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.. _tut-appendix:
********
Appendix
********
.. _tut-interac:
Interactive Mode
================
.. _tut-error:
Error Handling
--------------
When an error occurs, the interpreter prints an error message and a stack trace.
In interactive mode, it then returns to the primary prompt; when input came from
a file, it exits with a nonzero exit status after printing the stack trace.
(Exceptions handled by an :keyword:`except` clause in a :keyword:`try` statement
are not errors in this context.) Some errors are unconditionally fatal and
cause an exit with a nonzero exit status; this applies to internal inconsistencies and
some cases of running out of memory. All error messages are written to the
standard error stream; normal output from executed commands is written to
standard output.
Typing the interrupt character (usually :kbd:`Control-C` or :kbd:`Delete`) to the primary or
secondary prompt cancels the input and returns to the primary prompt. [#]_
Typing an interrupt while a command is executing raises the
:exc:`KeyboardInterrupt` exception, which may be handled by a :keyword:`try`
statement.
.. _tut-scripts:
Executable Python Scripts
-------------------------
On BSD'ish Unix systems, Python scripts can be made directly executable, like
shell scripts, by putting the line ::
#!/usr/bin/env python3.5
(assuming that the interpreter is on the user's :envvar:`PATH`) at the beginning
of the script and giving the file an executable mode. The ``#!`` must be the
first two characters of the file. On some platforms, this first line must end
with a Unix-style line ending (``'\n'``), not a Windows (``'\r\n'``) line
ending. Note that the hash, or pound, character, ``'#'``, is used to start a
comment in Python.
The script can be given an executable mode, or permission, using the
:program:`chmod` command.
.. code-block:: shell-session
$ chmod +x myscript.py
On Windows systems, there is no notion of an "executable mode". The Python
installer automatically associates ``.py`` files with ``python.exe`` so that
a double-click on a Python file will run it as a script. The extension can
also be ``.pyw``, in that case, the console window that normally appears is
suppressed.
.. _tut-startup:
The Interactive Startup File
----------------------------
When you use Python interactively, it is frequently handy to have some standard
commands executed every time the interpreter is started. You can do this by
setting an environment variable named :envvar:`PYTHONSTARTUP` to the name of a
file containing your start-up commands. This is similar to the :file:`.profile`
feature of the Unix shells.
This file is only read in interactive sessions, not when Python reads commands
from a script, and not when :file:`/dev/tty` is given as the explicit source of
commands (which otherwise behaves like an interactive session). It is executed
in the same namespace where interactive commands are executed, so that objects
that it defines or imports can be used without qualification in the interactive
session. You can also change the prompts ``sys.ps1`` and ``sys.ps2`` in this
file.
If you want to read an additional start-up file from the current directory, you
can program this in the global start-up file using code like ``if
os.path.isfile('.pythonrc.py'): exec(open('.pythonrc.py').read())``.
If you want to use the startup file in a script, you must do this explicitly
in the script::
import os
filename = os.environ.get('PYTHONSTARTUP')
if filename and os.path.isfile(filename):
with open(filename) as fobj:
startup_file = fobj.read()
exec(startup_file)
.. _tut-customize:
The Customization Modules
-------------------------
Python provides two hooks to let you customize it: :index:`sitecustomize` and
:index:`usercustomize`. To see how it works, you need first to find the location
of your user site-packages directory. Start Python and run this code::
>>> import site
>>> site.getusersitepackages()
'/home/user/.local/lib/python3.5/site-packages'
Now you can create a file named :file:`usercustomize.py` in that directory and
put anything you want in it. It will affect every invocation of Python, unless
it is started with the :option:`-s` option to disable the automatic import.
:index:`sitecustomize` works in the same way, but is typically created by an
administrator of the computer in the global site-packages directory, and is
imported before :index:`usercustomize`. See the documentation of the :mod:`site`
module for more details.
.. rubric:: Footnotes
.. [#] A problem with the GNU Readline package may prevent this.
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