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|
# pendulum.tcl --
#
# This demonstration illustrates how Tcl/Tk can be used to construct
# simulations of physical systems.
if {![info exists widgetDemo]} {
error "This script should be run from the \"widget\" demo."
}
package require Tk
set w .pendulum
catch {destroy $w}
toplevel $w
wm title $w "Pendulum Animation Demonstration"
wm iconname $w "pendulum"
positionWindow $w
label $w.msg -font $font -wraplength 4i -justify left -text "This demonstration shows how Tcl/Tk can be used to carry out animations that are linked to simulations of physical systems. In the left canvas is a graphical representation of the physical system itself, a simple pendulum, and in the right canvas is a graph of the phase space of the system, which is a plot of the angle (relative to the vertical) against the angular velocity. The pendulum bob may be repositioned by clicking and dragging anywhere on the left canvas."
pack $w.msg
## See Code / Dismiss buttons
set btns [addSeeDismiss $w.buttons $w]
pack $btns -side bottom -fill x
# Create some structural widgets
pack [panedwindow $w.p] -fill both -expand 1
$w.p add [labelframe $w.p.l1 -text "Pendulum Simulation"]
$w.p add [labelframe $w.p.l2 -text "Phase Space"]
# Create the canvas containing the graphical representation of the
# simulated system.
canvas $w.c -width 320 -height 200 -background white -bd 2 -relief sunken
$w.c create text 5 5 -anchor nw -text "Click to Adjust Bob Start Position"
# Coordinates of these items don't matter; they will be set properly below
$w.c create line 0 25 320 25 -tags plate -fill grey50 -width 2
$w.c create oval 155 20 165 30 -tags pivot -fill grey50 -outline {}
$w.c create line 1 1 1 1 -tags rod -fill black -width 3
$w.c create oval 1 1 2 2 -tags bob -fill yellow -outline black
pack $w.c -in $w.p.l1 -fill both -expand true
# Create the canvas containing the phase space graph; this consists of
# a line that gets gradually paler as it ages, which is an extremely
# effective visual trick.
canvas $w.k -width 320 -height 200 -background white -bd 2 -relief sunken
$w.k create line 160 200 160 0 -fill grey75 -arrow last -tags y_axis
$w.k create line 0 100 320 100 -fill grey75 -arrow last -tags x_axis
for {set i 90} {$i>=0} {incr i -10} {
# Coordinates of these items don't matter; they will be set properly below
$w.k create line 0 0 1 1 -smooth true -tags graph$i -fill grey$i
}
$w.k create text 0 0 -anchor ne -text "θ" -tags label_theta
$w.k create text 0 0 -anchor ne -text "δθ" -tags label_dtheta
pack $w.k -in $w.p.l2 -fill both -expand true
# Initialize some variables
set points {}
set Theta 45.0
set dTheta 0.0
set pi 3.1415926535897933
set length 150
set home 160
# This procedure makes the pendulum appear at the correct place on the
# canvas. If the additional arguments "at $x $y" are passed (the 'at'
# is really just syntactic sugar) instead of computing the position of
# the pendulum from the length of the pendulum rod and its angle, the
# length and angle are computed in reverse from the given location
# (which is taken to be the centre of the pendulum bob.)
proc showPendulum {canvas {at {}} {x {}} {y {}}} {
global Theta dTheta pi length home
if {$at eq "at" && ($x!=$home || $y!=25)} {
set dTheta 0.0
set x2 [expr {$x - $home}]
set y2 [expr {$y - 25}]
set length [expr {hypot($x2, $y2)}]
set Theta [expr {atan2($x2, $y2) * 180/$pi}]
} else {
set angle [expr {$Theta * $pi/180}]
set x [expr {$home + $length*sin($angle)}]
set y [expr {25 + $length*cos($angle)}]
}
$canvas coords rod $home 25 $x $y
$canvas coords bob \
[expr {$x-15}] [expr {$y-15}] [expr {$x+15}] [expr {$y+15}]
}
showPendulum $w.c
# Update the phase-space graph according to the current angle and the
# rate at which the angle is changing (the first derivative with
# respect to time.)
proc showPhase {canvas} {
global Theta dTheta points psw psh
lappend points [expr {$Theta+$psw}] [expr {-20*$dTheta+$psh}]
if {[llength $points] > 100} {
set points [lrange $points end-99 end]
}
for {set i 0} {$i<100} {incr i 10} {
set list [lrange $points end-[expr {$i-1}] end-[expr {$i-12}]]
if {[llength $list] >= 4} {
$canvas coords graph$i $list
}
}
}
# Set up some bindings on the canvases. Note that when the user
# clicks we stop the animation until they release the mouse
# button. Also note that both canvases are sensitive to <Configure>
# events, which allows them to find out when they have been resized by
# the user.
bind $w.c <Destroy> {
after cancel $animationCallbacks(pendulum)
unset animationCallbacks(pendulum)
}
bind $w.c <Button-1> {
after cancel $animationCallbacks(pendulum)
showPendulum %W at %x %y
}
bind $w.c <B1-Motion> {
showPendulum %W at %x %y
}
bind $w.c <ButtonRelease-1> {
showPendulum %W at %x %y
set animationCallbacks(pendulum) [after 15 repeat [winfo toplevel %W]]
}
bind $w.c <Configure> {
%W coords plate 0 25 %w 25
set home [expr {%w/2}]
%W coords pivot [expr {$home-5}] 20 [expr {$home+5}] 30
}
bind $w.k <Configure> {
set psh [expr {%h/2}]
set psw [expr {%w/2}]
%W coords x_axis 2 $psh [expr {%w-2}] $psh
%W coords y_axis $psw [expr {%h-2}] $psw 2
%W coords label_dtheta [expr {$psw-4}] 6
%W coords label_theta [expr {%w-6}] [expr {$psh+4}]
}
# This procedure is the "business" part of the simulation that does
# simple numerical integration of the formula for a simple rotational
# pendulum.
proc recomputeAngle {} {
global Theta dTheta pi length
set scaling [expr {3000.0/$length/$length}]
# To estimate the integration accurately, we really need to
# compute the end-point of our time-step. But to do *that*, we
# need to estimate the integration accurately! So we try this
# technique, which is inaccurate, but better than doing it in a
# single step. What we really want is bound up in the
# differential equation:
# .. - sin theta
# theta + theta = -----------
# length
# But my math skills are not good enough to solve this!
# first estimate
set firstDDTheta [expr {-sin($Theta * $pi/180)*$scaling}]
set midDTheta [expr {$dTheta + $firstDDTheta}]
set midTheta [expr {$Theta + ($dTheta + $midDTheta)/2}]
# second estimate
set midDDTheta [expr {-sin($midTheta * $pi/180)*$scaling}]
set midDTheta [expr {$dTheta + ($firstDDTheta + $midDDTheta)/2}]
set midTheta [expr {$Theta + ($dTheta + $midDTheta)/2}]
# Now we do a double-estimate approach for getting the final value
# first estimate
set midDDTheta [expr {-sin($midTheta * $pi/180)*$scaling}]
set lastDTheta [expr {$midDTheta + $midDDTheta}]
set lastTheta [expr {$midTheta + ($midDTheta + $lastDTheta)/2}]
# second estimate
set lastDDTheta [expr {-sin($lastTheta * $pi/180)*$scaling}]
set lastDTheta [expr {$midDTheta + ($midDDTheta + $lastDDTheta)/2}]
set lastTheta [expr {$midTheta + ($midDTheta + $lastDTheta)/2}]
# Now put the values back in our globals
set dTheta $lastDTheta
set Theta $lastTheta
}
# This method ties together the simulation engine and the graphical
# display code that visualizes it.
proc repeat w {
global animationCallbacks
# Simulate
recomputeAngle
# Update the display
showPendulum $w.c
showPhase $w.k
# Reschedule ourselves
set animationCallbacks(pendulum) [after 15 [list repeat $w]]
}
# Start the simulation after a short pause
set animationCallbacks(pendulum) [after 500 [list repeat $w]]
|
