summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/Doc/library/select.rst
blob: d131cb98fba3146a817a452ea970ada3b3bc1dfc (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450

:mod:`select` --- Waiting for I/O completion
============================================

.. module:: select
   :synopsis: Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams.


This module provides access to the :c:func:`select` and :c:func:`poll` functions
available in most operating systems, :c:func:`epoll` available on Linux 2.5+ and
:c:func:`kqueue` available on most BSD.
Note that on Windows, it only works for sockets; on other operating systems,
it also works for other file types (in particular, on Unix, it works on pipes).
It cannot be used on regular files to determine whether a file has grown since
it was last read.

The module defines the following:


.. exception:: error

   The exception raised when an error occurs.  The accompanying value is a pair
   containing the numeric error code from :c:data:`errno` and the corresponding
   string, as would be printed by the C function :c:func:`perror`.


.. function:: epoll([sizehint=-1])

   (Only supported on Linux 2.5.44 and newer.)  Returns an edge polling object,
   which can be used as Edge or Level Triggered interface for I/O events; see
   section :ref:`epoll-objects` below for the methods supported by epolling
   objects.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6


.. function:: poll()

   (Not supported by all operating systems.)  Returns a polling object, which
   supports registering and unregistering file descriptors, and then polling them
   for I/O events; see section :ref:`poll-objects` below for the methods supported
   by polling objects.


.. function:: kqueue()

   (Only supported on BSD.)  Returns a kernel queue object; see section
   :ref:`kqueue-objects` below for the methods supported by kqueue objects.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6


.. function:: kevent(ident, filter=KQ_FILTER_READ, flags=KQ_EV_ADD, fflags=0, data=0, udata=0)

   (Only supported on BSD.)  Returns a kernel event object; see section
   :ref:`kevent-objects` below for the methods supported by kevent objects.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6


.. function:: select(rlist, wlist, xlist[, timeout])

   This is a straightforward interface to the Unix :c:func:`select` system call.
   The first three arguments are sequences of 'waitable objects': either
   integers representing file descriptors or objects with a parameterless method
   named :meth:`fileno` returning such an integer:

   * *rlist*: wait until ready for reading
   * *wlist*: wait until ready for writing
   * *xlist*: wait for an "exceptional condition" (see the manual page for what
     your system considers such a condition)

   Empty sequences are allowed, but acceptance of three empty sequences is
   platform-dependent. (It is known to work on Unix but not on Windows.)  The
   optional *timeout* argument specifies a time-out as a floating point number
   in seconds.  When the *timeout* argument is omitted the function blocks until
   at least one file descriptor is ready.  A time-out value of zero specifies a
   poll and never blocks.

   The return value is a triple of lists of objects that are ready: subsets of the
   first three arguments.  When the time-out is reached without a file descriptor
   becoming ready, three empty lists are returned.

   .. index::
      single: socket() (in module socket)
      single: popen() (in module os)

   Among the acceptable object types in the sequences are Python file objects (e.g.
   ``sys.stdin``, or objects returned by :func:`open` or :func:`os.popen`), socket
   objects returned by :func:`socket.socket`.  You may also define a :dfn:`wrapper`
   class yourself, as long as it has an appropriate :meth:`fileno` method (that
   really returns a file descriptor, not just a random integer).

   .. note::

      .. index:: single: WinSock

      File objects on Windows are not acceptable, but sockets are.  On Windows,
      the underlying :c:func:`select` function is provided by the WinSock
      library, and does not handle file descriptors that don't originate from
      WinSock.

.. attribute:: select.PIPE_BUF

   Files reported as ready for writing by :func:`select`, :func:`poll` or
   similar interfaces in this module are guaranteed to not block on a write
   of up to :const:`PIPE_BUF` bytes.
   This value is guaranteed by POSIX to be at least 512.  Availability: Unix.

   .. versionadded:: 2.7


.. _epoll-objects:

Edge and Level Trigger Polling (epoll) Objects
----------------------------------------------

   http://linux.die.net/man/4/epoll

   *eventmask*

   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | Constant              | Meaning                                       |
   +=======================+===============================================+
   | :const:`EPOLLIN`      | Available for read                            |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLOUT`     | Available for write                           |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLPRI`     | Urgent data for read                          |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLERR`     | Error condition happened on the assoc. fd     |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLHUP`     | Hang up happened on the assoc. fd             |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLET`      | Set Edge Trigger behavior, the default is     |
   |                       | Level Trigger behavior                        |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLONESHOT` | Set one-shot behavior. After one event is     |
   |                       | pulled out, the fd is internally disabled     |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLRDNORM`  | Equivalent to :const:`EPOLLIN`                |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLRDBAND`  | Priority data band can be read.               |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLWRNORM`  | Equivalent to :const:`EPOLLOUT`               |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLWRBAND`  | Priority data may be written.                 |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`EPOLLMSG`     | Ignored.                                      |
   +-----------------------+-----------------------------------------------+


.. method:: epoll.close()

   Close the control file descriptor of the epoll object.


.. method:: epoll.fileno()

   Return the file descriptor number of the control fd.


.. method:: epoll.fromfd(fd)

   Create an epoll object from a given file descriptor.


.. method:: epoll.register(fd[, eventmask])

   Register a fd descriptor with the epoll object.

   .. note::

     Registering a file descriptor that's already registered raises an
     IOError -- contrary to :ref:`poll-objects`'s register.


.. method:: epoll.modify(fd, eventmask)

   Modify a register file descriptor.


.. method:: epoll.unregister(fd)

   Remove a registered file descriptor from the epoll object.


.. method:: epoll.poll([timeout=-1[, maxevents=-1]])

   Wait for events. timeout in seconds (float)


.. _poll-objects:

Polling Objects
---------------

The :c:func:`poll` system call, supported on most Unix systems, provides better
scalability for network servers that service many, many clients at the same
time. :c:func:`poll` scales better because the system call only requires listing
the file descriptors of interest, while :c:func:`select` builds a bitmap, turns
on bits for the fds of interest, and then afterward the whole bitmap has to be
linearly scanned again. :c:func:`select` is O(highest file descriptor), while
:c:func:`poll` is O(number of file descriptors).


.. method:: poll.register(fd[, eventmask])

   Register a file descriptor with the polling object.  Future calls to the
   :meth:`poll` method will then check whether the file descriptor has any pending
   I/O events.  *fd* can be either an integer, or an object with a :meth:`fileno`
   method that returns an integer.  File objects implement :meth:`fileno`, so they
   can also be used as the argument.

   *eventmask* is an optional bitmask describing the type of events you want to
   check for, and can be a combination of the constants :const:`POLLIN`,
   :const:`POLLPRI`, and :const:`POLLOUT`, described in the table below.  If not
   specified, the default value used will check for all 3 types of events.

   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+
   | Constant          | Meaning                                  |
   +===================+==========================================+
   | :const:`POLLIN`   | There is data to read                    |
   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`POLLPRI`  | There is urgent data to read             |
   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`POLLOUT`  | Ready for output: writing will not block |
   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`POLLERR`  | Error condition of some sort             |
   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`POLLHUP`  | Hung up                                  |
   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`POLLNVAL` | Invalid request: descriptor not open     |
   +-------------------+------------------------------------------+

   Registering a file descriptor that's already registered is not an error, and has
   the same effect as registering the descriptor exactly once.


.. method:: poll.modify(fd, eventmask)

   Modifies an already registered fd. This has the same effect as
   ``register(fd, eventmask)``.  Attempting to modify a file descriptor
   that was never registered causes an :exc:`IOError` exception with errno
   :const:`ENOENT` to be raised.

   .. versionadded:: 2.6


.. method:: poll.unregister(fd)

   Remove a file descriptor being tracked by a polling object.  Just like the
   :meth:`register` method, *fd* can be an integer or an object with a
   :meth:`fileno` method that returns an integer.

   Attempting to remove a file descriptor that was never registered causes a
   :exc:`KeyError` exception to be raised.


.. method:: poll.poll([timeout])

   Polls the set of registered file descriptors, and returns a possibly-empty list
   containing ``(fd, event)`` 2-tuples for the descriptors that have events or
   errors to report. *fd* is the file descriptor, and *event* is a bitmask with
   bits set for the reported events for that descriptor --- :const:`POLLIN` for
   waiting input, :const:`POLLOUT` to indicate that the descriptor can be written
   to, and so forth. An empty list indicates that the call timed out and no file
   descriptors had any events to report. If *timeout* is given, it specifies the
   length of time in milliseconds which the system will wait for events before
   returning. If *timeout* is omitted, negative, or :const:`None`, the call will
   block until there is an event for this poll object.


.. _kqueue-objects:

Kqueue Objects
--------------

.. method:: kqueue.close()

   Close the control file descriptor of the kqueue object.


.. method:: kqueue.fileno()

   Return the file descriptor number of the control fd.


.. method:: kqueue.fromfd(fd)

   Create a kqueue object from a given file descriptor.


.. method:: kqueue.control(changelist, max_events[, timeout=None]) -> eventlist

   Low level interface to kevent

   - changelist must be an iterable of kevent object or None
   - max_events must be 0 or a positive integer
   - timeout in seconds (floats possible)


.. _kevent-objects:

Kevent Objects
--------------

http://www.freebsd.org/cgi/man.cgi?query=kqueue&sektion=2

.. attribute:: kevent.ident

   Value used to identify the event. The interpretation depends on the filter
   but it's usually the file descriptor. In the constructor ident can either
   be an int or an object with a fileno() function. kevent stores the integer
   internally.

.. attribute:: kevent.filter

   Name of the kernel filter.

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | Constant                  | Meaning                                     |
   +===========================+=============================================+
   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_READ`   | Takes a descriptor and returns whenever     |
   |                           | there is data available to read             |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_WRITE`  | Takes a descriptor and returns whenever     |
   |                           | there is data available to write            |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_AIO`    | AIO requests                                |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_VNODE`  | Returns when one or more of the requested   |
   |                           | events watched in *fflag* occurs            |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_PROC`   | Watch for events on a process id            |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_NETDEV` | Watch for events on a network device        |
   |                           | [not available on Mac OS X]                 |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_SIGNAL` | Returns whenever the watched signal is      |
   |                           | delivered to the process                    |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_FILTER_TIMER`  | Establishes an arbitrary timer              |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+

.. attribute:: kevent.flags

   Filter action.

   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | Constant                  | Meaning                                     |
   +===========================+=============================================+
   | :const:`KQ_EV_ADD`        | Adds or modifies an event                   |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_EV_DELETE`     | Removes an event from the queue             |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_EV_ENABLE`     | Permitscontrol() to returns the event       |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_EV_DISABLE`    | Disablesevent                               |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_EV_ONESHOT`    | Removes event after first occurrence        |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_EV_CLEAR`      | Reset the state after an event is retrieved |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_EV_SYSFLAGS`   | internal event                              |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_EV_FLAG1`      | internal event                              |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_EV_EOF`        | Filter specific EOF condition               |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_EV_ERROR`      | See return values                           |
   +---------------------------+---------------------------------------------+


.. attribute:: kevent.fflags

   Filter specific flags.

   :const:`KQ_FILTER_READ` and  :const:`KQ_FILTER_WRITE` filter flags:

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Constant                   | Meaning                                    |
   +============================+============================================+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_LOWAT`     | low water mark of a socket buffer          |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   :const:`KQ_FILTER_VNODE` filter flags:

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Constant                   | Meaning                                    |
   +============================+============================================+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_DELETE`    | *unlink()* was called                      |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_WRITE`     | a write occurred                           |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_EXTEND`    | the file was extended                      |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_ATTRIB`    | an attribute was changed                   |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINK`      | the link count has changed                 |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_RENAME`    | the file was renamed                       |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_REVOKE`    | access to the file was revoked             |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   :const:`KQ_FILTER_PROC` filter flags:

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Constant                   | Meaning                                    |
   +============================+============================================+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_EXIT`      | the process has exited                     |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_FORK`      | the process has called *fork()*            |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_EXEC`      | the process has executed a new process     |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_PCTRLMASK` | internal filter flag                       |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_PDATAMASK` | internal filter flag                       |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_TRACK`     | follow a process across *fork()*           |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_CHILD`     | returned on the child process for          |
   |                            | *NOTE_TRACK*                               |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_TRACKERR`  | unable to attach to a child                |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+

   :const:`KQ_FILTER_NETDEV` filter flags (not available on Mac OS X):

   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | Constant                   | Meaning                                    |
   +============================+============================================+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINKUP`    | link is up                                 |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINKDOWN`  | link is down                               |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+
   | :const:`KQ_NOTE_LINKINV`   | link state is invalid                      |
   +----------------------------+--------------------------------------------+


.. attribute:: kevent.data

   Filter specific data.


.. attribute:: kevent.udata

   User defined value.