1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
|
\chapter{Abstract Objects Layer \label{abstract}}
The functions in this chapter interact with Python objects regardless
of their type, or with wide classes of object types (e.g. all
numerical types, or all sequence types). When used on object types
for which they do not apply, they will raise a Python exception.
\section{Object Protocol \label{object}}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_Print}{PyObject *o, FILE *fp, int flags}
Print an object \var{o}, on file \var{fp}. Returns \code{-1} on
error. The flags argument is used to enable certain printing
options. The only option currently supported is
\constant{Py_PRINT_RAW}; if given, the \function{str()} of the
object is written instead of the \function{repr()}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_HasAttrString}{PyObject *o, char *attr_name}
Returns \code{1} if \var{o} has the attribute \var{attr_name}, and
\code{0} otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression
\samp{hasattr(\var{o}, \var{attr_name})}. This function always
succeeds.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_GetAttrString}{PyObject *o,
char *attr_name}
Retrieve an attribute named \var{attr_name} from object \var{o}.
Returns the attribute value on success, or \NULL{} on failure.
This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o}.\var{attr_name}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_HasAttr}{PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name}
Returns \code{1} if \var{o} has the attribute \var{attr_name}, and
\code{0} otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression
\samp{hasattr(\var{o}, \var{attr_name})}. This function always
succeeds.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_GetAttr}{PyObject *o,
PyObject *attr_name}
Retrieve an attribute named \var{attr_name} from object \var{o}.
Returns the attribute value on success, or \NULL{} on failure. This
is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o}.\var{attr_name}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_SetAttrString}{PyObject *o,
char *attr_name, PyObject *v}
Set the value of the attribute named \var{attr_name}, for object
\var{o}, to the value \var{v}. Returns \code{-1} on failure. This
is the equivalent of the Python statement
\samp{\var{o}.\var{attr_name} = \var{v}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_SetAttr}{PyObject *o,
PyObject *attr_name, PyObject *v}
Set the value of the attribute named \var{attr_name}, for object
\var{o}, to the value \var{v}. Returns \code{-1} on failure. This
is the equivalent of the Python statement
\samp{\var{o}.\var{attr_name} = \var{v}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_DelAttrString}{PyObject *o, char *attr_name}
Delete attribute named \var{attr_name}, for object \var{o}. Returns
\code{-1} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement: \samp{del \var{o}.\var{attr_name}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_DelAttr}{PyObject *o, PyObject *attr_name}
Delete attribute named \var{attr_name}, for object \var{o}. Returns
\code{-1} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement \samp{del \var{o}.\var{attr_name}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_Cmp}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2, int *result}
Compare the values of \var{o1} and \var{o2} using a routine provided
by \var{o1}, if one exists, otherwise with a routine provided by
\var{o2}. The result of the comparison is returned in
\var{result}. Returns \code{-1} on failure. This is the equivalent
of the Python statement\bifuncindex{cmp} \samp{\var{result} =
cmp(\var{o1}, \var{o2})}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_Compare}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Compare the values of \var{o1} and \var{o2} using a routine provided
by \var{o1}, if one exists, otherwise with a routine provided by
\var{o2}. Returns the result of the comparison on success. On
error, the value returned is undefined; use
\cfunction{PyErr_Occurred()} to detect an error. This is equivalent
to the Python expression\bifuncindex{cmp} \samp{cmp(\var{o1},
\var{o2})}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_Repr}{PyObject *o}
Compute a string representation of object \var{o}. Returns the
string representation on success, \NULL{} on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression \samp{repr(\var{o})}. Called by
the \function{repr()}\bifuncindex{repr} built-in function and by
reverse quotes.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_Str}{PyObject *o}
Compute a string representation of object \var{o}. Returns the
string representation on success, \NULL{} on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression \samp{str(\var{o})}. Called by
the \function{str()}\bifuncindex{str} built-in function and by the
\keyword{print} statement.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_Unicode}{PyObject *o}
Compute a Unicode string representation of object \var{o}. Returns
the Unicode string representation on success, \NULL{} on failure.
This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{unistr(\var{o})}. Called by the
\function{unistr()}\bifuncindex{unistr} built-in function.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_IsInstance}{PyObject *inst, PyObject *cls}
Return \code{1} if \var{inst} is an instance of the class \var{cls}
or a subclass of \var{cls}. If \var{cls} is a type object rather
than a class object, \cfunction{PyObject_IsInstance()} returns
\code{1} if \var{inst} is of type \var{cls}. If \var{inst} is not a
class instance and \var{cls} is neither a type object or class
object, \var{inst} must have a \member{__class__} attribute --- the
class relationship of the value of that attribute with \var{cls}
will be used to determine the result of this function.
\versionadded{2.1}
\end{cfuncdesc}
Subclass determination is done in a fairly straightforward way, but
includes a wrinkle that implementors of extensions to the class system
may want to be aware of. If \class{A} and \class{B} are class
objects, \class{B} is a subclass of \class{A} if it inherits from
\class{A} either directly or indirectly. If either is not a class
object, a more general mechanism is used to determine the class
relationship of the two objects. When testing if \var{B} is a
subclass of \var{A}, if \var{A} is \var{B},
\cfunction{PyObject_IsSubclass()} returns true. If \var{A} and
\var{B} are different objects, \var{B}'s \member{__bases__} attribute
is searched in a depth-first fashion for \var{A} --- the presence of
the \member{__bases__} attribute is considered sufficient for this
determination.
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_IsSubclass}{PyObject *derived,
PyObject *cls}
Returns \code{1} if the class \var{derived} is identical to or
derived from the class \var{cls}, otherwise returns \code{0}. In
case of an error, returns \code{-1}. If either \var{derived} or
\var{cls} is not an actual class object, this function uses the
generic algorithm described above.
\versionadded{2.1}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyCallable_Check}{PyObject *o}
Determine if the object \var{o} is callable. Return \code{1} if the
object is callable and \code{0} otherwise. This function always
succeeds.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_CallObject}{PyObject *callable_object,
PyObject *args}
Call a callable Python object \var{callable_object}, with arguments
given by the tuple \var{args}. If no arguments are needed, then
\var{args} may be \NULL. Returns the result of the call on
success, or \NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the
Python expression \samp{apply(\var{callable_object}, \var{args})} or
\samp{\var{callable_object}(*\var{args})}.
\bifuncindex{apply}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_CallFunction}{PyObject *callable,
char *format, \moreargs}
Call a callable Python object \var{callable}, with a variable
number of C arguments. The C arguments are described using a
\cfunction{Py_BuildValue()} style format string. The format may be
\NULL, indicating that no arguments are provided. Returns the
result of the call on success, or \NULL{} on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression \samp{apply(\var{callable},
\var{args})} or \samp{\var{callable}(*\var{args})}.
\bifuncindex{apply}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_CallMethod}{PyObject *o,
char *method, char *format,
\moreargs}
Call the method named \var{m} of object \var{o} with a variable
number of C arguments. The C arguments are described by a
\cfunction{Py_BuildValue()} format string. The format may be \NULL,
indicating that no arguments are provided. Returns the result of the
call on success, or \NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of
the Python expression \samp{\var{o}.\var{method}(\var{args})}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_CallFunctionObjArgs}{PyObject *callable,
\moreargs,
\code{NULL}}
Call a callable Python object \var{callable}, with a variable
number of \ctype{PyObject*} arguments. The arguments are provided
as a variable number of parameters followed by \NULL.
Returns the result of the call on success, or \NULL{} on failure.
\versionadded{2.2}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_CallMethodObjArgs}{PyObject *o,
PyObject *name,
\moreargs,
\code{NULL}}
Calls a method of the object \var{o}, where the name of the method
is given as a Python string object in \var{name}. It is called with
a variable number of \ctype{PyObject*} arguments. The arguments are
provided as a variable number of parameters followed by \NULL.
Returns the result of the call on success, or \NULL{} on failure.
\versionadded{2.2}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_Hash}{PyObject *o}
Compute and return the hash value of an object \var{o}. On failure,
return \code{-1}. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{hash(\var{o})}.\bifuncindex{hash}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_IsTrue}{PyObject *o}
Returns \code{1} if the object \var{o} is considered to be true, and
\code{0} otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression
\samp{not not \var{o}}. This function always succeeds.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_Type}{PyObject *o}
When \var{o} is non-\NULL, returns a type object corresponding to
the object type of object \var{o}. On failure, raises
\exception{SystemError} and returns \NULL. This is equivalent to
the Python expression \code{type(\var{o})}.
\bifuncindex{type}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_TypeCheck}{PyObject *o, PyTypeObject *type}
Return true if the object \var{o} is of type \var{type} or a subtype
of \var{type}. Both parameters must be non-\NULL.
\versionadded{2.2}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_Length}{PyObject *o}
Return the length of object \var{o}. If the object \var{o} provides
both sequence and mapping protocols, the sequence length is
returned. On error, \code{-1} is returned. This is the equivalent
to the Python expression \samp{len(\var{o})}.\bifuncindex{len}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_GetItem}{PyObject *o, PyObject *key}
Return element of \var{o} corresponding to the object \var{key} or
\NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o}[\var{key}]}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_SetItem}{PyObject *o,
PyObject *key, PyObject *v}
Map the object \var{key} to the value \var{v}. Returns \code{-1} on
failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statement
\samp{\var{o}[\var{key}] = \var{v}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_DelItem}{PyObject *o, PyObject *key}
Delete the mapping for \var{key} from \var{o}. Returns \code{-1} on
failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statement \samp{del
\var{o}[\var{key}]}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_AsFileDescriptor}{PyObject *o}
Derives a file-descriptor from a Python object. If the object is an
integer or long integer, its value is returned. If not, the
object's \method{fileno()} method is called if it exists; the method
must return an integer or long integer, which is returned as the
file descriptor value. Returns \code{-1} on failure.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_Dir}{PyObject *o}
This is equivalent to the Python expression \samp{dir(\var{o})},
returning a (possibly empty) list of strings appropriate for the
object argument, or \NULL{} if there was an error. If the argument
is \NULL, this is like the Python \samp{dir()}, returning the names
of the current locals; in this case, if no execution frame is active
then \NULL{} is returned but \cfunction{PyErr_Occurred()} will
return false.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyObject_GetIter}{PyObject *o}
This is equivalent to the Python expression \samp{iter(\var{o})}.
It returns a new iterator for the object argument, or the object
itself if the object is already an iterator. Raises
\exception{TypeError} and returns \NULL{} if the object cannot be
iterated.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\section{Number Protocol \label{number}}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyNumber_Check}{PyObject *o}
Returns \code{1} if the object \var{o} provides numeric protocols,
and false otherwise. This function always succeeds.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Add}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of adding \var{o1} and \var{o2}, or \NULL{} on
failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o1} + \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Subtract}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of subtracting \var{o2} from \var{o1}, or \NULL{}
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o1} - \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Multiply}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of multiplying \var{o1} and \var{o2}, or \NULL{}
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o1} * \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Divide}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of dividing \var{o1} by \var{o2}, or \NULL{} on
failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o1} / \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_FloorDivide}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Return the floor of \var{o1} divided by \var{o2}, or \NULL{} on
failure. This is equivalent to the ``classic'' division of
integers.
\versionadded{2.2}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_TrueDivide}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Return a reasonable approximation for the mathematical value of
\var{o1} divided by \var{o2}, or \NULL{} on failure. The return
value is ``approximate'' because binary floating point numbers are
approximate; it is not possible to represent all real numbers in
base two. This function can return a floating point value when
passed two integers.
\versionadded{2.2}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Remainder}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the remainder of dividing \var{o1} by \var{o2}, or \NULL{}
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o1} \%\ \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Divmod}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
See the built-in function \function{divmod()}\bifuncindex{divmod}.
Returns \NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
expression \samp{divmod(\var{o1}, \var{o2})}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Power}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2, PyObject *o3}
See the built-in function \function{pow()}\bifuncindex{pow}.
Returns \NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
expression \samp{pow(\var{o1}, \var{o2}, \var{o3})}, where \var{o3}
is optional. If \var{o3} is to be ignored, pass \cdata{Py_None} in
its place (passing \NULL{} for \var{o3} would cause an illegal
memory access).
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Negative}{PyObject *o}
Returns the negation of \var{o} on success, or \NULL{} on failure.
This is the equivalent of the Python expression \samp{-\var{o}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Positive}{PyObject *o}
Returns \var{o} on success, or \NULL{} on failure. This is the
equivalent of the Python expression \samp{+\var{o}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Absolute}{PyObject *o}
Returns the absolute value of \var{o}, or \NULL{} on failure. This
is the equivalent of the Python expression \samp{abs(\var{o})}.
\bifuncindex{abs}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Invert}{PyObject *o}
Returns the bitwise negation of \var{o} on success, or \NULL{} on
failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\~\var{o}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Lshift}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of left shifting \var{o1} by \var{o2} on success,
or \NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
expression \samp{\var{o1} <\code{<} \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Rshift}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of right shifting \var{o1} by \var{o2} on
success, or \NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the
Python expression \samp{\var{o1} >\code{>} \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_And}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the ``bitwise and'' of \var{o2} and \var{o2} on success and
\NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o1} \&\ \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Xor}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the ``bitwise exclusive or'' of \var{o1} by \var{o2} on
success, or \NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the
Python expression \samp{\var{o1} \textasciicircum{} \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Or}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the ``bitwise or'' of \var{o1} and \var{o2} on success, or
\NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o1} | \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceAdd}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of adding \var{o1} and \var{o2}, or \NULL{} on
failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when \var{o1}
supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python statement
\samp{\var{o1} += \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceSubtract}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of subtracting \var{o2} from \var{o1}, or \NULL{}
on failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when \var{o1}
supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python statement
\samp{\var{o1} -= \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceMultiply}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of multiplying \var{o1} and \var{o2}, or \NULL{}
on failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when \var{o1}
supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python statement
\samp{\var{o1} *= \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceDivide}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of dividing \var{o1} by \var{o2}, or \NULL{} on
failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when \var{o1}
supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python statement
\samp{\var{o1} /= \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceFloorDivide}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2}
Returns the mathematical of dividing \var{o1} by \var{o2}, or
\NULL{} on failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when
\var{o1} supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement \samp{\var{o1} //= \var{o2}}.
\versionadded{2.2}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceTrueDivide}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2}
Return a reasonable approximation for the mathematical value of
\var{o1} divided by \var{o2}, or \NULL{} on failure. The return
value is ``approximate'' because binary floating point numbers are
approximate; it is not possible to represent all real numbers in
base two. This function can return a floating point value when
passed two integers. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when
\var{o1} supports it.
\versionadded{2.2}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceRemainder}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2}
Returns the remainder of dividing \var{o1} by \var{o2}, or \NULL{}
on failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when \var{o1}
supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python statement
\samp{\var{o1} \%= \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlacePower}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2, PyObject *o3}
See the built-in function \function{pow()}.\bifuncindex{pow}
Returns \NULL{} on failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place}
when \var{o1} supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement \samp{\var{o1} **= \var{o2}} when o3 is \cdata{Py_None},
or an in-place variant of \samp{pow(\var{o1}, \var{o2}, \var{o3})}
otherwise. If \var{o3} is to be ignored, pass \cdata{Py_None} in its
place (passing \NULL{} for \var{o3} would cause an illegal memory
access).
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceLshift}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of left shifting \var{o1} by \var{o2} on success,
or \NULL{} on failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when
\var{o1} supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement \samp{\var{o1} <\code{<=} \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceRshift}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2}
Returns the result of right shifting \var{o1} by \var{o2} on
success, or \NULL{} on failure. The operation is done
\emph{in-place} when \var{o1} supports it. This is the equivalent
of the Python statement \samp{\var{o1} >\code{>=} \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceAnd}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the ``bitwise and'' of \var{o1} and \var{o2} on success and
\NULL{} on failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when
\var{o1} supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement \samp{\var{o1} \&= \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceXor}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the ``bitwise exclusive or'' of \var{o1} by \var{o2} on
success, or \NULL{} on failure. The operation is done
\emph{in-place} when \var{o1} supports it. This is the equivalent
of the Python statement \samp{\var{o1} \textasciicircum= \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_InPlaceOr}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Returns the ``bitwise or'' of \var{o1} and \var{o2} on success, or
\NULL{} on failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when
\var{o1} supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement \samp{\var{o1} |= \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyNumber_Coerce}{PyObject **p1, PyObject **p2}
This function takes the addresses of two variables of type
\ctype{PyObject*}. If the objects pointed to by \code{*\var{p1}}
and \code{*\var{p2}} have the same type, increment their reference
count and return \code{0} (success). If the objects can be converted
to a common numeric type, replace \code{*p1} and \code{*p2} by their
converted value (with 'new' reference counts), and return \code{0}.
If no conversion is possible, or if some other error occurs, return
\code{-1} (failure) and don't increment the reference counts. The
call \code{PyNumber_Coerce(\&o1, \&o2)} is equivalent to the Python
statement \samp{\var{o1}, \var{o2} = coerce(\var{o1}, \var{o2})}.
\bifuncindex{coerce}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Int}{PyObject *o}
Returns the \var{o} converted to an integer object on success, or
\NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{int(\var{o})}.\bifuncindex{int}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Long}{PyObject *o}
Returns the \var{o} converted to a long integer object on success,
or \NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
expression \samp{long(\var{o})}.\bifuncindex{long}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyNumber_Float}{PyObject *o}
Returns the \var{o} converted to a float object on success, or
\NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{float(\var{o})}.\bifuncindex{float}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\section{Sequence Protocol \label{sequence}}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_Check}{PyObject *o}
Return \code{1} if the object provides sequence protocol, and
\code{0} otherwise. This function always succeeds.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_Size}{PyObject *o}
Returns the number of objects in sequence \var{o} on success, and
\code{-1} on failure. For objects that do not provide sequence
protocol, this is equivalent to the Python expression
\samp{len(\var{o})}.\bifuncindex{len}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_Length}{PyObject *o}
Alternate name for \cfunction{PySequence_Size()}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_Concat}{PyObject *o1, PyObject *o2}
Return the concatenation of \var{o1} and \var{o2} on success, and
\NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
expression \samp{\var{o1} + \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_Repeat}{PyObject *o, int count}
Return the result of repeating sequence object \var{o} \var{count}
times, or \NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
expression \samp{\var{o} * \var{count}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_InPlaceConcat}{PyObject *o1,
PyObject *o2}
Return the concatenation of \var{o1} and \var{o2} on success, and
\NULL{} on failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place} when
\var{o1} supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python
expression \samp{\var{o1} += \var{o2}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_InPlaceRepeat}{PyObject *o, int count}
Return the result of repeating sequence object \var{o} \var{count}
times, or \NULL{} on failure. The operation is done \emph{in-place}
when \var{o} supports it. This is the equivalent of the Python
expression \samp{\var{o} *= \var{count}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_GetItem}{PyObject *o, int i}
Return the \var{i}th element of \var{o}, or \NULL{} on failure.
This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o}[\var{i}]}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_GetSlice}{PyObject *o, int i1, int i2}
Return the slice of sequence object \var{o} between \var{i1} and
\var{i2}, or \NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the
Python expression \samp{\var{o}[\var{i1}:\var{i2}]}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_SetItem}{PyObject *o, int i, PyObject *v}
Assign object \var{v} to the \var{i}th element of \var{o}. Returns
\code{-1} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement \samp{\var{o}[\var{i}] = \var{v}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_DelItem}{PyObject *o, int i}
Delete the \var{i}th element of object \var{o}. Returns \code{-1}
on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python statement
\samp{del \var{o}[\var{i}]}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_SetSlice}{PyObject *o, int i1,
int i2, PyObject *v}
Assign the sequence object \var{v} to the slice in sequence object
\var{o} from \var{i1} to \var{i2}. This is the equivalent of the
Python statement \samp{\var{o}[\var{i1}:\var{i2}] = \var{v}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_DelSlice}{PyObject *o, int i1, int i2}
Delete the slice in sequence object \var{o} from \var{i1} to
\var{i2}. Returns \code{-1} on failure. This is the equivalent of
the Python statement \samp{del \var{o}[\var{i1}:\var{i2}]}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_Tuple}{PyObject *o}
Returns the \var{o} as a tuple on success, and \NULL{} on failure.
This is equivalent to the Python expression \samp{tuple(\var{o})}.
\bifuncindex{tuple}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_Count}{PyObject *o, PyObject *value}
Return the number of occurrences of \var{value} in \var{o}, that is,
return the number of keys for which \code{\var{o}[\var{key}] ==
\var{value}}. On failure, return \code{-1}. This is equivalent to
the Python expression \samp{\var{o}.count(\var{value})}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_Contains}{PyObject *o, PyObject *value}
Determine if \var{o} contains \var{value}. If an item in \var{o} is
equal to \var{value}, return \code{1}, otherwise return \code{0}.
On error, return \code{-1}. This is equivalent to the Python
expression \samp{\var{value} in \var{o}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_Index}{PyObject *o, PyObject *value}
Return the first index \var{i} for which \code{\var{o}[\var{i}] ==
\var{value}}. On error, return \code{-1}. This is equivalent to
the Python expression \samp{\var{o}.index(\var{value})}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_List}{PyObject *o}
Return a list object with the same contents as the arbitrary
sequence \var{o}. The returned list is guaranteed to be new.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_Tuple}{PyObject *o}
Return a tuple object with the same contents as the arbitrary
sequence \var{o}. If \var{o} is a tuple, a new reference will be
returned, otherwise a tuple will be constructed with the appropriate
contents.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_Fast}{PyObject *o, const char *m}
Returns the sequence \var{o} as a tuple, unless it is already a
tuple or list, in which case \var{o} is returned. Use
\cfunction{PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM()} to access the members of the
result. Returns \NULL{} on failure. If the object is not a
sequence, raises \exception{TypeError} with \var{m} as the message
text.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PySequence_Fast_GET_ITEM}{PyObject *o, int i}
Return the \var{i}th element of \var{o}, assuming that \var{o} was
returned by \cfunction{PySequence_Fast()}, \var{o} is not \NULL,
and that \var{i} is within bounds.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE}{PyObject *o}
Returns the length of \var{o}, assuming that \var{o} was
returned by \cfunction{PySequence_Fast()} and that \var{o} is
not \NULL. The size can also be gotten by calling
\cfunction{PySequence_Size()} on \var{o}, but
\cfunction{PySequence_Fast_GET_SIZE()} is faster because it can
assume \var{o} is a list or tuple.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\section{Mapping Protocol \label{mapping}}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyMapping_Check}{PyObject *o}
Return \code{1} if the object provides mapping protocol, and
\code{0} otherwise. This function always succeeds.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyMapping_Length}{PyObject *o}
Returns the number of keys in object \var{o} on success, and
\code{-1} on failure. For objects that do not provide mapping
protocol, this is equivalent to the Python expression
\samp{len(\var{o})}.\bifuncindex{len}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyMapping_DelItemString}{PyObject *o, char *key}
Remove the mapping for object \var{key} from the object \var{o}.
Return \code{-1} on failure. This is equivalent to the Python
statement \samp{del \var{o}[\var{key}]}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyMapping_DelItem}{PyObject *o, PyObject *key}
Remove the mapping for object \var{key} from the object \var{o}.
Return \code{-1} on failure. This is equivalent to the Python
statement \samp{del \var{o}[\var{key}]}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyMapping_HasKeyString}{PyObject *o, char *key}
On success, return \code{1} if the mapping object has the key
\var{key} and \code{0} otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python
expression \samp{\var{o}.has_key(\var{key})}. This function always
succeeds.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyMapping_HasKey}{PyObject *o, PyObject *key}
Return \code{1} if the mapping object has the key \var{key} and
\code{0} otherwise. This is equivalent to the Python expression
\samp{\var{o}.has_key(\var{key})}. This function always succeeds.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyMapping_Keys}{PyObject *o}
On success, return a list of the keys in object \var{o}. On
failure, return \NULL. This is equivalent to the Python expression
\samp{\var{o}.keys()}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyMapping_Values}{PyObject *o}
On success, return a list of the values in object \var{o}. On
failure, return \NULL. This is equivalent to the Python expression
\samp{\var{o}.values()}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyMapping_Items}{PyObject *o}
On success, return a list of the items in object \var{o}, where each
item is a tuple containing a key-value pair. On failure, return
\NULL. This is equivalent to the Python expression
\samp{\var{o}.items()}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyMapping_GetItemString}{PyObject *o, char *key}
Return element of \var{o} corresponding to the object \var{key} or
\NULL{} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python expression
\samp{\var{o}[\var{key}]}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyMapping_SetItemString}{PyObject *o, char *key,
PyObject *v}
Map the object \var{key} to the value \var{v} in object \var{o}.
Returns \code{-1} on failure. This is the equivalent of the Python
statement \samp{\var{o}[\var{key}] = \var{v}}.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\section{Iterator Protocol \label{iterator}}
\versionadded{2.2}
There are only a couple of functions specifically for working with
iterators.
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyIter_Check}{PyObject *o}
Return true if the object \var{o} supports the iterator protocol.
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{PyObject*}{PyIter_Next}{PyObject *o}
Return the next value from the iteration \var{o}. If the object is
an iterator, this retrieves the next value from the iteration, and
returns \NULL{} with no exception set if there are no remaining
items. If the object is not an iterator, \exception{TypeError} is
raised, or if there is an error in retrieving the item, returns
\NULL{} and passes along the exception.
\end{cfuncdesc}
To write a loop which iterates over an iterator, the C code should
look something like this:
\begin{verbatim}
PyObject *iterator = PyObject_GetIter(obj);
PyObject *item;
if (iterator == NULL) {
/* propagate error */
}
while (item = PyIter_Next(iterator)) {
/* do something with item */
...
/* release reference when done */
Py_DECREF(item);
}
Py_DECREF(iterator);
if (PyErr_Occurred()) {
/* propagate error */
}
else {
/* continue doing useful work */
}
\end{verbatim}
\section{Buffer Protocol \label{abstract-buffer}}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_AsCharBuffer}{PyObject *obj,
const char **buffer,
int *buffer_len}
Returns a pointer to a read-only memory location useable as character-
based input. The \var{obj} argument must support the single-segment
character buffer interface. On success, returns \code{0}, sets
\var{buffer} to the memory location and \var{buffer_len} to the buffer
length. Returns \code{-1} and sets a \exception{TypeError} on error.
\versionadded{1.6}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_AsReadBuffer}{PyObject *obj,
const char **buffer,
int *buffer_len}
Returns a pointer to a read-only memory location containing
arbitrary data. The \var{obj} argument must support the
single-segment readable buffer interface. On success, returns
\code{0}, sets \var{buffer} to the memory location and \var{buffer_len}
to the buffer length. Returns \code{-1} and sets a
\exception{TypeError} on error.
\versionadded{1.6}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_CheckReadBuffer}{PyObject *o}
Returns \code{1} if \var{o} supports the single-segment readable
buffer interface. Otherwise returns \code{0}.
\versionadded{2.2}
\end{cfuncdesc}
\begin{cfuncdesc}{int}{PyObject_AsWriteBuffer}{PyObject *obj,
const char **buffer,
int *buffer_len}
Returns a pointer to a writeable memory location. The \var{obj}
argument must support the single-segment, character buffer
interface. On success, returns \code{0}, sets \var{buffer} to the
memory location and \var{buffer_len} to the buffer length. Returns
\code{-1} and sets a \exception{TypeError} on error.
\versionadded{1.6}
\end{cfuncdesc}
|