are a) 99 193.67 B 0.41 0.03 (shorthand to create anonymous functions; the expression) 99 180.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.03 (lambda) 356.08 180.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.03 ( arguments) 395.84 180.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.03 (:) 445.1 180.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.03 ( expression yields a) 451.73 180.67 B (function object that behaves virtually identical to one defined with) 99 167.67 T 2 10 Q (def name \050arguments\051:) 99 149.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 99 128 540 143 C 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 108 141 252 141 2 L 0.5 H 2 Z 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K N 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 612 792 C 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (1.) 108 120.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.22 (This is expensive since it requires sorting the keys first, but about the only sensible defini-) 121.5 120.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.7 (tion. An earlier version of Python compared dictionaries by identity only, but this caused) 121.46 107.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.41 (surprises because people expected to be able to test a dictionary for emptiness by comparing) 121.46 94.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (it to) 121.46 81.67 T 2 F ({}) 141.64 81.67 T 1 F (.) 154.84 81.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (2.) 108 68.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The latter restriction is sometimes a nuisance.) 121.5 68.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "35" 41 %%Page: "36" 42 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (36) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F ( return expression) 76.5 713.33 T 1 11 Q 0.41 0 (See \322Function definitions\323 on page) 76.5 688.67 B 0.41 0 (50 for the syntax of parameter lists. Note that functions created) 235.56 688.67 B (with lambda forms cannot contain statements.) 76.5 675.67 T 0 14 Q (5.11) 76.5 648.67 T (Expression lists) 112.5 648.67 T 2 10 Q (expression_list: expression \050"," expression\051* [","]) 76.5 624.33 T 1 11 Q -0.26 (An expression list containing at least one comma yields a tuple. The length of the tuple is the number) 76.5 599.67 P (of expressions in the list. The expressions are evaluated from left to right.) 76.5 586.67 T -0.04 (The trailing comma is required only to create a single tuple \050a.k.a. a) 76.5 561.67 P 3 F -0.04 (single) 376.57 561.67 P 1 F -0.04 (\051; it is optional in all other) 402.85 561.67 P -0.28 (cases. A single expression without a trailing comma doesn\325t create a tuple, but rather yields the value) 76.5 548.67 P (of that expression. \050To create an empty tuple, use an empty pair of parentheses:) 76.5 535.67 T 2 F (\050\051) 428.42 535.67 T 1 F (.\051) 441.62 535.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "36" 42 %%Page: "37" 43 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (37) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Expressions) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (5.12) 99 710.67 T (Summary) 135 710.67 T 1 11 Q 0.37 (The following table summarizes the operator precedences in Python, from lowest precedence \050least) 99 685.67 P -0.23 (binding\051 to highest precedence \050most binding\051. Operators in the same box have the same precedence.) 99 672.67 P 0.64 (Unless the syntax is explicitly given, operators are binary. Operators in the same box group left to) 99 659.67 P (right \050except for comparisons, which chain from left to right \321 see above\051.) 99 646.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 12 Q (T) 208.14 623 T (able 4: Operator Pr) 215.04 623 T (ecedence) 315.8 623 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 11 Q (or) 185.77 599.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Boolean OR) 350.65 599.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (and) 182.48 578.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Boolean AND) 346.38 578.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (not) 175.88 557.67 T 6 F (x) 202.27 557.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Boolean NO) 347.21 557.67 T (T) 402.07 557.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (in, not in) 159.38 536.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (is, is not) 159.38 523.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (<, <=, >, >=, <>, !=, =) 116.47 510.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Membership tests) 339.04 536.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Identity tests) 349.74 523.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Comparisons) 348.97 510.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (|) 189.07 489.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Bitwise OR) 352.18 489.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (^) 189.07 468.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Bitwise XOR) 348.21 468.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (&) 189.07 447.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Bitwise AND) 347.9 447.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (<<, >>) 172.57 426.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Shifts) 365.16 426.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (+, -) 179.18 405.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Addition and subtraction) 323.31 405.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (*, /, %) 169.27 384.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Multiplication, di) 301.14 384.67 T (vision, remainder) 377.87 384.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 3 F (+x, -x) 179.2 363.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (~x) 186.96 350.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 F (Positi) 339.44 363.67 T (v) 364.23 363.67 T (e, ne) 369.57 363.67 T (g) 390.17 363.67 T (ati) 395.62 363.67 T (v) 406.34 363.67 T (e) 411.68 363.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Bitwise not) 352.79 350.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 3 F (x.attrib) 169.72 329.67 T (ute) 201.59 329.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (x) 174.47 316.67 T 1 F ([) 179.35 316.67 T 3 F (inde) 183.01 316.67 T (x) 201.74 316.67 T 1 F (]) 206.62 316.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 3 F (x) 160.83 303.67 T 1 F ([) 165.72 303.67 T 3 F (inde) 169.38 303.67 T (x:inde) 188.1 303.67 T (x) 215.37 303.67 T 1 F (]) 220.25 303.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 3 F (f) 157.29 290.67 T 1 F (\050) 160.35 290.67 T 3 F (ar) 164.01 290.67 T (guments) 173.38 290.67 T 1 F (, ...\051) 210.05 290.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Attrib) 336.42 329.67 T (ute reference) 362.48 329.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Subscription) 350.19 316.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Slicing) 362.41 303.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Function call) 349.12 290.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\050) 155.11 269.67 T 3 F (e) 158.78 269.67 T (xpr) 163.44 269.67 T (essions) 177.7 269.67 T 1 F ( . . .\051) 209.47 269.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ([) 155.11 256.67 T 3 F (e) 158.78 256.67 T (xpr) 163.44 256.67 T (essions) 177.7 256.67 T 1 F ( . . .]) 209.47 256.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ({) 154.78 243.67 T 3 F (k) 160.06 243.67 T (e) 164.84 243.67 T (y:datum) 169.39 243.67 T 1 F (, . . .}) 205.44 243.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (`) 165.5 230.67 T 3 F (e) 169.16 230.67 T (xpr) 173.83 230.67 T (ession) 188.09 230.67 T 1 F (`) 215.59 230.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Binding or tuple display) 324.68 269.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (List display) 352.18 256.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Dictionary display) 337.21 243.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (String con) 339.35 230.67 T (v) 384.43 230.67 T (ersion) 389.77 230.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 99 612.75 99 223.25 2 L V 0.5 H 0 Z N 285.75 613.25 285.75 222.75 2 L V N 470.25 612.75 470.25 223.25 2 L V N 98.75 613 470.5 613 2 L V N 98.75 592 470.5 592 2 L V N 98.75 571 470.5 571 2 L V N 98.75 550 470.5 550 2 L V N 98.75 503 470.5 503 2 L V N 98.75 482 470.5 482 2 L V N 98.75 461 470.5 461 2 L V N 98.75 440 470.5 440 2 L V N 98.75 419 470.5 419 2 L V N 98.75 398 470.5 398 2 L V N 98.75 377 470.5 377 2 L V N 98.75 343 470.5 343 2 L V N 98.75 283 470.5 283 2 L V N 98.75 223 470.5 223 2 L V N 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "37" 43 %%Page: "38" 44 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (38) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "38" 44 %%Page: "39" 45 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (39) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Simple statements) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 16 Q (C) 99 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (HAPTER) 110.55 709.33 T 0 16 Q (6:) 167.62 709.33 T (S) 198 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (IMPLE) 208.67 709.33 T (STATEMENTS) 252.24 709.33 T 1 11 Q -0.43 (Simple statements are comprised within a single logical line. Several simple statements may occur on) 99 672.67 P (a single line separated by semicolons. The syntax for simple statements is:) 99 659.67 T 2 10 Q (simple_stmt: expression_stmt) 99 641.33 T ( | assert_stmt) 99 629.33 T ( | assignment_stmt) 99 617.33 T ( | pass_stmt) 99 605.33 T ( | del_stmt) 99 593.33 T ( | print_stmt) 99 581.33 T ( | return_stmt) 99 569.33 T ( | raise_stmt) 99 557.33 T ( | break_stmt) 99 545.33 T ( | continue_stmt) 99 533.33 T ( | import_stmt) 99 521.33 T ( | global_stmt) 99 509.33 T ( | exec_stmt) 99 497.33 T 0 14 Q (6.1) 99 470.67 T (Expression statements) 135 470.67 T 1 11 Q 0.58 (Expression statements are used \050mostly interactively\051 to compute and write a value, or \050usually\051 to) 99 445.67 P -0.01 (call a procedure \050a function that returns no meaningful result; in Python, procedures return the value) 99 432.67 P 2 F 0.9 (None) 99 419.67 P 1 F 0.38 (\051. Other uses of expression statements are allowed and occasionally useful. The syntax for an) 125.4 419.67 P (expression statement is:) 99 406.67 T 2 10 Q (expression_stmt: expression_list) 99 388.33 T 1 11 Q -0.16 (An expression statement evaluates the expression list \050which may be a single expression\051. In interac-) 99 363.67 P -0.35 (tive mode, if the value is not) 99 350.67 P 2 F -0.84 (None) 224.89 350.67 P 1 F -0.35 (, it is converted to a string using the built-in) 251.29 350.67 P 2 F -0.84 (repr\050\051) 443.05 350.67 P 1 F -0.35 ( function and) 482.65 350.67 P 0.28 (the resulting string is written to standard output \050see \322The print statement\323 on page) 99 337.67 P 0.28 (42\051 on a line by) 469.84 337.67 P -0.24 (itself. \050Expression statements yielding) 99 324.67 P 2 F -0.58 (None) 268.83 324.67 P 1 F -0.24 ( are not written, so that procedure calls do not cause any) 295.23 324.67 P (output.\051) 99 311.67 T 0 14 Q (6.2) 99 284.67 T (Assert statements) 135 284.67 T 1 11 Q (Assert statements are a convenient way to insert) 99 259.67 T 3 F (debugging assertions) 313.46 259.67 T 1 F ( into a program:) 407.26 259.67 T 2 10 Q (assert_statement: "assert" expression ["," expression]) 99 241.33 T 1 11 Q (The simple form, \322) 99 216.67 T 2 F (assert) 182.71 216.67 T 6 F (expression) 228.91 216.67 T 1 F (\323, is equivalent to) 294.91 216.67 T 2 10 Q (if __debug__:) 99 198.33 T ( if not) 99 186.33 T 6 F (expression) 159 186.33 T 2 F (: raise AssertionError) 219 186.33 T 1 11 Q (The extended form, \322) 99 161.67 T 2 F (assert) 193.08 161.67 T 6 F (expression1, expression2) 239.28 161.67 T 1 F (\323, is equivalent to) 397.68 161.67 T 2 10 Q (if __debug__:) 99 143.33 T ( if not) 99 130.67 T 6 F (expression1) 159 130.67 T 2 F (: raise AssertionError,) 225 130.67 T 6 11 Q (expression2) 369 130.67 T 1 F -0.34 (These equivalences assume that) 99 105.67 P 2 F -0.82 (__debug__) 240.6 105.67 P 1 F -0.34 ( and) 300 105.67 P 2 F -0.82 (AssertionError) 320.7 105.67 P 1 F -0.34 ( refer to the built-in variables) 413.1 105.67 P -0.46 (with those names. In the current implementation, the built-in variable) 99 92.67 P 2 F -1.1 (__debug__) 402.39 92.67 P 1 F -0.46 ( is 1 under normal) 461.79 92.67 P -0.2 (circumstances, 0 when optimization is requested \050command line option) 99 79.67 P 2 F -0.49 (-O) 413.08 79.67 P 1 F -0.2 (\051. The current code gener-) 426.28 79.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "39" 45 %%Page: "40" 46 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (40) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.29 (ator emits no code for an) 72 712.67 P 2 F 0.7 (assert) 186.16 712.67 P 1 F 0.29 ( statement when optimization is requested at compile time. Note that it) 225.76 712.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.11 (is unnecessary to include the source code for the expression that failed in the error message; it will be dis-) 72 699.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (played as part of the stack trace.) 72 686.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (6.3) 72 659.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Assignment statements) 108 659.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.49 (Assignment statements are used to \050re\051bind names to values and to modify attributes or items of mutable) 72 634.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (objects:) 72 621.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (assignment_stmt: \050target_list "="\051+ expression_list) 72 603.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (target_list: target \050"," target\051* [","]) 72 591.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (target: identifier | "\050" target_list "\051" | "[" target_list "]") 72 579.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( | attributeref | subscription | slicing) 72 567.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (\050See \322Primaries\323 on page) 72 542.67 T (29 for the syntax definitions for the last three symbols.\051) 186.25 542.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.34 (An assignment statement evaluates the expression list \050remember that this can be a single expression or a) 72 517.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.25 (comma-separated list, the latter yielding a tuple\051 and assigns the single resulting object to each of the target) 72 504.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (lists, from left to right.) 72 491.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.07 (Assignment is defined recursively depending on the form of the target \050list\051. When a target is part of a mu-) 72 466.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.18 (table object \050an attribute reference, subscription or slicing\051, the mutable object must ultimately perform the) 72 453.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.27 (assignment and decide about its validity, and may raise an exception if the assignment is unacceptable. The) 72 440.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.27 (rules observed by various types and the exceptions raised are given with the definition of the object types) 72 427.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\050See \322The standard type hierarchy\323 on page) 72 414.67 T (12.\051) 267.18 414.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Assignment of an object to a target list is recursively defined as follows.) 72 389.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\245) 72 370.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (If the target list is a single target: the object is assigned to that target.) 86.4 370.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\245) 72 351.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.49 (If the target list is a comma-separated list of targets: the object must be a sequence with the same number) 86.4 351.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.1 (of items as there are targets in the target list, and the items are assigned, from left to right, to the corre-) 86.4 338.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.17 (sponding targets. \050This rule has been relaxed since Python 1.5; in earlier versions, the object had to be a) 86.4 325.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (tuple. Since strings are sequences, an assignment like \322) 86.4 312.67 T 2 10 Q (a, b = "xy") 328.97 312.67 T 1 11 Q (\323 is now legal.\051) 394.97 312.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Assignment of an object to a single target is recursively defined as follows.) 72 287.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\245) 72 268.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (If the target is an identifier \050name\051:) 86.4 268.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\245) 100.8 249.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.19 (If the name does not occur in a) 115.2 249.67 P 2 F 0.44 (global) 255.37 249.67 P 1 F 0.19 ( statement in the current code block: the name is bound) 294.96 249.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (to the object in the current local name space.) 115.2 236.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\245) 100.8 217.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Otherwise: the name is bound to the object in the current global name space.) 115.2 217.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.58 (The name is rebound if it was already bound. This can cause the reference count for the object previously) 86.4 200.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (bound to the name to reach zero, causing the object to be deallocated and its) 86.4 187.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\245) 72 168.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.42 (If the target is a target list enclosed in parentheses or square brackets: the object must be a sequence with) 86.4 168.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.22 (the same number of items there are targets in the target list, and its items are assigned, from left to right,) 86.4 155.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (to the corresponding targets.) 86.4 142.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\245) 72 123.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.56 (If the target is an attribute reference: The primary expression in the reference is evaluated. It should yield) 86.4 123.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.7 (an object with assignable attributes; if this is not the case,) 86.4 110.67 P 2 F 1.69 (TypeError) 350.19 110.67 P 1 F 0.7 ( is raised. That object is then) 409.59 110.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.34 (asked to assign the assigned object to the given attribute; if it cannot perform the assignment, it raises an) 86.4 97.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (exception \050usually but not necessarily) 86.4 84.67 T 2 F (AttributeError) 255.35 84.67 T 1 F (\051.) 347.75 84.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "40" 46 %%Page: "41" 47 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (41) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Simple statements) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (\245) 99 712.67 T -0.28 (If the target is a subscription: The primary expression in the reference is evaluated. It should yield) 113.4 712.67 P -0.33 (either a mutable sequence object \050e.g. a list\051 or a mapping object \050e.g. a dictionary\051. Next, the sub-) 113.4 699.67 P (script expression is evaluated.) 113.4 686.67 T -0.09 (If the primary is a mutable sequence object \050e.g. a list\051, the subscript must yield a plain integer. If) 113.4 669.67 P -0.23 (it is negative, the sequence\325s length is added to it. The resulting value must be a nonnegative inte-) 113.4 656.67 P 0.19 (ger less than the sequence\325s length, and the sequence is asked to assign the assigned object to its) 113.4 643.67 P 0.53 (item with that index. If the index is out of range,) 113.4 630.67 P 2 F 1.26 (IndexError) 335.19 630.67 P 1 F 0.53 ( is raised \050assignment to a sub-) 401.19 630.67 P (scripted sequence cannot add new items to a list\051.) 113.4 617.67 T 0.37 (If the primary is a mapping object \050e.g. a dictionary\051, the subscript must have a type compatible) 113.4 600.67 P -0.57 (with the mapping\325s key type, and the mapping is then asked to create a key/datum pair which maps) 113.4 587.67 P 0.86 (the subscript to the assigned object. This can either replace an existing key/value pair with the) 113.4 574.67 P (same key value, or insert a new key/value pair \050if no key with the same value existed\051.) 113.4 561.67 T (\245) 99 542.67 T -0.45 (If the target is a slicing: The primary expression in the reference is evaluated. It should yield a mu-) 113.4 542.67 P 0.68 (table sequence object \050e.g. a list\051. The assigned object should be a sequence object of the same) 113.4 529.67 P -0.49 (type. Next, the lower and upper bound expressions are evaluated, insofar they are present; defaults) 113.4 516.67 P -0.46 (are zero and the sequence\325s length. The bounds should evaluate to \050small\051 integers. If either bound) 113.4 503.67 P 0.35 (is negative, the sequence\325s length is added to it. The resulting bounds are clipped to lie between) 113.4 490.67 P -0.32 (zero and the sequence\325s length, inclusive. Finally, the sequence object is asked to replace the slice) 113.4 477.67 P 0.15 (with the items of the assigned sequence. The length of the slice may be different from the length) 113.4 464.67 P (of the assigned sequence, thus changing the length of the target sequence, if the object allows it.) 113.4 451.67 T 0.15 (\050In the current implementation, the syntax for targets is taken to be the same as for expressions, and) 99 426.67 P (invalid syntax is rejected during the code generation phase, causing less detailed error messages.\051) 99 413.67 T 4 F -0.51 (Warning:) 99 388.67 P 1 F -0.51 ( Although the definition of assignment implies that overlaps between the left-hand side and) 144.84 388.67 P 0.04 (the right-hand side are \324safe\325 \050e.g. \324\324) 99 375.67 P 2 F 0.1 (a,) 258.09 375.67 P 0.1 (b) 274.08 375.67 P 0.1 (=) 283.48 375.67 P 0.1 (b,) 292.87 375.67 P 0.1 (a) 308.86 375.67 P 1 F 0.04 (\325\325 swaps two variables\051, overlaps) 315.46 375.67 P 3 F 0.04 (within) 463.53 375.67 P 1 F 0.04 ( the collec-) 491.04 375.67 P (tion of assigned-to variables are not safe! For instance, the following program prints \324\324) 99 362.67 T 2 F ([0,) 479.65 362.67 T (2]) 506.05 362.67 T 1 F (\325\325:) 519.26 362.67 T 2 10 Q (x = [0, 1]) 99 344.33 T (i = 0) 99 332.33 T (i, x[i] = 1, 2) 99 320.33 T (print x) 99 308.33 T 0 14 Q (6.4) 99 281.67 T (The) 135 281.67 T 2 F (pass) 163.78 281.67 T 0 F ( statement) 197.38 281.67 T 2 10 Q (pass_stmt: "pass") 99 257.33 T 2 11 Q 0.21 (pass) 99 232.67 P 1 F 0.09 ( is a null operation \321 when it is executed, nothing happens. It is useful as a placeholder when) 125.4 232.67 P (a statement is required syntactically, but no code needs to be executed, for example:) 99 219.67 T 2 10 Q (def f\050arg\051: pass # a function that does nothing \050yet\051) 99 201.33 T (class C: pass # a class with no methods \050yet\051) 99 189.33 T 0 14 Q (6.5) 99 162.67 T (The) 135 162.67 T 2 F (del) 163.78 162.67 T 0 F ( statement) 188.98 162.67 T 2 10 Q (del_stmt: "del" target_list) 99 138.33 T 1 11 Q 0.19 (Deletion is recursively defined very similar to the way assignment is defined. Rather that spelling it) 99 113.67 P (out in full details, here are some hints.) 99 100.67 T (Deletion of a target list recursively deletes each target, from left to right.) 99 75.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "41" 47 %%Page: "42" 48 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (42) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.41 0.08 (Deletion of a name removes the binding of that name \050which must exist\051 from the local or global name) 72 712.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (space, depending on whether the name occurs in a) 72 699.67 T 2 F (global) 295.61 699.67 T 1 F ( statement in the same code block.) 335.21 699.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.51 (Deletion of attribute references, subscriptions and slicings is passed to the primary object involved; deletion) 72 674.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.1 (of a slicing is in general equivalent to assignment of an empty slice of the right type \050but even this is deter-) 72 661.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (mined by the sliced object\051.) 72 648.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (6.6) 72 621.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 108 621.67 T 2 F (print) 136.78 621.67 T 0 F ( statement) 178.78 621.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (print_stmt: "print" [ expression \050"," expression\051* [","] ]) 72 597.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 11 Q 0.41 (print) 72 572.67 P 1 F 0.17 ( evaluates each expression in turn and writes the resulting object to standard output \050see below\051. If) 105 572.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.13 (an object is not a string, it is first converted to a string using the rules for string conversions. The \050resulting) 72 559.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.48 (or original\051 string is then written. A space is written before each object is \050converted and\051 written, unless the) 72 546.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.01 (output system believes it is positioned at the beginning of a line. This is the case: \0501\051 when no characters) 72 533.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0 (have yet been written to standard output; or \0502\051 when the last character written to standard output is) 72 520.67 P 2 F -0.01 (\134n) 511.83 520.67 P 1 F -0 (; or) 525.03 520.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.06 (\0503\051 when the last write operation on standard output was not a) 72 507.67 P 2 F 0.15 (print) 347.7 507.67 P 1 F 0.06 ( statement. \050In some cases it may be) 380.7 507.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (functional to write an empty string to standard output for this reason.\051) 72 494.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.36 (A) 72 469.67 P 2 F 0.87 ("\134n") 83.05 469.67 P 1 F 0.36 ( character is written at the end, unless the) 109.45 469.67 P 2 F 0.87 (print) 297.21 469.67 P 1 F 0.36 ( statement ends with a comma. This is the only) 330.21 469.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.02 (action if the statement contains just the keyword) 72 456.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.02 (print) 291.78 456.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.02 (. Standard output is defined as the object named) 324.86 456.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F 0.63 (stdout) 72 443.67 P 1 F 0.26 (in the built-in module) 118.83 443.67 P 2 F 0.63 (sys) 218.27 443.67 P 1 F 0.26 (. If no such object exists, or if it does not have a) 238.07 443.67 P 2 F 0.63 (write\050\051) 455.04 443.67 P 1 F 0.26 ( method,) 501.24 443.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (an exception is raised.) 72 430.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (6.7) 72 403.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 108 403.67 T 2 F (return) 136.78 403.67 T 0 F ( statement) 187.18 403.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (return_stmt: "return" [expression_list]) 72 379.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 11 Q (return) 72 354.67 T 1 F ( may only occur syntactically nested in a function definition, not within a nested class definition.) 111.6 354.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (If an expression list is present, it is evaluated, else) 72 329.67 T 2 F (None) 295.02 329.67 T 1 F (is substituted.) 328.02 329.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (return) 72 304.67 T 1 F ( leaves the current function call with the expression list \050or) 111.6 304.67 T 2 F (None) 372.81 304.67 T 1 F (\051 as return value.) 399.21 304.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.36 (When) 72 279.67 P 2 F 0.87 (return) 101.38 279.67 P 1 F 0.36 ( passes control out of a) 140.98 279.67 P 2 F 0.87 (try) 247.04 279.67 P 1 F 0.36 ( statement with a) 266.84 279.67 P 2 F 0.87 (finally) 345.9 279.67 P 1 F 0.36 ( clause, that finally clause is exe-) 392.1 279.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (cuted before really leaving the function.) 72 266.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (6.8) 72 239.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 108 239.67 T 2 F (raise) 136.78 239.67 T 0 F ( statement) 178.78 239.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (raise_stmt: "raise" expression ["," expression ["," expression]]) 72 215.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 11 Q -0.98 (raise) 72 190.67 P 1 F -0.41 ( evaluates its first expression, which must yield a string, class, or instance object. If there is a second) 105 190.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.02 (expression, this is evaluated, else) 72 177.67 P 2 F 0.06 (None) 220.91 177.67 P 1 F 0.02 ( is substituted. If the first expression is a class object, then the sec-) 247.31 177.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.54 (ond expression must be an instance of that class or one of its derivatives. If the first expression is an instance) 72 164.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (object, the second expression must be) 72 151.67 T 2 F (None) 240.95 151.67 T 1 F (.) 267.35 151.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.45 (If the first object is a class or string, it then raises the exception identified by the first object, with the second) 72 126.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.47 (one \050or) 72 113.67 P 2 F -1.12 (None) 105.28 113.67 P 1 F -0.47 (\051 as its parameter. If the first object is an instance, it raises the exception identified by the class) 131.68 113.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.08 (of the object, with the instance as its parameter \050and there should be no second object, or the second object) 72 100.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (should be) 72 87.67 T 2 F (None) 117.22 87.67 T 1 F (\051.) 143.62 87.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "42" 48 %%Page: "43" 49 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (43) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Simple statements) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.12 (If a third object is present, and it is not) 99 712.67 P 2 F -0.29 (None) 270.43 712.67 P 1 F -0.12 (, it should be a traceback object \050see page) 296.83 712.67 P -0.12 (17 traceback) 484.23 712.67 P -0.5 (objects\051, and it is substituted instead of the current location as the place where the exception occurred.) 99 699.67 P (This is useful to re-raise an exception transparently in an except clause.) 99 686.67 T 0 14 Q (6.9) 99 659.67 T (The) 135 659.67 T 2 F (break) 163.78 659.67 T 0 F ( statement) 205.78 659.67 T 2 10 Q (break_stmt: "break") 99 635.33 T 2 11 Q -0.64 (break) 99 610.67 P 1 F -0.27 ( may only occur syntactically nested in a) 132 610.67 P 2 F -0.64 (for) 311.94 610.67 P 1 F -0.27 (or) 337.7 610.67 P 2 F -0.64 (while) 349.34 610.67 P 1 F -0.27 ( loop, but not nested in a function or) 382.34 610.67 P (class definition within that loop.) 99 597.67 T (It terminates the nearest enclosing loop, skipping the optional) 99 572.67 T 2 F (else) 372.76 572.67 T 1 F ( clause if the loop has one.) 399.16 572.67 T (If a) 99 547.67 T 2 F (for) 116.71 547.67 T 1 F ( loop is terminated by) 136.51 547.67 T 2 F (break) 235.2 547.67 T 1 F (, the loop control target keeps its current value.) 268.2 547.67 T -0.55 (When) 99 522.67 P 2 F -1.32 (break) 127.47 522.67 P 1 F -0.55 ( passes control out of a) 160.47 522.67 P 2 F -1.32 (try) 261.05 522.67 P 1 F -0.55 ( statement with a) 280.85 522.67 P 2 F -1.32 (finally) 356.26 522.67 P 1 F -0.55 ( clause, that finally clause is ex-) 402.46 522.67 P (ecuted before really leaving the loop.) 99 509.67 T 0 14 Q (6.10) 99 482.67 T (The) 135 482.67 T 2 F (continue) 163.78 482.67 T 0 F ( statement) 230.98 482.67 T 2 10 Q (continue_stmt: "continue") 99 458.33 T 2 11 Q -1.3 (continue) 99 433.67 P 1 F -0.54 ( may only occur syntactically nested in a) 151.8 433.67 P 2 F -1.3 (for) 329.54 433.67 P 1 F -0.54 ( or) 349.34 433.67 P 2 F -1.3 (while) 362.92 433.67 P 1 F -0.54 ( loop, but not nested in a function) 395.92 433.67 P 0.04 (or class definition or) 99 420.67 P 2 F 0.1 (try) 192.65 420.67 P 1 F 0.04 ( statement within that loop.) 212.45 420.67 P 1 8.8 Q 0.03 (1) 332.7 425.07 P 1 11 Q 0.04 ( It continues with the next cycle of the nearest) 337.1 420.67 P (enclosing loop.) 99 407.67 T 0 14 Q (6.11) 99 380.67 T (The) 135 380.67 T 2 F (import) 163.78 380.67 T 0 F ( statement) 214.18 380.67 T 2 10 Q (import_stmt: "import" module \050"," module\051*) 99 356.33 T ( | "from" module "import" identifier \050"," identifier\051*) 99 344.33 T ( | "from" module "import" "*") 99 332.33 T (module: \050identifier "."\051* identifier) 99 320.33 T 1 11 Q -0.55 (Import statements are executed in two steps: \0501\051 find a module, and initialize it if necessary; \0502\051 define) 99 295.67 P -0.53 (a name or names in the local name space \050of the scope where the) 99 282.67 P 2 F -1.26 (import) 379.39 282.67 P 1 F -0.53 ( statement occurs\051. The first) 418.99 282.67 P -0.2 (form \050without) 99 269.67 P 2 F -0.47 (from) 162.77 269.67 P 1 F -0.2 (\051 repeats these steps for each identifier in the list. The form with) 189.17 269.67 P 2 F -0.47 (from) 471.34 269.67 P 1 F -0.2 ( performs) 497.74 269.67 P (step \0501\051 once, and then performs step \0502\051 repeatedly.) 99 256.67 T 0.38 (The system maintains a table of modules that have been initialized, indexed by module name. \050The) 99 231.67 P 0.41 0.1 (current implementation makes this table accessible as) 99 218.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.1 (sys.modules) 346.17 218.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.1 (.\051 When a module name is) 419.93 218.67 B -0.44 (found in this table, step \0501\051 is finished. If not, a search for a module definition is started. When a mod-) 99 205.67 P -0.43 (ule is found, it is loaded. Details of the module searching and loading process are implementation and) 99 192.67 P 0.41 0.05 (platform specific. It generally involves searching for a \322built-in\323 module with the given name and) 99 179.67 B (then searching a list of locations given as) 99 166.67 T 2 F (sys.path) 282.92 166.67 T 1 F (.) 335.72 166.67 T (When step \0501\051 finishes without raising an exception, step \0502\051 can begin.) 99 141.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 99 76 540 91 C 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 108 89 252 89 2 L 0.5 H 2 Z 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K N 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 612 792 C 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (1.) 108 68.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Except that it may currently occur within an) 121.5 68.67 T 2 F (except) 318.25 68.67 T 1 F ( clause.) 357.85 68.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "43" 49 %%Page: "44" 50 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (44) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.05 (The first form of) 72 712.67 P 2 F 0.13 (import) 148.59 712.67 P 1 F 0.05 ( statement binds the module name in the local name space to the module object,) 188.19 712.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.02 (and then goes on to import the next identifier, if any. The) 72 699.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.02 (from) 332.89 699.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.02 ( form does not bind the module name: it) 359.37 699.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.25 (goes through the list of identifiers, looks each one of them up in the module found in step \0501\051, and binds the) 72 686.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.01 (name in the local name space to the object thus found. If a name is not found,) 72 673.67 P 2 F -0.03 (ImportError) 415.5 673.67 P 1 F -0.01 ( is raised. If) 488.1 673.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.13 (the list of identifiers is replaced by a star \050) 72 660.67 P 2 F 0.31 (*) 258.58 660.67 P 1 F 0.13 (\051, all names defined in the module are bound, except those be-) 265.18 660.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (ginning with an underscore\050) 72 647.67 T 2 F (_) 195.73 647.67 T 1 F (\051.) 202.33 647.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Names bound by import statements should not occur in) 72 622.67 T 2 F (global) 317.96 622.67 T 1 F ( statements in the same scope.) 357.56 622.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 72 597.67 T 2 F (from) 91.86 597.67 T 1 F ( form with) 118.25 597.67 T 2 F (*) 167.45 597.67 T 1 F ( should only occur in a module scope.) 174.05 597.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.37 (\050The current implementation does not enforce the latter two restrictions, but programs should not abuse this) 72 572.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (freedom, as future implementations may enforce them or silently change the meaning of the program.\051) 72 559.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 F -0.21 (Hierarchical module names:) 72 534.67 P 1 F -0.21 ( when the module names contains aone or more dots, the module search path) 204.8 534.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.14 (is carried out differently. The sequence of identifiers up to the last dot is used to find a \322package\323; the final) 72 521.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.25 (identifier is then searched inside the package. [XXX Can\325t be bothered to spell this out right now; see the) 72 508.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0 (URL http://grail.cnri.reston.va.us/python/essays/packages.hmtl for more details, also about how the mod-) 72 495.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (ule search works from inside a package.]) 72 482.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (6.12) 72 455.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 108 455.67 T 2 F (global) 136.78 455.67 T 0 F ( statement) 187.18 455.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (global_stmt: "global" identifier \050"," identifier\051*) 72 431.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.25 (The) 72 406.67 P 2 F -0.6 (global) 91.61 406.67 P 1 F -0.25 ( statement is a declaration which holds for the entire current code block. It means that the list-) 131.21 406.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.19 (ed identifiers are to be interpreted as globals. While) 72 393.67 P 3 F -0.19 (using) 300.64 393.67 P 1 F -0.19 ( global names is automatic if they are not defined) 324.48 393.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (in the local scope,) 72 380.67 T 3 F (assigning) 154.18 380.67 T 1 F ( to global names would be impossible without) 196.35 380.67 T 2 F (global) 401.69 380.67 T 1 F (.) 441.29 380.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.28 (Names listed in a) 72 355.67 P 2 F 0.68 (global) 151.95 355.67 P 1 F 0.28 ( statement must not be used in the same code block before that) 191.55 355.67 P 2 F 0.68 (global) 473.54 355.67 P 1 F 0.28 ( state-) 513.14 355.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (ment is executed.) 72 342.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.41 (Names listed in a) 72 317.67 P 2 F -0.99 (global) 149.18 317.67 P 1 F -0.41 ( statement must not be defined as formal parameters or in a) 188.78 317.67 P 2 F -0.99 (for) 447.19 317.67 P 1 F -0.41 ( loop control tar-) 466.99 317.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (get,) 72 304.67 T 2 F (class) 90.94 304.67 T 1 F (definition, function definition, or) 130.54 304.67 T 2 F (import) 278.43 304.67 T 1 F ( statement.) 318.03 304.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.37 (\050The current implementation does not enforce the latter two restrictions, but programs should not abuse this) 72 279.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (freedom, as future implementations may enforce them or silently change the meaning of the program.\051) 72 266.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 F 0.41 0.03 (Programmer\325s note:) 72 241.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.03 ( the) 168.62 241.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.03 (global) 188.55 241.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.03 ( is a directive to the parser. It applies only to code parsed at the same) 228.35 241.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.31 (time as the) 72 228.67 P 2 F 0.74 (global) 123.34 228.67 P 1 F 0.31 (statement. In particular, a) 170.28 228.67 P 2 F 0.74 (global) 286.38 228.67 P 1 F 0.31 ( statement contained in an) 325.98 228.67 P 2 F 0.74 (exec) 445.15 228.67 P 1 F 0.31 ( statement does) 471.55 228.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.06 (not affect the code block) 72 215.67 P 3 F -0.06 (containing) 183.2 215.67 P 1 F -0.06 (the) 232.95 215.67 P 2 F -0.14 (exec) 249.08 215.67 P 1 F -0.06 ( statement, and code contained in an) 275.48 215.67 P 2 F -0.14 (exec) 437.6 215.67 P 1 F -0.06 (statement is un-) 470.45 215.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.22 (affected by) 72 202.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.22 (global) 127.43 202.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.22 ( statements in the code containing the) 168.37 202.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.22 (exec) 348.33 202.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.22 ( statement. The same applies to the) 375.63 202.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (eval\050\051) 72 189.67 T 1 F (,) 111.6 189.67 T 2 F (execfile\050\051) 117.1 189.67 T 1 F ( and) 183.1 189.67 T 2 F (compile\050\051) 204.48 189.67 T 1 F ( functions.) 263.88 189.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (6.13) 72 162.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 108 162.67 T 2 F (exec) 136.78 162.67 T 0 F ( statement) 170.38 162.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (exec_stmt: "exec" expression ["in" expression ["," expression]]) 72 138.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "44" 50 %%Page: "45" 51 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (45) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Simple statements) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.41 (This statement supports dynamic execution of Python code. The first expression should evaluate to) 99 712.67 P 0.33 (either a string, an open file object, or a code object. If it is a string, the string is parsed as a suite of) 99 699.67 P 0.13 (Python statements which is then executed \050unless a syntax error occurs\051. If it is an open file, the file) 99 686.67 P (is parsed until EOF and executed. If it is a code object, it is simply executed.) 99 673.67 T -0.36 (In all cases, if the optional parts are omitted, the code is executed in the current scope. If only the first) 99 648.67 P -0.03 (expression after) 99 635.67 P 2 F -0.07 (in) 171.64 635.67 P 1 F -0.03 ( is specified, it should be a dictionary, which will be used for both the global and) 184.84 635.67 P 0.23 (the local variables. If two expressions are given, both must be dictionaries and they are used for the) 99 622.67 P (global and local variables, respectively.) 99 609.67 T 4 F 0.41 0.24 (Programmer\325s hints:) 99 584.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.24 ( dynamic evaluation of expressions is supported by the built-in function) 202.7 584.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (eval\050\051) 99 571.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 (. The built-in functions) 139.04 571.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (globals\050\051) 246.7 571.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 ( and) 306.75 571.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (locals\050\051) 329.32 571.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 ( return the current global and local) 382.7 571.67 B 0.23 (dictionary, respectively, which may be useful to pass around for use by) 99 558.67 P 2 F 0.55 (exec) 417.66 558.67 P 1 F 0.23 (. When assigning to a) 444.06 558.67 P 0.41 0.09 (global variable, a) 99 545.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.09 (global) 180.73 545.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.09 ( statement for that variable should be present in the source code string) 220.85 545.67 B (passed to the) 99 532.67 T 2 F (exec) 158.58 532.67 T 1 F ( statement.) 184.98 532.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "45" 51 %%Page: "46" 52 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (46) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "46" 52 %%Page: "47" 53 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (47) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Compound statements) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 16 Q (C) 99 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (HAPTER) 110.55 709.33 T 0 16 Q (7:) 167.62 709.33 T (C) 198 709.33 T 0 12.8 Q (OMPOUND) 209.55 709.33 T (STATEMENTS) 280.84 709.33 T 1 11 Q 0.72 (Compound statements contain \050groups of\051 other statements; they affect or control the execution of) 99 672.67 P 0.31 (those other statements in some way. In general, compound statements span multiple lines, although) 99 659.67 P (in simple incarnations a whole compound statement may be contained in one line.) 99 646.67 T -0.48 (The) 99 627.67 P 2 F -1.15 (if) 118.38 627.67 P 1 F -0.48 (,) 131.58 627.67 P 2 F -1.15 (while) 136.6 627.67 P 1 F -0.48 ( and) 169.6 627.67 P 2 F -1.15 (for) 190.02 627.67 P 1 F -0.48 ( statements implement traditional control flow constructs.) 209.82 627.67 P 2 F -1.15 (try) 463.12 627.67 P 1 F -0.48 ( specifies ex-) 482.92 627.67 P -0.62 (ception handlers and/or cleanup code for a group of statements. Function and class definitions are also) 99 614.67 P (syntactically compound statements.) 99 601.67 T 0.45 (Compound statements consist of one or more \324clauses\325. A clause consists of a header and a \324suite\325.) 99 582.67 P 0.85 (The clause headers of a particular compound statement are all at the same indentation level. Each) 99 569.67 P 0.28 (clause header begins with a uniquely identifying keyword and ends with a colon. A suite is a group) 99 556.67 P 0.52 (of statements controlled by a clause. A suite can be one or more semicolon-separated simple state-) 99 543.67 P -0.15 (ments on the same line as the header, following the header\325s colon, or it can be one or more indented) 99 530.67 P -0.6 (statements on subsequent lines. Only the latter form of suite can contain nested compound statements;) 99 517.67 P 0.67 (the following is illegal, mostly because it wouldn\325t be clear to which) 99 504.67 P 2 F 1.6 (if) 411.59 504.67 P 1 F 0.67 ( clause a following) 424.79 504.67 P 2 F 1.6 (else) 513.6 504.67 P 1 F (clause would belong:) 99 491.67 T 2 10 Q (if test1: if test2: print x) 99 473.33 T 1 11 Q 0.14 (Also note that the semicolon binds tighter than the colon in this context, so that in the following ex-) 99 448.67 P (ample, either all or none of the) 99 435.67 T 2 F (print) 237.08 435.67 T 1 F ( statements are executed:) 270.08 435.67 T 2 10 Q (if x < y < z: print x; print y; print z) 99 417.33 T 1 11 Q (Summarizing:) 99 392.67 T 2 10 Q (compound_stmt: if_stmt | while_stmt | for_stmt) 99 374.33 T ( | try_stmt | funcdef | classdef) 99 362.33 T (suite: stmt_list NEWLINE | NEWLINE INDENT statement+ DEDENT) 99 350.33 T (statement: stmt_list NEWLINE | compound_stmt) 99 338.33 T (stmt_list: simple_stmt \050";" simple_stmt\051* [";"]) 99 326.33 T 1 11 Q 0.11 (Note that statements always end in a) 99 301.67 P 2 F 0.26 (NEWLINE) 263.19 301.67 P 1 F 0.11 ( possibly followed by a) 309.39 301.67 P 2 F 0.26 (DEDENT) 415.34 301.67 P 1 F 0.11 (. Also note that op-) 454.94 301.67 P 0.11 (tional continuation clauses always begin with a keyword that cannot start a statement, thus there are) 99 288.67 P -0.05 (no ambiguities \050the \324dangling) 99 275.67 P 2 F -0.12 (else) 231.41 275.67 P 1 F -0.05 (\325 problem is solved in Python by requiring nested) 257.81 275.67 P 2 F -0.12 (if) 477.66 275.67 P 1 F -0.05 ( statements) 490.86 275.67 P (to be indented\051.) 99 262.67 T 0.37 (The formatting of the grammar rules in the following sections places each clause on a separate line) 99 237.67 P (for clarity.) 99 224.67 T 0 14 Q (7.1) 99 197.67 T (The) 135 197.67 T 2 F (if) 163.78 197.67 T 0 F ( statement) 180.58 197.67 T 1 11 Q (The) 99 172.67 T 2 F (if) 118.86 172.67 T 1 F ( statement is used for conditional execution:) 132.05 172.67 T 2 10 Q (if_stmt: "if" expression ":" suite) 99 154.33 T ( \050"elif" expression ":" suite\051*) 99 142.33 T ( ["else" ":" suite]) 99 130.33 T 1 11 Q 0.26 (It selects exactly one of the suites by evaluating the expressions one by one until one is found to be) 99 105.67 P -0.1 (true \050see section \322Boolean operations\323 on page) 99 92.67 P -0.1 (35 for the definition of true and false\051; then that suite) 307.63 92.67 P 0.41 0.05 (is executed \050and no other part of the) 99 79.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.05 (if) 265.64 79.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( statement is executed or evaluated\051. If all expressions are) 278.95 79.67 B (false, the suite of the) 99 66.67 T 2 F (else) 193.09 66.67 T 1 F ( clause, if present, is executed.) 219.49 66.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "47" 53 %%Page: "48" 54 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (48) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (7.2) 72 710.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 108 710.67 T 7 F (while) 136.78 710.67 T 0 F ( statement) 178.78 710.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (The) 72 685.67 T 2 F (while) 91.86 685.67 T 1 F ( statement is used for repeated execution as long as an expression is true:) 124.86 685.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (while_stmt: "while" expression ":" suite) 72 667.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( ["else" ":" suite]) 72 655.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.37 (This repeatedly tests the expression and, if it is true, executes the first suite; if the expression is false \050which) 72 630.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.53 (may be the first time it is tested\051 the suite of the) 72 617.67 P 2 F -1.28 (else) 278.27 617.67 P 1 F -0.53 ( clause, if present, is executed and the loop terminates.) 304.67 617.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.07 (A) 72 592.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (break) 83.25 592.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 ( statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop without executing the) 116.62 592.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (else) 474.06 592.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 ( clause\325s) 500.75 592.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.02 (suite. A) 72 579.67 P 2 F -0.04 (continue) 108.94 579.67 P 1 F -0.02 ( statement executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and goes back to testing) 161.74 579.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (the expression.) 72 566.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (7.3) 72 539.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The) 108 539.67 T 7 F (for) 136.78 539.67 T 0 F ( statement) 161.98 539.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q (The) 72 514.67 T 2 F (for) 91.86 514.67 T 1 F ( statement is used to iterate over the elements of a sequence \050string, tuple or list\051:) 111.65 514.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (for_stmt: "for" target_list "in" expression_list ":" suite) 72 496.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( ["else" ":" suite]) 72 484.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.29 (The expression list is evaluated once; it should yield a sequence. The suite is then executed once for each) 72 459.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.06 (item in the sequence, in the order of ascending indices. Each item in turn is assigned to the target list using) 72 446.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.16 (the standard rules for assignments, and then the suite is executed. When the items are exhausted \050which is) 72 433.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.42 (immediately when the sequence is empty\051, the suite in the) 72 420.67 P 2 F -1 (else) 325.39 420.67 P 1 F -0.42 ( clause, if present, is executed, and the loop) 351.79 420.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (terminates.) 72 407.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.07 (A) 72 382.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (break) 83.25 382.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 ( statement executed in the first suite terminates the loop without executing the) 116.62 382.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.07 (else) 474.06 382.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.07 ( clause\325s) 500.75 382.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.34 (suite. A) 72 369.67 P 2 F 0.81 (continue) 109.65 369.67 P 1 F 0.34 ( statement executed in the first suite skips the rest of the suite and continues with the) 162.45 369.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (next item, or with the) 72 356.67 T 2 F (else) 169.16 356.67 T 1 F (clause if there was no next item.) 202.16 356.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (The suite may assign to the variable\050s\051 in the target list; this does not affect the next item assigned to it.) 72 331.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.39 (The target list is not deleted when the loop is finished, but if the sequence is empty, it will not have been) 72 306.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.23 (assigned to at all by the loop. Hint: the built-in function) 72 293.67 P 2 F 0.54 (range\050\051) 321.99 293.67 P 1 F 0.23 ( returns a sequence of integers suitable) 368.19 293.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.07 (to emulate the effect of Pascal\325s) 72 280.67 P 2 F -0.17 (for i := a to b do) 215.15 280.67 P 1 F -0.07 (; e.g.) 332.93 280.67 P 2 F -0.17 (range\0503\051) 357.23 280.67 P 1 F -0.07 ( returns the list) 410.03 280.67 P 2 F -0.17 ([0, 1, 2]) 478.19 280.67 P 1 F -0.07 (.) 537.25 280.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 4 F -0.28 (Warning:) 72 255.67 P 1 F -0.28 ( There is a subtlety when the sequence is being modified by the loop \050this can only occur for mu-) 117.84 255.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.2 (table sequences, i.e. lists\051. An internal counter is used to keep track of which item is used next, and this is) 72 242.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.05 (incremented on each iteration. When this counter has reached the length of the sequence the loop termi-) 72 229.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.08 (nates. This means that if the suite deletes the current \050or a previous\051 item from the sequence, the next item) 72 216.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.08 (will be skipped \050since it gets the index of the current item which has already been treated\051. Likewise, if the) 72 203.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.06 (suite inserts an item in the sequence before the current item, the current item will be treated again the next) 72 190.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K -0.17 (time through the loop. This can lead to nasty bugs that can be avoided by making a temporary copy using a) 72 177.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (slice of the whole sequence, e.g.) 72 164.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (for x in a[:]:) 72 146.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( if x < 0: a.remove\050x\051) 72 134.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "48" 54 %%Page: "49" 55 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (49) 530 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 5 9 Q (\245) 0 -90 592.5 720 TF (Compound statements) 0 -90 592.5 711 TF 585 292.5 598.5 720 R 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (7.4) 99 710.67 T (The) 135 710.67 T 7 F (try) 163.78 710.67 T 0 F ( statement) 188.98 710.67 T 1 11 Q (The) 99 685.67 T 2 F (try) 118.86 685.67 T 1 F ( statement specifies exception handlers and/or cleanup code for a group of statements:) 138.65 685.67 T 2 10 Q (try_stmt: try_exc_stmt | try_fin_stmt) 99 667.33 T (try_exc_stmt: "try" ":" suite) 99 655.33 T ( \050"except" [expression ["," target]] ":" suite\051+) 99 643.33 T ( ["else" ":" suite]) 99 631.33 T (try_fin_stmt: "try" ":" suite) 99 619.33 T ( "finally" ":" suite) 99 607.33 T 1 11 Q -0.16 (There are two forms of) 99 582.67 P 2 F -0.38 (try) 202.36 582.67 P 1 F -0.16 ( statement:) 222.16 582.67 P 2 F -0.38 (try...except) 272.56 582.67 P 1 F -0.16 ( and) 351.76 582.67 P 2 F -0.38 (try...finally) 372.82 582.67 P 1 F -0.16 (. These forms can-) 458.62 582.67 P (not be mixed \050but they can be nested in each other\051.) 99 569.67 T 0.25 (The) 99 544.67 P 2 F 0.6 (try...except) 119.1 544.67 P 1 F 0.25 ( form specifies one or more exception handlers \050the) 198.3 544.67 P 2 F 0.6 (except) 429.95 544.67 P 1 F 0.25 ( clauses\051. When) 469.55 544.67 P 0.08 (no exception occurs in the) 99 531.67 P 2 F 0.19 (try) 217.62 531.67 P 1 F 0.08 ( clause, no exception handler is executed. When an exception occurs) 237.42 531.67 P -0.02 (in the) 99 518.67 P 2 F -0.05 (try) 126.46 518.67 P 1 F -0.02 ( suite, a search for an exception handler is started. This inspects the except clauses in turn) 146.26 518.67 P 0.41 0 (until one is found that matches the exception. An expression-less except clause, if present, must be) 99 505.67 B 0.03 (last; it matches any exception. For an except clause with an expression, that expression is evaluated,) 99 492.67 P 0.41 0.01 (and the clause matches the exception if the resulting object is \322compatible\323 with the exception. An) 99 479.67 B -0.33 (object is compatible with an exception if it is either the object that identifies the exception, or \050for ex-) 99 466.67 P 0.25 (ceptions that are classes\051 it is a base class of the exception, or it is a tuple containing an item that is) 99 453.67 P -0.28 (compatible with the exception. Note that the object identities must match, i.e. it must be the same ob-) 99 440.67 P (ject, not just an object with the same value.) 99 427.67 T 0.36 (If no except clause matches the exception, the search for an exception handler continues in the sur-) 99 402.67 P (rounding code and on the invocation stack.) 99 389.67 T 0.32 (If the evaluation of an expression in the header of an except clause raises an exception, the original) 99 364.67 P -0.41 (search for a handler is cancelled and a search starts for the new exception in the surrounding code and) 99 351.67 P (on the call stack \050it is treated as if the entire) 99 338.67 T 2 F (try) 293.6 338.67 T 1 F ( statement raised the exception\051.) 313.4 338.67 T -0.29 (When a matching except clause is found, the exception\325s parameter is assigned to the target specified) 99 313.67 P 0.08 (in that except clause, if present, and the except clause\325s suite is executed. When the end of this suite) 99 300.67 P -0.27 (is reached, execution continues normally after the entire try statement. \050This means that if two nested) 99 287.67 P -0.1 (handlers exist for the same exception, and the exception occurs in the try clause of the inner handler,) 99 274.67 P (the outer handler will not handle the exception.\051) 99 261.67 T -0.37 (Before an except clause\325s suite is executed, details about the exception are assigned to three variables) 99 236.67 P 0.41 0.88 (in the) 99 223.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.88 (sys) 133.46 223.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.88 ( module:) 155.9 223.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.88 (sys.exc_type) 206.17 223.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.88 ( receives the object identifying the exception;) 295.9 223.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.05 (sys.exc_value) 99 210.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( receives the exception\325s parameter;) 185.49 210.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.05 (sys.exc_traceback) 350.49 210.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( receives a trace-) 463.6 210.67 B 0.34 (back object \050see page) 99 197.67 P 0.34 (17\051 identifying the point in the program where the exception occurred. These) 197.15 197.67 P 0.41 0.51 (details are also available through the) 99 184.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.51 (sys.exc_info\050\051) 285.11 184.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.51 ( function, which returns a tuple) 384.65 184.67 B 2 F 0.74 (\050exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback\051) 99 171.67 P 1 F 0.31 (. Use of the corresponding variables is depre-) 338.07 171.67 P -0.09 (cated in favor of this function, since their use is unsafe in a threaded program. \050As of Python 1.5, the) 99 158.67 P (variables are restored to their old values when returning from a function that handled an exception.\051) 99 145.67 T -0.36 (The optional) 99 120.67 P 2 F -0.86 (else) 156.95 120.67 P 1 F -0.36 ( clause is executed when no exception occurs in the) 183.35 120.67 P 2 F -0.86 (try) 409.5 120.67 P 1 F -0.36 ( clause. Exceptions in the) 429.3 120.67 P 2 F (else) 99 107.67 T 1 F ( clause are not handled by the preceding) 125.4 107.67 T 2 F (except) 305.02 107.67 T 1 F ( clauses.) 344.62 107.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K FMENDPAGE %%EndPage: "49" 55 %%Page: "50" 56 612 792 0 FMBEGINPAGE [0 0 0 1 0 0 0] [ 0 1 1 0 1 0 0] [ 1 0 1 0 0 1 0] [ 1 1 0 0 0 0 1] [ 1 0 0 0 0 1 1] [ 0 1 0 0 1 0 1] [ 0 0 1 0 1 1 0] 7 FrameSetSepColors FrameNoSep 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 10 Q 0 X 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (50) 76.5 37.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q 0.31 (The) 72 712.67 P 2 F 0.75 (try...finally) 92.17 712.67 P 1 F 0.31 ( form specifies a \324cleanup\325 handler. The) 177.97 712.67 P 2 F 0.75 (try) 358.56 712.67 P 1 F 0.31 ( clause is executed. When no excep-) 378.36 712.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.17 (tion occurs, the) 72 699.67 P 2 F 0.41 (finally) 142.78 699.67 P 1 F 0.17 ( clause is executed. When an exception occurs in the) 188.98 699.67 P 2 F 0.41 (try) 424.99 699.67 P 1 F 0.17 ( clause, the exception) 444.79 699.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.41 0.09 (is temporarily saved, the) 72 686.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.09 (finally) 186.9 686.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.09 ( clause is executed, and then the saved exception is re-raised. If the) 233.73 686.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F 0.99 0.05 (finally) 72 673.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( clause raises another exception or executes a) 118.55 673.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.05 (return) 326.42 673.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 (,) 366.32 673.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.05 (break) 372.33 673.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( or) 405.58 673.67 B 2 F 0.99 0.05 (continue) 421.27 673.67 B 1 F 0.41 0.05 ( statement, the) 474.47 673.67 B 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.25 (saved exception is lost. The exception information is not available to the program during execution of the) 72 660.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F (finally) 72 647.67 T 1 F ( clause.) 118.2 647.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0.11 (When a) 72 622.67 P 2 F 0.26 (return) 108.87 622.67 P 1 F 0.11 ( or) 148.47 622.67 P 2 F 0.26 (break) 163.34 622.67 P 1 F 0.11 ( statement is executed in the) 196.34 622.67 P 2 F 0.26 (try) 324.08 622.67 P 1 F 0.11 ( suite of a) 343.88 622.67 P 2 F 0.26 (try...finally) 390.13 622.67 P 1 F 0.11 ( statement, the) 475.93 622.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 F 0.95 (finally) 72 609.67 P 1 F 0.4 ( clause is also executed \324on the way out\325. A) 118.2 609.67 P 2 F 0.95 (continue) 316.14 609.67 P 1 F 0.4 ( statement is illegal in the) 368.94 609.67 P 2 F 0.95 (try) 486.82 609.67 P 1 F 0.4 ( clause.) 506.61 609.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (\050The reason is a problem with the current implementation \321 this restriction may be lifted in the future\051.) 72 596.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 14 Q (7.5) 72 569.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (Function definitions) 108 569.67 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 1 11 Q -0.55 (A function definition defines a user-defined function object \050see \322The standard type hierarchy\323 on page) 72 544.67 P -0.55 (12\051:) 522.28 544.67 P 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 2 10 Q (funcdef: "def" funcname "\050" [parameter_list] "\051" ":" suite) 72 526.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (parameter_list: \050defparameter ","\051* \050"*" identifier [, "**" identifier]) 72 514.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( | "**" identifier) 72 502.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K ( | defparameter [","]\051) 72 490.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (defparameter: parameter ["=" expression]) 72 478.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K (sublist: parameter \050"," parameter\051* [","]) 72 466.33 T 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 K


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