18 files changed, 177 insertions, 99 deletions
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_frame.h b/Include/internal/pycore_frame.h
index a6f7c17..a776581 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_frame.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_frame.h
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ enum _frameowner {
 };
 
 typedef struct _PyInterpreterFrame {
-    PyObject *f_executable; /* Strong reference (code object or None) */
+    _PyStackRef f_executable; /* Deferred or strong reference (code object or None) */
     struct _PyInterpreterFrame *previous;
     PyObject *f_funcobj; /* Strong reference. Only valid if not on C stack */
     PyObject *f_globals; /* Borrowed reference. Only valid if not on C stack */
@@ -79,8 +79,9 @@ typedef struct _PyInterpreterFrame {
     ((int)((IF)->instr_ptr - _PyCode_CODE(_PyFrame_GetCode(IF))))
 
 static inline PyCodeObject *_PyFrame_GetCode(_PyInterpreterFrame *f) {
-    assert(PyCode_Check(f->f_executable));
-    return (PyCodeObject *)f->f_executable;
+    PyObject *executable = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(f->f_executable);
+    assert(PyCode_Check(executable));
+    return (PyCodeObject *)executable;
 }
 
 static inline _PyStackRef *_PyFrame_Stackbase(_PyInterpreterFrame *f) {
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ static inline void _PyFrame_Copy(_PyInterpreterFrame *src, _PyInterpreterFrame *
     dest->previous = NULL;
 
 #ifdef Py_GIL_DISABLED
-    PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)dest->f_executable;
+    PyCodeObject *co = _PyFrame_GetCode(dest);
     for (int i = stacktop; i < co->co_nlocalsplus + co->co_stacksize; i++) {
         dest->localsplus[i] = PyStackRef_NULL;
     }
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ _PyFrame_Initialize(
 {
     frame->previous = previous;
     frame->f_funcobj = (PyObject *)func;
-    frame->f_executable = Py_NewRef(code);
+    frame->f_executable = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(code);
     frame->f_builtins = func->func_builtins;
     frame->f_globals = func->func_globals;
     frame->f_locals = locals;
@@ -321,7 +322,7 @@ _PyFrame_PushTrampolineUnchecked(PyThreadState *tstate, PyCodeObject *code, int
     assert(tstate->datastack_top < tstate->datastack_limit);
     frame->previous = previous;
     frame->f_funcobj = Py_None;
-    frame->f_executable = Py_NewRef(code);
+    frame->f_executable = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectNew(code);
 #ifdef Py_DEBUG
     frame->f_builtins = NULL;
     frame->f_globals = NULL;
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_gc.h b/Include/internal/pycore_gc.h
index 89f6017..b674313 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_gc.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_gc.h
@@ -381,8 +381,11 @@ extern void _PyGC_ClearAllFreeLists(PyInterpreterState *interp);
 extern void _Py_ScheduleGC(PyThreadState *tstate);
 extern void _Py_RunGC(PyThreadState *tstate);
 
+union _PyStackRef;
+
 // GC visit callback for tracked interpreter frames
 extern int _PyGC_VisitFrameStack(struct _PyInterpreterFrame *frame, visitproc visit, void *arg);
+extern int _PyGC_VisitStackRef(union _PyStackRef *ref, visitproc visit, void *arg);
 
 #ifdef __cplusplus
 }
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_stackref.h b/Include/internal/pycore_stackref.h
index 7c10657..f23f641 100644
--- a/Include/internal/pycore_stackref.h
+++ b/Include/internal/pycore_stackref.h
@@ -227,6 +227,13 @@ PyStackRef_DUP(_PyStackRef stackref)
 #   define PyStackRef_DUP(stackref) PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(Py_NewRef(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(stackref)))
 #endif
 
+// Convert a possibly deferred reference to a strong reference.
+static inline _PyStackRef
+PyStackRef_AsStrongReference(_PyStackRef stackref)
+{
+    return PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(stackref));
+}
+
 static inline void
 _PyObjectStack_FromStackRefStack(PyObject **dst, const _PyStackRef *src, size_t length)
 {
@@ -261,6 +268,11 @@ PyStackRef_ExceptionInstanceCheck(_PyStackRef stackref)
     return PyExceptionInstance_Check(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(stackref));
 }
 
+static inline bool
+PyStackRef_CodeCheck(_PyStackRef stackref)
+{
+    return PyCode_Check(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(stackref));
+}
 
 static inline bool
 PyStackRef_FunctionCheck(_PyStackRef stackref)
diff --git a/Lib/test/test_generators.py b/Lib/test/test_generators.py
index 3cb4d51..03a31ec 100644
--- a/Lib/test/test_generators.py
+++ b/Lib/test/test_generators.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import doctest
 import unittest
 import weakref
 import inspect
+import textwrap
 import types
 
 from test import support
@@ -112,6 +113,27 @@ class FinalizationTest(unittest.TestCase):
                 gen.send(2)
             self.assertEqual(cm.exception.value, 2)
 
+    def test_generator_resurrect(self):
+        # Test that a resurrected generator still has a valid gi_code
+        resurrected = []
+
+        # Resurrect a generator in a finalizer
+        exec(textwrap.dedent("""
+            def gen():
+                try:
+                    yield
+                except:
+                    resurrected.append(g)
+
+            g = gen()
+            next(g)
+        """), {"resurrected": resurrected})
+
+        support.gc_collect()
+
+        self.assertEqual(len(resurrected), 1)
+        self.assertIsInstance(resurrected[0].gi_code, types.CodeType)
+
 
 class GeneratorTest(unittest.TestCase):
 
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2024-09-10-20-25-00.gh-issue-123923.A7uxqa.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2024-09-10-20-25-00.gh-issue-123923.A7uxqa.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7bc965
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/Core_and_Builtins/2024-09-10-20-25-00.gh-issue-123923.A7uxqa.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+The ``f_executable`` field in the internal :c:struct:`_PyInterpreterFrame`
+struct now uses a tagged pointer.  Profilers and debuggers that uses this
+field should clear the least significant bit to recover the
+:c:expr:`PyObject*` pointer.
diff --git a/Modules/_testexternalinspection.c b/Modules/_testexternalinspection.c
index 2a665af..2476346 100644
--- a/Modules/_testexternalinspection.c
+++ b/Modules/_testexternalinspection.c
@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ parse_frame_object(
         return 0;
     }
 
-    void* address_of_code_object;
+    uintptr_t address_of_code_object;
     bytes_read = read_memory(
             pid,
             (void*)(address + offsets->interpreter_frame.executable),
@@ -520,10 +520,11 @@ parse_frame_object(
         return -1;
     }
 
-    if (address_of_code_object == NULL) {
+    if (address_of_code_object == 0) {
         return 0;
     }
-    return parse_code_object(pid, result, offsets, address_of_code_object, previous_frame);
+    address_of_code_object &= ~Py_TAG_BITS;
+    return parse_code_object(pid, result, offsets, (void *)address_of_code_object, previous_frame);
 }
 
 static PyObject*
diff --git a/Objects/frameobject.c b/Objects/frameobject.c
index 85c2455..b567327 100644
--- a/Objects/frameobject.c
+++ b/Objects/frameobject.c
@@ -1625,8 +1625,6 @@ frame_dealloc(PyFrameObject *f)
     }
 
     Py_TRASHCAN_BEGIN(f, frame_dealloc);
-    PyObject *co = NULL;
-
     /* GH-106092: If f->f_frame was on the stack and we reached the maximum
      * nesting depth for deallocations, the trashcan may have delayed this
      * deallocation until after f->f_frame is freed. Avoid dereferencing
@@ -1635,9 +1633,7 @@ frame_dealloc(PyFrameObject *f)
 
     /* Kill all local variables including specials, if we own them */
     if (f->f_frame == frame && frame->owner == FRAME_OWNED_BY_FRAME_OBJECT) {
-        /* Don't clear code object until the end */
-        co = frame->f_executable;
-        frame->f_executable = NULL;
+        PyStackRef_CLEAR(frame->f_executable);
         Py_CLEAR(frame->f_funcobj);
         Py_CLEAR(frame->f_locals);
         _PyStackRef *locals = _PyFrame_GetLocalsArray(frame);
@@ -1652,7 +1648,6 @@ frame_dealloc(PyFrameObject *f)
     Py_CLEAR(f->f_extra_locals);
     Py_CLEAR(f->f_locals_cache);
     PyObject_GC_Del(f);
-    Py_XDECREF(co);
     Py_TRASHCAN_END;
 }
 
diff --git a/Objects/genobject.c b/Objects/genobject.c
index b281af8..5dc8f92 100644
--- a/Objects/genobject.c
+++ b/Objects/genobject.c
@@ -55,6 +55,14 @@ gen_traverse(PyGenObject *gen, visitproc visit, void *arg)
             return err;
         }
     }
+    else {
+        // We still need to visit the code object when the frame is cleared to
+        // ensure that it's kept alive if the reference is deferred.
+        int err = _PyGC_VisitStackRef(&gen->gi_iframe.f_executable, visit, arg);
+        if (err) {
+            return err;
+        }
+    }
     /* No need to visit cr_origin, because it's just tuples/str/int, so can't
        participate in a reference cycle. */
     Py_VISIT(gen->gi_exc_state.exc_value);
@@ -139,6 +147,9 @@ gen_dealloc(PyGenObject *gen)
            and GC_Del. */
         Py_CLEAR(((PyAsyncGenObject*)gen)->ag_origin_or_finalizer);
     }
+    if (PyCoro_CheckExact(gen)) {
+        Py_CLEAR(((PyCoroObject *)gen)->cr_origin_or_finalizer);
+    }
     if (gen->gi_frame_state != FRAME_CLEARED) {
         _PyInterpreterFrame *frame = &gen->gi_iframe;
         gen->gi_frame_state = FRAME_CLEARED;
@@ -147,10 +158,7 @@ gen_dealloc(PyGenObject *gen)
         _PyErr_ClearExcState(&gen->gi_exc_state);
     }
     assert(gen->gi_exc_state.exc_value == NULL);
-    if (_PyGen_GetCode(gen)->co_flags & CO_COROUTINE) {
-        Py_CLEAR(((PyCoroObject *)gen)->cr_origin_or_finalizer);
-    }
-    Py_DECREF(_PyGen_GetCode(gen));
+    PyStackRef_CLEAR(gen->gi_iframe.f_executable);
     Py_CLEAR(gen->gi_name);
     Py_CLEAR(gen->gi_qualname);
 
diff --git a/Python/bytecodes.c b/Python/bytecodes.c
index e8cf636..078f06d 100644
--- a/Python/bytecodes.c
+++ b/Python/bytecodes.c
@@ -3598,7 +3598,7 @@ dummy_func(
         op(_CREATE_INIT_FRAME, (self, init, args[oparg] -- init_frame: _PyInterpreterFrame *)) {
             _PyInterpreterFrame *shim = _PyFrame_PushTrampolineUnchecked(
                 tstate, (PyCodeObject *)&_Py_InitCleanup, 1, frame);
-            assert(_PyCode_CODE((PyCodeObject *)shim->f_executable)[0].op.code == EXIT_INIT_CHECK);
+            assert(_PyCode_CODE(_PyFrame_GetCode(shim))[0].op.code == EXIT_INIT_CHECK);
             /* Push self onto stack of shim */
             shim->localsplus[0] = PyStackRef_DUP(self);
             PyFunctionObject *init_func = (PyFunctionObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(init);
@@ -4798,7 +4798,7 @@ dummy_func(
         #endif
             _PyExecutorObject *executor;
             if (target->op.code == ENTER_EXECUTOR) {
-                PyCodeObject *code = (PyCodeObject *)frame->f_executable;
+                PyCodeObject *code = _PyFrame_GetCode(frame);
                 executor = code->co_executors->executors[target->op.arg];
                 Py_INCREF(executor);
             }
diff --git a/Python/ceval.c b/Python/ceval.c
index 0ebd5bb..252833a 100644
--- a/Python/ceval.c
+++ b/Python/ceval.c
@@ -194,7 +194,7 @@ static void
 lltrace_resume_frame(_PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
 {
     PyObject *fobj = frame->f_funcobj;
-    if (!PyCode_Check(frame->f_executable) ||
+    if (!PyStackRef_CodeCheck(frame->f_executable) ||
         fobj == NULL ||
         !PyFunction_Check(fobj)
     ) {
@@ -784,7 +784,7 @@ _PyEval_EvalFrameDefault(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame, int
     entry_frame.f_globals = (PyObject*)0xaaa3;
     entry_frame.f_builtins = (PyObject*)0xaaa4;
 #endif
-    entry_frame.f_executable = Py_None;
+    entry_frame.f_executable = PyStackRef_None;
     entry_frame.instr_ptr = (_Py_CODEUNIT *)_Py_INTERPRETER_TRAMPOLINE_INSTRUCTIONS + 1;
     entry_frame.stackpointer = entry_frame.localsplus;
     entry_frame.owner = FRAME_OWNED_BY_CSTACK;
@@ -1681,7 +1681,7 @@ clear_thread_frame(PyThreadState *tstate, _PyInterpreterFrame * frame)
     tstate->c_recursion_remaining--;
     assert(frame->frame_obj == NULL || frame->frame_obj->f_frame == frame);
     _PyFrame_ClearExceptCode(frame);
-    Py_DECREF(frame->f_executable);
+    PyStackRef_CLEAR(frame->f_executable);
     tstate->c_recursion_remaining++;
     _PyThreadState_PopFrame(tstate, frame);
 }
diff --git a/Python/executor_cases.c.h b/Python/executor_cases.c.h
index b9f532f..b36fff9 100644
--- a/Python/executor_cases.c.h
+++ b/Python/executor_cases.c.h
@@ -4143,7 +4143,7 @@
             self = stack_pointer[-2 - oparg];
             _PyInterpreterFrame *shim = _PyFrame_PushTrampolineUnchecked(
                 tstate, (PyCodeObject *)&_Py_InitCleanup, 1, frame);
-            assert(_PyCode_CODE((PyCodeObject *)shim->f_executable)[0].op.code == EXIT_INIT_CHECK);
+            assert(_PyCode_CODE(_PyFrame_GetCode(shim))[0].op.code == EXIT_INIT_CHECK);
             /* Push self onto stack of shim */
             shim->localsplus[0] = PyStackRef_DUP(self);
             PyFunctionObject *init_func = (PyFunctionObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(init);
@@ -5413,7 +5413,7 @@
             #endif
             _PyExecutorObject *executor;
             if (target->op.code == ENTER_EXECUTOR) {
-                PyCodeObject *code = (PyCodeObject *)frame->f_executable;
+                PyCodeObject *code = _PyFrame_GetCode(frame);
                 executor = code->co_executors->executors[target->op.arg];
                 Py_INCREF(executor);
             }
diff --git a/Python/frame.c b/Python/frame.c
index 3192968..d7bb298 100644
--- a/Python/frame.c
+++ b/Python/frame.c
@@ -14,7 +14,10 @@ _PyFrame_Traverse(_PyInterpreterFrame *frame, visitproc visit, void *arg)
     Py_VISIT(frame->frame_obj);
     Py_VISIT(frame->f_locals);
     Py_VISIT(frame->f_funcobj);
-    Py_VISIT(_PyFrame_GetCode(frame));
+    int err = _PyGC_VisitStackRef(&frame->f_executable, visit, arg);
+    if (err) {
+        return err;
+    }
     return _PyGC_VisitFrameStack(frame, visit, arg);
 }
 
@@ -53,10 +56,10 @@ take_ownership(PyFrameObject *f, _PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
     assert(frame->owner != FRAME_OWNED_BY_FRAME_OBJECT);
     assert(frame->owner != FRAME_CLEARED);
     Py_ssize_t size = ((char*)frame->stackpointer) - (char *)frame;
-    Py_INCREF(_PyFrame_GetCode(frame));
     memcpy((_PyInterpreterFrame *)f->_f_frame_data, frame, size);
     frame = (_PyInterpreterFrame *)f->_f_frame_data;
     frame->stackpointer = (_PyStackRef *)(((char *)frame) + size);
+    frame->f_executable = PyStackRef_DUP(frame->f_executable);
     f->f_frame = frame;
     frame->owner = FRAME_OWNED_BY_FRAME_OBJECT;
     if (_PyFrame_IsIncomplete(frame)) {
@@ -131,9 +134,7 @@ _PyFrame_ClearExceptCode(_PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
 PyObject *
 PyUnstable_InterpreterFrame_GetCode(struct _PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
 {
-    PyObject *code = frame->f_executable;
-    Py_INCREF(code);
-    return code;
+    return PyStackRef_AsPyObjectNew(frame->f_executable);
 }
 
 int
diff --git a/Python/gc.c b/Python/gc.c
index 3d36792..024d041 100644
--- a/Python/gc.c
+++ b/Python/gc.c
@@ -535,6 +535,13 @@ visit_decref(PyObject *op, void *parent)
 }
 
 int
+_PyGC_VisitStackRef(_PyStackRef *ref, visitproc visit, void *arg)
+{
+    Py_VISIT(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(*ref));
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
 _PyGC_VisitFrameStack(_PyInterpreterFrame *frame, visitproc visit, void *arg)
 {
     _PyStackRef *ref = _PyFrame_GetLocalsArray(frame);
diff --git a/Python/gc_free_threading.c b/Python/gc_free_threading.c
index 54de0c2..e981f87 100644
--- a/Python/gc_free_threading.c
+++ b/Python/gc_free_threading.c
@@ -161,39 +161,6 @@ gc_decref(PyObject *op)
     op->ob_tid -= 1;
 }
 
-static void
-disable_deferred_refcounting(PyObject *op)
-{
-    if (!_PyObject_HasDeferredRefcount(op)) {
-        return;
-    }
-
-    op->ob_gc_bits &= ~_PyGC_BITS_DEFERRED;
-    op->ob_ref_shared -= _Py_REF_SHARED(_Py_REF_DEFERRED, 0);
-
-    if (PyType_Check(op)) {
-        // Disable thread-local refcounting for heap types
-        PyTypeObject *type = (PyTypeObject *)op;
-        if (PyType_HasFeature(type, Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)) {
-            _PyType_ReleaseId((PyHeapTypeObject *)op);
-        }
-    }
-    else if (PyGen_CheckExact(op) || PyCoro_CheckExact(op) || PyAsyncGen_CheckExact(op)) {
-        // Ensure any non-refcounted pointers in locals are converted to
-        // strong references.  This ensures that the generator/coroutine is not
-        // freed before its locals.
-        PyGenObject *gen = (PyGenObject *)op;
-        struct _PyInterpreterFrame *frame = &gen->gi_iframe;
-        assert(frame->stackpointer != NULL);
-        for (_PyStackRef *ref = frame->localsplus; ref < frame->stackpointer; ref++) {
-            if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(*ref) && PyStackRef_IsDeferred(*ref)) {
-                // Convert a deferred reference to a strong reference.
-                *ref = PyStackRef_FromPyObjectSteal(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(*ref));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
 static Py_ssize_t
 merge_refcount(PyObject *op, Py_ssize_t extra)
 {
@@ -214,6 +181,51 @@ merge_refcount(PyObject *op, Py_ssize_t extra)
 }
 
 static void
+frame_disable_deferred_refcounting(_PyInterpreterFrame *frame)
+{
+    // Convert locals, variables, and the executable object to strong
+    // references from (possibly) deferred references.
+    assert(frame->stackpointer != NULL);
+    frame->f_executable = PyStackRef_AsStrongReference(frame->f_executable);
+    for (_PyStackRef *ref = frame->localsplus; ref < frame->stackpointer; ref++) {
+        if (!PyStackRef_IsNull(*ref) && PyStackRef_IsDeferred(*ref)) {
+            *ref = PyStackRef_AsStrongReference(*ref);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+static void
+disable_deferred_refcounting(PyObject *op)
+{
+    if (_PyObject_HasDeferredRefcount(op)) {
+        op->ob_gc_bits &= ~_PyGC_BITS_DEFERRED;
+        op->ob_ref_shared -= _Py_REF_SHARED(_Py_REF_DEFERRED, 0);
+        merge_refcount(op, 0);
+    }
+
+    // Heap types also use thread-local refcounting -- disable it here.
+    if (PyType_Check(op)) {
+        // Disable thread-local refcounting for heap types
+        PyTypeObject *type = (PyTypeObject *)op;
+        if (PyType_HasFeature(type, Py_TPFLAGS_HEAPTYPE)) {
+            _PyType_ReleaseId((PyHeapTypeObject *)op);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Generators and frame objects may contain deferred references to other
+    // objects. If the pointed-to objects are part of cyclic trash, we may
+    // have disabled deferred refcounting on them and need to ensure that we
+    // use strong references, in case the generator or frame object is
+    // resurrected by a finalizer.
+    if (PyGen_CheckExact(op) || PyCoro_CheckExact(op) || PyAsyncGen_CheckExact(op)) {
+        frame_disable_deferred_refcounting(&((PyGenObject *)op)->gi_iframe);
+    }
+    else if (PyFrame_Check(op)) {
+        frame_disable_deferred_refcounting(((PyFrameObject *)op)->f_frame);
+    }
+}
+
+static void
 gc_restore_tid(PyObject *op)
 {
     assert(_PyInterpreterState_GET()->stoptheworld.world_stopped);
@@ -349,16 +361,18 @@ gc_visit_thread_stacks(PyInterpreterState *interp)
 {
     HEAD_LOCK(&_PyRuntime);
     for (PyThreadState *p = interp->threads.head; p != NULL; p = p->next) {
-        _PyInterpreterFrame *f = p->current_frame;
-        while (f != NULL) {
-            if (f->f_executable != NULL && PyCode_Check(f->f_executable)) {
-                PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)f->f_executable;
-                int max_stack = co->co_nlocalsplus + co->co_stacksize;
-                for (int i = 0; i < max_stack; i++) {
-                    gc_visit_stackref(f->localsplus[i]);
-                }
+        for (_PyInterpreterFrame *f = p->current_frame; f != NULL; f = f->previous) {
+            PyObject *executable = PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(f->f_executable);
+            if (executable == NULL || !PyCode_Check(executable)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            PyCodeObject *co = (PyCodeObject *)executable;
+            int max_stack = co->co_nlocalsplus + co->co_stacksize;
+            gc_visit_stackref(f->f_executable);
+            for (int i = 0; i < max_stack; i++) {
+                gc_visit_stackref(f->localsplus[i]);
             }
-            f = f->previous;
         }
     }
     HEAD_UNLOCK(&_PyRuntime);
@@ -623,23 +637,19 @@ scan_heap_visitor(const mi_heap_t *heap, const mi_heap_area_t *area,
         else {
             worklist_push(&state->unreachable, op);
         }
+        return true;
     }
-    else if (state->reason == _Py_GC_REASON_SHUTDOWN &&
-             _PyObject_HasDeferredRefcount(op))
-    {
+
+    if (state->reason == _Py_GC_REASON_SHUTDOWN) {
         // Disable deferred refcounting for reachable objects as well during
         // interpreter shutdown. This ensures that these objects are collected
         // immediately when their last reference is removed.
         disable_deferred_refcounting(op);
-        merge_refcount(op, 0);
-        state->long_lived_total++;
-    }
-    else {
-        // object is reachable, restore `ob_tid`; we're done with these objects
-        gc_restore_tid(op);
-        state->long_lived_total++;
     }
 
+    // object is reachable, restore `ob_tid`; we're done with these objects
+    gc_restore_tid(op);
+    state->long_lived_total++;
     return true;
 }
 
@@ -952,19 +962,28 @@ visit_decref_unreachable(PyObject *op, void *data)
 }
 
 int
+_PyGC_VisitStackRef(_PyStackRef *ref, visitproc visit, void *arg)
+{
+    // This is a bit tricky! We want to ignore deferred references when
+    // computing the incoming references, but otherwise treat them like
+    // regular references.
+    if (!PyStackRef_IsDeferred(*ref) ||
+        (visit != visit_decref && visit != visit_decref_unreachable))
+    {
+        Py_VISIT(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(*ref));
+    }
+    return 0;
+}
+
+int
 _PyGC_VisitFrameStack(_PyInterpreterFrame *frame, visitproc visit, void *arg)
 {
     _PyStackRef *ref = _PyFrame_GetLocalsArray(frame);
     /* locals and stack */
     for (; ref < frame->stackpointer; ref++) {
-        // This is a bit tricky! We want to ignore deferred references when
-        // computing the incoming references, but otherwise treat them like
-        // regular references.
-        if (PyStackRef_IsDeferred(*ref) &&
-            (visit == visit_decref || visit == visit_decref_unreachable)) {
-            continue;
+        if (_PyGC_VisitStackRef(ref, visit, arg) < 0) {
+            return -1;
         }
-        Py_VISIT(PyStackRef_AsPyObjectBorrow(*ref));
     }
     return 0;
 }
diff --git a/Python/generated_cases.c.h b/Python/generated_cases.c.h
index 09a14ee..3e9f039 100644
--- a/Python/generated_cases.c.h
+++ b/Python/generated_cases.c.h
@@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@
             {
                 _PyInterpreterFrame *shim = _PyFrame_PushTrampolineUnchecked(
                     tstate, (PyCodeObject *)&_Py_InitCleanup, 1, frame);
-                assert(_PyCode_CODE((PyCodeObject *)shim->f_executable)[0].op.code == EXIT_INIT_CHECK);
+                assert(_PyCode_CODE(_PyFrame_GetCode(shim))[0].op.code == EXIT_INIT_CHECK);
                 /* Push self onto stack of shim */
                 shim->localsplus[0] = PyStackRef_DUP(self);
                 PyFunctionObject *init_func = (PyFunctionObject *)PyStackRef_AsPyObjectSteal(init);
diff --git a/Python/legacy_tracing.c b/Python/legacy_tracing.c
index 9cc3af1..1436921 100644
--- a/Python/legacy_tracing.c
+++ b/Python/legacy_tracing.c
@@ -143,9 +143,8 @@ _PyEval_SetOpcodeTrace(
     bool enable
 ) {
     assert(frame != NULL);
-    assert(PyCode_Check(frame->f_frame->f_executable));
 
-    PyCodeObject *code = (PyCodeObject *)frame->f_frame->f_executable;
+    PyCodeObject *code = _PyFrame_GetCode(frame->f_frame);
     _PyMonitoringEventSet events = 0;
 
     if (_PyMonitoring_GetLocalEvents(code, PY_MONITORING_SYS_TRACE_ID, &events) < 0) {
diff --git a/Python/tracemalloc.c b/Python/tracemalloc.c
index e58b60d..f661d69 100644
--- a/Python/tracemalloc.c
+++ b/Python/tracemalloc.c
@@ -250,7 +250,7 @@ hashtable_compare_traceback(const void *key1, const void *key2)
 static void
 tracemalloc_get_frame(_PyInterpreterFrame *pyframe, frame_t *frame)
 {
-    assert(PyCode_Check(pyframe->f_executable));
+    assert(PyStackRef_CodeCheck(pyframe->f_executable));
     frame->filename = &_Py_STR(anon_unknown);
     int lineno = PyUnstable_InterpreterFrame_GetLine(pyframe);
     if (lineno < 0) {
@@ -258,7 +258,7 @@ tracemalloc_get_frame(_PyInterpreterFrame *pyframe, frame_t *frame)
     }
     frame->lineno = (unsigned int)lineno;
 
-    PyObject *filename = filename = ((PyCodeObject *)pyframe->f_executable)->co_filename;
+    PyObject *filename = filename = _PyFrame_GetCode(pyframe)->co_filename;
 
     if (filename == NULL) {
 #ifdef TRACE_DEBUG
diff --git a/Tools/gdb/libpython.py b/Tools/gdb/libpython.py
index cf03788..946af4b 100755
--- a/Tools/gdb/libpython.py
+++ b/Tools/gdb/libpython.py
@@ -158,8 +158,11 @@ class PyObjectPtr(object):
 
     def __init__(self, gdbval, cast_to=None):
         # Clear the tagged pointer
-        gdbval = gdb.Value(int(gdbval) & (~USED_TAGS)).cast(gdbval.type)
-        if cast_to:
+        if gdbval.type.name == '_PyStackRef':
+            if cast_to is None:
+                cast_to = gdb.lookup_type('PyObject').pointer()
+            self._gdbval = gdb.Value(int(gdbval['bits']) & ~USED_TAGS).cast(cast_to)
+        elif cast_to:
             self._gdbval = gdbval.cast(cast_to)
         else:
             self._gdbval = gdbval
@@ -1052,7 +1055,7 @@ class PyFramePtr:
 
         obj_ptr_ptr = gdb.lookup_type("PyObject").pointer().pointer()
 
-        localsplus = self._gdbval["localsplus"].cast(obj_ptr_ptr)
+        localsplus = self._gdbval["localsplus"]
 
         for i in safe_range(self.co_nlocals):
             pyop_value = PyObjectPtr.from_pyobject_ptr(localsplus[i])
@@ -1581,7 +1584,10 @@ class PyObjectPtrPrinter:
             return stringify(proxyval)
 
 def pretty_printer_lookup(gdbval):
-    type = gdbval.type.unqualified()
+    type = gdbval.type.strip_typedefs().unqualified()
+    if type.code == gdb.TYPE_CODE_UNION and type.tag == '_PyStackRef':
+        return PyObjectPtrPrinter(gdbval)
+
     if type.code != gdb.TYPE_CODE_PTR:
         return None