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\section{\module{shutil} ---
High-level file operations}
\declaremodule{standard}{shutil}
\modulesynopsis{High-level file operations, including copying.}
\sectionauthor{Fred L. Drake, Jr.}{fdrake@acm.org}
% partly based on the docstrings
The \module{shutil} module offers a number of high-level operations on
files and collections of files. In particular, functions are provided
which support file copying and removal.
\index{file!copying}
\index{copying files}
\strong{Caveat:} On MacOS, the resource fork and other metadata are
not used. For file copies, this means that resources will be lost and
file type and creator codes will not be correct.
\begin{funcdesc}{copyfile}{src, dst}
Copy the contents of the file named \var{src} to a file named
\var{dst}. The destination location must be writable; otherwise,
an \exception{IOError} exception will be raised.
If \var{dst} already exists, it will be replaced.
Special files such as character or block devices
and pipes cannot be copied with this function. \var{src} and
\var{dst} are path names given as strings.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{copyfileobj}{fsrc, fdst\optional{, length}}
Copy the contents of the file-like object \var{fsrc} to the
file-like object \var{fdst}. The integer \var{length}, if given,
is the buffer size. In particular, a negative \var{length} value
means to copy the data without looping over the source data in
chunks; by default the data is read in chunks to avoid uncontrolled
memory consumption.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{copymode}{src, dst}
Copy the permission bits from \var{src} to \var{dst}. The file
contents, owner, and group are unaffected. \var{src} and \var{dst}
are path names given as strings.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{copystat}{src, dst}
Copy the permission bits, last access time, and last modification
time from \var{src} to \var{dst}. The file contents, owner, and
group are unaffected. \var{src} and \var{dst} are path names given
as strings.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{copy}{src, dst}
Copy the file \var{src} to the file or directory \var{dst}. If
\var{dst} is a directory, a file with the same basename as \var{src}
is created (or overwritten) in the directory specified. Permission
bits are copied. \var{src} and \var{dst} are path names given as
strings.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{copy2}{src, dst}
Similar to \function{copy()}, but last access time and last
modification time are copied as well. This is similar to the
\UNIX{} command \program{cp} \programopt{-p}.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{copytree}{src, dst\optional{, symlinks}}
Recursively copy an entire directory tree rooted at \var{src}. The
destination directory, named by \var{dst}, must not already exist;
it will be created as well as missing parent directories.
Permissions and times of directories are copied with \function{copystat()},
individual files are copied using \function{copy2()}.
If \var{symlinks} is true, symbolic links in
the source tree are represented as symbolic links in the new tree;
if false or omitted, the contents of the linked files are copied to
the new tree. If exception(s) occur, an Error is raised
with a list of reasons.
The source code for this should be considered an example rather than
a tool.
\versionchanged[Error is raised if any exceptions occur during copying,
rather than printing a message]{2.3}
\versionchanged[Create intermediate directories needed to create \var{dst},
rather than raising an error. Copy permissions and times of directories using
\function{copystat()}]{2.5}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{rmtree}{path\optional{, ignore_errors\optional{, onerror}}}
Delete an entire directory tree.\index{directory!deleting}
If \var{ignore_errors} is true,
errors resulting from failed removals will be ignored; if false or
omitted, such errors are handled by calling a handler specified by
\var{onerror} or, if that is omitted, they raise an exception.
If \var{onerror} is provided, it must be a callable that accepts
three parameters: \var{function}, \var{path}, and \var{excinfo}.
The first parameter, \var{function}, is the function which raised
the exception; it will be \function{os.listdir()}, \function{os.remove()} or
\function{os.rmdir()}. The second parameter, \var{path}, will be
the path name passed to \var{function}. The third parameter,
\var{excinfo}, will be the exception information return by
\function{sys.exc_info()}. Exceptions raised by \var{onerror} will
not be caught.
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{funcdesc}{move}{src, dst}
Recursively move a file or directory to another location.
If the destination is on our current filesystem, then simply use
rename. Otherwise, copy src to the dst and then remove src.
\versionadded{2.3}
\end{funcdesc}
\begin{excdesc}{Error}
This exception collects exceptions that raised during a mult-file
operation. For \function{copytree}, the exception argument is a
list of 3-tuples (\var{srcname}, \var{dstname}, \var{exception}).
\versionadded{2.3}
\end{excdesc}
\subsection{Example \label{shutil-example}}
This example is the implementation of the \function{copytree()}
function, described above, with the docstring omitted. It
demonstrates many of the other functions provided by this module.
\begin{verbatim}
def copytree(src, dst, symlinks=0):
names = os.listdir(src)
os.mkdir(dst)
for name in names:
srcname = os.path.join(src, name)
dstname = os.path.join(dst, name)
try:
if symlinks and os.path.islink(srcname):
linkto = os.readlink(srcname)
os.symlink(linkto, dstname)
elif os.path.isdir(srcname):
copytree(srcname, dstname, symlinks)
else:
copy2(srcname, dstname)
except (IOError, os.error), why:
print "Can't copy %s to %s: %s" % (`srcname`, `dstname`, str(why))
\end{verbatim}
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