summaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/Lib/webbrowser.py
blob: 5b441e6ecc067178478c121cf45952f5ed6a2078 (plain)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
#! /usr/bin/env python3
"""Interfaces for launching and remotely controlling Web browsers."""
# Maintained by Georg Brandl.

import io
import os
import shlex
import sys
import stat
import subprocess
import time

__all__ = ["Error", "open", "open_new", "open_new_tab", "get", "register"]

class Error(Exception):
    pass

_browsers = {}          # Dictionary of available browser controllers
_tryorder = []          # Preference order of available browsers

def register(name, klass, instance=None, update_tryorder=1):
    """Register a browser connector and, optionally, connection."""
    _browsers[name.lower()] = [klass, instance]
    if update_tryorder > 0:
        _tryorder.append(name)
    elif update_tryorder < 0:
        _tryorder.insert(0, name)

def get(using=None):
    """Return a browser launcher instance appropriate for the environment."""
    if using is not None:
        alternatives = [using]
    else:
        alternatives = _tryorder
    for browser in alternatives:
        if '%s' in browser:
            # User gave us a command line, split it into name and args
            browser = shlex.split(browser)
            if browser[-1] == '&':
                return BackgroundBrowser(browser[:-1])
            else:
                return GenericBrowser(browser)
        else:
            # User gave us a browser name or path.
            try:
                command = _browsers[browser.lower()]
            except KeyError:
                command = _synthesize(browser)
            if command[1] is not None:
                return command[1]
            elif command[0] is not None:
                return command[0]()
    raise Error("could not locate runnable browser")

# Please note: the following definition hides a builtin function.
# It is recommended one does "import webbrowser" and uses webbrowser.open(url)
# instead of "from webbrowser import *".

def open(url, new=0, autoraise=True):
    for name in _tryorder:
        browser = get(name)
        if browser.open(url, new, autoraise):
            return True
    return False

def open_new(url):
    return open(url, 1)

def open_new_tab(url):
    return open(url, 2)


def _synthesize(browser, update_tryorder=1):
    """Attempt to synthesize a controller base on existing controllers.

    This is useful to create a controller when a user specifies a path to
    an entry in the BROWSER environment variable -- we can copy a general
    controller to operate using a specific installation of the desired
    browser in this way.

    If we can't create a controller in this way, or if there is no
    executable for the requested browser, return [None, None].

    """
    cmd = browser.split()[0]
    if not _iscommand(cmd):
        return [None, None]
    name = os.path.basename(cmd)
    try:
        command = _browsers[name.lower()]
    except KeyError:
        return [None, None]
    # now attempt to clone to fit the new name:
    controller = command[1]
    if controller and name.lower() == controller.basename:
        import copy
        controller = copy.copy(controller)
        controller.name = browser
        controller.basename = os.path.basename(browser)
        register(browser, None, controller, update_tryorder)
        return [None, controller]
    return [None, None]


if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
    def _isexecutable(cmd):
        cmd = cmd.lower()
        if os.path.isfile(cmd) and cmd.endswith((".exe", ".bat")):
            return True
        for ext in ".exe", ".bat":
            if os.path.isfile(cmd + ext):
                return True
        return False
else:
    def _isexecutable(cmd):
        if os.path.isfile(cmd):
            mode = os.stat(cmd)[stat.ST_MODE]
            if mode & stat.S_IXUSR or mode & stat.S_IXGRP or mode & stat.S_IXOTH:
                return True
        return False

def _iscommand(cmd):
    """Return True if cmd is executable or can be found on the executable
    search path."""
    if _isexecutable(cmd):
        return True
    path = os.environ.get("PATH")
    if not path:
        return False
    for d in path.split(os.pathsep):
        exe = os.path.join(d, cmd)
        if _isexecutable(exe):
            return True
    return False


# General parent classes

class BaseBrowser(object):
    """Parent class for all browsers. Do not use directly."""

    args = ['%s']

    def __init__(self, name=""):
        self.name = name
        self.basename = name

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        raise NotImplementedError

    def open_new(self, url):
        return self.open(url, 1)

    def open_new_tab(self, url):
        return self.open(url, 2)


class GenericBrowser(BaseBrowser):
    """Class for all browsers started with a command
       and without remote functionality."""

    def __init__(self, name):
        if isinstance(name, str):
            self.name = name
            self.args = ["%s"]
        else:
            # name should be a list with arguments
            self.name = name[0]
            self.args = name[1:]
        self.basename = os.path.basename(self.name)

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
                                 for arg in self.args]
        try:
            if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
                p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
            else:
                p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True)
            return not p.wait()
        except OSError:
            return False


class BackgroundBrowser(GenericBrowser):
    """Class for all browsers which are to be started in the
       background."""

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        cmdline = [self.name] + [arg.replace("%s", url)
                                 for arg in self.args]
        try:
            if sys.platform[:3] == 'win':
                p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline)
            else:
                setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
                if not setsid:
                    setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)
                p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, preexec_fn=setsid)
            return (p.poll() is None)
        except OSError:
            return False


class UnixBrowser(BaseBrowser):
    """Parent class for all Unix browsers with remote functionality."""

    raise_opts = None
    remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
    remote_action = None
    remote_action_newwin = None
    remote_action_newtab = None
    background = False
    redirect_stdout = True

    def _invoke(self, args, remote, autoraise):
        raise_opt = []
        if remote and self.raise_opts:
            # use autoraise argument only for remote invocation
            autoraise = int(autoraise)
            opt = self.raise_opts[autoraise]
            if opt: raise_opt = [opt]

        cmdline = [self.name] + raise_opt + args

        if remote or self.background:
            inout = io.open(os.devnull, "r+")
        else:
            # for TTY browsers, we need stdin/out
            inout = None
        p = subprocess.Popen(cmdline, close_fds=True, stdin=inout,
                             stdout=(self.redirect_stdout and inout or None),
                             stderr=inout, start_new_session=True)
        if remote:
            # wait five seconds. If the subprocess is not finished, the
            # remote invocation has (hopefully) started a new instance.
            time.sleep(1)
            rc = p.poll()
            if rc is None:
                time.sleep(4)
                rc = p.poll()
                if rc is None:
                    return True
            # if remote call failed, open() will try direct invocation
            return not rc
        elif self.background:
            if p.poll() is None:
                return True
            else:
                return False
        else:
            return not p.wait()

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        if new == 0:
            action = self.remote_action
        elif new == 1:
            action = self.remote_action_newwin
        elif new == 2:
            if self.remote_action_newtab is None:
                action = self.remote_action_newwin
            else:
                action = self.remote_action_newtab
        else:
            raise Error("Bad 'new' parameter to open(); " +
                        "expected 0, 1, or 2, got %s" % new)

        args = [arg.replace("%s", url).replace("%action", action)
                for arg in self.remote_args]
        success = self._invoke(args, True, autoraise)
        if not success:
            # remote invocation failed, try straight way
            args = [arg.replace("%s", url) for arg in self.args]
            return self._invoke(args, False, False)
        else:
            return True


class Mozilla(UnixBrowser):
    """Launcher class for Mozilla/Netscape browsers."""

    raise_opts = ["-noraise", "-raise"]
    remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
    remote_action = ""
    remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
    remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
    background = True

Netscape = Mozilla


class Galeon(UnixBrowser):
    """Launcher class for Galeon/Epiphany browsers."""

    raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
    remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
    remote_action = "-n"
    remote_action_newwin = "-w"
    background = True


class Chrome(UnixBrowser):
    "Launcher class for Google Chrome browser."

    remote_args = ['%action', '%s']
    remote_action = ""
    remote_action_newwin = "--new-window"
    remote_action_newtab = ""
    background = True

Chromium = Chrome


class Opera(UnixBrowser):
    "Launcher class for Opera browser."

    raise_opts = ["-noraise", ""]
    remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
    remote_action = ""
    remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
    remote_action_newtab = ",new-page"
    background = True


class Elinks(UnixBrowser):
    "Launcher class for Elinks browsers."

    remote_args = ['-remote', 'openURL(%s%action)']
    remote_action = ""
    remote_action_newwin = ",new-window"
    remote_action_newtab = ",new-tab"
    background = False

    # elinks doesn't like its stdout to be redirected -
    # it uses redirected stdout as a signal to do -dump
    redirect_stdout = False


class Konqueror(BaseBrowser):
    """Controller for the KDE File Manager (kfm, or Konqueror).

    See the output of ``kfmclient --commands``
    for more information on the Konqueror remote-control interface.
    """

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        # XXX Currently I know no way to prevent KFM from opening a new win.
        if new == 2:
            action = "newTab"
        else:
            action = "openURL"

        devnull = io.open(os.devnull, "r+")
        # if possible, put browser in separate process group, so
        # keyboard interrupts don't affect browser as well as Python
        setsid = getattr(os, 'setsid', None)
        if not setsid:
            setsid = getattr(os, 'setpgrp', None)

        try:
            p = subprocess.Popen(["kfmclient", action, url],
                                 close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
                                 stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull)
        except OSError:
            # fall through to next variant
            pass
        else:
            p.wait()
            # kfmclient's return code unfortunately has no meaning as it seems
            return True

        try:
            p = subprocess.Popen(["konqueror", "--silent", url],
                                 close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
                                 stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
                                 preexec_fn=setsid)
        except OSError:
            # fall through to next variant
            pass
        else:
            if p.poll() is None:
                # Should be running now.
                return True

        try:
            p = subprocess.Popen(["kfm", "-d", url],
                                 close_fds=True, stdin=devnull,
                                 stdout=devnull, stderr=devnull,
                                 preexec_fn=setsid)
        except OSError:
            return False
        else:
            return (p.poll() is None)


class Grail(BaseBrowser):
    # There should be a way to maintain a connection to Grail, but the
    # Grail remote control protocol doesn't really allow that at this
    # point.  It probably never will!
    def _find_grail_rc(self):
        import glob
        import pwd
        import socket
        import tempfile
        tempdir = os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(),
                               ".grail-unix")
        user = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid())[0]
        filename = os.path.join(tempdir, user + "-*")
        maybes = glob.glob(filename)
        if not maybes:
            return None
        s = socket.socket(socket.AF_UNIX, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
        for fn in maybes:
            # need to PING each one until we find one that's live
            try:
                s.connect(fn)
            except socket.error:
                # no good; attempt to clean it out, but don't fail:
                try:
                    os.unlink(fn)
                except IOError:
                    pass
            else:
                return s

    def _remote(self, action):
        s = self._find_grail_rc()
        if not s:
            return 0
        s.send(action)
        s.close()
        return 1

    def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
        if new:
            ok = self._remote("LOADNEW " + url)
        else:
            ok = self._remote("LOAD " + url)
        return ok


#
# Platform support for Unix
#

# These are the right tests because all these Unix browsers require either
# a console terminal or an X display to run.

def register_X_browsers():

    # use xdg-open if around
    if _iscommand("xdg-open"):
        register("xdg-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("xdg-open"))

    # The default GNOME3 browser
    if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and _iscommand("gvfs-open"):
        register("gvfs-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gvfs-open"))

    # The default GNOME browser
    if "GNOME_DESKTOP_SESSION_ID" in os.environ and _iscommand("gnome-open"):
        register("gnome-open", None, BackgroundBrowser("gnome-open"))

    # The default KDE browser
    if "KDE_FULL_SESSION" in os.environ and _iscommand("kfmclient"):
        register("kfmclient", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfmclient"))

    # The Mozilla/Netscape browsers
    for browser in ("mozilla-firefox", "firefox",
                    "mozilla-firebird", "firebird",
                    "seamonkey", "mozilla", "netscape"):
        if _iscommand(browser):
            register(browser, None, Mozilla(browser))

    # Konqueror/kfm, the KDE browser.
    if _iscommand("kfm"):
        register("kfm", Konqueror, Konqueror("kfm"))
    elif _iscommand("konqueror"):
        register("konqueror", Konqueror, Konqueror("konqueror"))

    # Gnome's Galeon and Epiphany
    for browser in ("galeon", "epiphany"):
        if _iscommand(browser):
            register(browser, None, Galeon(browser))

    # Skipstone, another Gtk/Mozilla based browser
    if _iscommand("skipstone"):
        register("skipstone", None, BackgroundBrowser("skipstone"))

    # Google Chrome/Chromium browsers
    for browser in ("google-chrome", "chrome", "chromium", "chromium-browser"):
        if _iscommand(browser):
            register(browser, None, Chrome(browser))

    # Opera, quite popular
    if _iscommand("opera"):
        register("opera", None, Opera("opera"))

    # Next, Mosaic -- old but still in use.
    if _iscommand("mosaic"):
        register("mosaic", None, BackgroundBrowser("mosaic"))

    # Grail, the Python browser. Does anybody still use it?
    if _iscommand("grail"):
        register("grail", Grail, None)

# Prefer X browsers if present
if os.environ.get("DISPLAY"):
    register_X_browsers()

# Also try console browsers
if os.environ.get("TERM"):
    # The Links/elinks browsers <http://artax.karlin.mff.cuni.cz/~mikulas/links/>
    if _iscommand("links"):
        register("links", None, GenericBrowser("links"))
    if _iscommand("elinks"):
        register("elinks", None, Elinks("elinks"))
    # The Lynx browser <http://lynx.isc.org/>, <http://lynx.browser.org/>
    if _iscommand("lynx"):
        register("lynx", None, GenericBrowser("lynx"))
    # The w3m browser <http://w3m.sourceforge.net/>
    if _iscommand("w3m"):
        register("w3m", None, GenericBrowser("w3m"))

#
# Platform support for Windows
#

if sys.platform[:3] == "win":
    class WindowsDefault(BaseBrowser):
        def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
            try:
                os.startfile(url)
            except WindowsError:
                # [Error 22] No application is associated with the specified
                # file for this operation: '<URL>'
                return False
            else:
                return True

    _tryorder = []
    _browsers = {}

    # First try to use the default Windows browser
    register("windows-default", WindowsDefault)

    # Detect some common Windows browsers, fallback to IE
    iexplore = os.path.join(os.environ.get("PROGRAMFILES", "C:\\Program Files"),
                            "Internet Explorer\\IEXPLORE.EXE")
    for browser in ("firefox", "firebird", "seamonkey", "mozilla",
                    "netscape", "opera", iexplore):
        if _iscommand(browser):
            register(browser, None, BackgroundBrowser(browser))

#
# Platform support for MacOS
#

if sys.platform == 'darwin':
    # Adapted from patch submitted to SourceForge by Steven J. Burr
    class MacOSX(BaseBrowser):
        """Launcher class for Aqua browsers on Mac OS X

        Optionally specify a browser name on instantiation.  Note that this
        will not work for Aqua browsers if the user has moved the application
        package after installation.

        If no browser is specified, the default browser, as specified in the
        Internet System Preferences panel, will be used.
        """
        def __init__(self, name):
            self.name = name

        def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
            assert "'" not in url
            # hack for local urls
            if not ':' in url:
                url = 'file:'+url

            # new must be 0 or 1
            new = int(bool(new))
            if self.name == "default":
                # User called open, open_new or get without a browser parameter
                script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
            else:
                # User called get and chose a browser
                if self.name == "OmniWeb":
                    toWindow = ""
                else:
                    # Include toWindow parameter of OpenURL command for browsers
                    # that support it.  0 == new window; -1 == existing
                    toWindow = "toWindow %d" % (new - 1)
                cmd = 'OpenURL "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22')
                script = '''tell application "%s"
                                activate
                                %s %s
                            end tell''' % (self.name, cmd, toWindow)
            # Open pipe to AppleScript through osascript command
            osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
            if osapipe is None:
                return False
            # Write script to osascript's stdin
            osapipe.write(script)
            rc = osapipe.close()
            return not rc

    class MacOSXOSAScript(BaseBrowser):
        def __init__(self, name):
            self._name = name

        def open(self, url, new=0, autoraise=True):
            if self._name == 'default':
                script = 'open location "%s"' % url.replace('"', '%22') # opens in default browser
            else:
                script = '''
                   tell application "%s"
                       activate
                       open location "%s"
                   end
                   '''%(self._name, url.replace('"', '%22'))

            osapipe = os.popen("osascript", "w")
            if osapipe is None:
                return False

            osapipe.write(script)
            rc = osapipe.close()
            return not rc


    # Don't clear _tryorder or _browsers since OS X can use above Unix support
    # (but we prefer using the OS X specific stuff)
    register("safari", None, MacOSXOSAScript('safari'), -1)
    register("firefox", None, MacOSXOSAScript('firefox'), -1)
    register("MacOSX", None, MacOSXOSAScript('default'), -1)


#
# Platform support for OS/2
#

if sys.platform[:3] == "os2" and _iscommand("netscape"):
    _tryorder = []
    _browsers = {}
    register("os2netscape", None,
             GenericBrowser(["start", "netscape", "%s"]), -1)


# OK, now that we know what the default preference orders for each
# platform are, allow user to override them with the BROWSER variable.
if "BROWSER" in os.environ:
    _userchoices = os.environ["BROWSER"].split(os.pathsep)
    _userchoices.reverse()

    # Treat choices in same way as if passed into get() but do register
    # and prepend to _tryorder
    for cmdline in _userchoices:
        if cmdline != '':
            cmd = _synthesize(cmdline, -1)
            if cmd[1] is None:
                register(cmdline, None, GenericBrowser(cmdline), -1)
    cmdline = None # to make del work if _userchoices was empty
    del cmdline
    del _userchoices

# what to do if _tryorder is now empty?


def main():
    import getopt
    usage = """Usage: %s [-n | -t] url
    -n: open new window
    -t: open new tab""" % sys.argv[0]
    try:
        opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'ntd')
    except getopt.error as msg:
        print(msg, file=sys.stderr)
        print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)
    new_win = 0
    for o, a in opts:
        if o == '-n': new_win = 1
        elif o == '-t': new_win = 2
    if len(args) != 1:
        print(usage, file=sys.stderr)
        sys.exit(1)

    url = args[0]
    open(url, new_win)

    print("\a")

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()