1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
|
:mod:`crypt` --- Function to check Unix passwords
=================================================
.. module:: crypt
:platform: Unix
:synopsis: The crypt() function used to check Unix passwords.
.. moduleauthor:: Steven D. Majewski <sdm7g@virginia.edu>
.. sectionauthor:: Steven D. Majewski <sdm7g@virginia.edu>
.. sectionauthor:: Peter Funk <pf@artcom-gmbh.de>
**Source code:** :source:`Lib/crypt.py`
.. index::
single: crypt(3)
pair: cipher; DES
--------------
This module implements an interface to the :manpage:`crypt(3)` routine, which is
a one-way hash function based upon a modified DES algorithm; see the Unix man
page for further details. Possible uses include storing hashed passwords
so you can check passwords without storing the actual password, or attempting
to crack Unix passwords with a dictionary.
.. index:: single: crypt(3)
Notice that the behavior of this module depends on the actual implementation of
the :manpage:`crypt(3)` routine in the running system. Therefore, any
extensions available on the current implementation will also be available on
this module.
Hashing Methods
---------------
.. versionadded:: 3.3
The :mod:`crypt` module defines the list of hashing methods (not all methods
are available on all platforms):
.. data:: METHOD_SHA512
A Modular Crypt Format method with 16 character salt and 86 character
hash based on the SHA-512 hash function. This is the strongest method.
.. data:: METHOD_SHA256
Another Modular Crypt Format method with 16 character salt and 43
character hash based on the SHA-256 hash function.
.. data:: METHOD_BLOWFISH
Another Modular Crypt Format method with 22 character salt and 31
character hash based on the Blowfish cipher.
.. versionadded:: 3.7
.. data:: METHOD_MD5
Another Modular Crypt Format method with 8 character salt and 22
character hash based on the MD5 hash function.
.. data:: METHOD_CRYPT
The traditional method with a 2 character salt and 13 characters of
hash. This is the weakest method.
Module Attributes
-----------------
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. attribute:: methods
A list of available password hashing algorithms, as
``crypt.METHOD_*`` objects. This list is sorted from strongest to
weakest.
Module Functions
----------------
The :mod:`crypt` module defines the following functions:
.. function:: crypt(word, salt=None)
*word* will usually be a user's password as typed at a prompt or in a graphical
interface. The optional *salt* is either a string as returned from
:func:`mksalt`, one of the ``crypt.METHOD_*`` values (though not all
may be available on all platforms), or a full encrypted password
including salt, as returned by this function. If *salt* is not
provided, the strongest method will be used (as returned by
:func:`methods`.
Checking a password is usually done by passing the plain-text password
as *word* and the full results of a previous :func:`crypt` call,
which should be the same as the results of this call.
*salt* (either a random 2 or 16 character string, possibly prefixed with
``$digit$`` to indicate the method) which will be used to perturb the
encryption algorithm. The characters in *salt* must be in the set
``[./a-zA-Z0-9]``, with the exception of Modular Crypt Format which
prefixes a ``$digit$``.
Returns the hashed password as a string, which will be composed of
characters from the same alphabet as the salt.
.. index:: single: crypt(3)
Since a few :manpage:`crypt(3)` extensions allow different values, with
different sizes in the *salt*, it is recommended to use the full crypted
password as salt when checking for a password.
.. versionchanged:: 3.3
Accept ``crypt.METHOD_*`` values in addition to strings for *salt*.
.. function:: mksalt(method=None, *, rounds=None)
Return a randomly generated salt of the specified method. If no
*method* is given, the strongest method available as returned by
:func:`methods` is used.
The return value is a string suitable for passing as the *salt* argument
to :func:`crypt`.
*rounds* specifies the number of rounds for ``METHOD_SHA256``,
``METHOD_SHA512`` and ``METHOD_BLOWFISH``.
For ``METHOD_SHA256`` and ``METHOD_SHA512`` it must be an integer between
``1000`` and ``999_999_999``, the default is ``5000``. For
``METHOD_BLOWFISH`` it must be a power of two between ``16`` (2\ :sup:`4`)
and ``2_147_483_648`` (2\ :sup:`31`), the default is ``4096``
(2\ :sup:`12`).
.. versionadded:: 3.3
.. versionchanged:: 3.7
Added the *rounds* parameter.
Examples
--------
A simple example illustrating typical use (a constant-time comparison
operation is needed to limit exposure to timing attacks.
:func:`hmac.compare_digest` is suitable for this purpose)::
import pwd
import crypt
import getpass
from hmac import compare_digest as compare_hash
def login():
username = input('Python login: ')
cryptedpasswd = pwd.getpwnam(username)[1]
if cryptedpasswd:
if cryptedpasswd == 'x' or cryptedpasswd == '*':
raise ValueError('no support for shadow passwords')
cleartext = getpass.getpass()
return compare_hash(crypt.crypt(cleartext, cryptedpasswd), cryptedpasswd)
else:
return True
To generate a hash of a password using the strongest available method and
check it against the original::
import crypt
from hmac import compare_digest as compare_hash
hashed = crypt.crypt(plaintext)
if not compare_hash(hashed, crypt.crypt(plaintext, hashed)):
raise ValueError("hashed version doesn't validate against original")
|
